Augustus Oliver Grant | Scholars@Duke

Augustus Oliver Grant
Professor of Medicine

This laboratory seeks to understand the molecular events that control excitation in cardiac muscle and the mechanisms by which excitation is modified by drugs. The experimental models include the isolated cardiac myocyte, the frog oocyte and mammalian cells expressing mRNA transcripts of wild-type and mutant channels. The experimental techniques include DNA and RNA manipulation, whole cell voltage clamping and the extracellular patch clamping. The current focus of the laboratory is the voltage gated sodium channel. The problems under study include:

1) The functional effects of the derangements occurring during
myocardial ischemia on channel function.
2) The mechanisms of blockade of channels by antiarrhythmic drugs.
3) The relationship between channel structure and antiarrhythmic drug
binding.
4) The development of models to describe the interaction of anti-
arrhythmic drugs with membrane channels.

These studies should provide a clearer understanding of the cellular basis of cardiac arrhythmias and the mechanisms by which they are terminated by drug.

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Cardiology, Medicine 2000
Vice Dean, for Faculty Enrichment, Medicine, Clinical Science Departments 2007

Contact Information

2301 Erwin Road, 7th Floor, Room #7407, Durham, NC 27710
Duke Box 3504, Durham, NC 27710
grant007@mc.duke.edu (919) 684-3901

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- Ph.D., University of California at Los Angeles 1975
- M.B.B.Ch., University of Edinburgh (Scotland) 1971
Duke Appointment History
- Associate Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Cardiology, Medicine 1990 - 2000
- Assistant Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Clinical Science Departments 1980 - 1986
Research
Selected Grants
- Mechanisms Regulating Gastrointestinal Hormone Secretion awarded by National Institutes of Health 2011 - 2016
- Tissue-engineered Autonomous Pacemaker awarded by National Institutes of Health 2011 - 2014
- Ryanodine Receptors in Bronchoconstriction awarded by National Institutes of Health 2007 - 2012
- Inherited Ion Channel Defects and Their Modulation in Ar awarded by National Institutes of Health 2001 - 2006
- Heart Failure Specialized Center Of Research awarded by National Institutes of Health 1995 - 1999
- Pharmacology Of Unitary Conductances In Cardiac Muscle awarded by National Institutes of Health 1984 - 1999
- Electrophysiologic Responses To Ion Channel Blockade awarded by National Institutes of Health 1993 - 1997
- Pharmacology Of Unitary Conductances In Cardiac Muscle awarded by National Institutes of Health 1993 - 1994
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Academic Articles
  - Black-Maier, Eric, Xinru Ren, Benjamin A. Steinberg, Cynthia L. Green, Adam S. Barnett, Normita Sta Rosa, Sana M. Al-Khatib, et al. “Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction.” Heart Rhythm 15, no. 5 (May 2018): 651–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.12.001.
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  - Black-Maier, Eric W., Sean D. Pokorney, Adam S. Barnett, Peter Liu, Peter Shrader, Jason Ng, Jeffrey J. Goldberger, et al. “Ranolazine reduces atrial fibrillatory wave frequency.” Europace 19, no. 7 (July 1, 2017): 1096–1100. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euw200.
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  - Daubert, James P., Augustus O. Grant, and Kent R. Nilsson. “Novel insights into beta-blocker therapy for long QT syndromes.” J Am Coll Cardiol 60, no. 20 (November 13, 2012): 2100–2102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.08.965.
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  - Wang, Yu, Rashmi Chandra, Leigh Ann Samsa, Barry Gooch, Brian E. Fee, J Michael Cook, Steven R. Vigna, Augustus O. Grant, and Rodger A. Liddle. “Amino acids stimulate cholecystokinin release through the Ca2+-sensing receptor.” Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 300, no. 4 (April 2011): G528–37. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00387.2010.
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  - Grant, Augustus O. “Basic Electrophysiology.” Card Electrophysiol Clin 2, no. 3 (September 2010): 325–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccep.2010.07.002.
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  - Grant, Augustus O. “The variability of the electrical properties of the pulmonary veins.” J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 20, no. 9 (September 2009): 1046–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.2009.01541.x.
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  - Grant, Augustus O. “Cardiac ion channels.” Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2, no. 2 (April 2009): 185–94. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.108.789081.
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  - Nilsson, Kent R., Phyllis M. Sewell, Patricia Blunden-Kasdorf, Kimberly Starkey, Augustus O. Grant, and Galen S. Wagner. “The influence of cardiograph design and automated algorithms on the incidence and detection of electrode cable reversals in an academic electrocardiogram laboratory.” J Electrocardiol 41, no. 5 (September 2008): 382–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2008.06.006.
