Steven Daniel Crowley | Scholars@Duke

Steven Daniel Crowley
Associate Professor of Medicine

Our laboratory explores the contribution of the immune system and inflammatory mediators to the progression of target organ damage in the setting of cardiovascular disease. We are pursuing several related projects in this field:
(1) The actions of type 1 angiotensin receptors on specific immune cell populations in hypertension, target organ damage, and tissue fibrosis.
(2) Cell-specific actions of inflammatory cytokines in regulating blood pressure and end-organ injury.
(3) Mechanism through which dendritic cells regulate renal sodium reabsorption.
(4) The contributions of Wnt O-acylation to kidney scar formation.

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Associate Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Nephrology, Medicine 2016
Member of the Duke Cancer Institute, Duke Cancer Institute, Institutes and Centers 1996

Contact Information

2nd Floor, Room 2018, MSRB II, 106 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710
Duke Box 103015, Durham, NC 27710
steven.d.crowley@duke.edu (919) 684-9788

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- Fellow in Nephrology, Medicine, Duke University 2001 - 2003
- Chief Medical Resident, Medicine, Duke University 2000 - 2001
- Fellow in Nephrology, Medicine, Duke University 1999 - 2000
- Medical Resident, Medicine, Duke University 1996 - 1999
- M.D., Duke University 1996
Duke Appointment History
- Associate Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Nephrology, Medicine 2014 - 2016
- Assistant Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Nephrology, Medicine 2007 - 2014
- Medical Instructor in the Department of Medicine, Medicine, Nephrology, Medicine 2003 - 2007
- Instructor, Temporary in the Department of Medicine, Medicine, Nephrology, Medicine 2003
- Associate in the Department of Medicine, Medicine, General Internal Medicine, Medicine 2000 - 2001
Recognition
In the News
- MAR 30, 2016
  
