Michael Scott Freemark | Scholars@Duke

Michael Scott Freemark
Robert C. Atkins, M.D. and Veronica Atkins Distinguished Professor of Pediatrics, in the School of Medicine

The primary objective of my basic research has been to elucidate the roles of placental and fetal hormones in the regulation of maternal metabolism and fetal growth. My work has focused on the lactogenic hormones produced by the pituitary gland and placenta. To that end we used targeted knockout mice to explore the molecular mechanisms by which prolactin and placental lactogen regulate pancreatic beta cell mass and insulin production during pregnancy and postnatal life.

I also have a longstanding clinical research interest in the pathogenesis and treatment of obesity and hyperlipidemia and the prevention of type 2 diabetes. In previous studies we showed that the drug metformin reduces fat stores and blood glucose and insulin levels in obese adolescents and may reduce the risk of progression to diabetes in selected patients. We have also examined the unique metabolic characteristics of Prader Willi syndrome, a genetic obesity disorder.

Finally, my colleagues and I have performed detailed studies of hormone production and intermediary metabolism in malnourished children in Uganda, Bangladesh, Liberia, and Burkina Faso and characterized the effects of concurrent HIV infection on nutritional recovery. We showed that the adipocyte hormone leptin is a major determinant of morbidity and mortality in children with moderate and severe acute malnutrition.

Current Research Interests

Genetic forms of obesity
Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes
Malnutrition
Thyroid nodules and cancer
Newborn thyroid disorders

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Robert C. Atkins, M.D. and Veronica Atkins Distinguished Professor of Pediatrics, in the School of Medicine, Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Pediatrics 2009
Professor of Pediatrics, Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Pediatrics 2003
Member of Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Sarah Stedman Nutrition & Metabolism Center, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute 2007
Affiliate, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke Global Health Institute, University Institutes and Centers 2008

Contact Information

Box 102820 Med Ctr, Durham, NC 27710
Suite 200, Lenox Baker Children's Hospital, 3000 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710
freem001@mc.duke.edu (919) 684-8350

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- M.D., Duke University 1976
- B.A., Brandeis University 1972
Medical Licensure
- 23530. North Carolina. 2021
Previous Appointments & Affiliations
- Chief, Divison of Pediatric Endocrinology, Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Pediatrics 1991 - 2021
- Vice Chair of Research in the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatrics, Clinical Science Departments 2012 - 2015
- Associate Professor of Pediatrics with Tenure, Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Pediatrics 1991 - 2002
- Assistant Professor of Physiology in Cell Biology, Cell Biology, Basic Science Departments 1994 - 1996
Leadership & Clinical Positions at Duke
- Chief, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, 1990-2021
  Atkins Professor of Pediatrics
Recognition
In the News
- MAR 19, 2014
  
  The Hormone Leptin Found to Predict Death in Malnourished Children
- NOV 15, 2013 the News & Observer
  
  Economic Status and Success in School
- NOV 15, 2013 The News & Observer
  
  Michael Freemark, Anne Slifkin: Economic status biggest factor for successful students
- NOV 15, 2013 The News & Observer
  