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  - Thomas, Kevin, and Augustus O. Grant. “Ethnicity and arrhythmia susceptibility.” J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 19, no. 4 (April 2008): 427–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.2008.01106.x.
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  - Lehnart, Stephan E., Michael J. Ackerman, D Woodrow Benson, Ramon Brugada, Colleen E. Clancy, J Kevin Donahue, Alfred L. George, et al. “Inherited arrhythmias: a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Office of Rare Diseases workshop consensus report about the diagnosis, phenotyping, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic approaches for primary cardiomyopathies of gene mutations affecting ion channel function.” Circulation 116, no. 20 (November 13, 2007): 2325–45. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.711689.
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  - Mensah, George A., Augustus O. Grant, Carl J. Pepine, Larry M. Baddour, Leslie T. Cooper, Sandra B. Dunbar, Erika S. Froelicher, et al. “ACCF/AHA/CDC conference report on emerging infectious diseases and biological terrorism threats: the clinical and public health implications for the prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases.” Circulation 115, no. 12 (March 27, 2007): 1656–95. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.181939.
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  - Mensah, George A., Augustus O. Grant, Carl J. Pepine, Larry M. Baddour, Leslie T. Cooper, Sandra B. Dunbar, Erika S. Froelicher, et al. “ACCF/AHA/CDC conference report on emerging infectious diseases and biological terrorism threats: the clinical and public health implications for the prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases.” J Am Coll Cardiol 49, no. 12 (March 27, 2007): 1373–1412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.01.017.
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  - Mensah, George A., Augustus O. Grant, and Carl J. Pepine. “ACCF/AHA/CDC conference report on emerging infectious diseases and biological terrorism threats: the clinical and public health implications for the prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases.” Circulation 115, no. 12 (March 27, 2007): 1659–62. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.182957.
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  - Mensah, George A., Augustus O. Grant, and Carl J. Pepine. “ACCF/AHA/CDC conference report on emerging infectious diseases and biological terrorism threats: the clinical and public health implications for the prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases.” J Am Coll Cardiol 49, no. 12 (March 27, 2007): 1376–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.01.018.
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  - Grant, Augustus O., and Joseph Tranquillo. “Action potential and QT prolongation not sufficient to cause Torsade de Pointes: role of action potential triangulation.” J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 18, no. 2 (February 2007): 204–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.2007.00726.x.
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  - Zhang, Zhu-Shan, Joseph Tranquillo, Valentina Neplioueva, Nenad Bursac, and Augustus O. Grant. “Sodium channel kinetic changes that produce Brugada syndrome or progressive cardiac conduction system disease.” Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 292, no. 1 (January 2007): H399–407. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01025.2005.
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  - Ross, Joseph S., Cary P. Gross, Mayur M. Desai, Yuling Hong, Augustus O. Grant, Stephen R. Daniels, Vladimir C. Hachinski, Raymond J. Gibbons, Timothy J. Gardner, and Harlan M. Krumholz. “Effect of blinded peer review on abstract acceptance.” Jama 295, no. 14 (April 12, 2006): 1675–80. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.295.14.1675.
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  - Grant, Augustus O. “Critical reviews in basic electrophysiology: realizing the synergy between the basic and clinical sciences.” J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 17, no. 2 (February 2006): 219. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.2006.00430.x.
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  - Mendelsohn, M. E., C. W. Balke, R. O. Bonow, V. Fuster, A. O. Grant, D. B. Mark, E. D. Peterson, et al. “Erratum: How to become a cardiovascular investigator (Journal of the American College of Cardiology (October 4, 2005) SUPPL. A)).” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 46, no. 11 (December 6, 2005): 2151–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.11.009.
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  - Carboni, M., Z. -. S. Zhang, V. Neplioueva, C. F. Starmer, and A. O. Grant. “Slow sodium channel inactivation and use-dependent block modulated by the same domain IV S6 residue.” J Membr Biol 207, no. 2 (September 2005): 107–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00232-005-0805-0.
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  - Grant, Augustus O. “Electrophysiological basis and genetics of Brugada syndrome.” J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 16 Suppl 1 (September 2005): S3–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.2005.50104.x.
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  - Zipes, Douglas P., Michael J. Ackerman, NA Mark Estes, Augustus O. Grant, Robert J. Myerburg, and George Van Hare. “Task Force 7: arrhythmias.” J Am Coll Cardiol 45, no. 8 (April 19, 2005): 1354–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.014.
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  - Bonow, Robert O., Augustus O. Grant, and Alice K. Jacobs. “The cardiovascular state of the union: confronting healthcare disparities.” Circulation 111, no. 10 (March 15, 2005): 1205–7. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000160705.97642.92.