  Study shows that Wnt secretion preventing drugs may reduce renal fibrosis
Research
Selected Grants
- Duke Training Grant in Nephrology awarded by National Institutes of Health 1995 - 2022
- The interleukin-1 receptor modulates blood pressure and renal tubular injury awarded by American Heart Association 2018 - 2021
- Role of Dendritic Cell-mediated T Cell Activation in Salt-sensitive Hypertension awarded by National Institutes of Health 2016 - 2020
- The role of macrophage IL-1 signaling in acute kidney injury and recovery awarded by International Anesthesia Research Society 2017 - 2019
- Tissue-specific generation of tumour necrosis factor-a contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension awarded by American Heart Association 2018 - 2019
- Role of Th1 Immune Responses in the Pathogenesis of Hypertensive Kidney Injury awarded by National Institutes of Health 2010 - 2019
- Role of Drebrin in Vascular Smooth Muscle Remodeling awarded by National Institutes of Health 2013 - 2018
- The role of dendritic cell-mediated T cell activation in hypertension awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017
- Immune Mechanisms in Diabetic Nephropathy awarded by Georgia Regents University 2014 - 2015
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Academic Articles
  - Crowley, SD. "No energy wasted in the fight against vascular inflammation." Cardiovascular Research 114, no. 14 (December 2018): 1822-1824. Full Text
  - Feng, Y, Lv, L-L, Wu, W-J, Li, Z-L, Chen, J, Ni, H-F, Zhou, L-T, Tang, T-T, Wang, F-M, Wang, B, Chen, P-S, Crowley, SD, and Liu, B-C. "Urinary Exosomes and Exosomal CCL2 mRNA as Biomarkers of Active Histologic Injury in IgA Nephropathy." The American Journal of Pathology 188, no. 11 (November 2018): 2542-2552. Full Text
  - Zhang, L, Wu, J-H, Huang, T-Q, Nepliouev, I, Brian, L, Zhang, Z, Wertman, V, Rudemiller, NP, McMahon, TJ, Shenoy, SK, Miller, FJ, Crowley, SD, Freedman, NJ, and Stiber, JA. "Drebrin regulates angiotensin II-induced aortic remodelling." Cardiovascular Research 114, no. 13 (November 2018): 1806-1815. Full Text
  - Lu, X, and Crowley, SD. "Inflammation in Salt-Sensitive Hypertension and Renal Damage." Current Hypertension Reports 20, no. 12 (October 30, 2018): 103-null. (Review) Full Text
  - Privratsky, JR, Zhang, J, Lu, X, Rudemiller, N, Wei, Q, Yu, Y-R, Gunn, MD, and Crowley, SD. "Interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1R1) activation exacerbates toxin-induced acute kidney injury." American Journal of Physiology Renal Physiology 315, no. 3 (September 2018): F682-F691. Full Text
  - Tang, T-T, Lv, L-L, Pan, M-M, Wen, Y, Wang, B, Li, Z-L, Wu, M, Wang, F-M, Crowley, SD, and Liu, B-C. "Hydroxychloroquine attenuates renal ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting cathepsin mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation." Cell Death & Disease 9, no. 3 (March 2, 2018): 351-null. Full Text
  - Lv, L-L, Feng, Y, Wen, Y, Wu, W-J, Ni, H-F, Li, Z-L, Zhou, L-T, Wang, B, Zhang, J-D, Crowley, SD, and Liu, B-C. "Exosomal CCL2 from Tubular Epithelial Cells Is Critical for Albumin-Induced Tubulointerstitial Inflammation." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 29, no. 3 (March 2018): 919-935. Full Text
  - Wen, Y, and Crowley, SD. "Renal effects of cytokines in hypertension." Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 27, no. 2 (March 2018): 70-76. (Review) Full Text
  - Wyatt, CM, and Crowley, SD. "Intersection of salt- and immune-mediated mechanisms of hypertension in the gut microbiome." Kidney International 93, no. 3 (March 2018): 532-534. Full Text
  - Rucker, AJ, Rudemiller, NP, and Crowley, SD. "Salt, Hypertension, and Immunity." Annual review of physiology 80 (February 2018): 283-307. Full Text
  - Wyatt, CM, and Crowley, SD. "A novel role for renal epithelial cells and the medullary sodium gradient in the local immune response." Kidney International 92, no. 6 (December 2017): 1308-1311. Full Text
