Scholars@Duke
Kavita Nanda

Kavita Nanda

Adjunct Assistant Professor in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Obstetrics and Gynecology
kavita.nanda@duke.edu
Box 3084 Med Ctr, Durham, NC 27710
204 Baker House, Durham, NC 27710

Selected Publications

Effect of contraceptive methods on the vaginal microbiome and host immune factors.

Journal Article Contraception · August 2025 OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess alterations in vaginal microbiota and immune markers over the first 3 months following initiation of copper intrauterine device (copper IUD), levonorgestrel (LNG) implant, and intramuscular depot medroxy ... Full text Link to item Cite

Contraceptive Efficacy and Comparative Side Effects of a Mini Copper Intrauterine Device.

Journal Article NEJM Evid · August 2025 BACKGROUND: Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are highly effective, yet acceptability and continuation differ by user and device characteristics. We evaluated the efficacy of the NTCu380 Mini, a 380-mm2 copper IUD available in Europe and Canada, and compared saf ... Full text Link to item Cite

Consensus recommendations for measuring the impact of contraception on the menstrual cycle in contraceptive clinical trials.

Journal Article Contraception · June 2025 OBJECTIVE: We sought to develop consensus recommendations for measurement and analysis of data on contraceptive-induced menstrual changes (CIMCs) in contraceptive clinical trials. We built upon previous standardization efforts over the last 50 years and pr ... Full text Link to item Cite

Drug-drug interactions between antiretrovirals and hormonal contraception: An updated systematic review.

Journal Article Contraception · October 2024 OBJECTIVE: To summarize and update information regarding drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between antiretrovirals (ARVs) and hormonal contraceptives (HCs). STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review. RESULTS: We included 49 articles, with clinical, ARV, or HC PK outcome ... Full text Link to item Cite

Menstrual cup use and intrauterine device expulsion in a copper intrauterine device randomized trial.

Journal Article Contraception · June 2024 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate menstrual cup use and intrauterine device (IUD) expulsion. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a secondary analysis of a 3-year contraceptive efficacy trial comparing two copper 380 mm2 IUDs. Investigators randomized participants approximatel ... Full text Link to item Cite

Clinical outcomes of intrauterine device insertions by newly trained providers: The ECHO trial experience.

Journal Article Contracept X · 2023 OBJECTIVES: To assess the rates of failed insertion, expulsion, and perforation when intrauterine device (IUD) insertions were done by newly trained clinicians, and to examine factors that may affect these outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: We evaluated skill-based o ... Full text Link to item Cite

Prevalence and incidence of sexually transmitted infections among South African women initiating injectable and long-acting contraceptives.

Journal Article PLoS One · 2023 BACKGROUND: South Africa is among the countries with the highest prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG). In 2017, there were an estimated 6 million new CT, 4.5 million NG an ... Full text Link to item Cite

Continuation rates of two different-sized copper intrauterine devices among nulliparous women: Interim 12-month results of a single-blind, randomised, multicentre trial.

Journal Article EClinicalMedicine · September 2022 BACKGROUND: The most widely used copper intrauterine device (IUD) in the world (the TCu380A), and the only product available in many countries, causes side effects and early removals for many users. These problems are exacerbated in nulliparous women, who ... Full text Link to item Cite

Genital inflammatory status and the innate immune response to contraceptive initiation.

Journal Article Am J Reprod Immunol · August 2022 PROBLEM: Data on the effects of contraceptives on female genital tract (FGT) immune mediators are inconsistent, possibly in part due to pre-existing conditions that influence immune mediator changes in response to contraceptive initiation. METHODS: This st ... Full text Link to item Cite

Contraceptive method preference and reasons for contraceptive discontinuation among women randomized to intramuscular depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, a copper intrauterine device or a levonorgestrel implant: Findings from Durban, South Africa.

Journal Article Contraception · April 2022 OBJECTIVES: The use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) and contraceptive implants in South Africa is low with limited data on patterns of use and reasons for discontinuation. We describe contraceptive preferences and reasons for discontinuation among women enr ... Full text Link to item Cite

Global research and learning agenda for building evidence on contraceptive-induced menstrual changes for research, product development, policies, and programs.

