Christine M. Drea | Scholars@Duke

Christine M. Drea
Professor in the Department of Evolutionary Anthropology

I have two broad research interests, sexual differentiation and social behavior, both focused on hyenas and primates. I am particularly interested in unusual species in which the females display a suite of masculinized characteristics, including male- like or exaggerated external genitalia and social dominance. The study of naturally occurring hormones in such unique mammals can reveal general processes of hormonal activity, expressed in genital morphology, reproductive development, and social behavior. Taking a combined laboratory and field approach allows me to relate captive data to various facets of the animals' natural habitat, thereby enhancing the ecological validity of assay procedures and enriching interpretation in an evolutionary framework. The goal of comparative studies of hyenas and lemurs is to help elucidate the mechanisms of mammalian sexual differentiation.

My research program in social behavior focuses on social learning and group cohesion. Using naturalistic tasks that I present to captive animals in socially relevant contexts, I can investigate how social interaction modulates behavior, problem- solving, and cognitive performance. By studying and comparing models of carnivore and primate foraging, I can better understand how group-living animals modify their actions to meet environmental demands. A primary interest is determining whether similar factors, related to having a complex social organization, influence learning and performance across taxonomic groups. I am also interested in how animals learn rules of social conduct and maintain social cohesion, as evidenced by their patterns of behavioral developmental, the intricate balance between aggression and play, the expression of scent marking, and the social facilitation or inhibition of behavior.

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Professor in the Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Evolutionary Anthropology, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 2012
Professor of Biology, Biology, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 2015
Faculty Network Member of the Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, University Institutes and Centers 2009
Affiliate of the Duke Initiative for Science & Society, Duke Science & Society, Initiatives 2014

Contact Information

129 Bio Sci Bldg, Durham, NC 27708
Duke Box 90383, 08 Bio Sci Bldg, Durham, NC 27708-0383
cdrea@duke.edu (919) 660-7367
Drea Lab

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- Ph.D., Emory University 1991
- M.A., Emory University 1990
- B.S., University of Maryland, College Park 1984
Duke Appointment History
- Associate Professor of Biological Anthropology and Anatomy, Evolutionary Anthropology, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 2008 - 2012
- Assistant Research Professor of Biological Anthropology and Anatomy, Basic Science Departments, School of Medicine 2006 - 2007
- Assistant Professor of Biological Anthropology and Anatomy, Basic Science Departments, School of Medicine 1999 - 2005
- Assistant Professor of Biology, Biology, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 2001 - 2005
Recognition
In the News
- AUG 9, 2021
  
  Drug-Resistant Bacteria Found In The Guts Of Lemurs Who Live Around Humans
- FEB 12, 2021
  
  Lemurs Show There’s No Single Formula For Lasting Love
- SEP 16, 2019
  
  Lemur Sex Role Reversal Gets Its Start in the Womb
- AUG 28, 2019 Duke Research Blog
  
  What Lemurs Can Tell Us About Love at First Whiff
- JUN 13, 2019
  
  The Surprising Reason Why Some Lemurs May Be More Sensitive to Forest Loss
- JUN 28, 2018
  
  Lemurs Can Smell Weakness in Each Other
- JUN 12, 2018
  
  Anne Yoder Stepping Down at Duke Lemur Center
- AUG 22, 2017 Duke Research Blog
  
  Captive Lemurs Get a Genetic Health Checkup
- JUN 12, 2017
  
  Microbes Give Meerkat Gangs Their Signature Scents
- OCT 20, 2016
  
  Mean Girl Meerkats Can Make Twice As Much Testosterone As Males
- MAY 5, 2016
  
  Duke Awards Distinguished Professorships, Inducts New Bass Society Members
- APR 19, 2016
  
  Lemurs Mix Smelly Secretions to Make Richer, Longer-Lasting Scents
- APR 15, 2016 Scientific American
  
  Bearcats naturally pass the popcorn
- APR 15, 2016 Discovery News
  
  Why bearcats smell like buttery popcorn
- APR 13, 2016
  
  Why Bearcats Smell Like Buttered Popcorn
- AUG 26, 2015
  
  Meerkat Matriarch Carries Many Burdens
- MAR 13, 2015 WUNC
  
  Hyenas: Incredibly intelligent
- FEB 25, 2015 Discover Magazine
  
  Smells like a boy: Lemurs may use scent of mother to determine baby’s sex
- FEB 24, 2015
  
  Boy or Girl? Lemur Scents Have the Answer
- APR 15, 2014
  
  Lemurs Match Scent Of A Friend To Sound Of Her Voice
- FEB 3, 2014 The Daily Mail
  