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  - Bahnson, Tristram D., and Augustus O. Grant. “To be or not to be in normal sinus rhythm: what do we really know?” Ann Intern Med 141, no. 9 (November 2, 2004): 727–29. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-141-9-200411020-00016.
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  - Anderson, J. L., M. D. Cheitlin, L. B. Goldstein, and A. O. Grant. “Task force 5: Expert testimony and opinions.” Circulation 110, no. 16 (October 19, 2004): 2535–37.
  - Bonow, Robert O., Douglas P. Zipes, Jeffrey L. Anderson, Melvin D. Cheitlin, Larry B. Goldstein, Augustus O. Grant, David Faxon, Joao A. C. Lima, and Rose Marie Robertson. “Task force 5: Expert testimony and opinions.” J Am Coll Cardiol 44, no. 8 (October 19, 2004): 1747–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.08.042.
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  - Popp, Richard J., Sidney C. Smith, Rober J. Adams, Elliot M. Antman, Rae Ellen W. Kavey, Anthony N. DeMaria, Erik Magnus Ohman, et al. “ACCF/AHA consensus conference report on professionalism and ethics.” Circulation 110, no. 16 (October 19, 2004): 2506–49. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000147952.60985.b0.
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  - Grant, Augustus O., and Alice K. Jacobs. “The benefit of prevention: engaging the public through strategic collaborations.” Circulation 109, no. 25 (June 29, 2004): 3062–6063. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000135141.22757.1E.
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  - Liu, L., W. Zhu, Z. -. S. Zhang, T. Yang, A. Grant, G. Oxford, and S. A. Simon. “Nicotine inhibits voltage-dependent sodium channels and sensitizes vanilloid receptors.” J Neurophysiol 91, no. 4 (April 2004): 1482–91. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00922.2003.
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  - Grant, Augustus O., Alice K. Jacobs, and Carolyn Clancy. “Cardiovascular disease in women: are there solutions?” Circulation 109, no. 5 (February 10, 2004): 561. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000118595.24629.95.
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  - Grant, Augustus O. “Recent advances in the treatment of arrhythmias.” Circ J 67, no. 8 (August 2003): 651–55. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.67.651.
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  - Starmer, C Frank, A. O. Grant, and T. J. Colatsky. “What happens when cardiac Na channel function is compromised? 2. Numerical studies of the vulnerable period in tissue altered by drugs.” Cardiovascular Research 57, no. 4 (March 2003): 1062–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6363(02)00727-7.
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  - Starmer, C Frank, Thomas J. Colatsky, and Augustus O. Grant. “What happens when cardiac Na channels lose their function? 1--numerical studies of the vulnerable period in tissue expressing mutant channels.” Cardiovascular Research 57, no. 1 (January 2003): 82–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6363(02)00613-2.
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  - Grant, Augustus O., Michael P. Carboni, Valentina Neplioueva, C Frank Starmer, Mirella Memmi, Carlo Napolitano, and Silvia Priori. “Long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, and conduction system disease are linked to a single sodium channel mutation.” J Clin Invest 110, no. 8 (October 2002): 1201–9. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI15570.
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  - Link, M. S., C. Antzelevitch, A. L. Waldo, A. O. Grant, J. P. DiMarco, M. E. Josephson, F. E. Marchlinski, et al. “Clinical cardiac electrophysiology fellowship teaching objectives for the new millennium.” Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 12, no. 12 (December 2001): 1433–43. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1540-8167.2001.01433.x.
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  - Grant, A. O. “Molecular biology of sodium channels and their role in cardiac arrhythmias.” The American Journal of Medicine 110, no. 4 (March 2001): 296–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9343(00)00714-2.
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  - Grant, A. O. “Pro arrhythmia: Classification, incidence, risk factors, monitoring, prevention and management.” Cardiac Electrophysiology Review 4, no. 3–4 (December 1, 2000): 206–11.
  - Grant, A. O., R. Chandra, C. Keller, M. Carboni, and C. F. Starmer. “Block of wild-type and inactivation-deficient cardiac sodium channels IFM/QQQ stably expressed in mammalian cells.” Biophysical Journal 79, no. 6 (December 2000): 3019–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(00)76538-6.
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  - Chauhan, V. S., S. Tuvia, M. Buhusi, V. Bennett, and A. O. Grant. “Abnormal cardiac Na(+) channel properties and QT heart rate adaptation in neonatal ankyrin(B) knockout mice.” Circ Res 86, no. 4 (March 3, 2000): 441–47. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.res.86.4.441.
