Steven Daniel Crowley | Scholars@Duke

Steven Daniel Crowley
Associate Professor of Medicine

Our laboratory explores the contribution of the immune system and inflammatory mediators to the progression of target organ damage in the setting of cardiovascular disease. We are pursuing several related projects in this field:
(1) The actions of type 1 angiotensin receptors on specific immune cell populations in hypertension, target organ damage, and tissue fibrosis.
(2) Cell-specific actions of inflammatory cytokines in regulating blood pressure and end-organ injury.
(3) Mechanism through which dendritic cells regulate renal sodium reabsorption.
(4) The contributions of Wnt O-acylation to kidney scar formation.

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Associate Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Nephrology, Medicine 2016
Member of the Duke Cancer Institute, Duke Cancer Institute, Institutes and Centers 1996

Contact Information

2nd Floor, Room 2018, MSRB II, 106 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710
Duke Box 103015, Durham, NC 27710
steven.d.crowley@duke.edu (919) 684-9788

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- Fellow in Nephrology, Medicine, Duke University 2001 - 2003
- Chief Medical Resident, Medicine, Duke University 2000 - 2001
- Fellow in Nephrology, Medicine, Duke University 1999 - 2000
- Medical Resident, Medicine, Duke University 1996 - 1999
- M.D., Duke University 1996
Duke Appointment History
- Associate Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Nephrology, Medicine 2014 - 2016
- Assistant Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Nephrology, Medicine 2007 - 2014
- Medical Instructor in the Department of Medicine, Medicine, Nephrology, Medicine 2003 - 2007
- Instructor, Temporary in the Department of Medicine, Medicine, Nephrology, Medicine 2003
- Associate in the Department of Medicine, Medicine, General Internal Medicine, Medicine 2000 - 2001
Recognition
In the News
- MAR 30, 2016
  
  Study shows that Wnt secretion preventing drugs may reduce renal fibrosis
Research
Selected Grants
- The Role of the IL-1 Receptor in the AKI to CKD transition awarded by National Institutes of Health 2019 - 2024
- The interleukin-1 receptor regulates crosstalk between myeloid and renal tubular cells in hypertension awarded by National Institutes of Health 2019 - 2023
- Duke Training Grant in Nephrology awarded by National Institutes of Health 1995 - 2022
- The interleukin-1 receptor modulates blood pressure and renal tubular injury awarded by American Heart Association 2018 - 2021
- IPA extenstion - Robert Griffiths awarded by Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center 2019 - 2020
- Role of Dendritic Cell-mediated T Cell Activation in Salt-sensitive Hypertension awarded by National Institutes of Health 2016 - 2020
- Dendritic cells activate pro-hypertensive T cells to drive sodium reaborption in kidney awarded by American Heart Association 2019
- Tissue-specific generation of tumour necrosis factor-a contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension awarded by American Heart Association 2018 - 2019
- The role of macrophage IL-1 signaling in acute kidney injury and recovery awarded by International Anesthesia Research Society 2017 - 2019
- Role of Th1 Immune Responses in the Pathogenesis of Hypertensive Kidney Injury awarded by National Institutes of Health 2010 - 2019
- Role of Drebrin in Vascular Smooth Muscle Remodeling awarded by National Institutes of Health 2013 - 2018
- The role of dendritic cell-mediated T cell activation in hypertension awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017
- Immune Mechanisms in Diabetic Nephropathy awarded by Georgia Regents University 2014 - 2015
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Academic Articles
  - Wen, Yi, Nathan P. Rudemiller, Jiandong Zhang, Alexander D. Jeffs, Robert Griffiths, Xiaohan Lu, Jiafa Ren, Jamie Privratsky, and Steven D. Crowley. “Stimulating Type 1 Angiotensin Receptors on T Lymphocytes Attenuates Renal Fibrosis..” Am J Pathol 189, no. 5 (May 2019): 981–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.02.004.
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  - Ren, Jiafa, and Steven D. Crowley. “Role of T-cell Activation in Salt-sensitive Hypertension..” American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology, March 22, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00096.2019.
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  - Li, Zuo-Lin, Lin-Li Lv, Tao-Tao Tang, Bin Wang, Ye Feng, Le-Ting Zhou, Jing-Yuan Cao, et al. “HIF-1α inducing exosomal microRNA-23a expression mediates the cross-talk between tubular epithelial cells and macrophages in tubulointerstitial inflammation..” Kidney International 95, no. 2 (February 2019): 388–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2018.09.013.