  The smell of success: Is the key to a happy relationship having the same scent as your partner?
Awards & Honors
- Thomas Langford Lectureship. Duke University. 2012
- Nomination, Baldwin Scholars Unsung Heroine Award. Duke University. 2008
Expertise
Global Scholarship
- Research
Research
Selected Grants
- Lemur Health, the Microbiome, and Condition-dependent Signals awarded by National Science Foundation 2018 - 2022
- Doctoral Dissertation Research: Antimicrobial resistance as a form of anthropogenic disturbance to lemur gut microbiomes awarded by National Science Foundation 2020 - 2022
- DOCTORAL DISSERTATION RESEARCH: A comparative study of gut microbiomes in folivorous lemurs: Effects of captivity, habitat, and evolutionary history awarded by National Science Foundation 2018 - 2019
- Life in the wild takes guts: The gut microbiome relative to the phylogeny, folivory, and environment of endangered Malagasy lemurs awarded by Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation 2017 - 2018
- DISSERTATION RESEARCH: Relationship Between Maternal Social Status, Offspring Health, and Female Dispersal Success in Wild Meerkats awarded by National Science Foundation 2016 - 2018
- Linking Dietary Quality to the Gut Microbiome of Endangered Malagasy Primates awarded by Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation 2015 - 2017
- Mechanisms of Female Dominance and Reproductive Skew in a Cooperative Breeder awarded by National Science Foundation 2010 - 2016
- REU Supplement: Mechanisms of Social Dynamics in Meerkats awarded by National Science Foundation 2010 - 2016
- Doctoral Dissertation Improvement: The Behavioral And Social Effects of Hormone Manipulation in Female-Dominant Lemurs awarded by National Science Foundation 2013 - 2015
- Doctoral Dissertation Improvement: The Impact of Genetic Health on Parasite Prevalence, Diversity, and Burden in Wild Ring-Tailed Lemurs, Lemur catta. awarded by National Science Foundation 2012 - 2015
- Olfactory Communication in Primates awarded by National Science Foundation 2007 - 2010
- Patterns of lemur reproductive and behavioral development awarded by National Science Foundation 2004 - 2007
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Academic Articles
  - Bornbusch, Sally L., Rachel L. Harris, Nicholas M. Grebe, Kimberly Roche, Kristin Dimac-Stohl, and Christine M. Drea. “Antibiotics and fecal transfaunation differentially affect microbiota recovery, associations, and antibiotic resistance in lemur guts.” Animal Microbiome 3, no. 1 (October 2021): 65. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42523-021-00126-z.
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  - Bornbusch, S. L., and C. M. Drea. “Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Lemur Gut and Soil Microbiota Along a Gradient of Anthropogenic Disturbance.” Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9 (August 9, 2021). https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.704070.
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  - Grebe, Nicholas M., Annika Sharma, Sara M. Freeman, Michelle C. Palumbo, Heather B. Patisaul, Karen L. Bales, and Christine M. Drea. “Neural correlates of mating system diversity: oxytocin and vasopressin receptor distributions in monogamous and non-monogamous Eulemur.” Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (February 12, 2021): 3746. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83342-6.
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  - Drea, Christine M., Jeremy Chase Crawford, and Marylène Boulet. “Lack of evidence for pheromones in lemurs.” Current Biology : Cb 30, no. 22 (November 2020): R1355–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.005.
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  - Conley, Alan, Ned J. Place, Erin L. Legacki, Geoff L. Hammond, Gerald R. Cunha, Christine M. Drea, Mary L. Weldele, and Steve E. Glickman. “Spotted hyaenas and the sexual spectrum: reproductive endocrinology and development.” The Journal of Endocrinology 247, no. 1 (October 2020): R27–44. https://doi.org/10.1530/joe-20-0252.
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  - Greene, Lydia K., Cathy V. Williams, Randall E. Junge, Karine L. Mahefarisoa, Tsiky Rajaonarivelo, Hajanirina Rakotondrainibe, Thomas M. O’Connell, and Christine M. Drea. “A role for gut microbiota in host niche differentiation.” The Isme Journal 14, no. 7 (July 2020): 1675–87. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-0640-4.
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  - Bornbusch, Sally Lyons, Nicholas M. Grebe, Siera Lunn, Chelsea A. Southworth, Kristin Dimac-Stohl, and Christine Drea. “Stable and transient structural variation in lemur vaginal, labial and axillary microbiomes: patterns by species, body site, ovarian hormones and forest access.” Fems Microbiology Ecology 96, no. 6 (June 2020). https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiaa090.
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  - Drea, Christine M. “Design, delivery and perception of condition-dependent chemical signals in strepsirrhine primates: implications for human olfactory communication.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 375, no. 1800 (June 2020): 20190264. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0264.
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  - Greene, Lydia K., Sally L. Bornbusch, Erin A. McKenney, Rachel L. Harris, Sarah R. Gorvetzian, Anne D. Yoder, and Christine M. Drea. “The importance of scale in comparative microbiome research: New insights from the gut and glands of captive and wild lemurs.” American Journal of Primatology 81, no. 10–11 (October 2019): e22974. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22974.
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  - Grebe, Nicholas M., Courtney Fitzpatrick, Katherine Sharrock, Anne Starling, and Christine M. Drea. “Organizational and activational androgens, lemur social play, and the ontogeny of female dominance.” Hormones and Behavior 115 (September 2019): 104554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.07.002.
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  - Grogan, Kathleen E., Rachel L. Harris, Marylène Boulet, and Christine M. Drea. “Genetic variation at MHC class II loci influences both olfactory signals and scent discrimination in ring-tailed lemurs.” Bmc Evolutionary Biology 19, no. 1 (August 22, 2019): 171. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-019-1486-0.