  - Crowley, SD, and Rudemiller, NP. "Immunologic Effects of the Renin-Angiotensin System." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : Jasn 28, no. 5 (May 2017): 1350-1361. (Review) Full Text Open Access Copy
  - Rudemiller, NP, and Crowley, SD. "The role of chemokines in hypertension and consequent target organ damage." Pharmacological research 119 (May 2017): 404-411. (Review) Full Text Open Access Copy
  - Justin Rucker, A, and Crowley, SD. "The role of macrophages in hypertension and its complications." Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology 469, no. 3-4 (April 2017): 419-430. (Review) Full Text
  - Wu, M, Zhang, J-D, Tang, R-N, Crowley, SD, Liu, H, Lv, L-L, Ma, K-L, and Liu, B-C. "Elevated PTH induces endothelial-to-chondrogenic transition in aortic endothelial cells." American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 312, no. 3 (March 2017): F436-F444. Full Text Open Access Copy
  - Rudemiller, NP, and Crowley, SD. "Characterization and Functional Phenotyping of Renal Immune Cells via Flow Cytometry." Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 1614 (January 2017): 87-98. Full Text
  - Rudemiller, NP, and Crowley, SD. "Erratum to: Characterization and Functional Phenotyping of Renal Immune Cells via Flow Cytometry." Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 1614 (January 2017): E1-. Full Text
  - Crowley, SD, and Jeffs, AD. "Targeting cytokine signaling in salt-sensitive hypertension." American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 311, no. 6 (December 2016): F1153-F1158. (Review) Full Text Open Access Copy
  - Rudemiller, NP, Patel, MB, Zhang, J-D, Jeffs, AD, Karlovich, NS, Griffiths, R, Kan, MJ, Buckley, AF, Gunn, MD, and Crowley, SD. "C-C Motif Chemokine 5 Attenuates Angiotensin II-Dependent Kidney Injury by Limiting Renal Macrophage Infiltration." The American Journal of Pathology 186, no. 11 (November 2016): 2846-2856. Full Text Open Access Copy
  - Rudemiller, NP, and Crowley, SD. "Interactions Between the Immune and the Renin-Angiotensin Systems in Hypertension." Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 68, no. 2 (August 2016): 289-296. (Review) Full Text Open Access Copy
  - Zhang, J, Rudemiller, NP, Patel, MB, Wei, Q, Karlovich, NS, Jeffs, AD, Wu, M, Sparks, MA, Privratsky, JR, Herrera, M, Gurley, SB, Nedospasov, SA, and Crowley, SD. "Competing Actions of Type 1 Angiotensin II Receptors Expressed on T Lymphocytes and Kidney Epithelium during Cisplatin-Induced AKI." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 27, no. 8 (August 2016): 2257-2264. Full Text Open Access Copy
  - Madan, B, Patel, MB, Zhang, J, Bunte, RM, Rudemiller, NP, Griffiths, R, Virshup, DM, and Crowley, SD. "Experimental inhibition of porcupine-mediated Wnt O-acylation attenuates kidney fibrosis." Kidney international 89, no. 5 (May 2016): 1062-1074. Full Text Open Access Copy
  - Zhang, J, Rudemiller, NP, Patel, MB, Karlovich, NS, Wu, M, McDonough, AA, Griffiths, R, Sparks, MA, Jeffs, AD, and Crowley, SD. "Interleukin-1 Receptor Activation Potentiates Salt Reabsorption in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension via the NKCC2 Co-transporter in the Nephron." Cell Metabolism 23, no. 2 (February 2016): 360-368. Full Text
  - Liu, D, Wen, Y, Tang, T-T, Lv, L-L, Tang, R-N, Liu, H, Ma, K-L, Crowley, SD, and Liu, B-C. "Megalin/Cubulin-Lysosome-mediated Albumin Reabsorption Is Involved in the Tubular Cell Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome and Tubulointerstitial Inflammation." The Journal of Biological Chemistry 290, no. 29 (July 2015): 18018-18028. Full Text
  - Zhang, J, and Crowley, SD. "Role of T lymphocytes in hypertension." Current opinion in pharmacology 21 (April 2015): 14-19. (Review) Full Text
  - Liu, D, Xu, M, Ding, L-H, Lv, L-L, Liu, H, Ma, K-L, Zhang, A-H, Crowley, SD, and Liu, B-C. "Activation of the Nlrp3 inflammasome by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species: a novel mechanism of albumin-induced tubulointerstitial inflammation." The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 57 (December 2014): 7-19. Full Text