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  - Privratsky, Jamie R., Nian Wang, Yi Qi, Jiafa Ren, Benjamin T. Morris, John C. Hunting, G Allan Johnson, and Steven D. Crowley. “Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI promotes early detection of toxin-induced acute kidney injury..” American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 316, no. 2 (February 2019): F351–59. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00416.2018.
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  - Crowley, Steven D. “No energy wasted in the fight against vascular inflammation..” Cardiovascular Research 114, no. 14 (December 2018): 1822–24. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvy232.
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  - Crowley, Steven D. “ATAC-ing the mechanisms of renin regulation..” The Journal of Clinical Investigation 128, no. 11 (November 2018): 4748–50. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci124177.
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  - Feng, Ye, Lin-Li Lv, Wei-Jun Wu, Zuo-Lin Li, Jun Chen, Hai-Feng Ni, Le-Ting Zhou, et al. “Urinary Exosomes and Exosomal CCL2 mRNA as Biomarkers of Active Histologic Injury in IgA Nephropathy..” The American Journal of Pathology 188, no. 11 (November 2018): 2542–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.07.017.
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  - Zhang, Lisheng, Jiao-Hui Wu, Tai-Qin Huang, Igor Nepliouev, Leigh Brian, Zhushan Zhang, Virginia Wertman, et al. “Drebrin regulates angiotensin II-induced aortic remodelling..” Cardiovascular Research 114, no. 13 (November 2018): 1806–15. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvy151.
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  - Lu, Xiaohan, and Steven D. Crowley. “Inflammation in Salt-Sensitive Hypertension and Renal Damage..” Current Hypertension Reports 20, no. 12 (October 30, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-018-0903-x.
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  - Privratsky, Jamie R., Jiandong Zhang, Xiaohan Lu, Nathan Rudemiller, Qingqing Wei, Yen-Rei Yu, Michael D. Gunn, and Steven D. Crowley. “Interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1R1) activation exacerbates toxin-induced acute kidney injury..” American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 315, no. 3 (September 2018): F682–91. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00104.2018.
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  - Tang, Tao-Tao, Lin-Li Lv, Ming-Ming Pan, Yi Wen, Bin Wang, Zuo-Lin Li, Min Wu, Feng-Mei Wang, Steve D. Crowley, and Bi-Cheng Liu. “Hydroxychloroquine attenuates renal ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting cathepsin mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation..” Cell Death & Disease 9, no. 3 (March 2, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-018-0378-3.
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  - Lv, Lin-Li, Ye Feng, Yi Wen, Wei-Jun Wu, Hai-Feng Ni, Zuo-Lin Li, Le-Ting Zhou, et al. “Exosomal CCL2 from Tubular Epithelial Cells Is Critical for Albumin-Induced Tubulointerstitial Inflammation..” Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : Jasn 29, no. 3 (March 2018): 919–35. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2017050523.
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  - Wen, Yi, and Steven D. Crowley. “Renal effects of cytokines in hypertension..” Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 27, no. 2 (March 2018): 70–76. https://doi.org/10.1097/MNH.0000000000000385.
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  - Wyatt, Christina M., and Steven D. Crowley. “Intersection of salt- and immune-mediated mechanisms of hypertension in the gut microbiome..” Kidney International 93, no. 3 (March 2018): 532–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2018.01.001.
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  - Rucker, A Justin, Nathan P. Rudemiller, and Steven D. Crowley. “Salt, Hypertension, and Immunity..” Annual Review of Physiology 80 (February 2018): 283–307. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-021317-121134.
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  - Wyatt, Christina M., and Steven D. Crowley. “A novel role for renal epithelial cells and the medullary sodium gradient in the local immune response..” Kidney International 92, no. 6 (December 2017): 1308–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2017.10.005.
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  - Crowley, Steven D., and Nathan P. Rudemiller. “Immunologic Effects of the Renin-Angiotensin System..” Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : Jasn 28, no. 5 (May 2017): 1350–61. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2016101066.
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  - Rudemiller, Nathan P., and Steven D. Crowley. “The role of chemokines in hypertension and consequent target organ damage..” Pharmacological Research 119 (May 2017): 404–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2017.02.026.
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  - Justin Rucker, A., and Steven D. Crowley. “The role of macrophages in hypertension and its complications..” Pflugers Arch 469, no. 3–4 (April 2017): 419–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-017-1950-x.
