Edward A. Miao
Instructor in the Department of Immunology
Programmed cell death directly counteracts intracellular infection by eliminating compromised host cells.
Pyroptotic cell death triggered by caspase-1/11 was described in 1992, but remained a possible cell culture artifact for many years. We were the first to use in vivo animal models to demonstrate that pyroptosis clears intracellular bacteria. Pyroptosis traps the bacteria within the cellular remains while simultaneously attracting neutrophils to kill them.
Intracellular bacteria use type III secretion (T3S) to inject virulence effectors that reprogram host cells. We discovered that the NLRC4 inflammasome activates caspase-1 in response to T3S activity. The subcellular location of the detection event is of critical importance. Whereas extracellular flagellin sensed by TLR5 leads to proinflammatory transcriptional responses, we discovered that T3S-injected cytosolic flagellin triggers caspase-1 activation and pyroptosis.
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the most potent immune-stimulating microbial molecule. The discovery that TLR4 detects extracellular LPS reinvigorated innate immunity research. We discovered that caspase-11 detects LPS in the mammalian cytosol. Again, the responses to LPS are drastically different depending on where the detection occurs. Extracellular LPS sensed by TLR4 drives proinflammatory transcription. Cytosolic LPS activates caspase-11 causing pyroptosis, which eradicates cytosol-invasive bacteria. However, aberrant caspase-11 activation is an extremely dangerous driver of sepsis.
We found that bona fide pathogens evade these defenses. Therefore, to study basic components of innate immunity we pioneer the use of environmental bacteria with pathogenic potential that have not adapted to evade mammalian immunity. These “pathogens” are experimental tools that reveal previously underappreciated aspects of innate immunity.
Current Appointments & Affiliations
- Instructor in the Department of Immunology, Immunology, Basic Science Departments 2019
Contact Information
- Box 103054, Durham, NC 27710
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edward.miao@duke.edu
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Current Miao Lab Website
- Background
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Education, Training, & Certifications
- MD./PhD., University of Washington 2004
- Expertise
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Subject Headings
- Research
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Selected Grants
- Complement and efferocytosis in clearing pyroptotic cells awarded by National Institutes of Health 2020 - 2023
- Intestinal epithelial cell exfoliation by caspases awarded by National Institutes of Health 2020 - 2023
- Natural killer cell cytotoxicity against intracellular bacteria awarded by National Institutes of Health 2020 - 2023
- Inflammasome-gasdermin axis in bullous pemphigoid awarded by University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill 2020 - 2021
- Publications & Artistic Works
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Selected Publications
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Academic Articles
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Lin, Lin, Bin-Jin Hwang, Ning Li, Paul Googe, Luis A. Diaz, Ed Miao, Barbara Vilen, Nancy E. Thomas, Jenny Ting, and Zhi Liu. “Non-Cell-Autonomous Activity of the Hemidesmosomal Protein BP180/Collagen XVII in Granulopoiesis in Humanized NC16A Mice.” Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 205, no. 10 (November 2020): 2786–94. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.2000784.Full Text
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Kovacs, Stephen B., Changhoon Oh, Vivien I. Maltez, Benjamin D. McGlaughon, Ambika Verma, Edward A. Miao, and Youssef Aachoui. “Neutrophil Caspase-11 Is Essential to Defend against a Cytosol-Invasive Bacterium.” Cell Reports 32, no. 4 (July 2020): 107967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107967.Full Text
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Rowe, Sarah E., Nikki J. Wagner, Lupeng Li, Jenna E. Beam, Alec D. Wilkinson, Lauren C. Radlinski, Qing Zhang, Edward A. Miao, and Brian P. Conlon. “Author Correction: Reactive oxygen species induce antibiotic tolerance during systemic Staphylococcus aureus infection.” Nature Microbiology 5, no. 3 (March 2020): 526. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0679-z.Full Text
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Rowe, Sarah E., Nikki J. Wagner, Lupeng Li, Jenna E. Beam, Alec D. Wilkinson, Lauren C. Radlinski, Qing Zhang, Edward A. Miao, and Brian P. Conlon. “Reactive oxygen species induce antibiotic tolerance during systemic Staphylococcus aureus infection.” Nature Microbiology 5, no. 2 (February 2020): 282–90. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-019-0627-y.Full Text
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Lacey, Carolyn A., and Edward A. Miao. “NLRP1 - One NLR to guard them all.” The Embo Journal 38, no. 13 (July 2019): e102494. https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2019102494.Full Text