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  - Greene, Lydia K., Jonathan B. Clayton, Ryan S. Rothman, Brandon P. Semel, Meredith A. Semel, Thomas R. Gillespie, Patricia C. Wright, and Christine M. Drea. “Local habitat, not phylogenetic relatedness, predicts gut microbiota better within folivorous than frugivorous lemur lineages.” Biology Letters 15, no. 6 (June 12, 2019): 20190028. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0028.
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  - Greene, Lydia K., Erin A. McKenney, Thomas M. O’Connell, and Christine M. Drea. “The critical role of dietary foliage in maintaining the gut microbiome and metabolome of folivorous sifakas.” Scientific Reports 8, no. 1 (September 27, 2018): 14482. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32759-7.
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  - Dimac-Stohl, Kristin A., Charli S. Davies, Nicholas M. Grebe, Alexandra C. Stonehill, Lydia K. Greene, Jessica Mitchell, Tim Clutton-Brock, and Christine M. Drea. “Incidence and biomarkers of pregnancy, spontaneous abortion, and neonatal loss during an environmental stressor: Implications for female reproductive suppression in the cooperatively breeding meerkat.” Physiology & Behavior 193, no. Pt A (September 2018): 90–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.11.011.
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  - Smyth, Kendra N., Nicholas M. Caruso, Charli S. Davies, Tim H. Clutton-Brock, and Christine M. Drea. “Social and endocrine correlates of immune function in meerkats: implications for the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis.” Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 8 (August 2018): 180435. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180435.
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  - Harris, Rachel L., Marylène Boulet, Kathleen E. Grogan, and Christine M. Drea. “Costs of injury for scent signalling in a strepsirrhine primate.” Scientific Reports 8, no. 1 (June 29, 2018): 9882. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27322-3.
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  - Grogan, Kathleen E., Michelle L. Sauther, Frank P. Cuozzo, and Christine M. Drea. “Genetic wealth, population health: Major histocompatibility complex variation in captive and wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta).” Ecology and Evolution 7, no. 19 (October 2017): 7638–49. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3317.
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  - Leclaire, Sarah, Staffan Jacob, Lydia K. Greene, George R. Dubay, and Christine M. Drea. “Social odours covary with bacterial community in the anal secretions of wild meerkats.” Scientific Reports 7, no. 1 (June 12, 2017): 3240. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03356-x.
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  - McKenney, Erin A., Lydia K. Greene, Christine M. Drea, and Anne D. Yoder. “Down for the count: Cryptosporidium infection depletes the gut microbiome in Coquerel's sifakas.” Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 28, no. 1 (January 2017): 1335165. https://doi.org/10.1080/16512235.2017.1335165.
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  - Davies, C. S., K. N. Smyth, L. K. Greene, D. A. Walsh, J. Mitchell, T. Clutton-Brock, and C. M. Drea. “Exceptional endocrine profiles characterise the meerkat: sex, status, and reproductive patterns.” Scientific Reports 6 (October 18, 2016): 35492.
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  - Smyth, Kendra N., Lydia K. Greene, Tim Clutton-Brock, and Christine M. Drea. “Androgens predict parasitism in female meerkats: a new perspective on a classic trade-off.” Biology Letters 12, no. 10 (October 2016). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0660.
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  - Charpentier, M. J. E., C. V. Williams, and C. M. Drea. “Erratum to: Inbreeding depression in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta): genetic diversity predicts parasitism, immunocompetence, and survivorship(Conserv Genet, (2008), 9, 1605-1615, Doi:10.1007/s10592-007-9499-4).” Conservation Genetics 17, no. 3 (June 1, 2016): 751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-015-0799-9.
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  - Greene, Lydia K., Timothy W. Wallen, Anneke Moresco, Thomas E. Goodwin, and Christine M. Drea. “Reproductive endocrine patterns and volatile urinary compounds of Arctictis binturong: discovering why bearcats smell like popcorn.” Die Naturwissenschaften 103, no. 5–6 (June 2016): 37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-016-1361-4.
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  - Greene, L. K., K. E. Grogan, K. N. Smyth, C. A. Adams, S. A. Klager, and C. M. Drea. “Mix it and fix it: functions of composite olfactory signals in ring-tailed lemurs.” Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 4 (April 20, 2016). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160076.
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  - Grogan, Kathleen E., Gwendolyn J. McGinnis, Michelle L. Sauther, Frank P. Cuozzo, and Christine M. Drea. “Next-generation genotyping of hypervariable loci in many individuals of a non-model species: technical and theoretical implications.” Bmc Genomics 17 (March 8, 2016): 204. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-016-2503-y.
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  - Trillo, Javier delBarco-, Lydia K. Greene, Ines Braga Goncalves, Miriam Fenkes, Jillian H. Wisse, Julian A. Drewe, Marta B. Manser, Tim Clutton-Brock, and Christine M. Drea. “Beyond aggression: Androgen-receptor blockade modulates social interaction in wild meerkats.” Hormones and Behavior 78 (February 2016): 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.11.001.
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  - Smyth, K. N., and C. M. Drea. “Patterns of parasitism in the cooperatively breeding meerkat: A cost of dominance for females.” Behavioral Ecology 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 148–57. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arv132.
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  - Petty, Joseph M. A., and Christine M. Drea. “Female rule in lemurs is ancestral and hormonally mediated.” Scientific Reports 5 (May 7, 2015): 9631. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep09631.
