Scholars@Duke

• Background
• 

  Education, Training, & Certifications

  • Research Fellowship, Transplantation Branch, National Institutes of Health 1999 - 2001
  • Surgical Research Fellowship, Surgery, Loma Linda University 1995 - 1997
  • Postdoctoral Research Scientist, Surgery, Columbia University 1991 - 1992
  • PostdoctoralResearch Fellow, Surgery, Columbia University 1988 - 1990
  • Cardiothoracic Fellowship, Surgery, Capital Institute of Medicine (China) 1986 - 1988
  • Resident, Surgery, Capital Institute of Medicine (China) 1983 - 1986
  • M.D., Hebei Medical College (China) 1983
• 

  Duke Appointment History

  • Assistant Professor of Surgery, Surgery, Surgical Sciences, Surgery 2014 - 2020
  • Instructor, Temporary in the Department of Surgery, Surgery, Surgical Sciences, Surgery 2014
• Research
• 

  Selected Grants

  • ITN Study: EP234: Real time flow cytometry at Duke for TEACH awarded by Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason 2018 - 2021
  • Phase 2 Study of Belatacept, Alemtuzumab, and Sirolimus in Renal Transplantation awarded by Food and Drug Administration 2015 - 2020
  • T Cell Maturation and the Nexus of Viral- and Allo-Immunity awarded by National Institutes of Health 2014 - 2017
• Publications & Artistic Works
• 

