Gowthami Morey Arepally | Scholars@Duke

Gowthami Morey Arepally
Professor of Medicine

Gowthami M. Arepally, M.D. is a Professor of Medicine in the Division of Hematology at Duke University Medical Center and the Medical Director of Therapeutic Apheresis at Duke. Her clinical interests are in immune thrombocytopenias, thrombotic disorders, and applications of therapeutic apheresis for immunologic disorders. Dr. Arepally’s long-standing research program investigates immunoregulatory mechanisms in HIT. Current laboratory efforts focus on the role of complement activation in the immune pathogenesis of HIT, investigations of protamine/heparin antibodies and development of murine models for studies of the HIT immune response. Clinical projects include applications of therapeutic apheresis, including development of a multi-site network for investigations of thrombotic microangiopathy.

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Hematology, Medicine 2018
Associate Professor of Pathology, Pathology, Clinical Science Departments 2009
Professor of Pathology, Pathology, Clinical Science Departments 2018

Contact Information

Duke Box 3486, Durham, NC 27710
Rm 301 Sands Bldg, Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710
arepa001@mc.duke.edu (919) 668-3696

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- Fellow in Hematology-Oncology, Medicine, University of Pennsylvania 1993 - 1997
- Chief Medical Resident, Medicine, Emory University 1992 - 1993
- Medical Resident, Medicine, Emory University 1989 - 1992
- M.D., Vanderbilt University 1989
Duke Appointment History
- Associate Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Hematology, Medicine 2011 - 2018
- Associate Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Hematology, Medicine 2008 - 2011
- Assistant Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Hematology, Medicine 2002 - 2008
- Instructor, Temporary in the Department of Medicine, Medicine, Hematology, Medicine 2001 - 2002
Expertise
Subject Headings
Research
Selected Grants
- Duke CTSA (KL2) awarded by National Institutes of Health 2018 - 2023
- Duke CTSA (TL1) awarded by National Institutes of Health 2018 - 2023
- Duke Resident Physician-Scientist Program- NHLBI awarded by National Institutes of Health 2018 - 2022
- Complement and CR2/CD21 in the Immune Pathogenesis of HIT awarded by National Institutes of Health 2018 - 2021
- Platelet Kinetics in Acute Thrombus Formation in Healthy and VTE Patients awarded by Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 2019 - 2021
- Transfusion Medicine and Hematology awarded by National Institutes of Health 1975 - 2021
- Biological Significance of Protamine/Heparin Antibodies awarded by National Institutes of Health 2015 - 2020
- Defining the role of therapeutic plasma exchange in heparin induced thrombocytopenia awarded by Hemophilia & Thrombosis Research Society 2017 - 2019
- An Acoustofluidic Device for Biocompatible Platelet Separation awarded by Ascent Bio-Nano Technologies, Inc. 2018 - 2019
- Probing the heparin structural elements for high risk of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) awarded by University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill 2013 - 2019
- Duke-UNC Clinical Hematology and Transfusion Research Career Development Program awarded by National Institutes of Health 2006 - 2019
- Probing the heparin structural elements for high risk of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) awarded by University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill 2016 - 2018
- Clinical Study Protocol for External Performance Evaluation of INNOVANCE Heparin on BCS XP¿Method Comparison awarded by Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics 2016 - 2018
- Clinical Study Protocol for External Performance Evaluation of INNOVANCE Heparin on BCS XP, Method Comparison awarded by Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics 2017
- Cellular Basis of HIT Immune Response in Cardiac Surgery awarded by Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 2012 - 2017
- Biological Significance of Protamine/Heparin Antibodies awarded by Hemostasis & Thrombosis Research Society 2015
- Modeling the spectrum of HIT pathobiology awarded by National Institutes of Health 2012 - 2014
- Biological Significance of Protatmine/Heparin Antibodies awarded by National Institutes of Health 2013 - 2014
- Clinical Significance of protamine/heparin antibodies after CPB awarded by National Institutes of Health 2011 - 2014
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Centers Research and Prevention Network awarded by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2002 - 2013
- Immune Dysregulation in HIT awarded by National Institutes of Health 2006 - 2012
- Rare Thrombotic Diseases Clinical Research Network awarded by National Institutes of Health 2004 - 2010
- Pathogenesis of Thrombosis in HIT awarded by National Institutes of Health 1999 - 2004
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Academic Articles
  - Arepally, GM, and Ortel, TL. "Bad weed: synthetic cannabinoid-associated coagulopathy." Blood 133, no. 9 (February 2019): 902-905. (Review) Full Text