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  - Crawford, J. C., and C. M. Drea. “Baby on board: olfactory cues indicate pregnancy and fetal sex in a non-human primate.” Biology Letters 11, no. 2 (February 25, 2015). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0831.
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  - Drea, Christine M. “D'scent of man: a comparative survey of primate chemosignaling in relation to sex.” Hormones and Behavior 68 (February 2015): 117–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.08.001.
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  - Trillo, J. delBarco-, and C. M. Drea. “Socioecological and phylogenetic patterns in the chemical signals of strepsirrhine primates.” Animal Behaviour 97 (November 1, 2014): 249–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.07.009.
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  - Kulahci, Ipek G., Christine M. Drea, Daniel I. Rubenstein, and Asif A. Ghazanfar. “Individual recognition through olfactory-auditory matching in lemurs.” Proceedings. Biological Sciences 281, no. 1784 (June 2014): 20140071. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0071.
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  - Cunha, Gerald R., Gail Risbridger, Hong Wang, Ned J. Place, Mel Grumbach, Tristan J. Cunha, Mary Weldele, et al. “Development of the external genitalia: perspectives from the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta).” Differentiation; Research in Biological Diversity 87, no. 1–2 (January 2014): 4–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diff.2013.12.003.
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  - Greene, L. K., and C. M. Drea. “Love is in the air: Sociality and pair bondedness influence sifaka reproductive signalling.” Animal Behaviour 88 (January 1, 2014): 147–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.11.019.
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  - Leclaire, S., J. F. Nielsen, and C. M. Drea. “Bacterial communities in meerkat anal scent secretions vary with host sex, age, and group membership.” Behavioral Ecology 25, no. 4 (January 1, 2014): 996–1004. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/aru074.
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  - Charpentier, Marie J. E., Sylvère Mboumba, Claude Ditsoga, and Christine M. Drea. “Nasopalatine ducts and flehmen behavior in the mandrill: reevaluating olfactory communication in Old World primates.” American Journal of Primatology 75, no. 7 (July 2013): 703–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22146.
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  - Delbarco-Trillo, Javier, Innocent H. Harelimana, Thomas E. Goodwin, and Christine M. Drea. “Chemical differences between voided and bladder urine in the aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis): implications for olfactory communication studies.” American Journal of Primatology 75, no. 7 (July 2013): 695–702. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22083.
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  - Drea, Christine M., Marylène Boulet, Javier Delbarco-Trillo, Lydia K. Greene, Caitlin R. Sacha, Thomas E. Goodwin, and George R. Dubay. “The "secret" in secretions: methodological considerations in deciphering primate olfactory communication.” American Journal of Primatology 75, no. 7 (July 2013): 621–42. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22143.
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  - Charpentier, Marie J. E., and Christine M. Drea. “Victims of infanticide and conspecific bite wounding in a female-dominant primate: a long-term study.” Plos One 8, no. 12 (January 2013): e82830. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082830.
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  - Trillo, Javier delBarco-, Caitlin R. Sacha, George R. Dubay, and Christine M. Drea. “Eulemur, me lemur: the evolution of scent-signal complexity in a primate clade.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 367, no. 1597 (July 2012): 1909–22. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0225.
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  - Hammond, Geoffrey L., Solange Miguel-Queralt, Tamer M. Yalcinkaya, Caroline Underhill, Ned J. Place, Stephen E. Glickman, Christine M. Drea, Aaron P. Wagner, and Pentti K. Siiteri. “Phylogenetic comparisons implicate sex hormone-binding globulin in "masculinization" of the female spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta).” Endocrinology 153, no. 3 (March 2012): 1435–43. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2011-1837.
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  - MacLean, Evan L., Luke J. Matthews, Brian A. Hare, Charles L. Nunn, Rindy C. Anderson, Filippo Aureli, Elizabeth M. Brannon, et al. “How does cognition evolve? Phylogenetic comparative psychology.” Animal Cognition 15, no. 2 (March 2012): 223–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-011-0448-8.
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  - Charpentier, M. J. E., C. Ditsoga, S. Mboumba, and C. M. Drea. “Nasopalatine ducts and flehmen behavior in the mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx): Reevaluating olfactory communication in primates. (Accepted)” American Journal of Primatology, 2012.
  - Rushmore, Julie, Sara D. Leonhardt, and Christine M. Drea. “Sight or scent: lemur sensory reliance in detecting food quality varies with feeding ecology.” Plos One 7, no. 8 (January 2012): e41558. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041558.
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  - Drea, Christine M. “Endocrine correlates of pregnancy in the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta): implications for the masculinization of daughters.” Hormones and Behavior 59, no. 4 (April 2011): 417–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.09.011.
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  - Place, Ned J., Elizabeth M. Coscia, Nancy J. Dahl, Christine M. Drea, Kay E. Holekamp, Janet F. Roser, Cheryl L. Sisk, Mary L. Weldele, and Stephen E. Glickman. “The anti-androgen combination, flutamide plus finasteride, paradoxically suppressed LH and androgen concentrations in pregnant spotted hyenas, but not in males.” General and Comparative Endocrinology 170, no. 3 (February 2011): 455–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.10.016.