  Selected Publications

  • Academic Articles

    • Schmitz, Robin, Zachary W. Fitch, He Xu, Ada Ghali, Aneesh K. Mehta, Antonio Guasch, and Allan D. Kirk. “Kidney transplantation using alemtuzumab, belatacept, and sirolimus: Five-year follow-up.” Am J Transplant 20, no. 12 (December 2020): 3609–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.16121.
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    • Xu, He, Aneesh K. Mehta, Qimeng Gao, Hui-Jie Lee, Ada Ghali, Antonio Guasch, and Allan D. Kirk. “B cell reconstitution following alemtuzumab induction under a belatacept-based maintenance regimen.” Am J Transplant 20, no. 3 (March 2020): 653–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15639.
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    • Lin, Liwen, He Xu, Muath Bishawi, FeiFei Feng, Kannan Samy, George Truskey, Andrew S. Barbas, Allan D. Kirk, and Todd V. Brennan. “Circulating mitochondria in organ donors promote allograft rejection.” Am J Transplant 19, no. 7 (July 2019): 1917–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15309.
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    • Xu, He, Victoria A. Bendersky, Todd V. Brennan, Jaclyn R. Espinosa, and Allan D. Kirk. “IL-7 receptor heterogeneity as a mechanism for repertoire change during postdepletional homeostatic proliferation and its relation to costimulation blockade-resistant rejection.” Am J Transplant 18, no. 3 (March 2018): 720–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.14589.
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    • Xu, Hanzhang, Truls Ostbye, Allison A. Vorderstrasse, Matthew E. Dupre, and Bei Wu. “Place of Residence and Cognitive Function among the Adult Population in India.” Neuroepidemiology 50, no. 3–4 (2018): 119–27. https://doi.org/10.1159/000486596.
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    • Manook, M., J. Kwun, C. Burghuber, K. Samy, M. Mulvihill, J. Yoon, H. Xu, et al. “Thrombalexin: Use of a Cytotopic Anticoagulant to Reduce Thrombotic Microangiopathy in a Highly Sensitized Model of Kidney Transplantation.” Am J Transplant 17, no. 8 (August 2017): 2055–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.14234.
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    • Xu, H., K. P. Samy, A. Guasch, S. I. Mead, A. Ghali, A. Mehta, L. Stempora, and A. D. Kirk. “Postdepletion Lymphocyte Reconstitution During Belatacept and Rapamycin Treatment in Kidney Transplant Recipients.” Am J Transplant 16, no. 2 (February 2016): 550–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.13469.
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    • Kirk, A. D., A. Guasch, H. Xu, J. Cheeseman, S. I. Mead, A. Ghali, A. K. Mehta, et al. “Renal transplantation using belatacept without maintenance steroids or calcineurin inhibitors.” Am J Transplant 14, no. 5 (May 2014): 1142–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12712.
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    • Xu, H., S. D. Perez, J. Cheeseman, A. K. Mehta, and A. D. Kirk. “The allo- and viral-specific immunosuppressive effect of belatacept, but not tacrolimus, attenuates with progressive T cell maturation.” Am J Transplant 14, no. 2 (February 2014): 319–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12574.
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    • Liu, Zidong, Yusong Fang, Xiaoping Wang, Pu Wang, Ping Yun, and He Xu. “Upregulation of molecules associated with T-regulatory function by thymoglobulin pretreatment of human CD4+ cells.” Transplantation 86, no. 10 (November 27, 2008): 1419–26. https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e318187c2e5.
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    • Fang, Y., Z. Liu, L. Zhu, P. Wang, Y. Wang, and H. Xu. “CD4+ T-cell and monocyte interdependence during discordant xenoimmune responses.” Transplant Proc 40, no. 8 (October 2008): 2764–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.07.118.
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    • Liu, Z., B. Zhu, X. Wang, Y. Jing, P. Wang, and H. Xu. “Reduced antigenicity of formaldehyde-fixed arterial allografts and their potential clinical application.” Transplant Proc 40, no. 8 (October 2008): 2750–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.07.107.
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    • Wang, P., Z. Liu, C. Wu, B. Zhu, Y. Wang, and H. Xu. “Evaluation of CD86/CD28 and CD40/CD154 pathways in regulating monocyte-derived CD80 expression during their interaction with allogeneic endothelium.” Transplant Proc 40, no. 8 (October 2008): 2729–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.07.076.
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    • Zhu, B., Z. Liu, P. Wang, C. Wu, and H. Xu. “A nuclear factor-kappaB inhibitor BAY11-7082 inhibits interactions between human endothelial cells, T cells, and monocytes.” Transplant Proc 40, no. 8 (October 2008): 2724–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.07.129.
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    • Zhu, L., Y. Fang, Z. Liu, P. Wang, Y. Wang, and H. Xu. “Rabbit anti-human leukocyte polyclonal antibody inhibits xenogeneic cell-mediated immune responses.” Transplant Proc 40, no. 8 (October 2008): 2760–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.07.111.
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    • Wang, X., Z. Liu, B. Zhu, P. Wang, C. Wu, and H. Xu. “Molecular characterization of hypoxia-hypothermia-conditioned human endothelial cells and their interaction with human monocytes.” Transplant Proc 40, no. 7 (September 2008): 2127–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.06.011.
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    • Zhu, B., Z. Liu, C. Wu, P. Wang, X. Wang, and H. Xu. “Conversion from mycophenolate mofetil to azathioprine in renal allograft [corrected] patients within the first month posttransplantation.” Transplant Proc 40, no. 7 (September 2008): 2258–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.06.021.
