Scholars@Duke

• Background
• 

  Education, Training, & Certifications

  • Ph.D., Indiana University at Bloomington 1984
• 

  Duke Appointment History

  • Director of the FOCUS Program, FOCUS Program, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 2014 - 2017
  • Chair in the Department of Slavic and Eurasian Studies, Slavic and Eurasian Studies, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 2015 - 2016
  • Director of Undergraduate Studies in the Linguistics Program, Linguistics, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 2015 - 2016
  • Director of the Linguistics Program, Linguistics, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 2013 - 2015
  • Director, Undergraduate Studies, Slavic and Eurasian Studies, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 2009 - 2012
  • Acting Chair, Slavic and Eurasian Studies, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 2009
  • Chair, Department of Slavic Languages and Literature, Slavic and Eurasian Studies, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 1999 - 2006
  • Director, Linguistics Program, Slavic and Eurasian Studies, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 1996 - 1999
  • Associate Professor with Tenure, Slavic and Eurasian Studies, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 1990 - 1998
  • Associate Professor of Cultural Anthropology, Cultural Anthropology, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 1996 - 1998
  • Associate Professor with Tenure, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences, Duke University 1993 - 1996
  • Acting Chair, Slavic and Eurasian Studies, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 1993
  • Assistant Professor, Slavic and Eurasian Studies, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 1984 - 1990
• Recognition
• 

  In the News

  • SEP 28, 2017

    Two Decades Later, FOCUS Remains a Staple of Duke's First-Year Program

  • JAN 9, 2017

    The Neuroscience of Language Learning: Why Most Humans Are Bilingual

  • MAY 9, 2016

    FactCheck

    Edna Andrews: Putin did not call Trump a ‘genius’

  • MAR 10, 2014

    Duke Research Blog

    My Brain and Your Brain Speak Different Languages

  • NOV 18, 2013

    Faculty Council Raises Linguistics to Program Status

  • SEP 20, 2013

    Language & the Brain, in Research and the Classroom

  • MAY 9, 2013

    Civil Rights Tour Brings History to Life
• Expertise
• 

  Global Scholarship

  • Expertise

    • Russian Federation (Country) 

  • Research

    • Russian Federation (Country) 

  • Teaching

    • Russian Federation (Country) 
• Research
• 

  Selected Grants

  • Dept. of Ed. LRC Grant awarded by Department of Education 2018 - 2022
  • Research and Writing on Russia awarded by Carnegie Corporation of New York 2017 - 2019
  • 2014-2018 LRC Proposal awarded by Department of Education 2014 - 2019
  • Research and Writing on Russia awarded by Carnegie Corporation of New York 2015 - 2017
  • Language Resource Centers awarded by Department of Education 2010 - 2015
  • Slavic & Eurasian Language Resource Center NRC awarded by Department of Education 2010 - 2014
  • National Resource Center awarded by Department of Education 2006 - 2011
  • National Resource Centers awarded by Department of Education 2006 - 2010
  • National Resource Center/Foreign Language & Area Studies Fellowships awarded by Department of Education 2006 - 2007
  • Slavic & East European Language Resource Center awarded by Department of Education 2002 - 2007
  • National Resource Centers awarded by Department of Education 2003 - 2007
  • Title VI National Resource Center/Foreign Language & Area Studies Fellowships awarded by Department of Education 2003 - 2006
  • Foreign Language and Area Studies Fellowships awarded by Department of Education 2000 - 2003
  • Slavic & East European Language Resource Center awarded by Department of Education 1999 - 2003
  • (97-0299) National Resource Center for Undergraduate Studies awarded by Department of Education 1997 - 2000
  • National Resource Centers and Foreign Language and Area Studies Programs awarded by Department of Education 1998 - 2000
  • National Resource Centers and Foreign Language and Area Studies Programs awarded by Department of Education 1997 - 2000
  • (95-0281) Joint Undergraduate National Resource Center for Slavic Studies awarded by Department of Education 1994 - 1997
  • (96-1074) Joint Undergraduate National Resource Center for Slavic Studies awarded by Department of Education 1994 - 1997
  • (94-0275) The Duke-UNC Center for Slavic, Eurasian and East European Studies awarded by Department of Education 1994 - 1995
  • (90-0408) Russian Language Instruction awarded by Josiah Charles Trent Memorial Foundation 1989 - 1990
  • (87-0408) Acquisition of Russian Language Material for Classroom and Language Lab USe awarded by Josiah Charles Trent Memorial Foundation 1986 - 1987
• Publications & Artistic Works
• 