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  - Crawford, J., M. Boulet, and C. M. Drea. “Smelling wrong: Hormonal contraception in lemurs alters critical female odour cues.” Proc Roy Soc, B 278, no. 1702 (2011): 122–30. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1203.
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  - Delbarco-Trillo, J., B. A. Burkert, T. E. Goodwin, and C. M. Drea. “Night and day: the comparative study of strepsirrhine primates reveals socioecological and phylogenetic patterns in olfactory signals.” Journal of Evolutionary Biology 24, no. 1 (January 2011): 82–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02145.x.
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  - Boulet, M., J. C. Crawford, M. J. E. Charpentier, and C. M. Drea. “Honest olfactory ornamentation in a female-dominant primate.” Journal of Evolutionary Biology 23, no. 7 (July 2010): 1558–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02007.x.
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  - Burkert, Blake A., Laura J. Broederdorf, Innocent H. Hirwa, Zach J. Waldrip, Thomas E. Goodwin, and Christine M. Drea. “Mammalian chemical communication: Comparative investigation of urinary signals in prosimian primates.” Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society 239 (March 21, 2010).
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  - Charpentier, M. J. E., J. Crawford, M. Boulet, and C. M. Drea. “Message 'scent': lemurs detect the genetic relatedness and quality of conspecifics via olfactory cues.” Animal Behaviour 80 (2010): 101–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.04.005.
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  - Starling, Anne P., Marie J. E. Charpentier, Courtney Fitzpatrick, Elizabeth S. Scordato, and Christine M. Drea. “Seasonality, sociality, and reproduction: Long-term stressors of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta).” Hormones and Behavior 57, no. 1 (January 2010): 76–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.09.016.
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  - Boulet, Marylène, Marie J. E. Charpentier, and Christine M. Drea. “Decoding an olfactory mechanism of kin recognition and inbreeding avoidance in a primate.” Bmc Evolutionary Biology 9 (December 3, 2009): 281. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-281.
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  - Drea, C. M., and A. N. Carter. “Cooperative problem solving in a social carnivore.” Animal Behaviour 78, no. 4 (October 1, 2009): 967–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.06.030.
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  - Drea, C. M. “Endocrine mediators of masculinization in female mammals.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 18, no. 4 (August 1, 2009): 221–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01640.x.
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  - Crawford, J. C., M. J. E. Charpentier, M. Boulet, and C. M. Drea. “Lemurs Discriminate the Scent of Conspecifics Based on Individual Heterozygosity and Pairwise Relatedness.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 49 (February 1, 2009): E41–E41.
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  - Leonhardt, S. D., J. Tung, J. B. Camden, M. Leal, and C. M. Drea. “Seeing red: Behavioral evidence of trichromatic color vision in strepsirrhine primates.” Behavioral Ecology 20, no. 1 (January 12, 2009): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arn106.
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  - Charpentier, Marie J. E., Marylène Boulet, and Christine M. Drea. “Smelling right: the scent of male lemurs advertises genetic quality and relatedness.” Molecular Ecology 17, no. 14 (July 2008): 3225–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03831.x.
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  - Drea, Christine M., and Anne Weil. “External genital morphology of the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta): females are naturally "masculinized".” Journal of Morphology 269, no. 4 (April 2008): 451–63. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10594.
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  - Charpentier, M. J. E., C. V. Williams, and C. M. Drea. “Inbreeding depression in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta): Genetic diversity predicts parasitism, immunocompetence, and survivorship.” Conservation Genetics 9, no. 6 (January 1, 2008): 1605–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-007-9499-4.
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  - Drea, C. M. “How to study socially biased learning in primates? Trends and future directions.” American Journal of Primatology 69 (June 1, 2007): 78–79.
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  - Drea, C. M. “Hormonal and experiential regulation of social dominance in macaques, hyenas, and lemurs.” American Journal of Primatology 69 (June 1, 2007): 125–125.
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  - Kwatra, S. G., and C. M. Drea. “Proteomic analysis of ringtailed lemur scent gland secretions: Glandular- and individual-specific protein profiles.” American Journal of Primatology 69 (June 1, 2007): 108–9.
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  - Scordato, Elizabeth S., George Dubay, and Christine M. Drea. “Chemical composition of scent marks in the ringtailed lemur (Lemur catta): glandular differences, seasonal variation, and individual signatures.” Chemical Senses 32, no. 5 (June 2007): 493–504. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjm018.
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  - Drea, Christine M. “Sex and seasonal differences in aggression and steroid secretion in Lemur catta: are socially dominant females hormonally 'masculinized'?” Hormones and Behavior 51, no. 4 (April 2007): 555–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.02.006.
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  - Scordato, E. S., and C. M. Drea. “Scents and sensibility: information content of olfactory signals in the ringtailed lemur, Lemur catta.” Animal Behaviour 73, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 301–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.08.006.