  Michael Freemark, Anne Slifkin: Economic status biggest factor for successful students
Awards & Honors
Expertise
Subject Headings
Global Scholarship
- Research
  - Bangladesh (Country)
  - Uganda (Country)
Research
Selected Grants
- Long Term Extension Trial of setmelanotide (RM-493) for patients who have completed a trial of Setmelanotide for the treatment of obesity associated with genetic defects upstream of the MC4 receptor in the leptin-melanocortin pathway awarded by RHYTHM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. 2020 - 2025
- Serotonin as a Novel Biomarker for Progression to Type 2 Diabetes in Obese Adolescents awarded by National Institutes of Health 2018 - 2023
- BASKET: Setmelanotide (RM-493-014) awarded by RHYTHM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. 2019 - 2022
- Effects of metformin on influenza outcomes awarded by Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society 2021 - 2022
- Expanding thyroid testing in high risk newborns: total T3, free T4, TSH and TRAB awarded by Baebies, Inc 2018 - 2021
- Comprehensive, Near Patient Assessment of Severe Hypoglycemia in Newborns Using Low Blood Volume (Phase II) awarded by Baebies, Inc 2017 - 2021
- RM-493-013 Genetic Testing and Phenotypic Characterization of Severely Obese Pediatric and Adult Volunteers RHYTHM awarded by RHYTHM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. 2017 - 2019
- OptiDiag: Optimizing diagnosis and management of acute malnutrition awarded by Action Contre La Faim 2015 - 2018
- A rapid, ultrasensitive system for recurrent thyroid testing in high risk newborns awarded by Baebies, Inc 2017 - 2018
- Bridge - Evidence-based approach to dietary management of Prader Willi Syndrome (PWS) awarded by Foundation for Prader-Willi Research 2016 - 2018
- Minority Undergraduate Internship (MUI) Award awarded by American Diabetes Association 2016
- Beta cell development and type 2 diabetes: the role of lactogen signaling awarded by American Diabetes Association 2014 - 2016
- Multidisciplinary Neonatal Training Grant awarded by National Institutes of Health 2010 - 2015
- Leptin as a Regulator of T Cell Metabolism and Function awarded by National Institutes of Health 2010 - 2015
- Understanding the effects of estrogen signaling on fatty liver disease awarded by National Institutes of Health 2011 - 2013
- Developmental, nutritional and hormonal regulation of Ghrelin in children with Prader-Willi Syndrome awarded by National Institutes of Health 2005 - 2009
- The Role of Placental Lactogen in Fetal Development awarded by National Institutes of Health 1988 - 2009
- Mentored Clinical Research Scholar Program awarded by National Institutes of Health 2002 - 2006
- Roles of Prolactin in Adipocyte Development and Function awarded by National Institutes of Health 2002 - 2005
- The Role Of Placental Lactogen In Fetal Development awarded by National Institutes of Health 1998 - 1999
- Role Of Placental Lactogen In Fetal Development awarded by National Institutes of Health 1993 - 1995
- Role Of Placenta Lactogen In Fetal Development awarded by National Institutes of Health 1990 - 1995
- The Role Of Placental Lactogen In Fetal Development awarded by National Institutes of Health 1990 - 1995
- Senior International Fellowship: Role Of Placental Lactoge awarded by National Institutes of Health 1993
- Role Of Placental Lactogen In Fetal Development awarded by National Institutes of Health 1990 - 1991
- The Role Of Placental Lactogen In Fetal Development awarded by National Institutes of Health 1987 - 1988
Fellowships, Supported Research, & Other Grants
- Fogarty Senior International Fellowship awarded by NIH 1993
External Relationships
- Springer Publishing Company
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Books
  - Freemark, Michael S. Pediatric Obesity Etiology, Pathogenesis and Treatment. Humana Press, 2018.
  - Freemark, M. S. Preface to the second edition, 2018.
  - Freemark, M. S. Preface to the second edition, 2018.
  - Freemark, M. S. Freemark, Michael S (editor). Pediatric Obesity: Etiology, pathogenesis and treatment. Second Edition. Springer Press, 2010. Edited by M. S. Freemark, 2010.
  - Freemark, M. S. Freemark, Michael S (editor). Pediatric Obesity: Etiology, pathogenesis and treatment. Second Edition. Springer Press, 2010. Edited by M. S. Freemark, 2010.
- Academic Articles
  - Richer, Lawrence P., Qiming Tan, Merlin G. Butler, Hayford M. Avedzi, Darren S. DeLorey, Ye Peng, Hein M. Tun, et al. “Evaluation of Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction in Childhood Obesity and Prader-Willi Syndrome.” Int J Mol Sci 24, no. 9 (April 28, 2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098013.
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  - Gumus Balikcioglu, Pinar, Catherine Jachthuber Trub, Metin Balikcioglu, Olga Ilkayeva, Phillip J. White, Michael Muehlbauer, James R. Bain, Sarah Armstrong, and Michael Freemark. “Branched-chain α-keto acids and glutamate/glutamine: Biomarkers of insulin resistance in childhood obesity.” Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism 6, no. 1 (January 2023): e388. https://doi.org/10.1002/edm2.388.
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  - Giessner, Stephanie, Megan E. Ramaker, Kathryn Blew, Matthew L. Crawford, Russell P. Grant, James R. Bain, Michael Muehlbauer, et al. “Disrupted Circadian Rhythm of Epinephrine in Males With Youth-Onset Type 2 Diabetes.” J Endocr Soc 7, no. 2 (December 15, 2022): bvac190. https://doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvac190.
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  - Jachthuber Trub, Catherine, Metin Balikcioglu, Michael Freemark, James Bain, Michael Muehlbauer, Olga Ilkayeva, Phillip J. White, et al. “Impact of lifestyle Intervention on branched-chain amino acid catabolism and insulin sensitivity in adolescents with obesity.” Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 4, no. 3 (July 2021): e00250. https://doi.org/10.1002/edm2.250.
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  - Dailey-Chwalibóg, Trenton, Michael Freemark, Michael Muehlbauer, Dominique Roberfroid, Issa A. Kemokai, Md Rayhan Mostak, Md Abdul Alim, et al. “Clinical and Biochemical Markers of Risk in Uncomplicated Severe Acute Malnutrition.” Pediatrics 147, no. 6 (June 2021): e2020027003. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-027003.
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  - Wallace, Keri, Elizabeth Greene, Mary Moya-Mendez, Michael Freemark, Lyndsey Prange, and Mohamad A. Mikati. “Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction in alternating hemiplegia of childhood.” Eur J Paediatr Neurol 32 (May 2021): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.03.007.
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  - Deehan, Edward C., Eloisa Colin-Ramirez, Lucila Triador, Karen L. Madsen, Carla M. Prado, Catherine J. Field, Geoff D. C. Ball, et al. “Efficacy of metformin and fermentable fiber combination therapy in adolescents with severe obesity and insulin resistance: study protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled trial.” Trials 22, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 148. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05060-8.