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Fan, Ting-Jia, Sandrine Y. Tchaptchet, Diana Arsene, Yoshiyuki Mishima, Bo Liu, R Balfour Sartor, Ian M. Carroll, Edward A. Miao, Anthony A. Fodor, and Jonathan J. Hansen. “Environmental Factors Modify the Severity of Acute DSS Colitis in Caspase-11-Deficient Mice.” Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 24, no. 11 (October 2018): 2394–2403. https://doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izy244.Full Text
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Cheng, Kwong Tai, Shiqin Xiong, Zhiming Ye, Zhigang Hong, Anke Di, Kit Man Tsang, Xiaopei Gao, et al. “Caspase-11-mediated endothelial pyroptosis underlies endotoxemia-induced lung injury.” The Journal of Clinical Investigation 127, no. 11 (November 2017): 4124–35. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci94495.Full Text
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Hagar, Jon A., Matthew L. Edin, Fred B. Lih, Lance R. Thurlow, Beverly H. Koller, Bruce A. Cairns, Darryl C. Zeldin, and Edward A. Miao. “Lipopolysaccharide Potentiates Insulin-Driven Hypoglycemic Shock.” Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 199, no. 10 (November 2017): 3634–43. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1700820.Full Text
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Tubbs, Alan L., Bo Liu, Troy D. Rogers, R Balfour Sartor, and Edward A. Miao. “Dietary Salt Exacerbates Experimental Colitis.” Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 199, no. 3 (August 2017): 1051–59. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1700356.Full Text
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Jorgensen, Ine, Joseph P. Lopez, Stefan A. Laufer, and Edward A. Miao. “IL-1β, IL-18, and eicosanoids promote neutrophil recruitment to pore-induced intracellular traps following pyroptosis.” European Journal of Immunology 46, no. 12 (December 2016): 2761–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.201646647.Full Text
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Jorgensen, Ine, Yue Zhang, Bryan A. Krantz, and Edward A. Miao. “Pyroptosis triggers pore-induced intracellular traps (PITs) that capture bacteria and lead to their clearance by efferocytosis.” The Journal of Experimental Medicine 213, no. 10 (September 2016): 2113–28. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20151613.Full Text
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Wang, Xiaowei, Dana K. Shaw, Holly L. Hammond, Fayyaz S. Sutterwala, Manira Rayamajhi, Kari Ann Shirey, Darren J. Perkins, et al. “The Prostaglandin E2-EP3 Receptor Axis Regulates Anaplasma phagocytophilum-Mediated NLRC4 Inflammasome Activation.” Plos Pathogens 12, no. 8 (August 2, 2016): e1005803. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005803.Full Text
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Aachoui, Youssef, and Edward A. Miao. “Down with doublespeak: NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasomes get specific.” The Journal of Experimental Medicine 213, no. 5 (May 2016): 646. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.2135insight1.Full Text
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Maltez, Vivien I., and Edward A. Miao. “Reassessing the Evolutionary Importance of Inflammasomes.” Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 196, no. 3 (February 2016): 956–62. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1502060.Full Text
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Finethy, Ryan, Ine Jorgensen, Arun K. Haldar, Marcel R. de Zoete, Till Strowig, Richard A. Flavell, Masahiro Yamamoto, Uma M. Nagarajan, Edward A. Miao, and Jörn Coers. “Guanylate binding proteins enable rapid activation of canonical and noncanonical inflammasomes in Chlamydia-infected macrophages.” Infect Immun 83, no. 12 (December 2015): 4740–49. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00856-15.Full Text Link to Item
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Rayamajhi, Manira, and Edward A. Miao. “Corrigendum: The RIP1-RIP3 complex initiates mitochondrial fission to fuel NLRP3.” Nature Immunology 16, no. 12 (December 2015): 1292. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1215-1292b.Full Text
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Maltez, Vivien I., Alan L. Tubbs, Kevin D. Cook, Youssef Aachoui, E Liana Falcone, Steven M. Holland, Jason K. Whitmire, and Edward A. Miao. “Inflammasomes Coordinate Pyroptosis and Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity to Clear Infection by a Ubiquitous Environmental Bacterium.” Immunity 43, no. 5 (November 10, 2015): 987–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2015.10.010.Full Text
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Aachoui, Youssef, Yuji Kajiwara, Irina A. Leaf, Dat Mao, Jenny P-Y Ting, Jörn Coers, Alan Aderem, Joseph D. Buxbaum, and Edward A. Miao. “Canonical Inflammasomes Drive IFN-γ to Prime Caspase-11 in Defense against a Cytosol-Invasive Bacterium.” Cell Host Microbe 18, no. 3 (September 9, 2015): 320–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2015.07.016.Full Text Link to Item
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Jorgensen, Ine, and Edward A. Miao. “Pyroptotic cell death defends against intracellular pathogens.” Immunological Reviews 265, no. 1 (May 2015): 130–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12287.Full Text