  - Khandelwal, S, Ravi, J, Rauova, L, Johnson, A, Lee, GM, Gilner, JB, Gunti, S, Notkins, AL, Kuchibhatla, M, Frank, M, Poncz, M, Cines, DB, and Arepally, GM. "Polyreactive IgM initiates complement activation by PF4/heparin complexes through the classical pathway." Blood 132, no. 23 (December 2018): 2431-2440. Full Text
  - Cuker, A, Arepally, GM, Chong, BH, Cines, DB, Greinacher, A, Gruel, Y, Linkins, LA, Rodner, SB, Selleng, S, Warkentin, TE, Wex, A, Mustafa, RA, Morgan, RL, and Santesso, N. "American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: heparin-induced thrombocytopenia." Blood Advances 2, no. 22 (November 2018): 3360-3392. (Review) Full Text
  - Pishko, AM, Fardin, S, Lefler, DS, Paydary, K, Vega, R, Arepally, GM, Crowther, M, Rice, L, Cines, DB, and Cuker, A. "Prospective comparison of the HEP score and 4Ts score for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia." Blood Advances 2, no. 22 (November 2018): 3155-3162. Full Text
  - Rauova, L, Arepally, G, Poncz, M, and Cines, DB. "Molecular and cellular pathogenesis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)." Autoimmunity Reviews 17, no. 10 (October 2018): 1046-1052. (Review) Full Text
  - Gollomp, K, Kim, M, Johnston, I, Hayes, V, Welsh, J, Arepally, GM, Kahn, M, Lambert, MP, Cuker, A, Cines, DB, Rauova, L, Kowalska, MA, and Poncz, M. "Neutrophil accumulation and NET release contribute to thrombosis in HIT." Jci Insight 3, no. 18 (September 20, 2018). Full Text
  - Dai, J, Madeeva, D, Hayes, V, Ahn, HS, Tutwiler, V, Arepally, GM, Cines, DB, Poncz, M, and Rauova, L. "Dynamic intercellular redistribution of HIT antigen modulates heparin-induced thrombocytopenia." Blood 132, no. 7 (August 2018): 727-734. Full Text
  - Gunaratne, R, Kumar, S, Frederiksen, JW, Stayrook, S, Lohrmann, JL, Perry, K, Bompiani, KM, Chabata, CV, Thalji, NK, Ho, MD, Arepally, G, Camire, RM, Krishnaswamy, S, and Sullenger, BA. "Combination of aptamer and drug for reversible anticoagulation in cardiopulmonary bypass." Nature Biotechnology 36, no. 7 (August 2018): 606-613. Full Text
  - Khandelwal, S, Johnson, AM, Liu, J, Keire, D, Sommers, C, Ravi, J, Lee, GM, Lambris, JD, Reis, ES, and Arepally, GM. "Novel Immunoassay for Complement Activation by PF4/Heparin Complexes." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 118, no. 8 (August 2018): 1484-1487. Full Text
  - Onwuemene, OA, Grambow, SC, Patel, CB, Mentz, RJ, Milano, CA, Rogers, JG, Metjian, AD, Arepally, GM, and Ortel, TL. "Indications for and outcomes of therapeutic plasma exchange after cardiac transplantation: A single center retrospective study." Journal of Clinical Apheresis 33, no. 4 (August 2018): 469-479. Full Text
  - Haile, LA, Rao, R, Polumuri, SK, Arepally, GM, Keire, DA, Verthelyi, D, and Sommers, CD. "PF4-HIT antibody (KKO) complexes activate broad innate immune and inflammatory responses." Thrombosis Research 159 (November 2017): 39-47. Full Text
  - Tanhehco, YC, Arepally, G, and Metjian, A. "Novel therapeutic approaches for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura." Current opinion in hematology 24, no. 6 (November 2017): 521-528. Full Text
  - Abbes, S, Metjian, A, Gray, A, Martinu, T, Snyder, L, Chen, D-F, Ellis, M, Arepally, GM, and Onwuemene, O. "Human Leukocyte Antigen Sensitization in Solid Organ Transplantation: A Primer on Terminology, Testing, and Clinical Significance for the Apheresis Practitioner." Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy 21, no. 5 (October 2017): 441-450. (Review) Full Text
  - Arepally, GM. "Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia." Blood 129, no. 21 (May 2017): 2864-2872. (Review) Full Text
  - Fountain, EM, and Arepally, GM. "Etiology and complications of thrombocytopenia in hospitalized medical patients." Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis 43, no. 4 (May 2017): 429-436. Full Text
  - Lee, GM, Joglekar, M, Kuchibhatla, M, Khandelwal, S, Qi, R, Rauova, L, and Arepally, GM. "Serologic characterization of anti-protamine/heparin and anti-PF4/heparin antibodies." Blood Advances 1, no. 11 (April 18, 2017): 644-651. Full Text
  - Hayes, V, Johnston, I, Arepally, GM, McKenzie, SE, Cines, DB, Rauova, L, and Poncz, M. "Endothelial antigen assembly leads to thrombotic complications in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia." The Journal of clinical investigation 127, no. 3 (March 2017): 1090-1098. Full Text
  - Fountain, EM, Moses, MC, Park, LP, Woods, CW, and Arepally, GM. "Thrombocytopenia in hospitalized patients with severe clostridium difficile infection." Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis 43, no. 1 (January 2017): 38-42. Full Text
  - Welsby, IJ, Krakow, EF, Heit, JA, Williams, EC, Arepally, GM, Bar-Yosef, S, Kong, DF, Martinelli, S, Dhakal, I, Liu, WW, Krischer, J, and Ortel, TL. "The association of anti-platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies with early and delayed thromboembolism after cardiac surgery." Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis : Jth 15, no. 1 (January 2017): 57-65. Full Text