  Selected Publications

  • Books

    • Andrews, E. Neuroscience and multilingualism, 2014.
    • Andrews, E., and S. Dickey. Slavic Linguistics: In Honor of Ronald Feldstein, 2011.
    • Andrews, E., and E. Maksimova. Russian Translation: Theory and Practice (2 volumes). Vol. Two volumes. Routledge Publishers, 2010.
    • Andrews, E. Slavic Linguistics 2K: A Retrospective Volume. Edited by E. Andrews, S. Franks, R. Feldstein, and Fowler G. Slavika Publishers, 2006.
    • Andrews, E. Conversations with lotman: Cultural semiotics in language, literature, and cognition, 2003.
    • Andrews, E. Contemporary Russian Studies: Language, Culture, Text. GLOSSOS, 2002.
    • Andrews, E. Russian: A Grammar of Contemporary Russian. Lincom Europa, Munchen, 2001.
    • Andrews, E., G. Averyanova, and G. Pyadusova. Russian Verb: Forms and Functions. Russkij jazyk: Moscow, 1997.
    • Andrews, E. The semantics of suffixation in Russian. Munchen, Germany: Lincom Europa, 1996.
    • Benjamins, John. A Calculus of Meaning: Studies in Markedness, Distinctive Features and Deixis. Edited by E. Andrews and Y. Tobin, 1996.
    • Andrews, E. Markedness theory: The union of asymmetry and semiosis in language. Durham, NC: Duke Univeristy Press, 1990.
    • Andrews, E. A first year Supplementary Russian grammar, 1987.
    • Andrews, E. A second year grammar and one-stem dictionary, 1987.
    • Andrews, E., G. McLaws, and A. Rogers. A handbook of Russian verbal prefixes. Bloomington: Physsardt, 1983.