Journal Article Gates Open Res · 2022 Background: Contraceptive-induced menstrual changes (CIMCs) can affect family planning (FP) users' lives in both positive and negative ways, resulting in both opportunities and consequences. Despite this, and despite the important links between FP and mens ... Full text Link to item Cite

Incorporating oral PrEP into standard prevention services for South African women: a nested interrupted time-series study.

Journal Article Lancet HIV · August 2021 BACKGROUND: As oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) becomes the standard of prevention globally, its potential effect on HIV incidence in clinical trials of new prevention interventions is unknown, particularly for trials among women. In a trial measuring ... Full text Link to item Cite

Sexually transmitted infections among women randomised to depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, a copper intrauterine device or a levonorgestrel implant.

Journal Article Sex Transm Infect · June 2021 OBJECTIVES: Reproductive aged women are at risk of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STI). Understanding drivers of STI acquisition, including any association with widely used contraceptives, could help us to reduce STI prevalence and comorbid ... Full text Link to item Cite

The new contraceptive revolution: developing innovative products outside of industry†,‡.

Journal Article Biol Reprod · August 4, 2020 A significant global unmet need for new contraceptive options for both women and men remains due to side effect profiles, medical concerns, and inconvenience of many currently available products. The pharmaceutical industry has largely abandoned early rese ... Full text Link to item Cite

Effects of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, Copper Intrauterine Devices, and Levonorgestrel Implants on Early HIV Disease Progression.

Journal Article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · August 2020 Limited data exist on the effects of contraceptives on HIV disease progression. We studied the association between intramuscular injectable depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-IM), the copper intrauterine device (IUD), and the levonorgestrel (LNG) impl ... Full text Link to item Cite

Contraception in the Era of COVID-19.

Journal Article Glob Health Sci Pract · June 30, 2020 As global health systems and communities prepare to meet an unprecedented threat causing increased demands for the care of people with COVID-19, health care providers should strive to ensure continuity of reproductive health care to women and girls in the ... Full text Link to item Cite

Integrating oral PrEP delivery among African women in a large HIV endpoint-driven clinical trial.

Journal Article J Int AIDS Soc · May 2020 INTRODUCTION: Global guidelines emphasize the ethical obligation of investigators to help participants in HIV-endpoint trials reduce HIV risk by offering an optimal HIV prevention package. Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has increasingly become part o ... Full text Link to item Cite

Comparison of pregnancy incidence among African women in a randomized trial of intramuscular depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-IM), a copper intrauterine device (IUDs) or a levonorgestrel (LNG) implant for contraception.

Journal Article Contracept X · 2020 OBJECTIVE: The objective was to address bias in contraception efficacy studies through a randomized study trial of intramuscular depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-IM), a copper intrauterine device (IUDs) and a levonorgestrel (LNG) implant. STUDY DESI ... Full text Link to item Cite

A pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic evaluation of contraceptive implants and antiretroviral therapy among women in Kenya and Uganda.

Journal Article AIDS · November 1, 2019 OBJECTIVES: To evaluate pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of contraceptive implant progestin concentrations in HIV-positive women initiating efavirenz (EFV)-containing or nevirapine (NVP)-containing antiretroviral therapy (ART). DESIGN: We analyzed sto ... Full text Link to item Cite

HIV incidence among women using intramuscular depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, a copper intrauterine device, or a levonorgestrel implant for contraception: a randomised, multicentre, open-label trial.

Journal Article Lancet · July 27, 2019 BACKGROUND: Observational and laboratory studies suggest that some hormonal contraceptive methods, particularly intramuscular depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-IM), might increase women's susceptibility to HIV acquisition. We aimed to compare DMPA-IM ... Full text Link to item Cite

Planning for Outcomes (P4O) Modeling Tool: Estimating the Impact of Changing the Proportion of Injectable Progestins in the Contraceptive Method Mix.

Journal Article Glob Health Sci Pract · June 2019 BACKGROUND: Observational studies raise concern about a potential link between injectable progestin contraceptive use and HIV acquisition risk. This possible link is particularly relevant in sub-Saharan Africa where HIV risk is high and the method mix is s ... Full text Link to item Cite

HIV risk associated with serum medroxyprogesterone acetate levels among women in East and southern Africa.

