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Estimation of the contribution of norketamine to ketamine-induced acute pain relief and neurocognitive impairment in healthy volunteers.

Publication ,  Journal Article
Olofsen, E; Noppers, I; Niesters, M; Kharasch, E; Aarts, L; Sarton, E; Dahan, A
Published in: Anesthesiology
August 2012

BACKGROUND: The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine is metabolized in the liver into its active metabolite norketamine. No human data are available on the relative contribution of norketamine to ketamine-induced analgesia and side effects. One approach to assess the ketamine and norketamine contributions is by measuring the ketamine effect at varying ketamine and norketamine plasma concentrations using the CYP450 inducer rifampicin. METHODS: In 12 healthy male volunteers the effect of rifampicin versus placebo pretreatment on S-ketamine-induced analgesia and cognition was quantified; the S-ketamine dosage was 20 mg/h for 2 h. The relative ketamine and norketamine contribution to effect was estimated using a linear additive population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model. RESULTS: S-ketamine produced significant analgesia, psychotropic effects (drug high), and cognitive impairment (including memory impairment and reduced psychomotor speed, reaction time, and cognitive flexibility). Modeling revealed a negative contribution of S-norketamine to S-ketamine- induced analgesia and absence of contribution to cognitive impairment. At ketamine and norketamine effect concentrations of 100 ng/ml and 50 ng/ml, respectively, the ketamine contribution to analgesia is -3.8 cm (visual analog pain score) versus a contribution of norketamine of +1.5 cm, causing an overall effect of -2.3 cm. The blood-effect site equilibration half-life ranged from 0 (cognitive flexibility) to 11.8 (pain intensity) min and was 6.1 min averaged across all endpoints. CONCLUSIONS: This first observation that norketamine produces effects in the opposite direction of ketamine requires additional proof. It can explain the observation of ketamine-related excitatory phenomena (such as hyperalgesia and allodynia) upon the termination of ketamine infusions.

Duke Scholars

Published In

Anesthesiology

DOI

EISSN

1528-1175

Publication Date

August 2012

Volume

117

Issue

2

Start / End Page

353 / 364

Location

United States

Related Subject Headings

  • Young Adult
  • Single-Blind Method
  • Reference Values
  • Reaction Time
  • Psychomotor Performance
  • Pain Measurement
  • Pain Management
  • Memory
  • Male
  • Ketamine
 

Citation

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Olofsen, E., Noppers, I., Niesters, M., Kharasch, E., Aarts, L., Sarton, E., & Dahan, A. (2012). Estimation of the contribution of norketamine to ketamine-induced acute pain relief and neurocognitive impairment in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology, 117(2), 353–364. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e31825b6c91
Olofsen, Erik, Ingeborg Noppers, Marieke Niesters, Evan Kharasch, Leon Aarts, Elise Sarton, and Albert Dahan. “Estimation of the contribution of norketamine to ketamine-induced acute pain relief and neurocognitive impairment in healthy volunteers.Anesthesiology 117, no. 2 (August 2012): 353–64. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e31825b6c91.
Olofsen E, Noppers I, Niesters M, Kharasch E, Aarts L, Sarton E, et al. Estimation of the contribution of norketamine to ketamine-induced acute pain relief and neurocognitive impairment in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology. 2012 Aug;117(2):353–64.
Olofsen, Erik, et al. “Estimation of the contribution of norketamine to ketamine-induced acute pain relief and neurocognitive impairment in healthy volunteers.Anesthesiology, vol. 117, no. 2, Aug. 2012, pp. 353–64. Pubmed, doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31825b6c91.
Olofsen E, Noppers I, Niesters M, Kharasch E, Aarts L, Sarton E, Dahan A. Estimation of the contribution of norketamine to ketamine-induced acute pain relief and neurocognitive impairment in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology. 2012 Aug;117(2):353–364.

Published In

Anesthesiology

DOI

EISSN

1528-1175

Publication Date

August 2012

Volume

117

Issue

2

Start / End Page

353 / 364

Location

United States

Related Subject Headings

  • Young Adult
  • Single-Blind Method
  • Reference Values
  • Reaction Time
  • Psychomotor Performance
  • Pain Measurement
  • Pain Management
  • Memory
  • Male
  • Ketamine