  - Onwuemene, O, and Arepally, GM. "Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: research and clinical updates." Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program 2016, no. 1 (December 2016): 262-268. (Review) Full Text
  - Arepally, GM. "Should we avoid heparin to eliminate HIT?." Blood Advances 1, no. 1 (November 22, 2016): 4-null. Full Text
  - Cines, DB, Yarovoi, SV, Zaitsev, SV, Lebedeva, T, Rauova, L, Poncz, M, Arepally, GM, Khandelwal, S, Stepanova, V, Rux, AH, Cuker, A, Guo, C, Ocariza, LM, Travers, RJ, Smith, SA, Kim, H, Morrissey, JH, and Conway, EM. "Polyphosphate/platelet factor 4 complexes can mediate heparin-independent platelet activation in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia." Blood Advances 1, no. 1 (November 22, 2016): 62-74. Full Text
  - Khandelwal, S, Lee, GM, Hester, CG, Poncz, M, McKenzie, SE, Sachais, BS, Rauova, L, Kelsoe, G, Cines, DB, Frank, M, and Arepally, GM. "The antigenic complex in HIT binds to B cells via complement and complement receptor 2 (CD21)." Blood 128, no. 14 (October 2016): 1789-1799. Full Text
  - Khandelwal, S, and Arepally, GM. "Immune pathogenesis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 116, no. 5 (October 2016): 792-798. (Review) Full Text
  - Fountain, EM, and Arepally, GM. "THROMBOCYTOPENIA IN HOSPITALIZED NON-ICU PATIENTS." AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY 91, no. 9 (September 2016): E401-E401. Link to Item
  - Cai, Z, Yarovoi, SV, Zhu, Z, Rauova, L, Hayes, V, Lebedeva, T, Liu, Q, Poncz, M, Arepally, G, Cines, DB, and Greene, MI. "Atomic description of the immune complex involved in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia." Nature Communications 6 (September 22, 2015): 8277-null. Full Text
  - Joglekar, M, Khandelwal, S, Cines, DB, Poncz, M, Rauova, L, and Arepally, GM. "Heparin enhances uptake of platelet factor 4/heparin complexes by monocytes and macrophages." Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH 13, no. 8 (August 2015): 1416-1427. Full Text
  - Arepally, GM, and Ortel, TL. "Changing practice of anticoagulation: will target-specific anticoagulants replace warfarin?." Annual review of medicine 66 (January 2015): 241-253. (Review) Full Text
  - Snyder, LD, Gray, AL, Reynolds, JM, Arepally, GM, Bedoya, A, Hartwig, MG, Davis, RD, Lopes, KE, Wegner, WE, Chen, DF, and Palmer, SM. "Antibody desensitization therapy in highly sensitized lung transplant candidates." American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 14, no. 4 (April 2014): 849-856. Full Text
  - Cuker, A, Cines, DB, and Arepally, G. "Autoantibodies in Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia." (2014): 511-518. Full Text
  - Snyder, LD, Gray, AL, Reynolds, JM, Arepally, GM, Bedoya, A, Hartwig, MG, Davis, RD, Lopes, KE, Wegner, WE, Chen, DF, and Palmer, SM. "Antibody desensitization therapy in highly sensitized lung transplant candidates." American Journal of Transplantation 14, no. 4 (January 1, 2014): 849-856. Full Text
  - Litvinov, RI, Yarovoi, SV, Rauova, L, Barsegov, V, Sachais, BS, Rux, AH, Hinds, JL, Arepally, GM, Cines, DB, and Weisel, JW. "Distinct specificity and single-molecule kinetics characterize the interaction of pathogenic and non-pathogenic antibodies against platelet factor 4-heparin complexes with platelet factor 4." The Journal of Biological Chemistry 288, no. 46 (November 2013): 33060-33070. Full Text
  - Lee, GM, and Arepally, GM. "Diagnosis and management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia." Hematology/oncology clinics of North America 27, no. 3 (June 2013): 541-563. (Review) Full Text
  - Cuker, A, Rux, AH, Hinds, JL, Dela Cruz, M, Yarovoi, SV, Brown, IAM, Yang, W, Konkle, BA, Arepally, GM, Watson, SP, Cines, DB, and Sachais, BS. "Novel diagnostic assays for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia." Blood 121, no. 18 (May 2, 2013): 3727-3732. Full Text Link to Item
  - Cuker, A, Rux, AH, Hinds, JL, Dela Cruz, M, Yarovoi, SV, Brown, IAM, Yang, W, Konkle, BA, Arepally, GM, Watson, SP, Cines, DB, and Sachais, BS. "Novel diagnostic assays for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia." BLOOD 121, no. 18 (May 2, 2013): 3727-3732. Full Text Link to Item
  - Lee, GM, Welsby, IJ, Phillips-Bute, B, Ortel, TL, and Arepally, GM. "High incidence of antibodies to protamine and protamine/heparin complexes in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass." Blood 121, no. 15 (April 2013): 2828-2835. Full Text
  - Zheng, Y, Yu, M, Podd, A, Yuan, L, Newman, DK, Wen, R, Arepally, G, and Wang, D. "Critical role for mouse marginal zone B cells in PF4/heparin antibody production." Blood 121, no. 17 (April 2013): 3484-3492. Full Text
  - Lee, GM, and Arepally, GM. "Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia." Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program 2013 (January 2013): 668-674. (Review) Full Text
  - Lee, GM, and Arepally, GM. "Diagnosis and management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia." Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 27, no. 3 (2013): 541-563. Full Text