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  - Page, Laura C., and Michael Freemark. “Role of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Pediatric Obesity: Benefits, Risks, and Approaches to Patient Selection.” Curr Obes Rep 9, no. 4 (December 2020): 391–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-020-00409-7.
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  - Alsaif, Maha, Mohammadreza Pakseresht, Michelle L. Mackenzie, Bruce Gaylinn, Michael O. Thorner, Michael Freemark, Catherine J. Field, Carla M. Prado, and Andrea M. Haqq. “Dietary macronutrient regulation of acyl and desacyl ghrelin concentrations in children with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS).” Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 93, no. 5 (November 2020): 579–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.14279.
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  - Orsso, C. E., A. A. Butler, M. J. Muehlbauer, H. N. Cui, D. A. Rubin, M. Pakseresht, M. G. Butler, C. M. Prado, M. Freemark, and A. M. Haqq. “Obestatin and adropin in Prader-Willi syndrome and nonsyndromic obesity: Associations with weight, BMI-z, and HOMA-IR.” Pediatr Obes 14, no. 5 (May 2019): e12493. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12493.
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  - Irizarry, Krystal A., Diana R. Mager, Lucila Triador, Michael J. Muehlbauer, Andrea M. Haqq, and Michael Freemark. “Hormonal and metabolic effects of carbohydrate restriction in children with Prader-Willi syndrome.” Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 90, no. 4 (April 2019): 553–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.13933.
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  - Freemark, Michael. “Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease in childhood obesity.” J Pediatr (Rio J) 95, no. 5 (2019): 503–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2018.07.004.
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  - Freemark, Michael. “Determinants of Risk for Childhood Obesity.” N Engl J Med 379, no. 14 (October 4, 2018): 1371–72. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe1811305.
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  - Simmons, Jill H., Nicole C. Foster, Tonya D. Riddlesworth, Stephanie N. DuBose, Maria J. Redondo, Edwin Liu, Michael Freemark, and Michael T1D Exchange Clinic Network. “Sex- and age-dependent effects of celiac disease on growth and weight gain in children with type 1 diabetes: Analysis of the type 1 diabetes Exchange Clinic Registry.” Pediatr Diabetes 19, no. 4 (June 2018): 741–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12629.
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  - Freemark, Michael. “Sex- and age-dependent effects of celiac disease on growth and weight gain in children with type 1 diabetes: Analysis of the type 1 diabetes Exchange Clinic Registry. Simmons JH, Foster NC, Riddlesworth TD, DuBose SN, Redondo MJ, Liu E, Freemark M; T1D Exchange Clinic Network.” Pediatric Diabetes, December 22, 2017.
  - Page, L. C., M. Shi, and M. Freemark. “Early-Onset Obesity Caused by Monogenic Disorders.” Current Pediatrics Reports 5, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 100–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40124-017-0132-9.
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  - Joh, Daniel Y., Angus M. Hucknall, Qingshan Wei, Kelly A. Mason, Margaret L. Lund, Cassio M. Fontes, Ryan T. Hill, et al. “Inkjet-printed point-of-care immunoassay on a nanoscale polymer brush enables subpicomolar detection of analytes in blood.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114, no. 34 (August 22, 2017): E7054–62. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1703200114.
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  - Hart-Unger, S., Y. Arao, K. J. Hamilton, S. L. Lierz, D. E. Malarkey, S. C. Hewitt, M. Freemark, and K. S. Korach. “Hormone signaling and fatty liver in females: analysis of estrogen receptor α mutant mice.” Int J Obes (Lond) 41, no. 6 (June 2017): 945–54. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2017.50.
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  - Schoch, Kelly, Linyan Meng, Szabolcs Szelinger, David R. Bearden, Asbjorg Stray-Pedersen, Oyvind L. Busk, Nicholas Stong, et al. “A Recurrent De Novo Variant in NACC1 Causes a Syndrome Characterized by Infantile Epilepsy, Cataracts, and Profound Developmental Delay.” Am J Hum Genet 100, no. 2 (February 2, 2017): 343–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.12.013.
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  - Shashi, Vandana, Loren D. M. Pena, Katherine Kim, Barbara Burton, Maja Hempel, Kelly Schoch, Magdalena Walkiewicz, et al. “De Novo Truncating Variants in ASXL2 Are Associated with a Unique and Recognizable Clinical Phenotype.” Am J Hum Genet 100, no. 1 (January 5, 2017): 179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.12.004.
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  - Owino, Victor, Tahmeed Ahmed, Michael Freemark, Paul Kelly, Alexander Loy, Mark Manary, and Cornelia Loechl. “Environmental Enteric Dysfunction and Growth Failure/Stunting in Global Child Health.” Pediatrics 138, no. 6 (December 2016). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-0641.
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  - Shashi, Vandana, Loren D. M. Pena, Katherine Kim, Barbara Burton, Maja Hempel, Kelly Schoch, Magdalena Walkiewicz, et al. “De Novo Truncating Variants in ASXL2 Are Associated with a Unique and Recognizable Clinical Phenotype.” Am J Hum Genet 99, no. 4 (October 6, 2016): 991–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.08.017.
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  - Irizarry, Krystal A., Mark Miller, Michael Freemark, and Andrea M. Haqq. “Prader Willi Syndrome: Genetics, Metabolomics, Hormonal Function, and New Approaches to Therapy.” Adv Pediatr 63, no. 1 (August 2016): 47–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yapd.2016.04.005.
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  - Tamborlane, William V., Morey W. Haymond, David Dunger, Ravi Shankar, Rose Gubitosi-Klug, Kathleen Bethin, Janina Karres, et al. “Expanding Treatment Options for Youth With Type 2 Diabetes: Current Problems and Proposed Solutions.” Diabetes Care 39, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 323–29. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc15-1649.
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  - Irizarry, Krystal A., James Bain, Merlin G. Butler, Olga Ilkayeva, Michael Muehlbauer, Andrea M. Haqq, and Michael Freemark. “Metabolic profiling in Prader-Willi syndrome and nonsyndromic obesity: sex differences and the role of growth hormone.” Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 83, no. 6 (December 2015): 797–805. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12766.
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  - Freemark, M. “Liraglutide in Weight Management.” The New England Journal of Medicine 373, no. 18 (October 29, 2015): 1780–81. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1509759#SA4.
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  - Freemark, Michael. “Liraglutide in Weight Management.” N Engl J Med 373, no. 18 (October 29, 2015): 1780–81. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1509759.