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  - Chandra, R., V. S. Chauhan, C. F. Starmer, and A. O. Grant. “beta-Adrenergic action on wild-type and KPQ mutant human cardiac Na+ channels: shift in gating but no change in Ca2+:Na+ selectivity.” Cardiovascular Research 42, no. 2 (May 1999): 490–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6363(99)00042-5.
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  - Grant, A. O. “Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation and action of drugs used in its management.” Am J Cardiol 82, no. 8A (October 16, 1998): 43N-49N. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9149(98)00585-2.
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  - Reiffel, J. A. “Selecting an antiarrhythmic agent for atrial fibrillation should be a patient-specific, data-driven decision.” Am J Cardiol 82, no. 8A (October 16, 1998): 72N-81N. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9149(98)00588-8.
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  - Chandra, R., C. F. Starmer, and A. O. Grant. “Multiple effects of KPQ deletion mutation on gating of human cardiac Na⁺ channels expressed in mammalian cells.” American Journal of Physiology Heart and Circulatory Physiology 274, no. 5 43-5 (May 1, 1998).
  - Chandra, R., C. F. Starmer, and A. O. Grant. “Multiple effects of KPQ deletion mutation on gating of human cardiac Na⁺ channels expressed in mammalian cells.” American Journal of Physiology Heart and Circulatory Physiology 274, no. 5 43-5 (May 1, 1998).
  - “The Working Group report on Science-Based Categories for Abstracts: submitted to the annual Scientific Sessions. The Committee on Scientific Sessions Program (CSSP), American Heart Association.” Circulation 97, no. 15 (April 21, 1998): 1525–28. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.97.15.1525.
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  - Bonow, R. O., G. A. Mensah, M. A. Bettmann, G. H. Gibbons, A. O. Grant, J. Jalife, and R. M. Robertson. “The working group report on science-based categories for abstracts: submitted to the annual scientific sessions. American Heart Association.” Circ Res 82, no. 7 (April 20, 1998): 832–35. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.res.82.7.832.
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  - Bonow, R. O., G. A. Mensah, M. A. Bettmann, G. H. Gibbons, A. O. Grant, J. Jalife, and R. M. Robertson. “The Working Group report on Science-Based Categories for Abstracts: Submitted to the annual scientific sessions. American Heart Association.” Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18, no. 4 (April 1998): 673–76. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.atv.18.4.673.
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  - Bonow, R. O., G. A. Mensah, M. A. Bettmann, G. H. Gibbons, A. O. Grant, J. Jalife, and R. M. Robertson. “The Working Group report on Science-Based Categories for Abstracts: submitted to the annual scientific sessions. The Committee on Scientific Sessions Program (CSSP), American Heart Association.” Stroke 29, no. 4 (April 1998): 881–84. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.29.4.881.
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  - Bonow, R. O., G. A. Mensah, M. A. Bettmann, G. H. Gibbons, A. O. Grant, J. Jalife, and R. M. Robertson. “The Working Group report of Science-Based Categories for abstracts submitted to the annual Scientific Sessions. The Committee on Scientific Sessions Program (CSSP), American Heart Association.” Hypertension 31, no. 4 (April 1998): 1042–45. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.hyp.31.4.1042.
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  - Grant, AO. "Proarrhythmia: Classification, Incidence, Risk Factors, Monitoring, Prevention and Management." Cardiac Electrophysiology Review 2, no. 2 (1998): 127-131.
  - Nair, L. A., and A. O. Grant. “Emerging class III antiarrhythmic agents: mechanism of action and proarrhythmic potential.” Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 11, no. 2 (April 1997): 149–67. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1007784814823.
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  - Grant, A. O. “Mechanisms of action of antiarrhythmic drugs: from ion channel blockage to arrhythmia termination.” Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 20, no. 2 Pt 2 (February 1997): 432–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.1997.tb06202.x.
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  - Drazner, M. H., K. C. Peppel, S. Dyer, A. O. Grant, W. J. Koch, and R. J. Lefkowitz. “Potentiation of beta-adrenergic signaling by adenoviral-mediated gene transfer in adult rabbit ventricular myocytes.” J Clin Invest 99, no. 2 (January 15, 1997): 288–96. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI119157.
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  - Grant, A. O., J. E. John, V. V. Nesterenko, C. F. Starmer, and J. R. Moorman. “The role of inactivation in open-channel block of the sodium channel: studies with inactivation-deficient mutant channels.” Mol Pharmacol 50, no. 6 (December 1996): 1643–50.
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  - Grant, A. O. “Propafenone: an effective agent for the management of supraventricular arrhythmias.” J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 7, no. 4 (April 1996): 353–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.1996.tb00537.x.