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Sivaraman, Vijay, Roger D. Pechous, Nikolas M. Stasulli, Kara R. Eichelberger, Edward A. Miao, and William E. Goldman. “Yersinia pestis activates both IL-1β and IL-1 receptor antagonist to modulate lung inflammation during pneumonic plague.” Plos Pathogens 11, no. 3 (March 17, 2015): e1004688. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004688.Full Text
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Rayamajhi, Manira, and Edward A. Miao. “Corrigendum: The RIP1-RIP3 complex initiates mitochondrial fission to fuel NLRP3.” Nature Immunology 16, no. 3 (March 2015): 326. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni0315-326c.Full Text
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Hagar, Jon Alan, Youssef Aachoui, and Edward Axel Miao. “WildCARDs: inflammatory caspases directly detect LPS.” Cell Research 25, no. 2 (February 2015): 149–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2014.128.Full Text
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Rayamajhi, Manira, and Edward A. Miao. “The RIP1-RIP3 complex initiates mitochondrial fission to fuel NLRP3.” Nature Immunology 15, no. 12 (December 2014): 1100–1102. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.3030.Full Text
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Maltez, Vivien I., and Edward A. Miao. “NAIP inflammasomes give the NOD to bacterial ligands.” Trends in Immunology 35, no. 11 (November 2014): 503–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2014.10.002.Full Text
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West, T Eoin, Nicolle D. Myers, Narisara Chantratita, Wirongrong Chierakul, Direk Limmathurotsakul, Vanaporn Wuthiekanun, Edward A. Miao, et al. “NLRC4 and TLR5 each contribute to host defense in respiratory melioidosis.” Plos Neglected Tropical Diseases 8, no. 9 (September 18, 2014): e3178. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003178.Full Text
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Pilla, Danielle M., Jon A. Hagar, Arun K. Haldar, Ashley K. Mason, Daniel Degrandi, Klaus Pfeffer, Robert K. Ernst, Masahiro Yamamoto, Edward A. Miao, and Jörn Coers. “Guanylate binding proteins promote caspase-11-dependent pyroptosis in response to cytoplasmic LPS.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111, no. 16 (April 22, 2014): 6046–51. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1321700111.Full Text Link to Item
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Hagar, Jon A., and Edward A. Miao. “Detection of cytosolic bacteria by inflammatory caspases.” Current Opinion in Microbiology 17 (February 2014): 61–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2013.11.008.Full Text
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Rayamajhi, Manira, Edward A. Miao, and Nathaniel J. Moorman. “miniMAVS, You Complete Me!.” Cell 156, no. 4 (February 2014): 629–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.01.045.Full Text
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Choi, Hae Woong, Rhea Brooking-Dixon, Subham Neupane, Chul-Jin Lee, Edward A. Miao, Herman F. Staats, and Soman N. Abraham. “Salmonella typhimurium impedes innate immunity with a mast-cell-suppressing protein tyrosine phosphatase, SptP.” Immunity 39, no. 6 (December 12, 2013): 1108–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2013.11.009.Full Text Link to Item
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Rayamajhi, Manira, Daniel E. Zak, Joseph Chavarria-Smith, Russell E. Vance, and Edward A. Miao. “Cutting edge: Mouse NAIP1 detects the type III secretion system needle protein.” Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 191, no. 8 (October 2013): 3986–89. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1301549.Full Text
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Hagar, Jon A., Daniel A. Powell, Youssef Aachoui, Robert K. Ernst, and Edward A. Miao. “Cytoplasmic LPS activates caspase-11: implications in TLR4-independent endotoxic shock.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 341, no. 6151 (September 2013): 1250–53. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1240988.Full Text
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Wen, Haitao, Edward A. Miao, and Jenny P-Y Ting. “Mechanisms of NOD-like receptor-associated inflammasome activation.” Immunity 39, no. 3 (September 2013): 432–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2013.08.037.Full Text
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Aachoui, Youssef, Vitaliya Sagulenko, Edward A. Miao, and Katryn J. Stacey. “Inflammasome-mediated pyroptotic and apoptotic cell death, and defense against infection.” Current Opinion in Microbiology 16, no. 3 (June 2013): 319–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2013.04.004.Full Text
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Aachoui, Youssef, Irina A. Leaf, Jon A. Hagar, Mary F. Fontana, Cristine G. Campos, Daniel E. Zak, Michael H. Tan, et al. “Caspase-11 protects against bacteria that escape the vacuole.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 339, no. 6122 (February 2013): 975–78. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1230751.Full Text