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  - Glickman, Stephen E., Gerald R. Cunha, Christine M. Drea, Alan J. Conley, and Ned J. Place. “Mammalian sexual differentiation: lessons from the spotted hyena.” Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism: Tem 17, no. 9 (November 2006): 349–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2006.09.005.
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  - Drea, Christine M. “Studying primate learning in group contexts: Tests of social foraging, response to novelty, and cooperative problem solving.” Methods (San Diego, Calif.) 38, no. 3 (March 2006): 162–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2005.12.001.
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  - Drea, C. M. “Morphological and hormonal correlates of 'masculinization' in ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta).” American Journal of Physical Anthropology, January 1, 2006, 85–85.
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  - Drea, Christine M. “Bateman revisited: the reproductive tactics of female primates.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 45, no. 5 (November 2005): 915–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/45.5.915.
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  - Drea, Christine M., Sacha N. Vignieri, Sarah B. Cunningham, and Stephen E. Glickman. “Responses to olfactory stimuli in spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta): I. Investigation of environmental odors and the function of rolling.” Journal of Comparative Psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) 116, no. 4 (December 2002): 331–41. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.116.4.331.
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  - Place, Ned J., Kay E. Holekamp, Cheryl L. Sisk, Mary L. Weldele, Elizabeth M. Coscia, Christine M. Drea, and Stephen E. Glickman. “Effects of prenatal treatment with antiandrogens on luteinizing hormone secretion and sex steroid concentrations in adult spotted hyenas, Crocuta crocuta.” Biology of Reproduction 67, no. 5 (November 2002): 1405–13. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.102.004226.
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  - Drea, C. M., N. J. Place, M. L. Weldele, E. M. Coscia, P. Licht, and S. E. Glickman. “Exposure to naturally circulating androgens during foetal life incurs direct reproductive costs in female spotted hyenas, but is prerequisite for male mating.” Proceedings. Biological Sciences 269, no. 1504 (October 2002): 1981–87. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2109.
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  - Place, N. J., K. E. Holekamp, C. L. Sisk, M. L. Weldele, E. M. Coscia, C. M. Drea, and S. E. Glickman. “Persistent effects of prenatal treatment with anti-androgens on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis of adult spotted hyenas.” Biology of Reproduction 66 (January 1, 2002): 306–306.
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  - Drea, C. M., S. N. Vignieri, H. S. Kim, M. L. Weldele, and S. E. Glickman. “Responses to olfactory stimuli in spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta): II. Discrimination of conspecific scent.” Journal of Comparative Psychology 116, no. 4 (2002): 342–49. https://doi.org/10.1037//0735-7036.116.4.342.
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  - Place, N. J., C. M. Drea, K. E. Holekamp, M. L. Weldele, E. M. Coscia, and S. E. Glickman. “Sex differences and effects of prenatal anti-androgens on LH secretion in spotted hyenas.” American Zoologist 41, no. 6 (December 1, 2001): 1557–1557.
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  - Drea, C. M., and K. Wallen. “Low-status monkeys "play dumb" when learning in mixed social groups.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96, no. 22 (October 1999): 12965–69. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.22.12965.
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  - Drea, C. M. “Status, age, and sex effects on performance of discrimination tasks in group-tested rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).” Journal of Comparative Psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) 112, no. 2 (June 1998): 170–82. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.112.2.170.
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  - Drea, C. M., M. L. Weldele, N. G. Forger, E. M. Coscia, L. G. Frank, P. Licht, and S. E. Glickman. “Androgens and masculinization of genitalia in the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta). 2. Effects of prenatal anti-androgens.” Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 113, no. 1 (May 1998): 117–27. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.1130117.
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  - Glickman, S. E., E. M. Coscia, L. G. Frank, P. Licht, M. L. Weldele, and C. M. Drea. “Androgens and masculinization of genitalia in the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta). 3. Effects of juvenile gonadectomy.” Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 113, no. 1 (May 1998): 129–35. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.1130129.
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  - Drea, C. M. “Social context affects how rhesus monkeys explore their environment.” American Journal of Primatology 44, no. 3 (January 1, 1998): 205–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1998)44:3<205::aid-ajp3>3.0.co;2-%23.
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  - Drea, C. M. “Social context affects how rhesus monkeys explore their environment.” American Journal of Primatology 44, no. 3 (January 1998): 205–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1998)44:3<205::aid-ajp3>3.0.co;2-#.
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  - Drea, C. M., J. E. Hawk, and S. E. Glickman. “The emergence of affiliative behavior in infant spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta).” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 807 (January 1997): 498–500. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb51950.x.
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  - Glickman, S. E., C. J. Zabel, S. I. Yoerg, M. L. Weldele, C. M. Drea, and L. G. Frank. “Social facilitation, affiliation, and dominance in the social life of spotted hyenas.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 807 (January 1997): 175–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb51919.x.