  - Zhang, J, Patel, MB, Griffiths, R, Mao, A, Song, Y-S, Karlovich, NS, Sparks, MA, Jin, H, Wu, M, Lin, EE, and Crowley, SD. "Tumor necrosis factor-α produced in the kidney contributes to angiotensin II-dependent hypertension." Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 64, no. 6 (December 2014): 1275-1281. Full Text
  - Crowley, SD. "Linking angiotensin II to nuclear factor-κ light chain enhancer of activated B cells-induced cardiovascular damage: bad CARMAs." Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 64, no. 5 (November 2014): 933-934. Full Text
  - Zimering, MB, Zhang, JH, Guarino, PD, Emanuele, N, McCullough, PA, and Fried, LF. "Endothelial Cell Autoantibodies in Predicting Declining Renal Function, End-Stage Renal Disease, or Death in Adult Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy." Frontiers in Endocrinology 5 (August 11, 2014). Full Text
  - Sparks, MA, Crowley, SD, Gurley, SB, Mirotsou, M, and Coffman, TM. "Classical Renin-Angiotensin system in kidney physiology." Comprehensive Physiology 4, no. 3 (July 2014): 1201-1228. (Review) Full Text
  - Coffman, TM. "The inextricable role of the kidney in hypertension." The Journal of Clinical Investigation 124, no. 6 (June 2, 2014): 2341-2347. (Review) Full Text
  - Zhang, J-D, Patel, MB, Griffiths, R, Dolber, PC, Ruiz, P, Sparks, MA, Stegbauer, J, Jin, H, Gomez, JA, Buckley, AF, Lefler, WS, Chen, D, and Crowley, SD. "Type 1 angiotensin receptors on macrophages ameliorate IL-1 receptor-mediated kidney fibrosis." J Clin Invest 124, no. 5 (May 2014): 2198-2203. Full Text Link to Item
  - Wu, M, Tang, RN, Liu, H, Pan, MM, Lv, LL, Zhang, JD, Crowley, SD, and Liu, BC. "Cinacalcet ameliorates cardiac fibrosis in uremic hearts through suppression of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition." International Journal of Cardiology 171, no. 3 (February 15, 2014). (Letter) Full Text
  - Wu, M, Tang, R-N, Liu, H, Pan, M-M, Lv, L-L, Zhang, J-D, Crowley, SD, and Liu, B-C. "Cinacalcet ameliorates cardiac fibrosis in uremic hearts through suppression of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition." International Journal of Cardiology 171, no. 3 (February 2014): e65-e69. (Letter) Full Text
  - Bartz, RR, Fu, P, Suliman, HB, Crowley, SD, MacGarvey, NC, Welty-Wolf, K, and Piantadosi, CA. "Staphylococcus aureus sepsis induces early renal mitochondrial DNA repair and mitochondrial biogenesis in mice." PloS one 9, no. 7 (January 2014): e100912-. Full Text
  - Crowley, SD. "Linking angiotensin II to nuclear factor-κ light chain enhancer of activated B cells-induced cardiovascular damage: Bad carmas." Hypertension (2014). Full Text
  - Crowley, SD. "The cooperative roles of inflammation and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of hypertension." Antioxid Redox Signal 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 102-120. (Review) Full Text Link to Item
  - Zhang, J, Patel, MB, Griffiths, R, Mao, A, Song, Y-S, Karlovich, NS, Sparks, MA, Jin, H, Wu, M, Lin, EE, and Crowley, SD. "Tumor necrosis factor-α produced in the kidney contributes to angiotensin II-dependent hypertension." Hypertension (2014). Full Text
  - Zhang, J, and Crowley, SD. "The role of type 1 angiotensin receptors on T lymphocytes in cardiovascular and renal diseases." Curr Hypertens Rep 15, no. 1 (February 2013): 39-46. Full Text Link to Item
  - Le, TH, Crowley, SD, Gurley, SB, and Coffman, TM. "The Renin-Angiotensin System." Seldin and Geibisch's The Kidney 1 (2013): 427-450. Full Text
  - Zhang, J, and Crowley, SD. "The role of type 1 angiotensin receptors on t lymphocytes in cardiovascular and renal diseases." Current Hypertension Reports 15, no. 1 (2013): 39-46. Full Text
  - Crowley, SD. "Taking a sound approach to acute kidney injury." American Journal of Physiology Renal Physiology 303, no. 11 (December 2012): F1505-F1506. Full Text