Journal Article AIDS · March 15, 2019 BACKGROUND: Some observational studies have found increased HIV risk associated with self-reported use of injectable depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. Testing blood samples for medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), the progestin in depot medroxyprogesterone ... Full text Link to item Cite

Zika virus exposure in pregnancy and its association with newborn visual anomalies and hearing loss.

Journal Article Int J Gynaecol Obstet · December 2018 Exposure to Zika virus (ZIKV) in pregnancy leads to a spectrum of congenital effects in the newborn. Recent studies have begun to evaluate the impact of ZIKV during pregnancy. Among 39 relevant studies, nine were related specifically to clinical studies of ... Full text Link to item Cite

Drug interactions between rifamycin antibiotics and hormonal contraception: a systematic review.

Journal Article BJOG · June 2018 BACKGROUND: Rifamycin antibiotics are commonly used for treatment of tuberculosis, but may reduce the effectiveness of hormonal contraception (HC). OBJECTIVES: To determine whether interactions between rifamycins and HC result in decreased effectiveness or ... Full text Link to item Cite

Simultaneous quantitation of multiple contraceptive hormones in human serum by LC-MS/MS.

Journal Article Contraception · April 2018 OBJECTIVE: The objective was to develop a method to simultaneously quantify five commonly used hormonal contraceptives (HCs) and two endogenous sex steroids by liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and apply this metho ... Full text Link to item Cite

Concordance of self-reported hormonal contraceptive use and presence of exogenous hormones in serum among African women.

Journal Article Contraception · April 2018 OBJECTIVES: Studies that rely on self-report to investigate the relationship between hormonal contraceptive use and HIV acquisition and transmission, as well as other health outcomes, could have compromised results due to misreporting. We determined the fr ... Full text Link to item Cite

Drug Interactions between Non-Rifamycin Antibiotics and Hormonal Contraception: A Systematic Review

Journal Article Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey · February 1, 2018 Full text Cite

Drug interactions between non-rifamycin antibiotics and hormonal contraception: a systematic review.

Journal Article Am J Obstet Gynecol · January 2018 OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether interactions between non-rifamycin antibiotics and hormonal contraceptives result in decreased effectiveness or increased toxicity of either therapy. STUDY DESIGN: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, c ... Full text Link to item Cite

Brief Report: Hormonal Contraception Is Not Associated With Reduced ART Effectiveness Among Women Initiating ART: Evidence From Longitudinal Data.

Journal Article J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr · May 1, 2017 BACKGROUND: To explore the association between concomitant hormonal contraceptive and antiretroviral therapy (ART) use and (1) plasma viral suppression and (2) genital HIV shedding among HIV-positive women initiating ART. METHODS: We analyzed plasma viral ... Full text Link to item Cite

Drug interactions between hormonal contraceptives and antiretrovirals.

Journal Article AIDS · April 24, 2017 OBJECTIVE: To summarize published evidence on drug interactions between hormonal contraceptives and antiretrovirals. DESIGN: Systematic review of the published literature. METHODS: We searched PubMed, POPLINE, and EMBASE for peer-reviewed publications of s ... Full text Link to item Cite

Effect of Pregnancy on Response to Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-Infected African Women.

Journal Article J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr · January 1, 2017 BACKGROUND: While most recent evidence does not support a role for pregnancy in accelerating HIV disease progression, very little information is available on the effects of incident pregnancy in response to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Hormonal, immune, a ... Full text Link to item Cite

Rationale and design of a multi-center, open-label, randomised clinical trial comparing HIV incidence and contraceptive benefits in women using three commonly-used contraceptive methods (the ECHO study).

Journal Article Gates Open Res · 2017 Background:In vitro, animal, biological and observational clinical studies suggest that some hormonal methods, particularly depot medroxyprogesterone acetate - DMPA, may increase women's risk of HIV acquisition. DMPA is the most common contraceptive used i ... Full text Link to item Cite

Safety of hormonal contraception and intrauterine devices among women with depressive and bipolar disorders: a systematic review.

Journal Article Contraception · December 2016 BACKGROUND: Women with depressive or bipolar disorders are at an increased risk for unintended pregnancy. OBJECTIVE: To examine the safety of hormonal contraception among women with depressive and bipolar disorders. METHODS: We searched for articles publis ... Full text Link to item Cite

Safety of intrauterine devices among women with HIV: a systematic review.