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  - Drea, Christine M. “Primate Handedness: An Emerging Discipline?” Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 41, no. 7 (July 1996): 681–82. https://doi.org/10.1037/004622.
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  - Drea, C. M., J. E. Hawk, and S. E. Glickman. “Aggression decreases as play emerges in infant spotted hyaenas: Preparation for joining the clan.” Animal Behaviour 51, no. 6 (January 1, 1996): 1323–36. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1996.0136.
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  - Drea, C. M., K. Wallen, M. A. Akinbami, and D. R. Mann. “Neonatal testosterone and handedness in yearling rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).” Physiology & Behavior 58, no. 6 (December 1995): 1257–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(95)02026-8.
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  - Drea, C. M., and K. Wallen. “Gradual acquisition of visual discrimination tasks in a social group of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).” Animal Learning &Amp; Behavior 23, no. 1 (March 1, 1995): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03198009.
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  - Fagot, J., C. M. Drea, and K. Wallen. “Asymmetrical hand use in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in tactually and visually regulated tasks.” Journal of Comparative Psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) 105, no. 3 (September 1991): 260–68. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.105.3.260.
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  - Fagot, J., C. M. Drea, and K. Wallen. “Asymmetrical hand use in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in tactually and visually regulated tasks.” Journal of Comparative Psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) 105, no. 3 (1991): 260–68. https://doi.org/10.1037//0735-7036.105.3.260.
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  - Nagata, M., T. C. Hohman, C. Nishimura, C. M. Drea, C. Oliver, and W. G. Robison. “Polyol and vacuole formation in cultured canine lens epithelial cells.” Experimental Eye Research 48, no. 5 (May 1989): 667–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4835(89)90008-0.
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  - Katz, M. L., C. M. Drea, and W. G. Robison. “Age-related alterations in vitamin A metabolism in the rat retina.” Experimental Eye Research 44, no. 6 (June 1987): 939–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0014-4835(87)80055-6.
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  - Katz, M. L., C. M. Drea, and W. G. Robison. “Dietary vitamins A and E influence retinyl ester composition and content of the retinal pigment epithelium.” Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta 924, no. 3 (June 1987): 432–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(87)90157-7.
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  - Katz, M. L., C. M. Drea, G. E. Eldred, H. H. Hess, and W. G. Robison. “Influence of early photoreceptor degeneration on lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium.” Experimental Eye Research 43, no. 4 (October 1986): 561–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0014-4835(86)80023-9.
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  - Katz, M. L., C. M. Drea, and W. G. Robison. “Relationship between dietary retinol and lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium.” Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 35, no. 3 (August 1986): 291–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-6374(86)90131-4.
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  - DREA, C. M., M. L. KATZ, W. G. ROBISON, and H. H. HESS. “INFLUENCE OF EARLY PHOTORECEPTOR DEGENERATION ON LIPOFUSCIN IN THE RETINAL-PIGMENT EPITHELIUM.” Age 8, no. 4 (January 1, 1985): 146–146.
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  - KATZ, M. L., C. M. DREA, and W. G. ROBISON. “RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIETARY RETINOL AND LIPOFUSCIN IN THE RETINAL-PIGMENT EPITHELIUM.” Age 8, no. 4 (January 1, 1985): 145–145.
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- Conference Papers
  - Bornbusch, Sally L., Lydia K. Greene, Rachel L. Harris, and Christine M. Drea. “Glandular microbiomes vary by species and host traits in wild and captive lemurs.” In American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 168:25–25. WILEY, 2019.
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  - Drea, Christine M. “Social Communication of Condition-Dependent Olfactory Signals in Strepsirrhine Primates.” In Chemical Senses, 43:E7–E7. OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 2018.
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  - Bornbusch, Sally L., Lydia K. Greene, and Christine M. Drea. “Anthropogenic disturbance as a determinant of gut microbiome structure in Madagascar's ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta).” In American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 165:33–33. WILEY, 2018.
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  - Drea, Christine M., Thomas E. Goodwin, and Javier Delbarco-Trillo. “Pee-mail: The information highway of nocturnal strepsirrhines.” In American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 165:71–72. WILEY, 2018.
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  - Gorvetzian, Sarah R., Lydia K. Greene, and Christine M. Drea. “Free-ranging access improves the gut microbiome of captive Eulemur.” In American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 165:103–103. WILEY, 2018.
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  - Grebe, Nicholas M., and Christine M. Drea. “Ontogeny of female dominance in ring-tailed lemurs: behavioral and hormonal evidence.” In American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 165:104–104. WILEY, 2018.
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  - Greene, Lydia K., Erin A. Mckenney, Thomas M. O’Connell, and Christine M. Drea. “Dietary foliage regulates the gut microbiome and colonic metabolome of captive Coquerel's sifakas.” In American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 165:105–105. WILEY, 2018.
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  - Drea, Christine M. “Condition-dependent Scent Signals in Strepsirrhine Primates.” In American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 162:165–66. WILEY, 2017.