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Rayamajhi, Manira, Yue Zhang, and Edward A. Miao. “Detection of pyroptosis by measuring released lactate dehydrogenase activity.” Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.) 1040 (January 2013): 85–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-523-1_7.Full Text
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Rayamajhi, Manira, and Edward A. Miao. “Just say NO to NLRP3.” Nature Immunology 14, no. 1 (January 2013): 12–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.2493.Full Text
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Jørgensen, Ine, and Edward A. Miao. “YopM puts caspase-1 on ice.” Cell Host & Microbe 12, no. 6 (December 2012): 737–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2012.11.006.Full Text
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Inoue, Makoto, Kristi L. Williams, Timothy Oliver, Peter Vandenabeele, Jayant V. Rajan, Edward A. Miao, and Mari L. Shinohara. “Interferon-β therapy against EAE is effective only when development of the disease depends on the NLRP3 inflammasome.” Sci Signal 5, no. 225 (May 22, 2012): ra38. https://doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.2002767.Full Text Link to Item
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Miao, Edward A., Jayant V. Rajan, and Alan Aderem. “Caspase-1-induced pyroptotic cell death.” Immunological Reviews 243, no. 1 (September 2011): 206–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01044.x.Full Text
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Warren, Sarah E., Hien Duong, Dat Phat Mao, Abraham Armstrong, Jayant Rajan, Edward A. Miao, and Alan Aderem. “Generation of a Listeria vaccine strain by enhanced caspase-1 activation.” European Journal of Immunology 41, no. 7 (July 2011): 1934–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.201041214.Full Text
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Rajan, Jayant V., David Rodriguez, Edward A. Miao, and Alan Aderem. “The NLRP3 inflammasome detects encephalomyocarditis virus and vesicular stomatitis virus infection.” Journal of Virology 85, no. 9 (May 2011): 4167–72. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01687-10.Full Text
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Lightfield, Karla L., Jenny Persson, Norver J. Trinidad, Sky W. Brubaker, Eric M. Kofoed, John-Demian Sauer, Eric A. Dunipace, Sarah E. Warren, Edward A. Miao, and Russell E. Vance. “Differential requirements for NAIP5 in activation of the NLRC4 inflammasome.” Infection and Immunity 79, no. 4 (April 2011): 1606–14. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.01187-10.Full Text
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Miao, Edward A., and Jayant V. Rajan. “Salmonella and Caspase-1: A complex Interplay of Detection and Evasion.” Frontiers in Microbiology 2 (January 2011): 85. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00085.Full Text
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Miao, Edward A., Irina A. Leaf, Piper M. Treuting, Dat P. Mao, Monica Dors, Anasuya Sarkar, Sarah E. Warren, Mark D. Wewers, and Alan Aderem. “Caspase-1-induced pyroptosis is an innate immune effector mechanism against intracellular bacteria.” Nature Immunology 11, no. 12 (December 2010): 1136–42. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.1960.Full Text
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Rajan, Jayant V., Sarah E. Warren, Edward A. Miao, and Alan Aderem. “Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by intracellular poly I:C.” Febs Letters 584, no. 22 (November 2010): 4627–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2010.10.036.Full Text
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Miao, Edward A., and Sarah E. Warren. “Innate immune detection of bacterial virulence factors via the NLRC4 inflammasome.” Journal of Clinical Immunology 30, no. 4 (July 2010): 502–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-010-9386-5.Full Text
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Warren, Sarah E., Abraham Armstrong, M Kristina Hamilton, Dat P. Mao, Irina A. Leaf, Edward A. Miao, and Alan Aderem. “Cutting edge: Cytosolic bacterial DNA activates the inflammasome via Aim2.” Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 185, no. 2 (July 2010): 818–21. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1000724.Full Text
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Miao, Edward A., Dat P. Mao, Natalya Yudkovsky, Richard Bonneau, Cynthia G. Lorang, Sarah E. Warren, Irina A. Leaf, and Alan Aderem. “Innate immune detection of the type III secretion apparatus through the NLRC4 inflammasome.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107, no. 7 (February 2010): 3076–80. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0913087107.Full Text
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Shimada, Takahiro, Bong Goo Park, Andrea J. Wolf, Constantinos Brikos, Helen S. Goodridge, Courtney A. Becker, Christopher N. Reyes, et al. “Staphylococcus aureus evades lysozyme-based peptidoglycan digestion that links phagocytosis, inflammasome activation, and IL-1beta secretion.” Cell Host & Microbe 7, no. 1 (January 2010): 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2009.12.008.Full Text