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  - Liu, L., V. I. Krinsky, A. O. Grant, and C. F. Starmer. “Cardiac transient outward potassium current: A pulse chemistry model of frequency-dependent properties.” American Journal of Physiology Heart and Circulatory Physiology 270, no. 1 39-1 (February 26, 1996).
  - Whalley, D. W., D. J. Wendt, and A. O. Grant. “Basic concepts in cellular cardiac electrophysiology: Part II: Block of ion channels by antiarrhythmic drugs.” Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 18, no. 9 Pt 1 (September 1995): 1686–1704. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.1995.tb06990.x.
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  - Starmer, C. F., D. N. Romashko, R. S. Reddy, Y. I. Zilberter, J. Starobin, A. O. Grant, and V. I. Krinsky. “Proarrhythmic response to potassium channel blockade. Numerical studies of polymorphic tachyarrhythmias.” Circulation 92, no. 3 (August 1, 1995): 595–605. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.92.3.595.
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  - Whalley, D. W., D. J. Wendt, and A. O. Grant. “Basic concepts in cellular cardiac electrophysiology: Part I: Ion channels, membrane currents, and the action potential.” Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 18, no. 8 (August 1995): 1556–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.1995.tb06742.x.
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  - Knisley, S. B., and A. O. Grant. “Asymmetrical electrically induced injury of rabbit ventricular myocytes.” J Mol Cell Cardiol 27, no. 5 (May 1995): 1111–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2828(95)90047-0.
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  - Nair, L. A., J. Inglese, R. Stoffel, W. J. Koch, R. J. Lefkowitz, M. M. Kwatra, and A. O. Grant. “Cardiac muscarinic potassium channel activity is attenuated by inhibitors of G beta gamma.” Circ Res 76, no. 5 (May 1995): 832–38. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.res.76.5.832.
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  - Liu, L., D. J. Wendt, and A. O. Grant. “Relationship between structure and sodium channel blockade by lidocaine and its amino-alkyl derivatives.” J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 24, no. 5 (November 1994): 803–12. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005344-199424050-00016.
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  - Whalley, D. W., D. J. Wendt, C. F. Starmer, Y. Rudy, and A. O. Grant. “Voltage-independent effects of extracellular K+ on the Na+ current and phase 0 of the action potential in isolated cardiac myocytes.” Circ Res 75, no. 3 (September 1994): 491–502. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.res.75.3.491.
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  - Zilberter YuI, H. C., C. F. Starmer, J. Starobin, and A. O. Grant. “Late Na channels in cardiac cells: the physiological role of background Na channels.” Biophysical Journal 67, no. 1 (July 1994): 153–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(94)80464-3.
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  - Zilberter, Y. I., C. F. Starmer, and A. O. Grant. “Open Na⁺ channel blockade: Multiple rest states revealed by channel interactions with disopyramide and quinidine.” American Journal of Physiology Heart and Circulatory Physiology 266, no. 5 35-5 (June 13, 1994).
  - Grant, A. O., D. J. Wendt, Y. Zilberter, and C. F. Starmer. “Kinetics of interaction of disopyramide with the cardiac sodium channel: fast dissociation from open channels at normal rest potentials.” J Membr Biol 136, no. 2 (November 1993): 199–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02505764.
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  - Wendt, D. J., C. F. Starmer, and A. O. Grant. “pH dependence of kinetics and steady-state block of cardiac sodium channels by lidocaine.” American Journal of Physiology Heart and Circulatory Physiology 264, no. 5 33-5 (June 3, 1993).
  - Knisley, S. B., T. F. Blitchington, B. C. Hill, A. O. Grant, W. M. Smith, T. C. Pilkington, and R. E. Ideker. “Optical measurements of transmembrane potential changes during electric field stimulation of ventricular cells.” Circ Res 72, no. 2 (February 1993): 255–70. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.res.72.2.255.
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  - Wendt, D. J., C. F. Starmer, and A. O. Grant. “Na channel kinetics remain stable during perforated-patch recordings.” American Journal of Physiology Cell Physiology 263, no. 6 32-6 (December 1, 1992).
  - Grant, A. O., and D. J. Wendt. “Block and modulation of cardiac Na+ channels by antiarrhythmic drugs, neurotransmitters and hormones.” Trends Pharmacol Sci 13, no. 9 (September 1992): 352–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-6147(92)90108-i.
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  - Barber, M. J., D. J. Wendt, C. F. Starmer, and A. O. Grant. “Blockade of cardiac sodium channels. Competition between the permeant ion and antiarrhythmic drugs.” J Clin Invest 90, no. 2 (August 1992): 368–81. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI115871.