Journal Article Contraception · December 2016 BACKGROUND: Use of highly effective contraception among women living with HIV is critical to prevent unintended pregnancy and subsequent risk of maternal complications and perinatal HIV transmission. However, it is not known whether use of intrauterine dev ... Full text Link to item Cite

Progestogen-only contraceptive use among breastfeeding women: a systematic review.

Journal Article Contraception · September 2016 BACKGROUND: Postpartum women need effective contraception. Concerns have been raised that use of progestogen-only contraceptives (POCs) may affect breastfeeding performance and infant health outcomes. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the clinical outcomes of br ... Full text Link to item Cite

Medroxyprogesterone acetate levels among Kenyan women using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate in the FEM-PrEP trial.

Journal Article Contraception · July 2016 OBJECTIVE: To describe medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) levels among Kenyan depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) users in the FEM-PrEP HIV prevention trial, and to compare MPA levels between ARV for HIV prevention (treatment) and placebo groups. STUDY ... Full text Link to item Cite

Verification of chemistry reference ranges using a simple method in sub-Saharan Africa.

Journal Article Afr J Lab Med · 2016 BACKGROUND: Chemistry safety assessments are interpreted by using chemistry reference ranges (CRRs). Verification of CRRs is time consuming and often requires a statistical background. OBJECTIVES: We report on an easy and cost-saving method to verify CRRs. ... Full text Link to item Cite

Ectopic pregnancy with use of progestin-only injectables and contraceptive implants: a systematic review.

Journal Article Contraception · December 2015 BACKGROUND: Use of contraception lowers a woman's risk of experiencing an ectopic pregnancy. In the case of method failure, however, progestin-only contraceptives may be more likely to result in ectopic pregnancies than some other methods such as combined ... Full text Link to item Cite

Addressing gaps in the contraceptive method mix: methods in development.

Journal Article Womens Health (Lond) · November 2015 Despite the availability of a variety of contraceptive methods, millions of women still have an unmet need for contraceptive choices. Short-acting methods are plagued by issues with adherence, leading to imperfect or inconsistent use and subsequent uninten ... Full text Link to item Cite

Effectiveness of hormonal contraception in HIV-infected women using antiretroviral therapy.

Journal Article AIDS · November 2015 OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to assess whether antiretroviral therapy (ART) may diminish the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptive methods. METHODS: Using data from 5153 HIV-infected women followed prospectively for 1-3 years in three HIV pr ... Full text Link to item Cite

Hepatitis B virus reactivation or reinfection in a FEM-PrEP participant: a case report.

Journal Article J Med Case Rep · September 28, 2015 INTRODUCTION: The FEM-PrEP trial was a pre-exposure prophylaxis clinical trial to test the safety and efficacy of Truvada (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine) in the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Because Truvada can sup ... Full text Link to item Cite

A nonsurgical permanent contraception stakeholder advisory committee: FHI 360's experience.

Journal Article Contraception · August 2015 As part of its research program on nonsurgical permanent contraception, FHI 360, a nonprofit human development organization, created a stakeholder advisory committee to help address the controversy surrounding quinacrine. This committee contributed to FHI ... Full text Link to item Cite

Sino-implant (II)® continuation and effect of concomitant tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-emtricitabine use on plasma levonorgestrel concentrations among women in Bondo, Kenya.

Journal Article Contraception · March 2015 OBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess associations between tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-emtricitabine (TDF-FTC) exposure and levonorgestrel (LNG) concentrations among Kenyan HIV prevention trial participants using Sino-implant (II) LNG implants for contr ... Full text Link to item Cite

Pregnancy and contraceptive use among women participating in the FEM-PrEP trial.

Journal Article J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr · February 1, 2015 BACKGROUND: Pregnancy among study participants remains a challenge for trials of new HIV prevention agents despite promotion and provision of contraception. We evaluated contraceptive use, pregnancy incidence, and study drug adherence by contraceptive meth ... Full text Link to item Cite

Liver and renal safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in combination with emtricitabine among African women in a pre-exposure prophylaxis trial.

Journal Article BMC Pharmacol Toxicol · December 24, 2014 BACKGROUND: Safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine (TDF-FTC) has been studied more extensively among HIV-infected patients than among HIV-uninfected people. Using data from a pre-exposure trial - FEM-PrEP -, we determined the cumulative prob ... Full text Link to item Cite

FEM-PrEP: adherence patterns and factors associated with adherence to a daily oral study product for pre-exposure prophylaxis.