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    • Gao, Qing-Zhen, Jia-Ju Lu, Zi-Dong Liu, Hui Zhang, Shao-Mei Wang, and He Xu. “Dexamethasone suppresses DU145 cell proliferation and cell cycle through inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway and cyclin D1 expression.” Asian J Androl 10, no. 4 (July 2008): 635–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00352.x.
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    • Liu, Z., B. Zhu, P. Yun, P. Wang, X. Wang, and H. Xu. “Are we ready to utilize non-heart-beating donors for clinical allotransplantation in China?” Transplant Proc 40, no. 4 (May 2008): 1018–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.03.056.
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    • Liu, Z., B. Zhu, X. Wang, Y. Jing, P. Wang, S. Wang, and H. Xu. “Clinical studies of hemodialysis access through formaldehyde-fixed arterial allografts.” Kidney Int 72, no. 10 (November 2007): 1249–54. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002474.
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    • Pearl, Jonathan P., He Xu, Frank Leopardi, Edwin Preston, and Allan D. Kirk. “CD154 blockade, sirolimus, and donor-specific transfusion prevents renal allograft rejection in cynomolgus monkeys despite homeostatic T-cell activation.” Transplantation 83, no. 9 (May 15, 2007): 1219–25. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000259929.04596.d5.
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    • Xu, He, Xiaojie Zhang, Roslyn B. Mannon, and Allan D. Kirk. “Platelet-derived or soluble CD154 induces vascularized allograft rejection independent of cell-bound CD154.” J Clin Invest 116, no. 3 (March 2006): 769–74. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI27155.
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    • Xu, He, Kiran K. Dhanireddy, and Allan D. Kirk. “Human monocytes as intermediaries between allogeneic endothelial cells and allospecific T cells: a role for direct scavenger receptor-mediated endothelial membrane uptake in the initiation of alloimmunity.” J Immunol 176, no. 2 (January 15, 2006): 750–61. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.176.2.750.
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    • Cendales, Linda C., He Xu, John Bacher, Michael A. Eckhaus, David E. Kleiner, and Allan D. Kirk. “Composite tissue allotransplantation: development of a preclinical model in nonhuman primates.” Transplantation 80, no. 10 (November 27, 2005): 1447–54. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000183292.57349.27.
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    • Preston, Edwin H., He Xu, Kiran K. Dhanireddy, Jonathan P. Pearl, Frank V. Leopardi, Matthew F. Starost, Douglas A. Hale, and Allan D. Kirk. “IDEC-131 (anti-CD154), sirolimus and donor-specific transfusion facilitate operational tolerance in non-human primates.” Am J Transplant 5, no. 5 (May 2005): 1032–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.00796.x.
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    • Dhanireddy, Kiran K., He Xu, Roslyn B. Mannon, Douglas A. Hale, and Allan D. Kirk. “The clinical application of monoclonal antibody therapies in renal transplantation.” Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 9, no. 1 (May 2004): 23–37. https://doi.org/10.1517/eoed.9.1.23.32957.
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    • Xu, He, Eric A. Elster, Patrick J. Blair, Linda C. Burkly, Douglas K. Tadaki, David M. Harlan, and Allan D. Kirk. “Effects of combined treatment with CD25- and CD154-specific monoclonal antibodies in non-human primate allotransplantation.” Am J Transplant 3, no. 11 (November 2003): 1350–54. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1600-6135.2003.00235.x.
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    • Hirshberg, Boaz, Edwin H. Preston, He Xu, Michel G. Tal, Ziv Neeman, David Bunnell, Scott Soleimanpour, Douglas A. Hale, Allan D. Kirk, and David M. Harlan. “Rabbit antithymocyte globulin induction and sirolimus monotherapy supports prolonged islet allograft function in a nonhuman primate islet transplantation model.” Transplantation 76, no. 1 (July 15, 2003): 55–60. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.TP.0000068899.48252.1D.
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    • Xu, He, Sean P. Montgomery, Edwin H. Preston, Douglas K. Tadaki, Douglas A. Hale, David M. Harlan, and Allan D. Kirk. “Studies investigating pretransplant donor-specific blood transfusion, rapamycin, and the CD154-specific antibody IDEC-131 in a nonhuman primate model of skin allotransplantation.” J Immunol 170, no. 5 (March 1, 2003): 2776–82. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.170.5.2776.
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    • Montgomery, Sean P., He Xu, Douglas K. Tadaki, Abbie Celniker, Linda C. Burkly, Justin D. Berning, Francis Cruzata, et al. “Combination induction therapy with monoclonal antibodies specific for CD80, CD86, and CD154 in nonhuman primate renal transplantation.” Transplantation 74, no. 10 (November 27, 2002): 1365–69. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-200211270-00002.
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    • Xu, He, Douglas K. Tadaki, Eric A. Elster, Linda C. Burkly, Justin D. Berning, Francis Cruzata, Robert L. Kampen, et al. “Humanized anti-CD154 antibody therapy for the treatment of allograft rejection in nonhuman primates.” Transplantation 74, no. 7 (October 15, 2002): 940–43. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-200210150-00007.
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    • Hirshberg, Boaz, Sean Montgomery, Michael G. Wysoki, He Xu, Doug Tadaki, Janet Lee, Kenneth Hines, et al. “Pancreatic islet transplantation using the nonhuman primate (rhesus) model predicts that the portal vein is superior to the celiac artery as the islet infusion site.” Diabetes 51, no. 7 (July 2002): 2135–40. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.51.7.2135.