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  - Wendt, D. J., C. F. Starmer, and A. O. Grant. “Kinetics of interaction of the lidocaine metabolite glycylxylidide with the cardiac sodium channel. Additive blockade with lidocaine.” Circ Res 70, no. 6 (June 1992): 1254–73. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.res.70.6.1254.
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  - Starmer, C. F., A. R. Lancaster, A. A. Lastra, and A. O. Grant. “Cardiac instability amplified by use-dependent Na channel blockade.” American Journal of Physiology Heart and Circulatory Physiology 262, no. 4 31-4 (May 27, 1992).
  - Grant, A. O. “On the mechanism of action of antiarrhythmic agents.” Am Heart J 123, no. 4 Pt 2 (April 1992): 1130–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(92)91072-9.
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  - Grant, A. O. “The electrophysiology of the cardiac sodium channel.” Trends Cardiovasc Med 1, no. 8 (December 1991): 321–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/1050-1738(91)90069-Q.
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  - Hurwitz, J. L., M. A. Dietz, C. F. Starmer, and A. O. Grant. “A source of bias in the analysis of single channel data: assessing the apparent interaction between channel proteins.” Comput Biomed Res 24, no. 6 (December 1991): 584–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-4809(91)90042-u.
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  - Grant, A. O. “Models of drug interaction with the sodium channel.” Clin Invest Med 14, no. 5 (October 1991): 447–57.
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  - Barber, M. J., C. F. Starmer, and A. O. Grant. “Blockade of cardiac sodium channels by amitriptyline and diphenylhydantoin. Evidence for two use-dependent binding sites.” Circ Res 69, no. 3 (September 1991): 677–96. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.res.69.3.677.
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  - Starmer, C. F., A. A. Lastra, V. V. Nesterenko, and A. O. Grant. “Proarrhythmic response to sodium channel blockade. Theoretical model and numerical experiments.” Circulation 84, no. 3 (September 1991): 1364–77. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.84.3.1364.
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  - Starmer, C. F., V. V. Nesterenko, A. I. Undrovinas, A. O. Grant, and L. V. Rosenshtraukh. “Lidocaine blockade of continuously and transiently accessible sites in cardiac sodium channels.” J Mol Cell Cardiol 23 Suppl 1 (February 1991): 73–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2828(91)90026-i.
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  - Gilliam, F. R., P. A. Rivas, D. J. Wendt, C. F. Starmer, and A. O. Grant. “Extracellular pH modulates block of both sodium and calcium channels by nicardipine.” American Journal of Physiology Heart and Circulatory Physiology 259, no. 4 28-4 (November 13, 1990).
  - Grant, A. O. “The cardiac sodium channel: a target for antiarrhythmic drug action.” Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 13, no. 11 Pt 2 (November 1990): 1541–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.1990.tb04037.x.
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  - Starmer, C. F., V. V. Nesterenko, F. R. Gilliam, and A. O. Grant. “Use of ionic currents to identify and estimate parameters in models of channel blockade.” Am J Physiol 259, no. 2 Pt 2 (August 1990): H626–34. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1990.259.2.H626.
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  - Brown, K. K., R. Yee, A. O. Grant, and H. C. Strauss. “Effects of amiloride on pH regulation in canine cardiac Purkinje fibers.” J Pharmacol Exp Ther 254, no. 1 (July 1990): 83–90.
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  - Dietz, M. A., A. O. Grant, and C. F. Starmer. “An object oriented user interface for analysis of biological data.” Comput Biomed Res 23, no. 1 (February 1990): 82–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-4809(90)90008-z.
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  - GRANT, A. O. “Evolving Concepts of Cardiac Sodium Channel Function.” Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 1, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 53–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.1990.tb01049.x.
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  - Grant, A. O., M. A. Dietz, F. R. Gilliam, and C. F. Starmer. “Blockade of cardiac sodium channels by lidocaine. Single-channel analysis.” Circ Res 65, no. 5 (November 1989): 1247–62. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.res.65.5.1247.
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  - Whitcomb, D. C., F. R. Gilliam, C. F. Starmer, and A. O. Grant. “Marked QRS complex abnormalities and sodium channel blockade by propoxyphene reversed with lidocaine.” J Clin Invest 84, no. 5 (November 1989): 1629–36. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI114340.
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  - Gilliam, F. R., C. F. Starmer, and A. O. Grant. “Blockade of rabbit atrial sodium channels by lidocaine. Characterization of continuous and frequency-dependent blocking.” Circ Res 65, no. 3 (September 1989): 723–39. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.res.65.3.723.
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  - Packer, D. L., A. O. Grant, H. C. Strauss, and C. F. Starmer. “Characterization of concentration- and use-dependent effects of quinidine from conduction delay and declining conduction velocity in canine Purkinje fibers.” J Clin Invest 83, no. 6 (June 1989): 2109–19. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI114124.