  - Arepally, GM. "HIT and run: heparin's unusual immune response." Blood 120, no. 20 (November 15, 2012): 4119-4120. Full Text Link to Item
  - Sachais, BS, Litvinov, RI, Yarovoi, SV, Rauova, L, Hinds, JL, Rux, AH, Arepally, GM, Poncz, M, Cuker, A, Weisel, JW, and Cines, DB. "Dynamic antibody-binding properties in the pathogenesis of HIT." Blood 120, no. 5 (August 2, 2012): 1137-1142. Full Text Link to Item
  - Kelton, JG, Warkentin, TE, Moore, JC, Arnold, DM, Nazi, I, Arepally, GM, Roach, JM, and Fier, I. "A prospective study measuring the development of antibodies against platelet factor 4-heparin in healthy males after exposure to heparins." J Thromb Haemost 10, no. 7 (July 2012): 1446-1449. (Letter) Full Text Link to Item
  - Kasthuri, RS, Glover, SL, Jonas, W, McEachron, T, Pawlinski, R, Arepally, GM, Key, NS, and Mackman, N. "PF4/heparin-antibody complex induces monocyte tissue factor expression and release of tissue factor positive microparticles by activation of FcγRI." Blood 119, no. 22 (May 2012): 5285-5293. Full Text
  - Joglekar, MV, Quintana Diez, PM, Marcus, S, Qi, R, Espinasse, B, Wiesner, MR, Pempe, E, Liu, J, Monroe, DM, and Arepally, GM. "Disruption of PF4/H multimolecular complex formation with a minimally anticoagulant heparin (ODSH)." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 107, no. 4 (April 2012): 717-725. Full Text
  - Andrzejewski, C, Linz, W, Hofmann, J, O'Doherty, U, Robinson, RS, Arepally, GM, and Golden, P. "American Society for Apheresis white paper: considerations for medical staff apheresis medicine physician credentialing and privileging." J Clin Apher 27, no. 6 (2012): 330-335. Full Text Link to Item
  - Lee, G, and Arepally, GM. "Anticoagulation techniques in apheresis: from heparin to citrate and beyond." Journal of Clinical Apheresis 27, no. 3 (January 2012): 117-125. (Review) Full Text
  - Kasthuri, RS, Glover, SL, William, J, Pawlinski, R, Arepally, GM, Key, NS, and Mackman, N. "Induction of tissue factor expression in monocytes by the platelet factor 4/heparin/antibody complex is mediated by MEK1 and pERK1/2." JOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS 9 (July 2011): 265-266. Link to Item
  - Herold, CI, Gasparetto, C, and Arepally, GM. "Lenalidomide-Associated ITP." Case Rep Hematol 2011 (2011): 638020-. Full Text Link to Item
  - Chudasama, SL, Espinasse, B, Hwang, F, Qi, R, Joglekar, M, Afonina, G, Wiesner, MR, Welsby, IJ, Ortel, TL, and Arepally, GM. "Heparin modifies the immunogenicity of positively charged proteins." Blood 116, no. 26 (December 2010): 6046-6053. Full Text
  - Cuker, A, Arepally, G, Crowther, MA, Rice, L, Datko, F, Hook, K, Propert, KJ, Kuter, DJ, Ortel, TL, Konkle, BA, and Cines, DB. "The HIT Expert Probability (HEP) Score: a novel pre-test probability model for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia based on broad expert opinion." Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis : Jth 8, no. 12 (December 2010): 2642-2650. Full Text
  - Hursting, MJ, Pai, PJ, McCracken, JE, Hwang, F, Suvarna, S, Lokhnygina, Y, Bandarenko, N, and Arepally, GM. "Platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies in blood bank donors." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 134, no. 5 (November 2010): 774-780. Full Text
  - Crow, S, Chen, D, Milano, C, Thomas, W, Joyce, L, Piacentino, V, Sharma, R, Wu, J, Arepally, G, Bowles, D, Rogers, J, and Villamizar-Ortiz, N. "Acquired von Willebrand syndrome in continuous-flow ventricular assist device recipients." The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 90, no. 4 (October 2010): 1263-1269. Full Text
  - Whitlatch, NL, Kong, DF, Metjian, AD, Arepally, GM, and Ortel, TL. "Validation of the high-dose heparin confirmatory step for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia." Blood 116, no. 10 (September 9, 2010): 1761-1766. Full Text Link to Item
  - Crow, S, Milano, C, Joyce, L, Chen, D, Arepally, G, Bowles, D, Thomas, W, and Ortiz, NV. "Comparative analysis of von Willebrand factor profiles in pulsatile and continuous left ventricular assist device recipients." Asaio Journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992) 56, no. 5 (September 2010): 441-445. Full Text
  - Homi, HM, Sheng, H, Arepally, GM, Mackensen, GB, and Grocott, HP. "Aprotinin improves functional outcome but not cerebral infarct size in an experimental model of stroke during cardiopulmonary bypass." Anesth Analg 111, no. 1 (July 2010): 38-45. Full Text Link to Item
  - Arepally, G, Bauer, KA, Bhatt, DL, Merli, GJ, Naccarelli, GV, Carter, RD, Karcher, RB, Berry, CA, Keaton, KL, and Stowell, SA. "The use of antithrombotic therapies in the prevention and treatment of arterial and venous thrombosis: a survey of current knowledge and practice supporting the need for clinical education." Crit Pathw Cardiol 9, no. 1 (March 2010): 41-48. Full Text Link to Item
  - Arepally, GM, and Ortel, TL. "Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia." Annu Rev Med 61 (2010): 77-90. (Review) Full Text Link to Item