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Di Paolo, Nelson C., Edward A. Miao, Yoichiro Iwakura, Kaja Murali-Krishna, Alan Aderem, Richard A. Flavell, Thalia Papayannopoulou, and Dmitry M. Shayakhmetov. “Virus binding to a plasma membrane receptor triggers interleukin-1 alpha-mediated proinflammatory macrophage response in vivo.” Immunity 31, no. 1 (July 2, 2009): 110–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2009.04.015.Full Text
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Warren, Sarah E., Dat P. Mao, April E. Rodriguez, Edward A. Miao, and Alan Aderem. “Multiple Nod-like receptors activate caspase 1 during Listeria monocytogenes infection.” Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 180, no. 11 (June 2008): 7558–64. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7558.Full Text
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Miao, Edward A., Robert K. Ernst, Monica Dors, Dat P. Mao, and Alan Aderem. “Pseudomonas aeruginosa activates caspase 1 through Ipaf.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105, no. 7 (February 6, 2008): 2562–67. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0712183105.Full Text
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Miao, Edward A., Erica Andersen-Nissen, Sarah E. Warren, and Alan Aderem. “TLR5 and Ipaf: dual sensors of bacterial flagellin in the innate immune system.” Seminars in Immunopathology 29, no. 3 (September 2007): 275–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-007-0078-z.Full Text
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Miao, Edward A., Celia M. Alpuche-Aranda, Monica Dors, April E. Clark, Martin W. Bader, Samuel I. Miller, and Alan Aderem. “Cytoplasmic flagellin activates caspase-1 and secretion of interleukin 1beta via Ipaf.” Nature Immunology 7, no. 6 (June 2006): 569–75. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1344.Full Text
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Miao, Edward A., Mitchell Brittnacher, Andrea Haraga, Robert L. Jeng, Matthew D. Welch, and Samuel I. Miller. “Salmonella effectors translocated across the vacuolar membrane interact with the actin cytoskeleton.” Molecular Microbiology 48, no. 2 (April 2003): 401–15. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.t01-1-03456.x.Full Text
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Miao, Edward A., Jeremy A. Freeman, and Samuel I. Miller. “Transcription of the SsrAB regulon is repressed by alkaline pH and is independent of PhoPQ and magnesium concentration.” Journal of Bacteriology 184, no. 5 (March 2002): 1493–97. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.5.1493-1497.2002.Full Text
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Bronstein, P. A., E. A. Miao, and S. I. Miller. “InvB is a type III secretion chaperone specific for SspA.” Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 23 (December 2000): 6638–44. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.23.6638-6644.2000.Full Text
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Miao, E. A., and S. I. Miller. “A conserved amino acid sequence directing intracellular type III secretion by Salmonella typhimurium.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97, no. 13 (June 2000): 7539–44. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.13.7539.Full Text
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Tsolis, R. M., S. M. Townsend, E. A. Miao, S. I. Miller, T. A. Ficht, L. G. Adams, and A. J. Bäumler. “Identification of a putative Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium host range factor with homology to IpaH and YopM by signature-tagged mutagenesis.” Infection and Immunity 67, no. 12 (December 1999): 6385–93.
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Miao, E. A., C. A. Scherer, R. M. Tsolis, R. A. Kingsley, L. G. Adams, A. J. Bäumler, and S. I. Miller. “Salmonella typhimurium leucine-rich repeat proteins are targeted to the SPI1 and SPI2 type III secretion systems.” Molecular Microbiology 34, no. 4 (November 1999): 850–64. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01651.x.Full Text
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Miao, E. A., and S. I. Miller. “Bacteriophages in the evolution of pathogen-host interactions.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96, no. 17 (August 1999): 9452–54. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.17.9452.Full Text
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Book Sections
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Rayamajhi, Manira, Yue Zhang, and Edward A. Miao. “Detection of Pyroptosis by Measuring Released Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity.” In Methods in Molecular Biology, 85–90. Humana Press, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-523-1_7.Full Text
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Conference Papers
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Choi, Hae Woong, Rhea Brooking, Subham Neupane, Chul-Jin Lee, Edward Miao, Herman F. Staats, and Soman N. Abraham. “Salmonella Typhimurium Impedes Innate Immunity With a Mast Cell-Suppressing Tyrosine Phosphatase Sptp.” In Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 133:AB247–AB247. Elsevier BV, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.12.879.Full Text
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