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  - Gumus Balikcioglu, Pinar, Metin Balikcioglu, Michael J. Muehlbauer, Jonathan Q. Purnell, David Broadhurst, Michael Freemark, and Andrea M. Haqq. “Macronutrient Regulation of Ghrelin and Peptide YY in Pediatric Obesity and Prader-Willi Syndrome.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100, no. 10 (October 2015): 3822–31. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-2503.
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  - Newbern, D., P. Gumus Balikcioglu, M. Balikcioglu, J. Bain, M. Muehlbauer, R. Stevens, O. Ilkayeva, et al. “Erratum: Sex differences in biomarkers associated with insulin resistance in obese adolescents: Metabolomic profiling and principal components analysis (Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (2014) 99 (4730-4739) DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-2080).” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 100, no. 4 (April 1, 2015): 1709. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-1354.
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  - Tan, Queenie K-G, David W. Stockton, Eniko Pivnick, Asim F. Choudhri, Stacy Hines-Dowell, Loren D. M. Pena, Melissa A. Deimling, Michael S. Freemark, and Priya S. Kishnani. “Premature pubarche in children with Pompe disease.” J Pediatr 166, no. 4 (April 2015): 1075-8.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.12.074.
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  - Freemark, Michael. “Metabolomics in nutrition research: biomarkers predicting mortality in children with severe acute malnutrition.” Food Nutr Bull 36, no. 1 Suppl (March 2015): S88–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/15648265150361S114.
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  - Newbern, Dorothee, Pinar Gumus Balikcioglu, Metin Balikcioglu, James Bain, Michael Muehlbauer, Robert Stevens, Olga Ilkayeva, et al. “Sex differences in biomarkers associated with insulin resistance in obese adolescents: metabolomic profiling and principal components analysis.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99, no. 12 (December 2014): 4730–39. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-2080.
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  - Freemark, Michael. “Predictors of childhood obesity and pathogenesis of comorbidities.” Pediatr Ann 43, no. 9 (September 2014): 357–60. https://doi.org/10.3928/00904481-20140825-06.
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  - Irizarry, Krystal A., Valerie Brito, and Michael Freemark. “Screening for metabolic and reproductive complications in obese children and adolescents.” Pediatr Ann 43, no. 9 (September 2014): e210–17. https://doi.org/10.3928/00904481-20140825-07.
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  - Arumugam, Ramamani, Don Fleenor, and Michael Freemark. “Knockdown of prolactin receptors in a pancreatic beta cell line: effects on DNA synthesis, apoptosis, and gene expression.” Endocrine 46, no. 3 (August 2014): 568–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-013-0073-1.
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  - Bartz, Sarah, Aaloke Mody, Christoph Hornik, James Bain, Michael Muehlbauer, Tonny Kiyimba, Elizabeth Kiboneka, et al. “Severe acute malnutrition in childhood: hormonal and metabolic status at presentation, response to treatment, and predictors of mortality.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99, no. 6 (June 2014): 2128–37. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-4018.
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  - Mody, Aaloke, Sarah Bartz, Christoph P. Hornik, Tonny Kiyimba, James Bain, Michael Muehlbauer, Elizabeth Kiboneka, et al. “Effects of HIV infection on the metabolic and hormonal status of children with severe acute malnutrition.” Plos One 9, no. 7 (2014): e102233. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102233.
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  - Auffret, Julien, Michael Freemark, Nadège Carré, Yves Mathieu, Cécile Tourrel-Cuzin, Marc Lombès, Jamileh Movassat, and Nadine Binart. “Defective prolactin signaling impairs pancreatic β-cell development during the perinatal period.” Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 305, no. 10 (November 15, 2013): E1309–18. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00636.2012.
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  - Brooks, Elizabeth Drake, Dianne Little, Ramamani Arumugam, Baodong Sun, Sarah Curtis, Amanda Demaster, Michael Maranzano, et al. “Pathogenesis of growth failure and partial reversal with gene therapy in murine and canine Glycogen Storage Disease type Ia.” Mol Genet Metab 109, no. 2 (June 2013): 161–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.03.018.
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  - Bartz, Sarah, and Michael Freemark. “Pathogenesis and prevention of type 2 diabetes: parental determinants, breastfeeding, and early childhood nutrition.” Curr Diab Rep 12, no. 1 (February 2012): 82–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-011-0246-3.
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  - Newbern, Dorothee, and Michael Freemark. “Placental hormones and the control of maternal metabolism and fetal growth.” Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 18, no. 6 (December 2011): 409–16. https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0b013e32834c800d.
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  - Freemark, Michael. “Management of adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96, no. 11 (November 2011): 3354–56. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-2520.
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  - Arumugam, Ramamani, Donald Fleenor, Danhong Lu, and Michael Freemark. “Differential and complementary effects of glucose and prolactin on islet DNA synthesis and gene expression.” Endocrinology 152, no. 3 (March 2011): 856–68. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2010-1258.
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  - Haqq, Andrea M., Michael J. Muehlbauer, Christopher B. Newgard, Steven Grambow, and Michael Freemark. “The metabolic phenotype of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) in childhood: heightened insulin sensitivity relative to body mass index.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96, no. 1 (January 2011): E225–32. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-1733.
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  - Arumugam, Ramamani, Eric Horowitz, Robert C. Noland, Danhong Lu, Donald Fleenor, and Michael Freemark. “Regulation of islet beta-cell pyruvate metabolism: interactions of prolactin, glucose, and dexamethasone.” Endocrinology 151, no. 7 (July 2010): 3074–83. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2010-0049.
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  - Freemark, M. “Childhood Obesity,” June 20, 2010, 530–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444316728.ch20.
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  - Freemark, Michael. “Placental hormones and the control of fetal growth.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95, no. 5 (May 2010): 2054–57. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-0517.