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  - Wu, Min, Jian-Dong Zhang, Ri-Ning Tang, Steven D. Crowley, Hong Liu, Lin-Li Lv, Kun-Ling Ma, and Bi-Cheng Liu. “Elevated PTH induces endothelial-to-chondrogenic transition in aortic endothelial cells..” American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 312, no. 3 (March 2017): F436–44. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00210.2016.
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  - Rudemiller, Nathan P., and Steven D. Crowley. “Characterization and Functional Phenotyping of Renal Immune Cells via Flow Cytometry..” Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.) 1614 (January 2017): 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7030-8_8.
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  - Rudemiller, Nathan P., and Steven D. Crowley. “Erratum to: Characterization and Functional Phenotyping of Renal Immune Cells via Flow Cytometry..” Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.) 1614 (January 2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7030-8_16.
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  - Crowley, Steven D., and Alexander D. Jeffs. “Targeting cytokine signaling in salt-sensitive hypertension..” American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 311, no. 6 (December 2016): F1153–58. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00273.2016.
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  - Rudemiller, Nathan P., Mehul B. Patel, Jian-Dong Zhang, Alexander D. Jeffs, Norah S. Karlovich, Robert Griffiths, Matthew J. Kan, Anne F. Buckley, Michael D. Gunn, and Steven D. Crowley. “C-C Motif Chemokine 5 Attenuates Angiotensin II-Dependent Kidney Injury by Limiting Renal Macrophage Infiltration..” The American Journal of Pathology 186, no. 11 (November 2016): 2846–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.07.015.
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  - Rudemiller, Nathan P., and Steven D. Crowley. “Interactions Between the Immune and the Renin-Angiotensin Systems in Hypertension..” Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 68, no. 2 (August 2016): 289–96. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.06591.
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  - Zhang, Jiandong, Nathan P. Rudemiller, Mehul B. Patel, QingQing Wei, Norah S. Karlovich, Alexander D. Jeffs, Min Wu, et al. “Competing Actions of Type 1 Angiotensin II Receptors Expressed on T Lymphocytes and Kidney Epithelium during Cisplatin-Induced AKI..” Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : Jasn 27, no. 8 (August 2016): 2257–64. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2015060683.
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  - Madan, Babita, Mehul B. Patel, Jiandong Zhang, Ralph M. Bunte, Nathan P. Rudemiller, Robert Griffiths, David M. Virshup, and Steven D. Crowley. “Experimental inhibition of porcupine-mediated Wnt O-acylation attenuates kidney fibrosis..” Kidney International 89, no. 5 (May 2016): 1062–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2016.01.017.
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  - Zhang, Jiandong, Nathan P. Rudemiller, Mehul B. Patel, Norah S. Karlovich, Min Wu, Alicia A. McDonough, Robert Griffiths, Matthew A. Sparks, Alexander D. Jeffs, and Steven D. Crowley. “Interleukin-1 Receptor Activation Potentiates Salt Reabsorption in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension via the NKCC2 Co-transporter in the Nephron..” Cell Metab 23, no. 2 (February 9, 2016): 360–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2015.11.013.
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  - Liu, Dan, Yi Wen, Tao-Tao Tang, Lin-Li Lv, Ri-Ning Tang, Hong Liu, Kun-Ling Ma, Steve D. Crowley, and Bi-Cheng Liu. “Megalin/Cubulin-Lysosome-mediated Albumin Reabsorption Is Involved in the Tubular Cell Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome and Tubulointerstitial Inflammation..” The Journal of Biological Chemistry 290, no. 29 (July 2015): 18018–28. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M115.662064.
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  - Zhang, Jiandong, and Steven D. Crowley. “Role of T lymphocytes in hypertension..” Current Opinion in Pharmacology 21 (April 2015): 14–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2014.12.003.
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  - Liu, Dan, Min Xu, Li-Hong Ding, Lin-Li Lv, Hong Liu, Kun-Ling Ma, Ai-Hua Zhang, Steven D. Crowley, and Bi-Cheng Liu. “Activation of the Nlrp3 inflammasome by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species: a novel mechanism of albumin-induced tubulointerstitial inflammation..” Int J Biochem Cell Biol 57 (December 2014): 7–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2014.09.018.