Journal Article J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr · July 1, 2014 BACKGROUND: Several clinical trials have demonstrated the safety and effectiveness of oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), with or without emtricitabine (FTC), as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for reducing the risk of HIV acquisition. Adherence to t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Continuous compared with cyclic use of oral contraceptive pills in the Dominican Republic: a randomized controlled trial.

Journal Article Obstet Gynecol · May 2014 OBJECTIVE: To estimate whether continuous combined oral contraceptive pill (OCP) use leads to higher continuation and lower pregnancy rates over 12 months than cyclic use in a developing country setting. METHODS: We enrolled healthy women aged 18 to 30 yea ... Full text Link to item Cite

Women's ability to self-screen for contraindications to combined oral contraceptive pills in Tanzanian drug shops.

Journal Article Int J Gynaecol Obstet · October 2013 OBJECTIVE: To estimate the accuracy of self-screening for contraindications to combined oral contraceptive pills (COCs) and to estimate the proportion of women with contraindications to hormonal methods among those using drug shops in Tanzania. METHODS: Tr ... Full text Link to item Cite

Nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy does not reduce oral contraceptive effectiveness.

Journal Article AIDS · October 2013 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of nevirapine-containing antiretroviral therapy (ART) on combined oral contraceptive (COC) effectiveness. DESIGN: Nonrandomized prospective clinical trial. METHODS: We enrolled HIV-infected women aged 18-35 years in South ... Full text Link to item Cite

Spermicide used alone for contraception.

Journal Article Cochrane Database Syst Rev · September 30, 2013 BACKGROUND: Spermicides have been used as contraceptives for thousands of years. Despite this long use, only recently have studies examined the comparative efficacy and acceptability of these vaginal medications. Spermicides contain an active ingredient (m ... Full text Link to item Cite

20 µg versus >20 µg estrogen combined oral contraceptives for contraception.

Journal Article Cochrane Database Syst Rev · August 1, 2013 BACKGROUND: Concern about estrogen-related adverse effects has led to progressive reductions in the estrogen dose in combination oral contraceptives (COCs). However, reducing the amount of estrogen to improve safety could result in decreased contraceptive ... Full text Link to item Cite

Immediate start of hormonal contraceptives for contraception.

Journal Article Cochrane Database Syst Rev · December 12, 2012 BACKGROUND: Health care providers often tell women to wait until the next menses to begin hormonal contraception. The intent is to avoid contraceptive use during an undetected pregnancy. An alternative is to start hormonal contraception immediately with ba ... Full text Link to item Cite

Preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection among African women.

Journal Article N Engl J Med · August 2, 2012 BACKGROUND: Preexposure prophylaxis with antiretroviral drugs has been effective in the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in some trials but not in others. METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we ass ... Full text Link to item Cite

Steroid hormones for contraception in men.

Journal Article Cochrane Database Syst Rev · March 14, 2012 BACKGROUND: Male hormonal contraception has been an elusive goal. Administration of sex steroids to men can shut off sperm production through effects on the pituitary and hypothalamus. However, this approach also decreases production of testosterone, so 'a ... Full text Link to item Cite

Expectant care versus surgical treatment for miscarriage.

Journal Article Cochrane Database Syst Rev · March 14, 2012 BACKGROUND: Miscarriage is a common complication of early pregnancy that can have both medical and psychological consequences such as depression and anxiety. The need for routine surgical evacuation with miscarriage has been questioned because of potential ... Full text Link to item Cite

Hormonal contraception and HIV: an unanswered question.

Journal Article Lancet Infect Dis · January 2012 Full text Link to item Cite

Discontinuation of oral contraceptives and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate among women with and without HIV in Uganda, Zimbabwe and Thailand.

Journal Article Contraception · June 2011 BACKGROUND: We examined hormonal contraceptive (HC) discontinuation and factors associated with discontinuation among HIV-uninfected women and the effect of HIV diagnosis on subsequent contraceptive use. STUDY DESIGN: We analyzed 4461 HIV-uninfected women ... Full text Link to item Cite

20 µg versus >20 µg estrogen combined oral contraceptives for contraception.