  - Welsby, IJ, Um, J, Milano, CA, Ortel, TL, and Arepally, G. "Plasmapheresis and heparin reexposure as a management strategy for cardiac surgical patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia." Anesthesia and Analgesia 110, no. 1 (January 2010): 30-35. Full Text
  - Smyth, SS, McEver, RP, Weyrich, AS, Morrell, CN, Hoffman, MR, Arepally, GM, French, PA, Dauerman, HL, Becker, RC, and 2009 Platelet Colloquium Participants, . "Platelet functions beyond hemostasis." Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis : Jth 7, no. 11 (November 2009): 1759-1766. (Review) Full Text
  - Pai, PJ, McCracken, JE, and Arepally, GM. "SEROPREVALENCE OF PF4/HEPARIN ANTIBODIES AMONG BLOOD BANK DONORS." PEDIATRIC BLOOD & CANCER 52, no. 6 (June 2009): 710-711. Link to Item
  - Arepally, GM. "Nothing typical about HIT." Blood 113, no. 20 (May 14, 2009): 4825-4826. Full Text Link to Item
  - Suvarna, S, Qi, R, and Arepally, GM. "Optimization of a murine immunization model for study of PF4/heparin antibodies." J Thromb Haemost 7, no. 5 (May 2009): 857-864. Full Text Link to Item
  - Ragni, MV, Ojeifo, O, Feng, J, Yan, J, Hill, KA, Sommer, SS, Trucco, MN, Brambilla, DJ, Brettler, D, Forand, P, Geary, P, Ewenstein, B, Sweeney, C, Aledort, L, Seremetis, S, McCarthy, J, DiMichelel, D, Goldberg, I, Barron, L, Hams, A, White, G, Nielsen, B, Grimsley, A, Cox-Gill, J, Boyd, A, Green, D, Boggio, L, Harris, S, Hoots, K, Cantini, M, Buchanan, G, Rutherford, C, Dunnagan, P, Haire, W, Hanlon, E, Kisler, T, Sally, S, Giambartolomei, S, Arepally, G, Shhwartz, M, Addiego, J, and Matsunaga, A et al. "Risk factors for inhibitor formation in haemophilia: A prevalent case-control study." Haemophilia 15, no. 5 (2009): 1074-1082. Full Text
  - Rauova, L, Arepally, G, Kenzie, SEM, Konkle, BA, Cines, DB, and Poncz, M. "Platelet and monocyte antigenic complexes in the pathogenesis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)." Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 7, no. SUPPL. 1 (2009): 249-252. Full Text
  - Diaz, GC, Prowda, J, Lo, IJ, Arepally, GM, Evans, N, Wheeless, Y, Samstein, B, Guarrera, JV, and Renz, JF. "Transplantation-mediated alloimmune thrombocytopenia: Guidelines for utilization of thrombocytopenic donors." Liver Transpl 14, no. 12 (December 2008): 1803-1809. (Review) Full Text Link to Item
  - Rauova, L, Arepally, GM, Cines, DB, and Poncz, M. "Monocytes Are a Particularly Favorable Target for Surface Platelet Factor 4 (PF4) Antigenic Complex Formation in Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia: New Insights into the Thrombotic Risk in HIT." BLOOD 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 107-107. Link to Item
  - Suvarna, S, Qi, R, and Arepally, GM. "Development of mPF4/Heparin Antibodies in a Murine Platelet Activation Model." BLOOD 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 106-107. Link to Item
  - Lukes, AS, Reardon, B, and Arepally, G. "Use of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in women with hemostatic disorders." Fertil Steril 90, no. 3 (September 2008): 673-677. Full Text Link to Item
  - Arepally, GM, and Hursting, MJ. "Platelet factor 4/heparin antibody (IgG/M/A) in healthy subjects: a literature analysis of commercial immunoassay results." J Thromb Thrombolysis 26, no. 1 (August 2008): 55-61. (Review) Full Text Link to Item
  - Suvarna, S, Qi, R, Hollingsworth, JW, and Arepally, GM. "Platelet factor 4-heparin complexes trigger immune responses independently of the MyD88 pathway." Br J Haematol 142, no. 4 (August 2008): 671-673. (Letter) Full Text Link to Item
  - Whitlatch, NL, Martin, MG, Shah, BD, and Arepally, GM. "Response to Boctor and Smith." American Journal of Hematology 83, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 256-null. (Letter) Full Text
  - Suvarna, S, Espinasse, B, Qi, R, Lubica, R, Poncz, M, Cines, DB, Wiesner, MR, and Arepally, GM. "Determinants of PF4/heparin immunogenicity." Blood 110, no. 13 (December 2007): 4253-4260. Full Text
  - Hoffman, M, Colina, CM, McDonald, AG, Arepally, GM, Pedersen, L, and Monroe, DM. "Tissue factor around dermal vessels has bound factor VII in the absence of injury." Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis : Jth 5, no. 7 (July 2007): 1403-1408. Full Text
  - Krakow, EF, Goudar, R, Petzold, E, Suvarna, S, Last, M, Welsby, IJ, Ortel, TL, and Arepally, GM. "Influence of sample collection and storage on the detection of platelet factor 4-heparin antibodies." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 128, no. 1 (July 2007): 150-155. Full Text
  - Martin, MG, Whitlatch, NL, Shah, B, and Arepally, GM. "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura induced by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in a Jehovah's Witness." Am J Hematol 82, no. 7 (July 2007): 679-681. Full Text Link to Item
  - Cines, DB, Rauova, L, Arepally, G, Reilly, MP, McKenzie, SE, Sachais, BS, and Poncz, M. "Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: an autoimmune disorder regulated through dynamic autoantigen assembly/disassembly." J Clin Apher 22, no. 1 (February 2007): 31-36. (Review) Full Text Link to Item