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  - Zhang, Jiandong, Mehul B. Patel, Robert Griffiths, Alice Mao, Young-soo Song, Norah S. Karlovich, Matthew A. Sparks, et al. “Tumor necrosis factor-α produced in the kidney contributes to angiotensin II-dependent hypertension..” Hypertension 64, no. 6 (December 2014): 1275–81. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03863.
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  - Crowley, Steven D. “Linking angiotensin II to nuclear factor-κ light chain enhancer of activated B cells-induced cardiovascular damage: bad CARMAs..” Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 64, no. 5 (November 2014): 933–34. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04047.
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  - Sparks, Matthew A., Steven D. Crowley, Susan B. Gurley, Maria Mirotsou, and Thomas M. Coffman. “Classical Renin-Angiotensin system in kidney physiology..” Compr Physiol 4, no. 3 (July 2014): 1201–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c130040.
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  - Coffman, Thomas M. “The inextricable role of the kidney in hypertension..” The Journal of Clinical Investigation 124, no. 6 (June 2, 2014): 2341–47. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI72274.
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  - Zhang, Jian-dong, Mehul B. Patel, Robert Griffiths, Paul C. Dolber, Phillip Ruiz, Matthew A. Sparks, Johannes Stegbauer, et al. “Type 1 angiotensin receptors on macrophages ameliorate IL-1 receptor-mediated kidney fibrosis..” J Clin Invest 124, no. 5 (May 2014): 2198–2203. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI61368.
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  - Wu, M., R. N. Tang, H. Liu, M. M. Pan, L. L. Lv, J. D. Zhang, S. D. Crowley, and B. C. Liu. “Cinacalcet ameliorates cardiac fibrosis in uremic hearts through suppression of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition.” International Journal of Cardiology 171, no. 3 (February 15, 2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.11.105.
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  - Wu, Min, Ri-Ning Tang, Hong Liu, Ming-Ming Pan, Lin-Li Lv, Jian-Dong Zhang, Steven D. Crowley, and Bi-Cheng Liu. “Cinacalcet ameliorates cardiac fibrosis in uremic hearts through suppression of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition..” Int J Cardiol 171, no. 3 (February 15, 2014): e65–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.11.105.
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  - Bartz, Raquel R., Ping Fu, Hagir B. Suliman, Stephen D. Crowley, Nancy Chou MacGarvey, Karen Welty-Wolf, and Claude A. Piantadosi. “Staphylococcus aureus sepsis induces early renal mitochondrial DNA repair and mitochondrial biogenesis in mice..” Plos One 9, no. 7 (January 2014). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100912.
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  - Crowley, S. D. “Linking angiotensin II to nuclear factor-κ light chain enhancer of activated B cells-induced cardiovascular damage: Bad carmas.” Hypertension, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04047.
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  - Crowley, Steven D. “The cooperative roles of inflammation and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of hypertension..” Antioxid Redox Signal 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 102–20. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2013.5258.
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  - Zhang, J., M. B. Patel, R. Griffiths, A. Mao, Y. -. S. Song, N. S. Karlovich, M. A. Sparks, et al. “Tumor necrosis factor-α produced in the kidney contributes to angiotensin II-dependent hypertension.” Hypertension, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03863.
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  - Zimering, M. B., J. H. Zhang, P. D. Guarino, N. Emanuele, P. A. McCullough, L. F. Fried, K. Servilla, et al. “Endothelial cell autoantibodies in predicting declining renal function, end-stage renal disease, or death in adult type 2 diabetic nephropathy.” Frontiers in Endocrinology 5, no. AUG (January 1, 2014). https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2014.00128.
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  - Le, T. H., S. D. Crowley, S. B. Gurley, and T. M. Coffman. “The Renin-Angiotensin System” 1 (September 12, 2013): 427–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-381462-3.00015-X.
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  - Zhang, Jiandong, and Steven D. Crowley. “The role of type 1 angiotensin receptors on T lymphocytes in cardiovascular and renal diseases..” Current Hypertension Reports 15, no. 1 (February 2013): 39–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-012-0318-z.
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  - Zhang, J., and S. D. Crowley. “The role of type 1 angiotensin receptors on t lymphocytes in cardiovascular and renal diseases.” Current Hypertension Reports 15, no. 1 (2013): 39–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-012-0318-z.
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  - Crowley, Steven D. “Taking a sound approach to acute kidney injury..” American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 303, no. 11 (December 2012): F1505–6. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00519.2012.