Journal Article Cochrane Database Syst Rev · January 19, 2011 BACKGROUND: Concern about estrogen-related adverse effects has led to progressive reductions in the estrogen dose in combination oral contraceptives (COCs). However, reducing the amount of estrogen to improve safety could result in decreased contraceptive ... Full text Link to item Cite

Progestogen-only contraceptive use among breastfeeding women: a systematic review.

Journal Article Contraception · July 2010 BACKGROUND: The use of progestogen-only contraceptives by breastfeeding women raises theoretical concerns regarding possible adverse effects on breastfeeding success, and infant health or growth. This review was conducted to determine from the literature w ... Full text Link to item Cite

Quinacrine sterilization and gynecologic cancers: a case-control study in northern Vietnam.

Journal Article Epidemiology · March 2010 BACKGROUND: Over 100,000 women worldwide have been sterilized by insertion of quinacrine into the uterus to induce tubal scarring. Concern has been expressed about possible carcinogenicity, and specifically the risk of uterine cancer. METHODS: From 2001 th ... Full text Link to item Cite

Safety of hormonal and intrauterine methods of contraception for women with HIV/AIDS: a systematic review.

Journal Article AIDS · November 2009 OBJECTIVE: To determine from the literature whether HIV-infected women who use hormonal or intrauterine contraception are at increased risk of HIV disease progression, other adverse health outcomes, or HIV transmission to uninfected sexual partners. DESIGN ... Full text Link to item Cite

20 microg versus >20 microg estrogen combined oral contraceptives for contraception.

Journal Article Cochrane Database Syst Rev · October 8, 2008 BACKGROUND: Concern about estrogen-related adverse effects has led to progressive reductions in the estrogen dose in combination oral contraceptives (COCs). However, reducing the amount of estrogen to improve safety could result in decreased contraceptive ... Full text Link to item Cite

Pharmacokinetic interactions between depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and combination antiretroviral therapy.

Journal Article Fertil Steril · October 2008 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of an antiretroviral (ARV) therapy regimen containing zidovudine (AZT), lamivudine (3TC), and efavirenz (EFV) on the pharmacokinetics of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). DESIGN: Open-label, nonrandomized, clinical ... Full text Link to item Cite

Contraceptive effectiveness of two insertions of quinacrine: results from 10-year follow-up in Vietnam.

Journal Article Contraception · July 2008 BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of two insertions of quinacrine pellets for nonsurgical sterilization among women in northern Vietnam. STUDY DESIGN: Observational cohort study of 1335 women who received two quin ... Full text Link to item Cite

Safety of quinacrine contraceptive pellets: results from 10-year follow-up in Vietnam.

Journal Article Contraception · July 2008 BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to evaluate long-term safety of quinacrine pellets for nonsurgical sterilization among women in Vietnam. STUDY DESIGN: Observational cohort study of 2735 women who had quinacrine insertions between 1989 and 1993 compare ... Full text Link to item Cite

Immediate start of hormonal contraceptives for contraception.

Journal Article Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) · June 17, 2008 BACKGROUND: Health care providers often tell women to wait until the next menses to begin hormonal contraception. The main intent is to avoid contraceptive use during an undetected pregnancy. An alternative is to start hormonal contraception immediately wi ... Cite

Immediate start of hormonal contraceptives for contraception.

Journal Article Cochrane Database Syst Rev · April 16, 2008 BACKGROUND: Health care providers often tell women to wait until the next menses to begin hormonal contraception. The main intent is to avoid contraceptive use during an undetected pregnancy. An alternative is to start hormonal contraception immediately wi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Validation of a job aid to rule out pregnancy among family planning clients in Nicaragua.

Journal Article Rev Panam Salud Publica · February 2008 In Latin America, one of the most common barriers to family planning access is denial of services to women who present at clinics in the absence of menses. Where pregnancy tests are unavailable, many providers fear that nonmenstruating women may be pregnan ... Full text Link to item Cite

Do clinical experts rely on the Cochrane library?

Journal Article Obstet Gynecol · February 2008 In part because of limited public access, Cochrane reviews are underused in the United States compared with other developed nations. To assess use of these reviews by opinion leaders, we examined citation of Cochrane reviews in the Clinical Expert Series o ... Full text Link to item Cite

SAVVY vaginal gel (C31G) for prevention of HIV infection: a randomized controlled trial in Nigeria.