  - Welsby, IJ, Jones, WL, Arepally, G, De Lange, F, Yoshitani, K, Phillips-Bute, B, Grocott, HP, Becker, R, and Mackensen, GB. "Effect of combined anticoagulation using heparin and bivalirudin on the hemostatic and inflammatory responses to cardiopulmonary bypass in the rat." Anesthesiology 106, no. 2 (February 2007): 295-301. Full Text
  - AREPALLY, GOWTHAMI, PONCZ, MORTIMER, and CINES, DOUGLASB. "AUTOANTIBODIES IN HEPARIN-INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA." (2007): 511-519. Full Text
  - Oney, S, Nimjee, SM, Layzer, J, Que-Gewirth, N, Ginsburg, D, Becker, RC, Arepally, G, and Sullenger, BA. "Antidote-controlled platelet inhibition targeting von Willebrand factor with aptamers." Oligonucleotides 17, no. 3 (2007): 265-274. Full Text Link to Item
  - "Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia." New England Journal of Medicine 355, no. 24 (December 14, 2006): 2598-2599. Full Text
  - Arepally, GM, and Ortel, TL. "The authors reply [21]." New England Journal of Medicine 355, no. 24 (December 14, 2006): 2598-2599. (Letter) Full Text
  - Arepally, GM, and Warkentin, TE. "Lepirudin: Walking the dosing line." Blood 108, no. 5 (September 1, 2006): 1428-1429. Full Text
  - Arepally, GM, and Ortel, TL. "Clinical practice. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia." The New England Journal of Medicine 355, no. 8 (August 2006): 809-817. (Review) Full Text
  - Rauova, L, Zhai, L, Kowalska, MA, Arepally, GM, Cines, DB, and Poncz, M. "Role of platelet surface PF4 antigenic complexes in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia pathogenesis: diagnostic and therapeutic implications." Blood 107, no. 6 (March 2006): 2346-2353. Full Text
  - Arepally, GM. "The immune paradox of fondaparinux." Blood 106, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 3686-3687. (Review) Full Text
  - Suvarna, S, Rauova, L, McCracken, EKE, Goss, CM, Sachais, BS, McKenzie, SE, Reilly, MP, Gunn, MD, Cines, DB, Poncz, M, and Arepally, G. "PF4/heparin complexes are T cell-dependent antigens." Blood 106, no. 3 (August 2005): 929-931. Full Text
  - Rauova, L, Poncz, M, McKenzie, SE, Reilly, MP, Arepally, G, Weisel, JW, Nagaswami, C, Cines, DB, and Sachais, BS. "Ultralarge complexes of PF4 and heparin are central to the pathogenesis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia." Blood 105, no. 1 (January 2005): 131-138. Full Text
  - Arepally, G, and Cines, DB. "Pathogenesis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis." Autoimmun Rev 1, no. 3 (May 2002): 125-132. (Review) Link to Item
  - Li, ZQ, Liu, W, Park, KS, Sachais, BS, Arepally, GM, Cines, DB, and Poncz, M. "Defining a second epitope for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis antibodies using KKO, a murine HIT-like monoclonal antibody." Blood 99, no. 4 (February 2002): 1230-1236. Full Text
  - Ma, AD, and Arepally, GM. "Binding and uptake of PF4/heparin/antibody complexes in multiple cell types." BLOOD 98, no. 11 (November 16, 2001): 35A-35A. Link to Item
  - Reilly, MP, Taylor, SM, Hartman, NK, Arepally, GM, Sachais, BS, Cines, DB, Poncz, M, and McKenzie, SE. "Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis in a transgenic mouse model requires human platelet factor 4 and platelet activation through FcgammaRIIA." Blood 98, no. 8 (October 15, 2001): 2442-2447. Link to Item
  - Arepally, GM, and Mayer, IM. "Antibodies from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia stimulate monocytic cells to express tissue factor and secrete interleukin-8." Blood 98, no. 4 (August 15, 2001): 1252-1254. Link to Item
  - Konkle, BA, Bauer, TL, Arepally, G, Cines, DB, Poncz, M, McNulty, S, Edie, RN, and Mannion, JD. "Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: bovine versus porcine heparin in cardiopulmonary bypass surgery." Ann Thorac Surg 71, no. 6 (June 2001): 1920-1924. Link to Item
  - Arepally, GM. "Binding and activation of monocytes by pf4/heparin specific antibodies." Blood 96, no. 11 PART I (December 1, 2000).
  - Reilly, MP, Taylor, SM, Hartman, NK, Arepally, GM, Cines, DB, Poncz, M, and McKenzie, SE. "Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis in a transgenic mouse model demonstrates the requirement for human platelet factor 4 and platelet activation through fcyriia." Blood 96, no. 11 PART I (December 1, 2000).
  - Arepally, GM, and Mayer, IM. "Binding and activation of monocytes by PF4/heparin specific antibodies." BLOOD 96, no. 11 (November 16, 2000): 269A-269A. Link to Item
  - Reilly, MP, Taylor, SM, Hartman, NK, Arepally, GM, Cines, DB, Poncz, M, and McKenzie, SE. "Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis in a transgenic mouse model demonstrates the requirement for human platelet factor 4 and platelet activation through Fc gamma RIIA." BLOOD 96, no. 11 (November 16, 2000): 221A-221A. Link to Item
  - Arepally, GM, Kamei, S, Park, KS, Kamei, K, Li, ZQ, Liu, W, Siegel, DL, Kisiel, W, Cines, DB, and Poncz, M. "Characterization of a murine monoclonal antibody that mimics heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies." Blood 95, no. 5 (March 2000): 1533-1540.