  • Academic Articles

    • Andrews, E. “The importance of Lotmanian semiotics to sign theory and the cognitive neurosciences.” Sign Systems Studies 43, no. 2–3 (January 1, 2015): 347–64. https://doi.org/10.12697/SSS.2015.43.2-3.10.
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    • Thompson, R. J., I. Walther, C. Tufts, K. C. Lee, L. Paredes, L. Fellin, E. Andrews, et al. “Development and Assessment of the Effectiveness of an Undergraduate General Education Foreign Language Requirement.” Foreign Language Annals 47, no. 4 (January 1, 2014): 653–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12112.
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    • Andrews, Edna, Luca Frigau, Clara Voyvodic-Casabo, James Voyvodic, and John Wright. “Multilingualism and fMRI: Longitudinal Study of Second Language Acquisition..” Brain Sci 3, no. 2 (May 28, 2013): 849–76. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci3020849.
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    • Andrews, E. “Language and brain: Recasting meaning in the definition of human language.” Semiotica 2011, no. 184 (April 1, 2011): 11–32. https://doi.org/10.1515/semi.2011.020.
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    • Andrews, E., C. Bae, N. Davis, P. Kang, N. Mehta, and T. Hausburg. “Speech and Sung Phoneme Perception,” 2011.
    • Andrews, E. “Markedness Theory: Tense and Aspect in the Russian Verb.” Edited by Robert Binnick, 2010.
    • Andrews, E. “Series of articles on semiotic topics.” Edited by Paul Cobley, 2009.
    • Andrews, E. “Redefining Discontinuity in Cultural Space: Principles of Semiospheric Explosion,” 2009.
    • Andrews, E. “Lotman and the Cognitive Sciences: The Role of Autocommunication in the Language of Memory,” 2009.
    • Andrews, E. ““The Semiotics of Jurij Lotman.”,” 2008.
    • Andrews, E., and E. Maksimova. “Semiospheric Transitions: A Key to Modelling Translation,” 2008.
    • Skotko, B. G., E. Andrews, and G. Einstein. “Corrigendum to "Language and the medial temporal lobe: Evidence from H.M.'s spontaneous discourse" [Journal of Memory and Language 53 (2005) 397-415] (DOI:10.1016/j.jml.2005.05.003).” Journal of Memory and Language 54, no. 4 (May 1, 2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2006.01.003.
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    • Andrews, E. “Zamyatin and the circle of colors,” 2006.
    • Andrews, E. “Slavic Languages in the Context of Languages of the Worl. Review of Comrie/Corbett The Slavonic Languages.” Seej, 2005.
    • Andrews, E. “Neurolinguistic perspectives on Second Language Acquisition.” Language (Journal of the Linguistic Society of America), 2005.
    • Andrews, E. “Medial Temporal Lobes and Languages: The Case of HM,.” Journal of Memory and Language, 2005.
    • Andrews, E., and B. Skotko. “H.M.’s Language Skills: Clues About Language and the Medial Temporal Lobe.” Journal of Memory and Language, 2005.
    • Skotko, B. G., E. Andrews, and G. Einstein. “Language and the medial temporal lobe: Evidence from H.M.'s spontaneous discourse.” Journal of Memory and Language 53, no. 3 (January 1, 2005): 397–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2005.05.003.
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    • Andrews, E. “Redefining textual boundaries: Torop and the Tartu school of semiotics.” Semiotica 144 (December 1, 2003): 377–80. https://doi.org/10.1515/semi.2003.033.
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    • Andrews, E. “Teorija postroenie xudozhestvennogo prostranstva: Lotman i Florenskij,” 2003.
    • Andrews, E. “Viktor Shklovskij: proza 20-x godov,” 2003.
    • Andrews, E. “Peterburg Axmatovoj i Bloka,” 2003.
    • Andrews, E. “Gender Roles and Perception: Russian Diminutives in Discourse.” Edited by M. Mills, 2003.