Journal Article PLoS One · January 23, 2008 BACKGROUND: The objective of this trial was to determine the effectiveness of 1.0% C31G (SAVVY) in preventing male-to-female vaginal transmission of HIV infection among women at high risk. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: This was a Phase 3, double-blind, r ... Full text Link to item Cite

SAVVY (C31G) gel for prevention of HIV infection in women: a Phase 3, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Ghana.

Journal Article PLoS One · December 19, 2007 OBJECTIVE: The objective of this trial was to determine the effectiveness of 1.0% C31G (SAVVY) in preventing male-to-female vaginal transmission of HIV infection among women at high risk. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: This was a Phase 3, double-blind, ra ... Full text Link to item Cite

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for prevention of HIV infection in women: a phase 2, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

Journal Article PLoS Clin Trials · May 25, 2007 OBJECTIVES: The objective of this trial was to investigate the safety and preliminary effectiveness of a daily dose of 300 mg of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) versus placebo in preventing HIV infection in women. DESIGN: This was a phase 2, randomized ... Full text Link to item Cite

Steroid hormones for contraception in men.

Journal Article Cochrane Database Syst Rev · April 18, 2007 BACKGROUND: Male hormonal contraception has been an elusive goal. Administration of sex steroids to men can shut off sperm production through effects on the pituitary and hypothalamus. However, this approach also decreases production of testosterone, so 'a ... Full text Link to item Cite

Magnesium sulfate tocolysis: Time to quit [3]

Journal Article Obstetrics and Gynecology · March 1, 2007 Full text Cite

Magnesium sulfate tocolysis: Time to quit [3]

Journal Article Obstetrics and Gynecology · February 1, 2007 Full text Cite

Immediate start of combined hormonal contraceptives for contraception

Journal Article Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · December 1, 2006 This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows: This review will examine randomized controlled trials of immediate-start combined hormonal contraceptives for contraception. Copyright © 2006 The Cochrane Collaborat ... Full text Cite

Magnesium sulfate tocolysis: time to quit.

Journal Article Obstet Gynecol · October 2006 Intravenous magnesium sulfate tocolysis remains a North American anomaly. This therapy rose to prominence based on poor science and the recommendations of authorities. However, a Cochrane systematic review concluded that magnesium sulfate is ineffective as ... Full text Link to item Cite

Expectant care versus surgical treatment for miscarriage.

Journal Article Cochrane Database Syst Rev · April 19, 2006 BACKGROUND: Miscarriage is a common complication of early pregnancy that can have both medical and psychological consequences like depression and anxiety. The need for routine surgical evacuation with miscarriage has been questioned because of potential co ... Full text Link to item Cite

Spermicide used alone for contraception.

Journal Article Cochrane Database Syst Rev · October 19, 2005 BACKGROUND: Spermicides have been used as contraceptives for thousands of years. Despite this long use, only recently have studies examined the comparative efficacy and acceptability of these vaginal medications. Spermicides contain an active ingredient (m ... Full text Link to item Cite

Fertility awareness-based methods for contraception: systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

Journal Article Contraception · August 2005 CONTEXT: Fertility awareness-based (FAB) methods of family planning estimate the fertile days of the menstrual cycle whether by observing fertility signs such as cervical secretions and basal body temperature or by monitoring cycle days. The efficacy and a ... Full text Link to item Cite

20 mcg versus >20 mcg estrogen combined oral contraceptives for contraception.

Journal Article Cochrane Database Syst Rev · April 18, 2005 BACKGROUND: Concern about estrogen-related adverse effects has led to progressive reductions in the estrogen dose in combination oral contraceptives (COCs). However, reducing the amount of estrogen to improve safety also could result in decreased contracep ... Full text Link to item Cite

Twenty micrograms vs. >20 microg estrogen oral contraceptives for contraception: systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

Journal Article Contraception · March 2005 Concern about estrogen-related adverse effects has led to progressive reductions in the estrogen dose in combination oral contraceptives (COCs). This review of randomized controlled trials tested the hypothesis that COCs containing Full text Link to item Cite

Steroid hormones for contraception in men: systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

Journal Article Contraception · February 2005 Male hormonal contraception has been an elusive goal. Administration of sex steroids to men can shut off sperm production through effects on the pituitary and hypothalamus. However, this approach also decreases production of testosterone, so an "add-back" ... Full text Link to item Cite

Fertility awareness-based methods for contraception.