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  - Zhang, Jian-dong, Mehul B. Patel, Young-Soo Song, Robert Griffiths, James Burchette, Phillip Ruiz, Matthew A. Sparks, et al. “A novel role for type 1 angiotensin receptors on T lymphocytes to limit target organ damage in hypertension..” Circ Res 110, no. 12 (June 8, 2012): 1604–17. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.261768.
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  - Crowley, Steven D., and Thomas M. Coffman. “Recent advances involving the renin-angiotensin system..” Experimental Cell Research 318, no. 9 (May 2012): 1049–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.02.023.
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  - Middleton, John P., and Steven D. Crowley. “Prehypertension and chronic kidney disease: the ox or the plow?.” Kidney International 81, no. 3 (February 2012): 229–32. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.393.
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  - Crowley, Steven D., Jiandong Zhang, Maria Herrera, Robert Griffiths, Phillip Ruiz, and Thomas M. Coffman. “Role of AT₁ receptor-mediated salt retention in angiotensin II-dependent hypertension..” American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 301, no. 5 (November 2011): F1124–30. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00305.2011.
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  - Crowley, S. D. “AT1 receptors in the Kidney mediate the chronic hypertensive response to angiotensin II.” Journal of Applied Physiology 109, no. 6 (December 1, 2010): 2012–13. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01160.2010.
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  - Crowley, Steven D. “Comments on Point:Counterpoint: The dominant contributor to systemic hypertension: Chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system vs. Activation of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system. AT1 receptors in the kidney mediate the chronic hypertensive response to angiotensin II..” Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 109, no. 6 (December 2010): 2012–13.
  - Kobori, Hiroyuki, Qi Fu, Steven D. Crowley, Romer A. Gonzalez-Villalobos, and Ruy R. Campos. “Comments on Point:Counterpoint: The dominant contributor to systemic hypertension: Chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system vs. Activation of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system. Activated intrarenal renin-angiotensin system is correlated with high blood pressure in humans..” Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 109, no. 6 (December 2010). https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01160.2010.
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  - Makhanova, Natalia A., Steven D. Crowley, Robert C. Griffiths, and Thomas M. Coffman. “Gene expression profiles linked to AT1 angiotensin receptors in the kidney..” Physiological Genomics 42A, no. 3 (November 2010): 211–18. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00063.2010.
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  - Crowley, S. D., Y. S. Song, G. Sprung, R. Griffiths, M. Sparks, M. Yan, J. L. Burchette, et al. “Response to angiotensin II type 1a-deficient bone marrow-derived dendritic cells produce higher levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1.” Hypertension 56, no. 1 (July 1, 2010). https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.153544.
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  - Crowley, S. D., C. W. Frey, S. K. Gould, R. Griffiths, P. Ruiz, J. L. Burchette, D. N. Howell, et al. “Simulation of lymphoctye responses by angiotensin II promotes kidney injury in hypertension (American Journal Physiology-Renal Physiology (2008) 295, (F515-F524)).” American Journal of Physiology Renal Physiology 298, no. 5 (May 1, 2010). https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.zh2-5901-corr.2010.
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  - Crowley, Steven D., Young-Soo Song, Eugene E. Lin, Robert Griffiths, Hyung-Suk Kim, and Phillip Ruiz. “Lymphocyte responses exacerbate angiotensin II-dependent hypertension..” Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 298, no. 4 (April 2010): R1089–97. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00373.2009.
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  - Crowley, Steven D., Young-Soo Song, Gregory Sprung, Robert Griffiths, Matthew Sparks, Ming Yan, James L. Burchette, et al. “A role for angiotensin II type 1 receptors on bone marrow-derived cells in the pathogenesis of angiotensin II-dependent hypertension..” Hypertension 55, no. 1 (January 2010): 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.144964.
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  - Crowley, Steven D., Matthew P. Vasievich, Phillip Ruiz, Samantha K. Gould, Kelly K. Parsons, A Kathy Pazmino, Carie Facemire, et al. “Glomerular type 1 angiotensin receptors augment kidney injury and inflammation in murine autoimmune nephritis..” The Journal of Clinical Investigation 119, no. 4 (April 2009): 943–53. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI34862.
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  - Thu H., L., C. Steven D., G. Susan B., and C. Thomas M. “The Renin-Angiotensin System,” December 1, 2008, 343–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012088488-9.50016-4.