    • Andrews, E. “Memory, Language and Brain.” Prague School Linguistics, 2003.
    • Andrews, E. “Tartu School Contributions to the Study of Literary Texts: The Work of Peeter Torop.” Semiotica 144 (2003): 377–80.
    • Andrews, E., and E. Maksimova. “Zamjatinkskij Puskin.” Russkaja Literatura, Journal of the Institute of Russian Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Puskinskij Dom, 2003.
    • Andrews, E. “Russian Contributions to Cognitive Science: Vygotsky, Luria, Jakobson and Lotman,” 2002.
    • Andrews, E. “Russian Derivational Morphology and Shifting Reference.” Townsend Memorial Volume, 2002.
    • Andrews, E. “Text and Culture: Continuous Discontinuity in Lotman and Zamjatin,” May 2001, 347–70.
    • Andrews, E. “The Tartu school at the end of the twentieth century.” Semiotica 131, no. 3–4 (December 1, 2000): 267–71.
    • Andrews, E. “Recasting Animacy: The Codification of Perceptual Distinctions in Language.” Edited by E. Contini-Morava and Y. Tobin, 2000, 205–23.
    • Andrews, E. “Jakobson between East and West: 1915-1939.” Seej (The Slavic and East European Journal), 2000.
    • Andrews, E. “The Role of Semiotics in Modern Linguistic Theory.” Edited by G. Fowler, 2000.
    • Andrews, E. “Nine short articles on major figures and central theoretical constructs in semiotic and linguistic theory.” Edited by P. Cobley, 2000.
    • Andrews, E. “K opredeleniju semioticheskogo prostranstva,” 2000.
    • Andrews, E. “The Tartu School at the End of the Twentieth Century.” Semiotica 131 (2000): 267–71.
    • Andrews, E. “The Memory of Language in the Language of Memory.” The Peirce Seminar Papers (An Annual of Semiotic Analysis) 4 (1999): 623–37.
    • Andrews, E. “The Jakobsonian Legacy in Contemporary Poetics.” Semiotica 123 (1999).
    • Andrews, E. “Lotman's communication act and semiosis.” Semiotica 126, no. 1–4 (January 1, 1999): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1515/semi.1999.126.1-4.1.
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    • Andrews, E. “Einstein: Selected Works (vols III & IV) by Richard Taylor & William Powell.” Europe Asia Studies, 1997.
    • Andrews, E. “The semiotics of catastrophe: Interpretants and linguistic change.” Edited by I. Rauch, 1997, 179–82.
    • Andrews, E. “Peirce and Jakobson Revisited: The Relation of Visual and Auditory Signs in Human Language.” The Peirce Papers Iii 12 (1997): 11–27.
    • Andrews, E. “Interpretants and linguistic change: The case of -x- in modern standard colloquial Russian.” Journal of Slavic Linguistics 1 (1997): 199–218.
    • Andrews, E. “Sovremennaja zizn’ i vopros o tabu,” 1996.
    • Andrews, E. “The shift of ’shame’ in Slavic.” Ijslp XXXIX–XL (1996): 299–312.
    • Andrews, E. “Political correctness and cultural sensitivity: The linguistic problem of taboo.” American Speech 71 (1996): 389–404.
    • Andrews, E. “Cultural sensitivity and political correctness: The linguistic problem of naming.” American Speech 71, no. 4 (January 1, 1996): 389–404. https://doi.org/10.2307/455713.
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    • Andrews, E. “Upotreblenie laskatel’nyx form v razgovore s det’mi,” July 1995.
    • Andrews, E. “Osobennosti razvitija russkoj leksiki v novejsij period (na materiale gazet).” The Slavic and East European Journal 39 (1995).
    • Andrews, E. “Evaluation in ELT by Cyril Weir & Jon Robers.” American Speech, 1995.
    • Andrews, E. “Seeing is believing: Categories of visual perception in Russian.” Edited by E. Contini-Moraga and R Sussman Goldberg, 1995, 361–80.
    • Andrews, E. “Adult speaker and child addressee: Usage and perception of Russian diminutives.” Russian Language Journal XLIX (1995).