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  - Brown, W Virgil, Don P. Wilson, Michael Freemark, and Peter O. Kwiterovich. “The use of lipid-lowering drugs in children.” J Clin Lipidol 4, no. 6 (2010): 449–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2010.10.003.
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  - August, Gilbert P., Sonia Caprio, Ilene Fennoy, Michael Freemark, Francine R. Kaufman, Robert H. Lustig, Janet H. Silverstein, et al. “Prevention and treatment of pediatric obesity: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline based on expert opinion.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93, no. 12 (December 2008): 4576–99. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-2458.
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  - Haqq, Andrea M., Steven C. Grambow, Michael Muehlbauer, Christopher B. Newgard, Laura P. Svetkey, Aaron L. Carrel, Jack A. Yanovski, Jonathan Q. Purnell, and Michael Freemark. “Ghrelin concentrations in Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) infants and children: changes during development.” Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 69, no. 6 (December 2008): 911–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03385.x.
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  - Arumugam, Ramamani, Eric Horowitz, Danhong Lu, J Jason Collier, Sarah Ronnebaum, Don Fleenor, and Michael Freemark. “The interplay of prolactin and the glucocorticoids in the regulation of beta-cell gene expression, fatty acid oxidation, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion: implications for carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy.” Endocrinology 149, no. 11 (November 2008): 5401–14. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2008-0051.
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  - Higgins, Steven P., Michael Freemark, and Neil S. Prose. “Acanthosis nigricans: a practical approach to evaluation and management.” Dermatol Online J 14, no. 9 (September 15, 2008): 2.
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  - Artz, Evelyn, Julia Warren-Ulanch, Dorothy Becker, Susan Greenspan, and Michael Freemark. “Seropositivity to celiac antigens in asymptomatic children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: association with weight, height, and bone mineralization.” Pediatr Diabetes 9, no. 4 Pt 1 (July 28, 2008): 277–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5448.2008.00386.x.
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  - Viengchareun, Say, Nathalie Servel, Bruno Fève, Michael Freemark, Marc Lombès, and Nadine Binart. “Prolactin receptor signaling is essential for perinatal brown adipocyte function: a role for insulin-like growth factor-2.” Plos One 3, no. 2 (February 6, 2008): e1535. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001535.
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  - Haqq, Andrea M., Michael Muehlbauer, Laura P. Svetkey, Christopher B. Newgard, Jonathan Q. Purnell, Steven C. Grambow, and Michael S. Freemark. “Altered distribution of adiponectin isoforms in children with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS): association with insulin sensitivity and circulating satiety peptide hormones.” Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 67, no. 6 (December 2007): 944–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02991.x.
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  - Freemark, M. “Metabolic Consequences of Obesity and Their Management,” October 4, 2007, 419–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470987117.ch20.
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  - Arumugam, Ramamani, Don Fleenor, and Michael Freemark. “Effects of lactogen resistance and GH deficiency on mouse metabolism: pancreatic hormones, adipocytokines, and expression of adiponectin and insulin receptors.” Endocrine 32, no. 2 (October 2007): 182–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-007-9017-y.
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  - Freemark, Michael. “Liver dysfunction in paediatric obesity: a randomized, controlled trial of metformin.” Acta Paediatr 96, no. 9 (September 2007): 1326–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00429.x.
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  - Freemark, Michael. “Pharmacotherapy of childhood obesity: an evidence-based, conceptual approach.” Diabetes Care 30, no. 2 (February 2007): 395–402. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc06-1569.
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  - Arumugam, Ramamani, Don Fleenor, and Michael Freemark. “Lactogenic and somatogenic hormones regulate the expression of neuropeptide Y and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript in rat insulinoma (INS-1) cells: interactions with glucose and glucocorticoids.” Endocrinology 148, no. 1 (January 2007): 258–67. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2006-0888.
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  - Fleenor, Don, Ramamani Arumugam, and Michael Freemark. “Growth hormone and prolactin receptors in adipogenesis: STAT-5 activation, suppressors of cytokine signaling, and regulation of insulin-like growth factor I.” Horm Res 66, no. 3 (2006): 101–10. https://doi.org/10.1159/000093667.
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  - Freemark, M. “Regulation of maternal metabolism by pituitary and placental hormones: roles in fetal development and metabolic programming.” Horm Res 65 Suppl 3 (2006): 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1159/000091505.
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  - Artz, Evelyn, Andrea Haqq, and Michael Freemark. “Hormonal and metabolic consequences of childhood obesity.” Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 34, no. 3 (September 2005): 643–ix. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2005.04.004.
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  - Speiser, Phyllis W., Mary C. J. Rudolf, Henry Anhalt, Cecilia Camacho-Hubner, Francesco Chiarelli, Alon Eliakim, Michael Freemark, et al. “Childhood obesity.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90, no. 3 (March 2005): 1871–87. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-1389.
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  - Fleenor, Donald, Jon Oden, Paul A. Kelly, Subburaman Mohan, Samira Alliouachene, Mario Pende, Sabrina Wentz, Jennifer Kerr, and Michael Freemark. “Roles of the lactogens and somatogens in perinatal and postnatal metabolism and growth: studies of a novel mouse model combining lactogen resistance and growth hormone deficiency.” Endocrinology 146, no. 1 (January 2005): 103–12. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-0744.
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  - Freemark, Michael, and Wieland Kiess. “Anti-obesity medication use in adolescents: risks and benefits.” Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2 Suppl 1 (November 2004): 168–70.
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  - Freemark, Michael. “Editorial: Growth hormone treatment of "idiopathic short stature": not so fast.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89, no. 7 (July 2004): 3138–39. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-0671.