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  - Crowley, Steven D., and Thomas M. Coffman. “In hypertension, the kidney breaks your heart..” Current Cardiology Reports 10, no. 6 (November 2008): 470–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-008-0074-5.
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  - Crowley, Steven D., Campbell W. Frey, Samantha K. Gould, Robert Griffiths, Phillip Ruiz, James L. Burchette, David N. Howell, et al. “Stimulation of lymphocyte responses by angiotensin II promotes kidney injury in hypertension..” American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 295, no. 2 (August 2008): F515–24. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00527.2007.
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  - Coffman, Thomas M., and Steven D. Crowley. “Kidney in hypertension: guyton redux..” Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 51, no. 4 (April 2008): 811–16. https://doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.105.063636.
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  - Crowley, Steven D., and Thomas M. Coffman. “In hypertension, the kidney rules..” Current Hypertension Reports 9, no. 2 (April 2007): 148–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-007-0026-2.
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  - Crowley, Steven D., Susan B. Gurley, and Thomas M. Coffman. “AT(1) receptors and control of blood pressure: the kidney and more....” Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine 17, no. 1 (January 2007): 30–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2006.11.002.
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  - Crowley, Steven D., Susan B. Gurley, Maria J. Herrera, Phillip Ruiz, Robert Griffiths, Anil P. Kumar, Hyung-Suk Kim, Oliver Smithies, Thu H. Le, and Thomas M. Coffman. “Angiotensin II causes hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy through its receptors in the kidney..” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103, no. 47 (November 21, 2006): 17985–90. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0605545103.
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  - Crowley, Steven D., Susan B. Gurley, Michael I. Oliverio, A Kathy Pazmino, Robert Griffiths, Patrick J. Flannery, Robert F. Spurney, et al. “Distinct roles for the kidney and systemic tissues in blood pressure regulation by the renin-angiotensin system..” J Clin Invest 115, no. 4 (April 2005): 1092–99. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI23378.
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  - Crowley, S. D., P. L. Tharaux, L. P. Audoly, and T. M. Coffman. “Exploring type I angiotensin (AT1) receptor functions through gene targeting..” Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 181, no. 4 (August 2004): 561–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-201x.2004.01331.x.
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  - Rocha, Paulo N., Troy J. Plumb, Steven D. Crowley, and Thomas M. Coffman. “Effector mechanisms in transplant rejection..” Immunological Reviews 196 (December 2003): 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1600-065x.2003.00090.x.
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  - Tharaux, Pierre-Louis, Richard C. Bukoski, Paulo N. Rocha, Steven D. Crowley, Phillip Ruiz, Chandra Nataraj, David N. Howell, Kozo Kaibuchi, Robert F. Spurney, and Thomas M. Coffman. “Rho kinase promotes alloimmune responses by regulating the proliferation and structure of T cells..” J Immunol 171, no. 1 (July 1, 2003): 96–105.
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  - Crowley, Steven D., Thomas A. Owens, Connie M. Schardt, Sarah I. Wardell, Josh Peterson, Scott Garrison, and Sheri A. Keitz. “A Web-based compendium of clinical questions and medical evidence to educate internal medicine residents..” Academic Medicine 78, no. 3 (March 2003): 270–74. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-200303000-00007.
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  - Crowley, Steven D., David W. Butterly, Robert H. Peter, and Steve J. Schwab. “Coronary steal from a left internal mammary artery coronary bypass graft by a left upper extremity arteriovenous hemodialysis fistula..” American Journal of Kidney Diseases : The Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation 40, no. 4 (October 2002): 852–55. https://doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.2002.35701.
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  - Crowley, S. “Slowing the progression of chronic renal insufficiency..” North Carolina Medical Journal 61, no. 2 (March 2000): 80–83.
  - Pisetsky, D. S., C. Reich, S. D. Crowley, and M. D. Halpern. “Immunological properties of bacterial DNA..” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 772 (November 1995): 152–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb44740.x.
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- Conference Papers
  - Zhang, Lisheng, Jiao-Hui Wu, Tai-Qin Huang, Igor Nepliouev, Leigh Brian, Zhushan Zhang, Nathan P. Rudemiller, Steven D. Crowley, Neil J. Freedman, and Jonathan A. Stiber. “Angiotensin II-Induced Aortic Inflammation and Remodeling Are Mitigated by the Actin-Binding Protein Drebrin.” In Circulation, Vol. 136. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, 2017.
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