    • Andrews, E. “The Port-Royal Grammar.” Secol Review, 1994.
    • Andrews, E. “Markedness theory: An explication of its theoretical basis and applicability in semantic analysis.” Edited by C. Gribble, CH van Schooneveld, and C. Townsend, 1994.
    • Andrews, E. “Gender and declension shifts in contemporary standard Russian: Markedness as a semiotic principle,” 1994.
    • Andrews, E. “The interface of iconicity and interpretants” 2 (1994): 9–28.
    • Andrews, E. “The iconicity of gender shifts in contemporary Russian,” 1993, 202–13.
    • Andrews, E., M St Johns, and F. Borchardt. “Gender signalling in Russian: A contrastive analysis of native speakers and artificial neural networks.” Language Quarterly 31 (1993): 1–40.
    • Andrews, E. “Contemporary Morphology.” Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 1992.
    • Andrews, E. “’Vzaimosvjaz’ tvorcestva Bulgakova i Zamjatina.” Vestnik Spbu, January 1992.
    • Andrews, E. “Language: A Theory of its Stucture and Use by Pers Saugstad.” Language 67 (March 1991).
    • Andrews, E. “Markedness Theory by Ed Batistella.” American Speech, 1991.
    • Andrews, E. “The boundaries of sense: Cvetaeva’s extension of the morpheme,” 1991.
    • Andrews, E. “Pierce’s emotional interpretant: A key to bilingualism.” International Review of Applied Linguistics (Iral), August 1990.
    • Andrews, E. “Cognitive Science.” Secol Review, 1990.
    • Andrews, E. “Semanticeskij analiz russkix glagol’nyx pristavok i predlogov o i ob,” January 1990.
    • Andrews, E. “Grammar and pragmatics: The two axes of language and deixis,” 1990.
    • Andrews, E. “A dialogue on the sign: Can Peirce and Jakobson be reconciled?.” Semiotica 82, no. 1–2 (January 1, 1990): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1515/semi.1990.82.1-2.1.
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    • Andrews, E. “A semiotic revolution: Peirce and Jakobson on the nature of the sign.” Secol Review 14 (1990).
    • Andrews, E. “Peirce's emotional interpretant: A key to bilingualism.” Iral  International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 28, no. 3 (January 1, 1990): 185–200. https://doi.org/10.1515/iral.1990.28.3.185.
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    • Andrews, E. “Lingvistika i poetika i interpretacija teksta: Zimnaja noc Pasternaka,” October 1989.
    • Andrews, E. “A study in linguistic sign theory: The suffix -K-A/-KA in modern Russian.” Edited by Y. Tobin, 1989, 123–34.
    • Andrews, E. “Frontiers in Semiotics edited by J. Deely, B. Williams & F.E. Kruse.” American Speech 62 (1987).
    • Andrews, E. “Jakobsonian markedness theory as mathematical principle,” 1987, 177–97.
    • Andrews, E. “Gender shifts and myths about markedness,” 1987.
    • Andrews, E. “An extention of the concept of shifter in verbal categories: Perceptual versus transmissional deixis,” 1986, 73–80.
    • Andrews, E. “The prefixes DE- and UN- in modern American English.” American Speech 61 (1986).
    • Andrews, E. “Markedness theory in morphology and semantics: The reconciliation of contextual versus general meaning.” The Secol Review X (1986).
    • Andrews, E. “A reevaluation of the relationship between grammatical gender and declension in modern Greek and Russian.” Ijslp XXXIV (1986).
    • Andrews, E. “A synchronic semantic analysis of the preverbs O- and OB- in modern Serbo-Croatian,” 1985, 7–18.
    • Andrews, E. “Markedness reversals in linguistic sign systems,” 1985, 169–80.
    • Andrews, Edna. “A Semantic Analysis of the Russian Prepositions/Preverbs O(-) and OB(-).” The Slavic and East European Journal 28, no. 4 (1984): 477–477. https://doi.org/10.2307/307635.
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    • Andrews, E. “An error analysis of modern Russian” 6 (1983).