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  - Harris, R. L., and C. M. Drea. “In Sickness and In Health: Olfactory Cues of Injury and Illness in Lemurs.” In Integrative and Comparative Biology, 57:E284–E284. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC, 2017.
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  - Smyth, K. N., A. Stonehill, N. Caruso, and C. M. Drea. “Consequences of Prenatal Androgen Exposure for Offspring Health: an Experimental Study in Wild Meerkats.” In Integrative and Comparative Biology, 57:E158–E158. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC, 2017.
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  - Davies, C. S., K. N. Smyth, L. K. Greene, and C. M. Drea. “Hormonal 'masculinization' in female meerkats (Suricata suricatta).” In Integrative and Comparative Biology, 56:E50–E50. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC, 2016.
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  - Grogan, K. E., M. L. Sauther, F. P. Cuozzo, and C. M. Drea. “The Influence of MHC on Reproductive Success in Wild Ring-tailed Lemurs (Lemur catta).” In Integrative and Comparative Biology, 56:E80–E80. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC, 2016.
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  - Grogan, Kathleen E., Marylene Boulet, and Christine M. Drea. “Ring-tailed lemurs use olfactory signals to differentiate the MHC quality of potential mates.” In American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 159:162–162. WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2016.
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  - Smyth, K. N., C. S. Davies, and C. M. Drea. “The costs of being the boss: androgens and innate immunity in a female-dominant species.” In Integrative and Comparative Biology, 56:E206–E206. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC, 2016.
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  - Drea, Christine M. “Reassessing Bateman: Sexual selection in strepsirrhine primates.” In American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 153:108–108. WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2014.
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  - Grogan, Kathleen E., Michelle L. Sauther, Frank P. Cuozzo, and Christine M. Drea. “The impact of genetic variation at the Major Histocompatibility Complex in captive and wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta).” In American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 153:131–131. WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2014.
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  - Wallen, Tim W., Thomas E. Goodwin, Anneke Moresco, and Christine M. Drea. “Prospecting for urinary chemical signals in binturongs (Arctictis binturong).” In Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 241. AMER CHEMICAL SOC, 2011.
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  - Drea, C. M. “Could female ringtailed lemurs be masculinized by maternal androgens?” In Integrative and Comparative Biology, 45:989–989. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC, 2005.
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  - Roth, J. D., I. Wiesel, and C. M. Drea. “Variation in seal consumption by brown hyenas in the Namib desert estimated using stable isotopes.” In Integrative and Comparative Biology, 45:1065–1065. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC, 2005.
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  - Scordato, E. S., and C. M. Drea. “Sex-specific variation in ringtailed lemur Lemur catta olfactory communication.” In Integrative and Comparative Biology, 45:1070–1070. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC, 2005.
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  - Place, N. J., E. M. Coscia, N. J. Dahl, C. M. Drea, K. E. Holekamp, C. L. Sisk, M. L. Weldele, and S. E. Glickman. “Paradoxical effects of maximal androgen blockade on sex hormone concentrations in pregnant spotted hyenas, Crocuta crocuta.” In Biology of Reproduction, 123–123. SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION, 2005.
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  - Drea, C. M. “Bateman revisited: Sexually assertive female primates and their cryptic reproductive tactics.” In Integrative and Comparative Biology, 43:915–915. SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY, 2003.
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  - Drea, C. M., and L. G. Frank. “The social complexity of spotted hyenas.” In Animal Social Complexity, edited by F. B. M. DeWaal and P. L. Tyack, 121-+. HARVARD UNIV PRESS, 2003.
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  - Drea, Christine M., and Elizabeth S. Scordato. “Olfactory Communication in the Ringtailed Lemur (Lemur catta): Form and Function of Multimodal Signals,” 91–102. Springer New York, n.d. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73945-8_8.
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Teaching & Mentoring
Recent Courses
- BIOLOGY 293: Research Independent Study 2021
- BIOLOGY 321: Primate Sexuality 2021
- BIOLOGY 321D: Primate Sexuality 2021
- EVANTH 341: Primate Sexuality 2021
- EVANTH 341D: Primate Sexuality 2021
- NEUROSCI 493: Research Independent Study 1 2021
- NEUROSCI 494: Research Independent Study 2 2021
- BIOLOGY 493: Research Independent Study 2020
- EVANTH 363S: Evolution of Primate Social Cognition 2020
- EVANTH 391: Independent Study 2020
- EVANTH 495S: Advanced Research in Evolutionary Anthropology 2020
- NEUROSCI 495: Research Independent Study 3 2020
- BIOLOGY 293: Research Independent Study 2019
- BIOLOGY 321: Primate Sexuality 2019
- BIOLOGY 321D: Primate Sexuality 2019
- BIOLOGY 493: Research Independent Study 2019
- EVANTH 341: Primate Sexuality 2019
- EVANTH 341D: Primate Sexuality 2019
- EVANTH 363S: Evolution of Primate Social Cognition 2019
- EVANTH 393: Research Independent Study 2019
- EVANTH 495S: Advanced Research in Evolutionary Anthropology 2019
- EVANTH 791: Independent Study 2019
- EVANTH 793: Research in Evolutionary Anthropology 2019
- NEUROSCI 494: Research Independent Study 2 2019
Scholarly, Clinical, & Service Activities
Presentations & Appearances
Outreach & Engaged Scholarship
- Summer Neuroscience Program Mentor. Summer Neuroscience Program. 2021 - 2022 2021 - 2022
- Bass Connections Faculty Team Member. Summer Neuroscience Program Mentor. 2018 2018

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