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  - Artz, Evelyn, and Michael Freemark. “The pathogenesis of insulin resistance in children: metabolic complications and the roles of diet, exercise and pharmacotherapy in the prevention of type 2 diabetes.” Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 1, no. 3 (March 2004): 296–309.
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  - Freemark, Michael, and Lynne L. Levitsky. “Screening for celiac disease in children with type 1 diabetes: two views of the controversy.” Diabetes Care 26, no. 6 (June 2003): 1932–39. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.6.1932.
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  - Freemark, Michael. “Pharmacologic approaches to the prevention of type 2 diabetes in high risk pediatric patients.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88, no. 1 (January 2003): 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021033.
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  - Litton, Jean, Alan Rice, Nancy Friedman, Jon Oden, Mary M. Lee, and Michael Freemark. “Insulin pump therapy in toddlers and preschool children with type 1 diabetes mellitus.” J Pediatr 141, no. 4 (October 2002): 490–95. https://doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2002.127500.
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  - Oden, Jon, and Michael Freemark. “Thyroxine supplementation in preterm infants: critical analysis.” Curr Opin Pediatr 14, no. 4 (August 2002): 447–52. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008480-200208000-00017.
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  - Oden, Jon, Don Fleenor, Phyllis Driscoll, and Michael Freemark. “Leptin in the newborn mouse. Plasma concentrations, characterization of the circulating hormone, and tissue source.” Biol Neonate 82, no. 2 (August 2002): 109–16. https://doi.org/10.1159/000063086.
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  - Freemark, Michael, Isabelle Avril, Don Fleenor, Phyllis Driscoll, Ann Petro, Emmanuel Opara, Will Kendall, et al. “Targeted deletion of the PRL receptor: effects on islet development, insulin production, and glucose tolerance.” Endocrinology 143, no. 4 (April 2002): 1378–85. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.143.4.8722.
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  - Rapaport, R., S. R. Rose, and M. Freemark. “Hypothyroxinemia in the preterm infant: the benefits and risks of thyroxine treatment.” J Pediatr 139, no. 2 (August 2001): 182–88. https://doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2001.116934.
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  - Fleenor, D. E., and M. Freemark. “Prolactin induction of insulin gene transcription: roles of glucose and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5.” Endocrinology 142, no. 7 (July 2001): 2805–10. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.142.7.8267.
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  - Freemark, M. “Ontogenesis of prolactin receptors in the human fetus: roles in fetal development.” Biochem Soc Trans 29, no. Pt 2 (May 2001): 38–41. https://doi.org/10.1042/0300-5127:0290038.
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  - Kelly, P. A., N. Binart, M. Freemark, B. Lucas, V. Goffin, and B. Bouchard. “Prolactin receptor signal transduction pathways and actions determined in prolactin receptor knockout mice.” Biochem Soc Trans 29, no. Pt 2 (May 2001): 48–52. https://doi.org/10.1042/0300-5127:0290048.
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  - Freemark, M., and D. Bursey. “The effects of metformin on body mass index and glucose tolerance in obese adolescents with fasting hyperinsulinemia and a family history of type 2 diabetes.” Pediatrics 107, no. 4 (April 2001): E55. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.4.e55.
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  - Freemark, M., D. Fleenor, P. Driscoll, N. Binart, and P. Kelly. “Body weight and fat deposition in prolactin receptor-deficient mice.” Endocrinology 142, no. 2 (February 2001): 532–37. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.142.2.7979.
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  - Handwerger, S., and M. Freemark. “The roles of placental growth hormone and placental lactogen in the regulation of human fetal growth and development.” J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 13, no. 4 (April 2000): 343–56. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem.2000.13.4.343.
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  - Petryk, A., D. Fleenor, P. Driscoll, and M. Freemark. “Prolactin induction of insulin gene expression: the roles of glucose and glucose transporter-2.” J Endocrinol 164, no. 3 (March 2000): 277–86. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1640277.
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  - Fleenor, D., A. Petryk, P. Driscoll, and M. Freemark. “Constitutive expression of placental lactogen in pancreatic beta cells: effects on cell morphology, growth, and gene expression.” Pediatr Res 47, no. 1 (January 2000): 136–42. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-200001000-00023.
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  - Freemark, M. “The fetal adrenal and the maturation of the growth hormone and prolactin axes.” Endocrinology 140, no. 5 (May 1999): 1963–65. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.140.5.6778.
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  - Freemark, M. “Editorial: The fetal adrenal and the maturation of the growth hormone and prolactin axes.” Endocrinology 140, no. 5 (1999): 1963–65.
  - Rivkees, S. A., C. Sklar, and M. Freemark. “Clinical review 99: The management of Graves' disease in children, with special emphasis on radioiodine treatment.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83, no. 11 (November 1998): 3767–76. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.83.11.5239.
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  - Freemark, M., P. Driscoll, R. Maaskant, A. Petryk, and P. A. Kelly. “Ontogenesis of prolactin receptors in the human fetus in early gestation. Implications for tissue differentiation and development.” J Clin Invest 99, no. 5 (March 1, 1997): 1107–17. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI119239.
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  - Freemark, M., P. Driscoll, J. Andrews, P. A. Kelly, and M. Royster. “Ontogenesis of prolactin receptor gene expression in the rat olfactory system: potential roles for lactogenic hormones in olfactory development.” Endocrinology 137, no. 3 (March 1996): 934–42. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.137.3.8603606.
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  - Royster, M., P. Driscoll, P. A. Kelly, and M. Freemark. “The prolactin receptor in the fetal rat: cellular localization of messenger ribonucleic acid, immunoreactive protein, and ligand-binding activity and induction of expression in late gestation.” Endocrinology 136, no. 9 (September 1995): 3892–3900. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.136.9.7649097.
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  - Bridges, R. S., and M. S. Freemark. “Human placental lactogen infusions into the medial preoptic area stimulate maternal behavior in steroid-primed, nulliparous female rats.” Horm Behav 29, no. 2 (June 1995): 216–26. https://doi.org/10.1006/hbeh.1995.1016.