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    • Montgomery, Sean P., Steven R. Mog, He Xu, Douglas K. Tadaki, Boaz Hirshberg, Justin D. Berning, John Leconte, David M. Harlan, Douglas Hale, and Allan D. Kirk. “Efficacy and toxicity of a protocol using sirolimus, tacrolimus and daclizumab in a nonhuman primate renal allotransplant model.” Am J Transplant 2, no. 4 (April 2002): 381–85. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-6143.2002.20415.x.
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    • Xu, H., F. Arnaud, D. K. Tadaki, L. C. Burkly, D. M. Harlan, and A. D. Kirk. “Human platelets activate porcine endothelial cells through a CD154-dependent pathway.” Transplantation 72, no. 11 (December 15, 2001): 1858–61. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-200112150-00029.
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    • Elster, E. A., H. Xu, D. K. Tadaki, S. Montgomery, L. C. Burkly, J. D. Berning, R. E. Baumgartner, et al. “Treatment with the humanized CD154-specific monoclonal antibody, hu5C8, prevents acute rejection of primary skin allografts in nonhuman primates.” Transplantation 72, no. 9 (November 15, 2001): 1473–78. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-200111150-00001.
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    • Kirk, A. D., D. K. Tadaki, A. Celniker, D. S. Batty, J. D. Berning, J. O. Colonna, F. Cruzata, et al. “Induction therapy with monoclonal antibodies specific for CD80 and CD86 delays the onset of acute renal allograft rejection in non-human primates.” Transplantation 72, no. 3 (August 15, 2001): 377–84. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-200108150-00005.
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    • Xu, H., E. Elster, D. Batty, J. Berning, L. Burkly, R. Kampen, S. Swanson, D. Tadaki, D. Harlan, and A. Kirk. “Effects of dose and duration of anti-CD154 antibody therapy in preventing renal allograft rejection in a nonhuman primate model.” Transplant Proc 33, no. 1–2 (February 2001): 223–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0041-1345(00)01983-7.
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    • Xu, H., S. R. Gundry, W. W. Hancock, G. Matsumiya, C. W. Zuppan, T. Morimoto, J. Slater, and L. L. Bailey. “Prolonged discordant xenograft survival and delayed xenograft rejection in a pig-to-baboon orthotopic cardiac xenograft model.” J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 115, no. 6 (June 1998): 1342–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5223(98)70218-1.
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    • Xu, H., S. R. Gundry, A. C. Hill, C. W. Zuppan, T. Morimoto, G. Matsumiya, O. Fagoaga, and L. L. Bailey. “Prolonged discordant cardiac xenograft survival in newborn recipients.” Circulation 96, no. 9 Suppl (November 4, 1997): II-364–67.
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    • Matsumiya, G., L. L. Bailey, S. R. Gundry, T. Morimoto, D. D. Tran, H. Xu, and C. W. Zuppan. “Right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction using a Gore-Tex membrane monocusp valve in infant goats.” Chest 110, no. 4 SUPPL. (October 1, 1996).
    • Xu, H., S. F. Oluwole, N. M. Edwards, J. M. Chen, Y. Naka, E. Kim, and R. E. Michler. “In vitro evaluation of neonatal human immunity against the pig.” J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 111, no. 5 (May 1996): 920–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5223(96)70365-3.
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    • Michler, R. E., D. P. O’Hair, H. Xu, A. S. Shah, and S. Itescu. “Newborn baboon immunity: lessons in cross-species transplantation.” Ann Thorac Surg 60, no. 6 Suppl (December 1995): S582–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(95)00875-6.
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    • Xu, H., N. Edwards, J. M. Chen, X. Dong, and R. E. Michler. “Age-related development of human anti-pig xenoantibody.” J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 110, no. 4 Pt 1 (October 1995): 1023–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5223(05)80170-9.
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    • Neethling, F., D. K. Cooper, H. Xu, and R. E. Michler. “Newborn baboon serum anti-alpha galactosyl antibody levels and cytotoxicity to cultured pig kidney (PK15) cells.” Transplantation 60, no. 5 (September 15, 1995): 520–21. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-199509000-00023.
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    • Xu, H., N. M. Edwards, J. M. Chen, X. Dong, and R. E. Michler. “Natural antipig xenoantibody is absent in neonatal human serum.” J Heart Lung Transplant 14, no. 4 (July 1995): 749–54.
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    • Xu, H., N. M. Edwards, J. M. Chen, P. Kwiatkowski, S. E. Rosenberg, and R. E. Michler. “Newborn baboon serum lacks natural anti-pig xenoantibody.” Transplantation 59, no. 8 (April 27, 1995): 1189–94.
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    • Kaplon, R. J., J. L. Platt, P. A. Kwiatkowski, N. M. Edwards, H. Xu, A. S. Shah, S. Masroor, and R. E. Michler. “Absence of hyperacute rejection in pig-to-primate orthotopic pulmonary xenografts.” Transplantation 59, no. 3 (February 15, 1995): 410–16.
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    • Kaplon, R. J., R. E. Michler, H. Xu, P. A. Kwiatkowski, N. M. Edwards, and J. L. Platt. “Absence of hyperacute rejection in newborn pig-to-baboon cardiac xenografts.” Transplantation 59, no. 1 (January 15, 1995): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-199501150-00001.
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    • Xu, H., P. Kwiatkowski, J. M. Chen, R. J. Kaplon, N. M. Edwards, X. Dong, C. Berger, and R. E. Michler. “Abrogation of baboon natural xenoantibody to pig splenocytes by DL-penicillamine.” Transplantation 58, no. 12 (December 27, 1994): 1299–1303.
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  • Conference Papers