  - Arepally, GM. "Characterization of a monoclonal antibody to PF4/heparin (KKO) with functional and serologic properties of hit antibodies." BLOOD 94, no. 10 (November 15, 1999): 21A-21A. Link to Item
  - Arepally, GM, Kamei, K, Kisiel, W, Cines, DB, and Poncz, M. "A murine monoclonal PF4/heparin-specific antibody that mimicks heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) antibodies." THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS (August 1999): 530-530. Link to Item
  - Blank, M, Eldor, A, Tavor, S, Ziporen, L, Cines, DB, Arepally, G, Afek, A, and Shoenfeld, Y. "A mouse model for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia." Semin Hematol 36, no. 1 Suppl 1 (January 1999): 12-16. Link to Item
  - Blank, M, Eldor, A, Tavor, S, Ziporen, L, Cines, DB, Arepally, G, Afek, A, and Shoenfeld, Y. "A mouse model for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia." Seminars in Hematology 36, no. SUPPL. 1 (1999): 12-16.
  - Ziporen, L, Li, ZQ, Park, KS, Sabnekar, P, Liu, WY, Arepally, G, Shoenfeld, Y, Kieber-Emmons, T, Cines, DB, and Poncz, M. "Defining an antigenic epitope on platelet factor 4 associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia." Blood 92, no. 9 (November 1, 1998): 3250-3259. Link to Item
  - Arepally, G, Rebbeck, TR, Song, W, Gilliland, G, Maris, JM, and Poncz, M. "Evidence for genetic homogeneity in a familial platelet disorder with predisposition to acute myelogenous leukemia (FPD/AML)." Blood 92, no. 7 (October 1, 1998): 2600-2602. (Letter) Link to Item
  - Arepally, G, and Cines, DB. "Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis." Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 16, no. 3 (1998): 237-247. (Review) Full Text Link to Item
  - Blank, M, Cines, DB, Arepally, G, Eldor, A, Afek, A, and Shoenfeld, Y. "Pathogenicity of human anti-platelet factor 4 (PF4)/heparin in vivo: generation of mouse anti-PF4/heparin and induction of thrombocytopenia by heparin." Clin Exp Immunol 108, no. 2 (May 1997): 333-339. Link to Item
  - Bauer, TL, Arepally, G, Konkle, BA, Mestichelli, B, Shapiro, SS, Cines, DB, Poncz, M, McNulty, S, Amiral, J, Hauck, WW, Edie, RN, and Mannion, JD. "Prevalence of heparin-associated antibodies without thrombosis in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery." Circulation 95, no. 5 (March 1997): 1242-1246. Full Text
  - Arepally, G, McKenzie, SE, Jiang, XM, Poncz, M, and Cines, DB. "Fc gamma RIIA H/R 131 polymorphism, subclass-specific IgG anti-heparin/platelet factor 4 antibodies and clinical course in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis." Blood 89, no. 2 (January 15, 1997): 370-375. Link to Item
  - Arepally, G, McKenzie, SE, Jiang, X-M, Poncz, M, and Cines, DB. "FcγRIIA H/R¹³¹ polymorphism, subclass-specific IgG anti- heparin/platelet factor 4 antibodies and clinical course in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis." Blood 89, no. 2 (1997): 370-375.
  - Jiang, XM, Arepally, G, Poncz, M, and McKenzie, SE. "Rapid detection of the Fc gamma RIIA-H/R 131 ligand-binding polymorphism using an allele-specific restriction enzyme digestion (ASRED)." J Immunol Methods 199, no. 1 (November 29, 1996): 55-59. Link to Item
  - Arepally, G, Kenyon, LC, and Lavi, E. "Late onset of isolated central nervous system metastasis of liposarcoma--a case report." Am J Clin Oncol 19, no. 4 (August 1996): 351-355. Link to Item
  - Arepally, G, Reynolds, C, Tomaski, A, Amiral, J, Jawad, A, Poncz, M, and Cines, DB. "Comparison of PF4/heparin ELISA assay with the 14C-serotonin release assay in the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia." Am J Clin Pathol 104, no. 6 (December 1995): 648-654. Link to Item
  - Oehler, RL, Sinnott, JT, Arepally, G, and Dunn, YP. "Kaposi's sarcoma mimicking cellulitis." Postgraduate Medicine 94, no. 8 (December 1993): 139-149. Full Text
  - "Proliferation of intraperitoneally transplanted microcarrier-attached rat liver cells." Surgical Forum 39 (January 1, 1988): 396-397.