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  - Pelzer, D., A. O. Grant, A. Cavalié, S. Pelzer, M. Sieber, F. Hofmann, and W. Trautwein. “Calcium channels reconstituted from the skeletal muscle dihydropyridine receptor protein complex and its alpha 1 peptide subunit in lipid bilayers.” Ann N Y Acad Sci 560 (1989): 138–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb24091.x.
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  - Grant, A. O., and C. F. Starmer. “Mechanisms of closure of cardiac sodium channels in rabbit ventricular myocytes: single-channel analysis.” Circ Res 60, no. 6 (June 1987): 897–913. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.res.60.6.897.
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  - Starmer, C. F., D. L. Packer, and A. O. Grant. “Ligand binding to transiently accessible sites: mechanisms for varying apparent binding rates.” Journal of Theoretical Biology 124, no. 3 (February 1987): 335–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5193(87)80120-0.
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  - Grant, A. O. “Transesophageal electrocardiography and cardiac pacing: discussion.” Circulation 75, no. 4 II SUPPL. (1987).
  - Grant, A. O. “Transesophageal electrocardiography and cardiac pacing: discussion.” Circulation 75, no. 4 II SUPPL. (January 1, 1987).
  - Hill, J. A., J. L. Trantham, D. J. Browning, A. O. Grant, and H. C. Strauss. “An upper limit for the electrogenic Na-K pump contribution to maximum diastolic potential in feline cardiac Purkinje fibers in steady state.” Can J Physiol Pharmacol 64, no. 5 (May 1986): 641–48. https://doi.org/10.1139/y86-106.
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  - Starmer, C. F., M. A. Dietz, and A. O. Grant. “Signal discretization: a source of error in histograms of ion channel events.” Ieee Trans Biomed Eng 33, no. 1 (January 1986): 70–73. https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.1986.325856.
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  - Stambler, B. S., A. O. Grant, A. Broughton, and H. C. Strauss. “Influence of buffers on dV/dt(max) recovery kinetics with lidocaine in myocardium.” American Journal of Physiology Heart and Circulatory Physiology 18, no. 3 (December 1, 1985).
  - Starmer, C. F., and A. O. Grant. “Phasic ion channel blockade. A kinetic model and parameter estimation procedure.” Mol Pharmacol 28, no. 4 (October 1985): 348–56.
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  - Stambler, B. S., A. O. Grant, A. Broughton, and H. C. Strauss. “Influence of buffers on dV/dtmax recovery kinetics with lidocaine in myocardium.” Am J Physiol 249, no. 3 Pt 2 (September 1985): H663–71. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1985.249.3.H663.
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  - Broughton, A., A. O. Grant, C. F. Starmer, J. K. Klinger, B. S. Stambler, and H. C. Strauss. “Lipid solubility modulates pH potentiation of local anesthetic block of Vmax reactivation in guinea pig myocardium.” Circ Res 55, no. 4 (October 1984): 513–23. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.res.55.4.513.
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  - Grant, A. O., C. F. Starmer, and H. C. Strauss. “Antiarrhythmic drug action. Blockade of the inward sodium current.” Circ Res 55, no. 4 (October 1984): 427–39. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.res.55.4.427.
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  - Starmer, C. F., A. O. Grant, and H. C. Strauss. “Mechanisms of use-dependent block of sodium channels in excitable membranes by local anesthetics.” Biophysical Journal 46, no. 1 (July 1984): 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(84)83994-6.
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  - Grant, A. O., C. F. Starmer, and H. C. Strauss. “Unitary sodium channels in isolated cardiac myocytes of rabbit.” Circ Res 53, no. 6 (December 1983): 823–29. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.res.53.6.823.
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  - Woodruff, W. W., G. Gabliani, and A. O. Grant. “Patent ductus arteriosus in the elderly.” South Med J 76, no. 11 (November 1983): 1436–37. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007611-198311000-00029.
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  - Kerr, C. R., A. O. Grant, T. L. Wenger, and H. C. Strauss. “Sinus node dysfunction.” Cardiol Clin 1, no. 2 (May 1983): 187–207.
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  - Smith, W. M., A. Broughton, M. J. Reiter, D. W. Benson, A. O. Grant, and J. J. Gallagher. “Bystander accessory pathway during AV node re-entrant tachycardia.” Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 6, no. 3 Pt 1 (May 1983): 537–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.1983.tb05293.x.
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  - Grant, A. O., and H. C. Strauss. “Intracellular potassium activity in rabbit sinoatrial node. Evaluation during spontaneous activity and arrest.” Circ Res 51, no. 3 (September 1982): 271–79. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.res.51.3.271.