  - Zhang, J-D, Patel, MB, Song, Y-S, Griffiths, R, Burchette, J, Ruiz, P, Sparks, MA, Yan, M, Howell, DN, Gomez, JA, Spurney, RF, Coffman, TM, and Crowley, SD. "A novel role for type 1 angiotensin receptors on T lymphocytes to limit target organ damage in hypertension." Circ Res 110, no. 12 (June 8, 2012): 1604-1617. Full Text Link to Item
  - Crowley, SD, and Coffman, TM. "Recent advances involving the renin-angiotensin system." Experimental Cell Research 318, no. 9 (May 2012): 1049-1056. (Review) Full Text
  - Middleton, JP, and Crowley, SD. "Prehypertension and chronic kidney disease: the ox or the plow?." Kidney Int 81, no. 3 (February 2012): 229-232. Full Text Link to Item
  - Crowley, SD, Zhang, J, Herrera, M, Griffiths, R, Ruiz, P, and Coffman, TM. "Role of AT₁ receptor-mediated salt retention in angiotensin II-dependent hypertension." American Journal of Physiology Renal Physiology 301, no. 5 (November 2011): F1124-F1130. Full Text
  - Crowley, SD. "Comments on Point:Counterpoint: The dominant contributor to systemic hypertension: Chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system vs. Activation of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system. AT1 receptors in the kidney mediate the chronic hypertensive response to angiotensin II." J Appl Physiol (1985) 109, no. 6 (December 2010): 2012-2013. Link to Item
  - Kobori, H, Fu, Q, Crowley, SD, Gonzalez-Villalobos, RA, and Campos, RR. "Comments on Point:Counterpoint: The dominant contributor to systemic hypertension: Chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system vs. Activation of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system. Activated intrarenal renin-angiotensin system is correlated with high blood pressure in humans." Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 109, no. 6 (December 2010): 2003-null. Full Text
  - Makhanova, NA, Crowley, SD, Griffiths, RC, and Coffman, TM. "Gene expression profiles linked to AT1 angiotensin receptors in the kidney." Physiological Genomics 42A, no. 3 (November 2010): 211-218. Full Text
  - "Corrigendum." American Journal of Physiology Renal Physiology 298, no. 5 (May 2010): F1286-F1286. Full Text
  - Crowley, SD, Song, Y-S, Lin, EE, Griffiths, R, Kim, H-S, and Ruiz, P. "Lymphocyte responses exacerbate angiotensin II-dependent hypertension." American Journal of Physiology Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 298, no. 4 (April 2010): R1089-R1097. Full Text
  - Crowley, SD, Song, Y-S, Sprung, G, Griffiths, R, Sparks, M, Yan, M, Burchette, JL, Howell, DN, Lin, EE, Okeiyi, B, Stegbauer, J, Yang, Y, Tharaux, P-L, and Ruiz, P. "A role for angiotensin II type 1 receptors on bone marrow-derived cells in the pathogenesis of angiotensin II-dependent hypertension." Hypertension 55, no. 1 (January 2010): 99-108. Full Text Link to Item
  - Crowley, SD, Song, Y-S, Sprung, G, Griffiths, R, Sparks, M, Yan, M, Burchette, JL, Howell, DN, Lin, EE, Okeiyi, B, Stegbauer, J, Yang, Y, Tharaux, P-L, and Ruiz, P. "Response to angiotensin II type 1a-deficient bone marrow-derived dendritic cells produce higher levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1." Hypertension 56, no. 1 (2010): e8-. Full Text
  - Crowley, SD. "AT1 receptors in the Kidney mediate the chronic hypertensive response to angiotensin II." Journal of Applied Physiology 109, no. 6 (2010): 2012-2013. Full Text
  - Crowley, SD, Vasievich, MP, Ruiz, P, Gould, SK, Parsons, KK, Pazmino, AK, Facemire, C, Chen, BJ, Kim, H-S, Tran, TT, Pisetsky, DS, Barisoni, L, Prieto-Carrasquero, MC, Jeansson, M, Foster, MH, and Coffman, TM. "Glomerular type 1 angiotensin receptors augment kidney injury and inflammation in murine autoimmune nephritis." The Journal of Clinical Investigation 119, no. 4 (April 2009): 943-953. Full Text
  - Crowley, SD, and Coffman, TM. "In hypertension, the kidney breaks your heart." Curr Cardiol Rep 10, no. 6 (November 2008): 470-476. (Review) Link to Item