- Conference Papers
  - Gunaratne, R, Frederiksen, J, Thalji, NK, Ho, MD, Arepally, GM, Camire, RM, and Sullenger, BA. "RNA Aptamer Against FXa Synergizes with FXa Catalytic Site Inhibitors to Effectively and Reversibly Anticoagulate Blood in an Ex Vivo Oxygenator Circuit." 58th Annual Meeting and Exposition of the American-Society-of-Hematology (ASH). San Diego, CA. December 3, 2016 - December 6, 2016.: AMER SOC HEMATOLOGY, December 2, 2016. Link to Item
  - Khandelwal, S, Alexandra, JM, Hester, CG, Frank, MM, and Arepally, GM. "Mechanism of Complement Activation By PF4/ Heparin Complexes." 58th Annual Meeting and Exposition of the American-Society-of-Hematology (ASH). San Diego, CA. December 3, 2016 - December 6, 2016.: AMER SOC HEMATOLOGY, December 2, 2016. Link to Item
  - Khandelwal, S, Alexandra, JM, Lee, GM, and Arepally, GM. "Novel ELISA-Based Assay for Detection of Complement Activation By PF4/Heparin Complexes." 58th Annual Meeting and Exposition of the American-Society-of-Hematology (ASH). San Diego, CA. December 3, 2016 - December 6, 2016.: AMER SOC HEMATOLOGY, December 2, 2016. Link to Item
  - Fountain, E, and Arepally, GM. "Thrombocytopenia in Hospitalized Non-ICU Patients." December 3, 2015. Link to Item
  - Lee, GM, Joglekar, M, Khandelwal, S, Qi, R, Rauova, L, and Arepally, GM. "Characterization of Human and Murine Anti-Protamine/Heparin Antibodies." December 3, 2015. Link to Item
  - Metjian, A, Tanhehco, Y, Pham, HP, Aqui, NA, Bhoj, V, Onwuemene, O, Marques, M, and Arepally, GM. "The Thrombotic Microangiopathy Registry of North America." December 3, 2015. Link to Item
  - Cai, Z, Yarovoi, SV, Zhu, Z, Rauova, L, Lebedeva, T, Poncz, M, Arepally, GM, Cines, DB, and Greene, MI. "Atomic Level Description of the Immune Complex That Causes Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT)." December 6, 2014. Link to Item
  - Joglekar, MV, Khandelwal, S, Poncz, M, Rauova, L, and Arepally, GM. "Understanding the Underlying Immune Response in HIT: Uptake of PF4/Heparin Complexes By Monocytes & Dendritic Cells." December 6, 2014. Link to Item
  - Lee, GM, Joglekar, MV, Qi, R, and Arepally, GM. "Biologic Activities of Protamine/Heparin Antibodies." December 6, 2014. Link to Item
  - Pishko, AM, and Arepally, GM. "Predicting the Temporal Course of Laboratory Abnormality Resolution in Patients with Thrombotic Microangiopathy." December 6, 2014. Link to Item
  - Espinasse, B, Joglekar, M, Valiente, G, and Arepally, GM. "Novel Techniques for Measurement of Variable Sized PF4/H Complexes." November 16, 2012. Link to Item
  - Joglekar, M, Qi, R, and Arepally, GM. "PF4/H Complexes Induce Germinal Centers in Vivo." November 16, 2012. Link to Item
  - Lee, GM, Welsby, I, Bute, BP, Ortel, TL, and Arepally, GM. "High Incidence of Antibodies to Protamine and Protamine/Heparin Complexes in Patients Undergoing Cardiopulmonary Bypass." November 16, 2012. Link to Item
  - Lee, GM, Welsby, I, Bute, BP, Ortel, TL, and Arepally, GM. "High Incidence of Antibodies to Protamine and Protamine/Heparin Complexes in Patients Undergoing Cardiopulmonary Bypass." November 16, 2012. Link to Item
  - Ortel, TL, Welsby, I, Kong, DF, Heit, JA, Krakow, E, Whitlatch, N, Arepally, GM, Lee, G, Bar-Yosef, S, and Williams, EC. "HIT Antibody Seropositivity and Thromboembolic Events After Cardiac Surgery." November 18, 2011. Link to Item
  - Afonina, G, Joglekar, M, Qi, R, and Arepally, GM. "Dendritic Cell Activation by PF4/H Multimolecular Complexes." November 19, 2010. Link to Item
  - Arepally, GM, Chudasama, S, Espinasse, B, Hwang, F, Qi, R, Joglekar, M, Afonina, G, Wiesner, M, Welsby, I, and Ortel, T. "Heparin Modifies the Immunogenicity of Positively-Charged Proteins." November 19, 2010. Link to Item
  - Joglekar, M, Quintana, P, Marcus, S, Liu, J, and Arepally, GM. "Disruption of PF4/Hep Multimolecular Complex Assembly Using a Minimally Anticoagulant Heparin (ODSH)." November 19, 2010. Link to Item
  - Chudasama, S, Espinasse, B, Wiesner, MR, and Arepally, GM. "Heparin Forms Macromolecular Complexes with Protamine and Lysozyme." November 20, 2009. Link to Item
  - Glover, S, Key, NS, Arepally, GM, Mackman, N, and Kasthuri, RS. "Characterization of Receptors Involved in Heparin Antibody Complex Mediated Induction of Tissue Factor Expression in Monocytes." November 20, 2009. Link to Item
  - Arepally, GM, Qi, R, Hollingsworth, J, and Suvarna, S. "Determinants of PF4/heparin immunogenicity in a murine model of HIT." November 16, 2006. Link to Item
  - Rauova, L, Zhai, L, Kowalska, MA, Arepally, GM, Cines, DB, and Poncz, M. "Pathogenic role of surface platelet factor 4 complexes in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Diagnostic and therapeutic implications." November 16, 2005. Link to Item
  - Arepally, GM, Homi, HM, De Lange, F, McCracken, EKE, Goss, TM, Suvarna, S, and Grocott, HP. "Characterization of autoantibodies to PF4/heparin in a rat model of cardiopulmonary bypass." November 16, 2004. Link to Item
  - Suvarna, S, McCracken, EKE, and Arepally, GM. "Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is a thymus (T cell) dependent disorder." November 16, 2004. Link to Item
  - Asmis, LM, Demming, C, Arepally, GM, and Rade, JJ. "The interaction of platelets and endothelial cells modulates the procoagulant/anticoagulant balance in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia." November 16, 2003. Link to Item
Teaching & Mentoring
Recent Courses
- PATHOL 293: Research Independent Study 2019
Scholarly, Clinical, & Service Activities
Outreach & Engaged Scholarship
- Bass Connections Faculty Team Member. Trauma and Timing. August 2013 - May 2014 2013 - 2014

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