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  - Smith, W. M., J. J. Gallagher, C. R. Kerr, W. C. Sealy, J. H. Kasell, D. W. Benson, M. J. Reiter, R. Sterba, and A. O. Grant. “The electrophysiologic basis and management of symptomatic recurrent tachycardia in patients with Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve.” Am J Cardiol 49, no. 5 (April 1, 1982): 1223–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(82)90048-0.
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  - Grant, A. O., J. L. Trantham, K. K. Brown, and H. C. Strauss. “PH-Dependent effects of quinidine on the kinetics of dV/dtmax in guinea pig ventricular myocardium.” Circ Res 50, no. 2 (February 1982): 210–17. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.res.50.2.210.
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  - Gallagher, J. J., W. M. Smith, J. H. Kasell, D. W. Benson, R. Sterba, and A. O. Grant. “Role of Mahaim fibers in cardiac arrhythmias in man.” Circulation 64, no. 1 (July 1981): 176–89. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.64.1.176.
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  - Grant, A. O., L. J. Strauss, A. G. Wallace, and H. C. Strauss. “The influence of pH on th electrophysiological effects of lidocaine in guinea pig ventricular myocardium.” Circ Res 47, no. 4 (October 1980): 542–50. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.res.47.4.542.
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  - Gallagher, J. J., W. M. Smith, J. Kasell, A. O. Grant, and D. W. Benson. “Use of the esophageal lead in the diagnosis of mechanisms of reciprocating supraventricular tachycardia.” Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 3, no. 4 (July 1980): 440–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.1980.tb05253.x.
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  - Benditt, D. G., A. O. Grant, A. B. Hutchison, and H. C. Strauss. “Electrophysiological effects of sulfinpyrazone on canine cardiac Purkinje fibers.” Can J Physiol Pharmacol 58, no. 6 (June 1980): 738–42. https://doi.org/10.1139/y80-117.
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  - Grant, A. O., G. Kirkorian, D. G. Benditt, and H. C. Strauss. “The estimation of sinoatrial conduction time in rabbit heart by the constant atrial pacing technique.” Circulation 60, no. 3 (September 1979): 597–604. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.60.3.597.
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  - Grant, A. O., A. G. Wallace, and H. C. Strauss. “Sinus node disease.” Herz 4, no. 1 (February 1979): 1–11.
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  - Benditt, D. G., A. O. Grant, and C. Masterton. “Effect of pH and [K⁺] on procainamide uptake by mammalian myocardium.” Federation Proceedings 38, no. 3 I (January 1, 1979).
  - Grant, A. O., and H. C. Strauss. “The influence of pH on the electrophysiological effects of lidocaine in guinea pig ventricular myocardium.” American Journal of Cardiology 43, no. 2 (January 1, 1979): 375. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(79)80164-2.
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  - Prystowsky, E. N., A. O. Grant, A. G. Wallace, and H. C. Strauss. “An analysis of the effects of acetylcholine on conduction and refractoriness in the rabbit sinus node.” Circ Res 44, no. 1 (January 1979): 112–20. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.res.44.1.112.
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  - Grant, A. O., L. M. Hondeghem, and B. G. Katzung. “Effects of droperidol on depolarization-induced automaticity, maximum upstroke velocity (Vmax) and the kinetics of recovery of Vmax in guinea-pig ventricular myocardium.” J Pharmacol Exp Ther 205, no. 1 (April 1978): 193–203.
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  - Grant, A. O., and B. G. Katzung. “The effects of quinidine and verapamil on electrically induced automaticity in the ventricular myocardium of guinea pig.” J Pharmacol Exp Ther 196, no. 2 (February 1976): 407–19.
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  - Katzung, B. G., L. M. Hondeghem, and A. O. Grant. “Letter: Cardiac ventricular automaticity induced by current of injury.” Pflugers Arch 360, no. 2 (October 28, 1975): 193–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00580542.
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  - Grant, A. O., and B. G. Katzung. “Ability of epinephrine, but not increased extracellular calcium, to reverse the effects of verapamil on ventricular automaticity in vitro.” Proc West Pharmacol Soc 18 (1975): 34–36.
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  - Hondeghem, L. M., A. O. Grant, and R. A. Jensen. “Antiarrhythmic drug action: selective depression of hypoxic cardiac cells.” Am Heart J 87, no. 5 (May 1974): 602–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(74)90498-0.
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  - Grant, A., L. Hondeghem, and B. Katzung. “Electrophysiologic effects of dehydrobenzperidol in guinea pig papillary muscle in vitro.” Pharmacologist 16, no. 2 (January 1, 1974).
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