  - Crowley, SD, Frey, CW, Gould, SK, Griffiths, R, Ruiz, P, Burchette, JL, Howell, DN, Makhanova, N, Yan, M, Kim, H-S, Tharaux, P-L, and Coffman, TM. "Stimulation of lymphocyte responses by angiotensin II promotes kidney injury in hypertension." American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 295, no. 2 (August 2008): F515-F524. Full Text
  - Coffman, TM, and Crowley, SD. "Kidney in hypertension: guyton redux." Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 51, no. 4 (April 2008): 811-816. (Review) Full Text
  - Le, TH, Crowley, SD, Gurley, SB, and Coffman, TM. "The Renin-Angiotensin System." (2008): 343-357. Full Text
  - Crowley, SD, and Coffman, TM. "In hypertension, the kidney rules." Curr Hypertens Rep 9, no. 2 (April 2007): 148-153. (Review) Link to Item
  - Crowley, SD, Gurley, SB, and Coffman, TM. "AT(1) receptors and control of blood pressure: the kidney and more..." Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine 17, no. 1 (January 2007): 30-34. (Review) Full Text
  - Crowley, SD, Gurley, SB, Herrera, MJ, Ruiz, P, Griffiths, R, Kumar, AP, Kim, H-S, Smithies, O, Le, TH, and Coffman, TM. "Angiotensin II causes hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy through its receptors in the kidney." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, no. 47 (November 7, 2006): 17985-17990. Full Text
  - Crowley, SD, Gurley, SB, Oliverio, MI, Pazmino, AK, Griffiths, R, Flannery, PJ, Spurney, RF, Kim, H-S, Smithies, O, Le, TH, and Coffman, TM. "Distinct roles for the kidney and systemic tissues in blood pressure regulation by the renin-angiotensin system." The Journal of Clinical Investigation 115, no. 4 (April 2005): 1092-1099. Full Text
  - Crowley, SD, Tharaux, P-L, Audoly, LP, and Coffman, TM. "Exploring type I angiotensin (AT1) receptor functions through gene targeting." Acta Physiol Scand 181, no. 4 (August 2004): 561-570. (Review) Full Text Link to Item
  - Rocha, PN, Plumb, TJ, Crowley, SD, and Coffman, TM. "Effector mechanisms in transplant rejection." Immunol Rev 196 (December 2003): 51-64. (Review) Link to Item
  - Tharaux, P-L, Bukoski, RC, Rocha, PN, Crowley, SD, Ruiz, P, Nataraj, C, Howell, DN, Kaibuchi, K, Spurney, RF, and Coffman, TM. "Rho kinase promotes alloimmune responses by regulating the proliferation and structure of T cells." J Immunol 171, no. 1 (July 1, 2003): 96-105. Link to Item
  - Crowley, SD, Owens, TA, Schardt, CM, Wardell, SI, Peterson, J, Garrison, S, and Keitz, SA. "A Web-based compendium of clinical questions and medical evidence to educate internal medicine residents." Acad Med 78, no. 3 (March 2003): 270-274. (Review) Link to Item
  - Crowley, SD, Butterly, DW, Peter, RH, and Schwab, SJ. "Coronary steal from a left internal mammary artery coronary bypass graft by a left upper extremity arteriovenous hemodialysis fistula." American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation 40, no. 4 (October 2002): 852-855. Full Text
  - Crowley, S. "Slowing the progression of chronic renal insufficiency." North Carolina medical journal 61, no. 2 (2000): 80-83.
  - Pisetsky, DS, Reich, C, Crowley, SD, and Halpern, MD. "Immunological properties of bacterial DNA." Ann N Y Acad Sci 772 (November 27, 1995): 152-163. (Review) Link to Item
- Conference Papers
  - Zhang, L, Wu, J-H, Huang, T-Q, Nepliouev, I, Brian, L, Zhang, Z, Rudemiller, NP, Crowley, SD, Freedman, NJ, and Stiber, JA. "Angiotensin II-Induced Aortic Inflammation and Remodeling Are Mitigated by the Actin-Binding Protein Drebrin." Scientific Sessions of the American-Heart-Association / Resuscitation Science Symposium. Anaheim, CA. November 11, 2017 - November 15, 2017.: LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, November 14, 2017. Link to Item

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Education, Training, & Certifications

Duke Appointment History

In the News

Selected Grants

Selected Publications

Academic Articles

Conference Papers