    • Fang, Y. S., L. M. Zhu, Z. G. Sun, L. Z. Yu, and H. Xu. “Tumor necrosis factor-α pathway plays a critical role in regulating interferon-γ induced protein-10 production in initial allogeneic human monocyte-endothelial cell interactions.” In Transplant Proc, 44:993–95, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.03.051.
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    • Sun, Z. -. G., Z. Wang, L. -. M. Zhu, Y. -. S. Fang, L. -. Z. Yu, and H. Xu. “The interleukin-2 receptor α chain (CD25) plays an important role in regulating monocyte-derived CD40 expression during anti-porcine cellular responses.” In Transplant Proc, 44:1139–42, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.02.014.
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    • Yu, L. -. Z., Y. Fang, L. Zhu, Z. -. G. Sun, and H. Xu. “Immunomodulation of human CD8⁺ T cells by thymoglobulin in vitro.” In Transplant Proc, 44:1052–54, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.03.027.
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    • Zhu, L. M., Y. S. Fang, Z. G. Sun, L. Z. Yu, and H. Xu. “Monocyte-derived CD40 expression is regulated by interferon-γ/interferon-γ receptor-1 pathway when acting as a bridge during their interaction with T cells and allogeneic endothelial cells.” In Transplant Proc, 44:996–98, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.01.096.
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    • Xu, H., S. R. Gundry, W. Hancock, G. Matsumiya, and L. L. Bailey. “Delayed cardiac xenograft rejection in a pig-to-baboon model treated with a tolerance-inducing regimen and donor bone marrow infusion.” In Transplant Proc, 32:1084–85, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0041-1345(00)01175-1.
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    • Xu, H., S. R. Gundry, W. W. Hancock, C. Zuppan, H. Izutani, and L. L. Bailey. “Effects of pretransplant splenectomy and immunosuppression of humoral immunity in a pig-to-newborn goat cardiac xenograft model.” In Transplant Proc, 32:1010–14, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0041-1345(00)01088-5.
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    • Xu, H., S. R. Gundry, W. W. Hancock, H. Izutani, C. W. Zuppan, and L. L. Bailey. “Effects of immunosuppression and pretransplant splenectomy in newborn cardiac xenograft survival.” In Transplant Proc, 30:1084, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0041-1345(98)00162-6.
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    • Michler, R. E., H. Xu, D. P. O’Hair, A. Shah, P. A. Kwiatkowski, O. Minanov, and S. Itescu. “Newborn discordant cardiac xenotransplantation in primates: a model of natural antibody depletion.” In Transplant Proc, 28:651–52, 1996.
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    • Xu, H., S. Oluwole, and R. E. Michler. “Expression of newborn pig endothelial cell xenoantigens recognized by baboon natural xenoantibody.” In Transplant Proc, 28:627, 1996.
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    • Kaplon, R. J., J. L. Platt, H. Xu, P. A. Kwiatkowski, N. M. Edwards, and R. E. Michler. “Prolonged survival of pig cardiac xenografts in unmodified newborn baboons.” In Transplant Proc, 26:1072, 1994.
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    • Xu, H., N. Edwards, J. M. Chen, X. Dong, R. J. Kaplon, P. Kwiatkowski, and R. E. Michler. “Identification and functional analysis of human natural anti-pig xenoantibodies.” In Transplant Proc, 26:1365–68, 1994.
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    • Ratner, A. J., H. Canhui, P. Pepino, J. A. Sanchez, N. Edwards, J. F. Watkins, H. Xu, K. Reemtsma, E. A. Rose, and C. Berger. “Lymphocyte xenoantigens recognized by preformed antibodies.” In Transplant Proc, 24:583–85, 1992.
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