  • Book Sections

    • Andrews, E. “Markedness.” In The Oxford Handbook of Tense and Aspect, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195381979.013.0007.
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  • Other Articles

    • Andrews, E., and E. A. Maksimova. “Russian translation: Theory and practice.” Russian Translation: Theory and Practice, August 4, 2009. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203880692.
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• Teaching & Mentoring
• 

  Recent Courses

  • BRAINSOC 395-1: Bass Connections in Brain and Society: Interdisciplinary Team Projects 2019
  • BRAINSOC 395: Bass Connections in Brain and Society: Interdisciplinary Team Projects 2019
  • BRAINSOC 396-1: Bass Connections in Brain and Society 2: Interdisciplinary Team Projects 2019
  • BRAINSOC 396: Bass Connections in Brain and Society 2: Interdisciplinary Team Projects 2019
  • BRAINSOC 397-1: Bass Connections in Brain and Society 3: Interdisciplinary Team Projects 2019
  • BRAINSOC 397: Bass Connections in Brain and Society 3: Interdisciplinary Team Projects 2019
  • BRAINSOC 398-1: Bass Connections in Brain and Society 4: Interdisciplinary Team Projects 2019
  • BRAINSOC 398: Bass Connections in Brain and Society 4: Interdisciplinary Team Projects 2019
  • CULANTH 232: Gender and Language 2019
  • CULANTH 399A: Global Russia 2019
  • GSF 232: Gender and Language 2019
  • ICS 207: Gender and Language 2019
  • ICS 399A: Global Russia 2019
  • LINGUIST 216FS: Neuroscience and Human Language 2019
  • LINGUIST 364: Gender and Language 2019
  • LINGUIST 473AS: Neuroscience and Multilingualism 2019
  • LINGUIST 510: Brain and Language 2019
  • LINGUIST 595: Language, Music and Dementia: Neuroscience Approaches 2019
  • MUSIC 595: Language, Music and Dementia: Neuroscience Approaches 2019
  • NEUROSCI 116FS: Neuroscience and Human Language 2019
  • NEUROSCI 438AS: Neuroscience and Multilingualism 2019
  • NEUROSCI 493: Research Independent Study 1 2019
  • NEUROSCI 510: Brain and Language 2019
  • NEUROSCI 595: Language, Music and Dementia: Neuroscience Approaches 2019
  • PSY 575: Brain and Language 2019
  • PUBPOL 399A: Global Russia 2019
  • RUSSIAN 112: Accelerated Russian Language and Culture I 2019
  • RUSSIAN 112A: Accelerated Russian Language and Culture I 2019
  • RUSSIAN 207AS: Intermediate Russian Language and Culture 2019
  • RUSSIAN 208AS: Intermediate Russian Language and Culture 2019
  • RUSSIAN 216FS: Neuroscience and Human Language 2019
  • RUSSIAN 221A: Russian Language Studies in St. Petersburg 2019
  • RUSSIAN 222A: Language, Culture, and Myth: The Slavic Proverb 2019
  • RUSSIAN 307AS: Studies in the Russian Language and Culture 2019
  • RUSSIAN 308AS: Studies in the Russian Language and Culture 2019
  • RUSSIAN 364: Gender and Language 2019
  • RUSSIAN 399A: Global Russia 2019
  • RUSSIAN 401A: Advanced Russian 2019
  • RUSSIAN 402A: Advanced Russian: Readings, Translation, and Syntax 2019
  • RUSSIAN 438AS: Neuroscience and Multilingualism 2019
  • CULANTH 399: Global Russia 2018
  • HISTORY 390A-06: Duke in Russia: Special Topics in History 2018
  • ICS 399: Global Russia 2018
  • LINGUIST 450S: Junior/Senior Seminar in Linguistics 2018
  • LINGUIST 494: Research Independent Study 2018
  • PUBPOL 223: Global Russia 2018
  • RUSSIAN 101SA: Elementary Russian I 2018
  • RUSSIAN 102SA: Elementary Russian II 2018
  • RUSSIAN 223A: Contemporary Russian Media 2018
  • RUSSIAN 399: Global Russia 2018
  • RUSSIAN 493A: Research Independent Study in Russia 2018
  • RUSSIAN 494A: Research Independent Study in Russia 2018
  • HOUSECS 59: House Course 2017
  • LINGUIST 473S: Neuroscience and Multilingualism 2017
  • NEUROSCI 439S: Neuroscience and Multilingualism 2017
  • RUSSIAN 101: Elementary Russian I 2017
  • RUSSIAN 102: Elementary Russian II 2017
  • RUSSIAN 401: Advanced Russian 2017
  • RUSSIAN 402: Advanced Russian: Readings, Translation, and Syntax 2017
  • RUSSIAN 439S: Neuroscience and Multilingualism 2017
  • RUSSIAN 705: Advanced Russian Conversation and Readings 2017
  • RUSSIAN 706: Advanced Russian Conversations and Readings 2017
  • RUSSIAN 707: Advanced Russian 2017
  • RUSSIAN 708: Advanced Russian: Readings, Translation, and Syntax 2017
  • RUSSIAN 709: Classics of Russian Literature and Textual Culture 2017
  • RUSSIAN 711AS: Advanced Russian Language and Culture 2017
  • RUSSIAN 712AS: Advanced Russian Language and Culture 2017
  • RUSSIAN 990: Directed Readings 2017
  • SCISOC 439S: Neuroscience and Multilingualism 2017
• Scholarly, Clinical, & Service Activities
• 

  Presentations & Appearances

  • V. Conferences and Invited Lectures A. Conferences organized: 1. JULY 2009: We won a bid from the U.S. Department of Defense to host their LEARN conference, devoted to Russian language and linguistics. I was one of the keynote speakers. Other participa. December 16, 2009  2009
  • Conferences and invited lectures. December 14, 2009  2009
• 

  Outreach & Engaged Scholarship

  • DukeEngage Program Leader . Serving men and women with disabilities in St. Petersburg. May 2017 - June 2017  2017
  • Bass Connections Faculty Team Member. Perception, Language, Memory. August 2014 - May 2015  2014 - 2015
  • Bass Connections Faculty Team Member. Perception, Language, Memory . August 2013 - May 2014  2013 - 2014
  • Instructor. DukeEngage in Russia. 2011  2011
• 

  Service to the Profession

  • Promotions and Journal reviews. December 14, 2009  2009

Some information on this profile has been compiled automatically from Duke databases and external sources. (Our About page explains how this works.) If you see a problem with the information, please write to Scholars@Duke and let us know. We will reply promptly.