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  - Freemark, M., M. Nagano, M. Edery, and P. A. Kelly. “Prolactin receptor gene expression in the fetal rat.” J Endocrinol 144, no. 2 (February 1995): 285–92. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1440285.
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  - Freemark, M., K. Kirk, and M. Robertson. “Cellular distribution of placental lactogen II binding sites in the pregnant rat.” Endocrine 2, no. 3 (January 1, 1994): 199–205.
  - Pihoker, C., M. C. Robertson, and M. Freemark. “Rat placental lactogen-I binds to the choroid plexus and hypothalamus of the pregnant rat.” J Endocrinol 139, no. 2 (November 1993): 235–42. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1390235.
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  - Freemark, M., K. Kirk, C. Pihoker, M. C. Robertson, R. P. Shiu, and P. Driscoll. “Pregnancy lactogens in the rat conceptus and fetus: circulating levels, distribution of binding, and expression of receptor messenger ribonucleic acid.” Endocrinology 133, no. 4 (October 1993): 1830–42. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.133.4.8404626.
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  - Fowlkes, J., and M. Freemark. “Placental lactogen-binding sites in isolated fetal fibroblasts: characterization, processing, and regulation.” Endocrinology 132, no. 6 (June 1993): 2477–83. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.132.6.8389282.
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  - Fowlkes, J., and M. Freemark. “Evidence for a novel insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-dependent protease regulating IGF-binding protein-4 in dermal fibroblasts.” Endocrinology 131, no. 5 (November 1992): 2071–76. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.131.5.1385096.
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  - Osborn, B. H., J. Fowlkes, V. K. Han, and M. Freemark. “Nutritional regulation of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein gene expression in the ovine fetus and pregnant ewe.” Endocrinology 131, no. 4 (October 1992): 1743–50. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.131.4.1382960.
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  - Fowlkes, J., and M. Freemark. “Binding of placental lactogen and growth hormone to fetal sheep fibroblasts.” Pediatr Res 32, no. 2 (August 1992): 200–203. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199208000-00015.
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  - Fowlkes, J., and M. Freemark. “Developmental regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein production: studies in fetal, postnatal, and pregnant sheep.” J Cell Physiol 152, no. 1 (July 1992): 19–27. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041520104.
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  - Freemark, M., A. Keen, J. Fowlkes, T. Mularoni, M. Comer, A. Grandis, and L. Kodack. “The placental lactogen receptor in maternal and fetal sheep liver: regulation by glucose and role in the pathogenesis of fasting during pregnancy.” Endocrinology 130, no. 2 (February 1992): 1063–70. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.130.2.1310275.
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  - Freemark, M., M. Comer, T. Mularoni, A. J. D’Ercole, A. Grandis, and L. Kodack. “Placental lactogen receptors in maternal sheep liver: effects of fasting and refeeding.” Am J Physiol 258, no. 2 Pt 1 (February 1990): E338–46. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1990.258.2.E338.
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  - Freemark, M., M. Comer, T. Mularoni, A. J. D’Ercole, A. Grandis, and L. Kodack. “Nutritional regulation of the placental lactogen receptor in fetal liver: implications for fetal metabolism and growth.” Endocrinology 125, no. 3 (September 1989): 1504–12. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-125-3-1504.
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  - Freemark, M., and S. Handwerger. “The role of placental lactogen in the regulation of fetal metabolism and growth.” J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 8, no. 3 (April 1989): 281–83. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005176-198904000-00001.
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  - Freemark, M., and M. Comer. “Purification of a distinct placental lactogen receptor, a new member of the growth hormone/prolactin receptor family.” J Clin Invest 83, no. 3 (March 1989): 883–89. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI113972.
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  - Freemark, M., M. Comer, and G. Korner. “Differential solubilization of placental lactogen (PL)- and growth hormone-binding sites: further evidence for a unique PL receptor in fetal and maternal liver.” Endocrinology 122, no. 6 (June 1988): 2771–79. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-122-6-2771.
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  - Hill, D. J., M. Freemark, A. J. Strain, S. Handwerger, and R. D. Milner. “Placental lactogen and growth hormone receptors in human fetal tissues: relationship to fetal plasma human placental lactogen concentrations and fetal growth.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 66, no. 6 (June 1988): 1283–90. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-66-6-1283.
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  - Freemark, M., and M. Comer. “Epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like transforming growth factor (TGF) activity and EGF receptors in ovine fetal tissues: possible role for TGF in ovine fetal development.” Pediatr Res 22, no. 5 (November 1987): 609–15. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-198711000-00026.
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  - Freemark, M., M. Comer, G. Korner, and S. Handwerger. “A unique placental lactogen receptor: implications for fetal growth.” Endocrinology 120, no. 5 (May 1987): 1865–72. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-120-5-1865.
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  - Handwerger, S., and M. Freemark. “Role of placental lactogen and prolactin in human pregnancy.” Adv Exp Med Biol 219 (1987): 399–420. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5395-9_19.
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  - Freemark, M., M. Comer, and S. Handwerger. “Placental lactogen and GH receptors in sheep liver: striking differences in ontogeny and function.” Am J Physiol 251, no. 3 Pt 1 (September 1986): E328–33. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1986.251.3.E328.
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  - Freemark, M. “Epidermal growth factor stimulates glycogen synthesis in fetal rat hepatocytes: comparison with the glycogenic effects of insulin-like growth factor I and insulin.” Endocrinology 119, no. 2 (August 1986): 522–26. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-119-2-522.
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  - Freemark, M., and S. Handwerger. “The glycogenic effects of placental lactogen and growth hormone in ovine fetal liver are mediated through binding to specific fetal ovine placental lactogen receptors.” Endocrinology 118, no. 2 (February 1986): 613–18. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-118-2-613.
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  - Freemark, M., A. J. D’Ercole, and S. Handwerger. “Somatomedin-C stimulates glycogen synthesis in fetal rat hepatocytes.” Endocrinology 116, no. 6 (June 1985): 2578–82. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-116-6-2578.
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  - Freemark, M., and S. Handwerger. “Ovine placental lactogen inhibits glucagon-induced glycogenolysis in fetal rat hepatocytes.” Endocrinology 116, no. 4 (April 1985): 1275–80. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-116-4-1275.
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  - Freemark, M., and S. Handwerger. “Synergistic effects of oPL and insulin on glycogen metabolism in fetal rat hepatocytes.” American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism 10, no. 6 (December 1, 1984).
  - Freemark, M., and S. Handwerger. “Synergistic effects of oPL and insulin on glycogen metabolism in fetal rat hepatocytes.” Am J Physiol 247, no. 6 Pt 1 (December 1984): E714–18. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1984.247.6.E714.
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  - Freemark, M., and S. Handwerger. “Glycogenolytic effects of the calcium ionophore A23187, but not of vasopressin or angiotensin, in foetal-rat hepatocytes.” Biochem J 220, no. 2 (June 1, 1984): 441–45. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2200441.
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  - Freemark, M., and S. Handwerger. “Ovine placental lactogen stimulates glycogen synthesis in fetal rat hepatocytes.” American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism 9, no. 1 (January 1, 1984).
  - Freemark, M., and S. Handwerger. “Ovine placental lactogen stimulates glycogen synthesis in fetal rat hepatocytes.” Am J Physiol 246, no. 1 Pt 1 (January 1984): E21–24. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1984.246.1.E21.
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  - Freemark, M., and S. Handwerger. “Ovine placental lactogen, but not growth hormone, stimulates amino acid transport in fetal rat diaphragm.” Endocrinology 112, no. 1 (January 1983): 402–4. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-112-1-402.
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  - Freemark, M., and S. Handwerger. “Ovine placental lactogen stimulates amino acid transport in rat diaphragm.” Endocrinology 110, no. 6 (June 1982): 2201–3. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-110-6-2201.
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  - Dubois, P. J., M. Freemark, D. Lewis, B. P. Drayer, E. R. Heinz, and D. Osborne. “Case report. Atypical findings in adrenoleukodystrophy.” J Comput Assist Tomogr 5, no. 6 (December 1981): 888–91. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004728-198112000-00019.
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  - Raffin, B. J., and M. Freemark. “Streptobacillary rat-bite fever: a pediatric problem.” Pediatrics 64, no. 2 (August 1979): 214–17.
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  - Freemark, M., D. M. Stoff, E. A. Moja, J. C. Gillin, and R. J. Wyatt. “Testosterone-attenuated stereotype and hyperactivity induced by beta-phenylethylamine in pargyline-pretreated rats.” Biol Psychiatry 13, no. 4 (August 1978): 455–63.
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- Book Sections
  - Freemark, M. S. “Freemark M. Childhood obesity in the modern age: global trends, determinants, complications and costs. In Freemark, M (editor). Pediatric Obesity: Etiology, pathogenesis and treatment. Second Edition. Springer Humana Press, 2018,” 2018.
  - Freemark, M. S. “Freemark M. Obesity and the endocrine system 1: pathogenesis of weight gain in endocrine and metabolic disorders. In Freemark, M (editor). Pediatric Obesity: Etiology, pathogenesis and treatment. Second Edition. Springer Humana Press, 2018,” 2018.
  - Freemark, M. S. “Freemark M. Obesity and the endocrine system 2: effects of childhood obesity on growth and bone maturation, thyroid and adrenal function, sexual development, and bone mineralization. In Freemark, M (editor). Pediatric Obesity: Etiology, pathogenesis and treatment. Second Edition. Springer Humana Press, 2018,” 2018.
  - Freemark, M. S. “Freemark M and Collins S. Brown adipose tissue and body weight regulation. In Freemark, M (editor). Pediatric Obesity: Etiology, pathogenesis and treatment. Second Edition. Springer Humana Press, 2018,” 2018.
  - Christian, Michelle, and G. Gereffi. “Fast Food Value Chains and Childhood Obesity: A Global Perspective.” In Pediatric Obesity: Etiology, Pathogenesis and Treatment, edited by Michael S. Freemark, 717–30. Humana Press, , Springer International POublishing, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68192-4.
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  - Freemark, M. “Obesity and the endocrine system, Part II: The effects of childhood obesity on growth and bone maturation, thyroid and adrenal function, sexual development, and bone mineralization.” In Contemporary Endocrinology, 333–42, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68192-4_20.
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  - Freemark, M. “Obesity and the endocrine system, part I: Pathogenesis of weight gain in endocrine and metabolic disorders.” In Contemporary Endocrinology, 323–31, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68192-4_19.
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  - Freemark, M. “Childhood obesity in the modern age: Global trends, determinants, complications, and costs.” In Contemporary Endocrinology, 3–24, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68192-4_1.
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  - Freemark, M., and S. Collins. “Brown adipose tissue and body weight regulation.” In Contemporary Endocrinology, 117–32, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68192-4_7.
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  - Irizarry, K. A., M. Freemark, and D. Newbern. “Endocrinopathies of the Premature Infant.” In Beyond the NICU: Comprehensive Care of the High-Risk Infant Comprehensive Care of the High-Risk Infant, edited by W. malcolm. McGraw Hill Professional, 2014.
  - Freemark, M. “Type 2 diabetes in childhood: Diagnosis, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment.” In Nutrition and Diabetes: Pathophysiology and Management, 177–204, 2005.
- Conference Papers
  - Brooks, Elizabeth J., Dianne Little, Ramamani Arumugam, Baodong Sun, Sarah Curtis, Amanda DeMaster, Michael Maranzano, et al. “Pathogenesis of Growth Failure in Murine and Canine Glycogen Storage Disease-Ia and Partial Reversal of Growth Failure Using Adeno-Associated Viral Vector Therapy.” In Molecular Therapy, 21:S105–6. NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP, 2013.
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Scholarly, Clinical, & Service Activities
Outreach & Engaged Scholarship
- Duke Global Health Outreach. Novel Screening Tools for the evaluation and management of malnourished children in the developing world. August 2014 2014

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