Journal Article Cochrane Database Syst Rev · October 18, 2004 BACKGROUND: "Fertility awareness-based methods" (FAB) of family planning "involve identification of the fertile days of the menstrual cycle, whether by observing fertility signs such as cervical secretions and basal body temperature, or by monitoring cycle ... Full text Link to item Cite

Steroid hormones for contraception in men.

Journal Article Cochrane Database Syst Rev · 2004 BACKGROUND: Male hormonal contraception has been an elusive goal. Administration of sex steroids to men can shut off sperm production through effects on the pituitary and hypothalamus. However, this approach also decreases production of testosterone, so "a ... Full text Link to item Cite

Steroid hormones for contraception in men.

Journal Article Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) · January 1, 2004 BACKGROUND: Male hormonal contraception has been an elusive goal. Administration of sex steroids to men can shut off sperm production through effects on the pituitary and hypothalamus. However, this approach also decreases production of testosterone, so "a ... Cite

A polyurethane condom did not prevent pregnancy as well as a latex condom

Journal Article Evidence Based Obstetrics and Gynecology · January 1, 2004 Full text Cite

Contraceptive effectiveness of a polyurethane condom and a latex condom: a randomized controlled trial.

Journal Article Obstet Gynecol · March 2003 OBJECTIVE: To compare the contraceptive effectivenesses of a polyurethane condom and a standard latex condom. Secondary outcomes of interest were safety, functionality, discontinuation, and acceptability. METHODS: We randomized 901 couples to use either th ... Full text Link to item Cite

Is this woman perimenopausal?

Journal Article JAMA · February 19, 2003 CONTEXT: Perimenopause is a time of transition for women at midlife. Women want to know whether they are starting this change and physicians need to know the accuracy of a clinical examination in identifying perimenopausal women. These women should be coun ... Full text Link to item Cite

The diaphragm with and without spermicide for contraception: a Cochrane review.

Journal Article Hum Reprod · April 2002 BACKGROUND: The diaphragm is usually used with a spermicide. However, some practitioners have suggested that spermicides offer no additional contraceptive protection and have advocated alternative guidelines for the use of diaphragms. The objective of this ... Full text Link to item Cite

Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of death from breast cancer: a systematic review.

Journal Article Am J Obstet Gynecol · February 2002 OBJECTIVE: Recent studies have shown an increased relative risk of breast cancer with hormone replacement therapy for > or = 5 years. However, tumors in hormone replacement therapy users are more likely to be localized and of a favorable histologic conditi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Terbutaline pump maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labor for preventing preterm birth.

Journal Article Cochrane Database Syst Rev · 2002 BACKGROUND: Women with preterm labor that is arrested with tocolytic therapy are at increased risk of recurrent preterm labor. Terbutaline pump maintenance therapy has been given to such women to decrease the risk of recurrent preterm labor, preterm birth, ... Full text Link to item Cite

Technologic advances for evaluation of cervical cytology: is newer better?

Journal Article Obstet Gynecol Surv · December 2001 Among those women who have cervical cancer and have been screened, 14% to 33% of the cases represent failure to detect abnormalities that existed at the time of screening. New technologies intended to improve detection of cytologic abnormalities include li ... Full text Link to item Cite

Diaphragm versus diaphragm with spermicides for contraception.

Journal Article Cochrane Database Syst Rev · 2001 BACKGROUND: The diaphragm is usually used with a spermicide. However, some practitioners have suggested that spermicides offer no additional contraceptive protection and have advocated alternative guidelines for the use of diaphragms. OBJECTIVES: The objec ... Full text Link to item Cite

Randomized crossover trial comparing the eZ.on plastic condom and a latex condom.

Journal Article Contraception · January 2001 This randomized crossover trial compared the breakage and slippage rates, safety, and acceptability of the recently developed polyurethane bi-directional eZ.on condom with a marketed latex condom. Three hundred sixty couples were asked to use 4 eZ.on condo ... Full text Link to item Cite

Setting the target for a better cervical screening test: characteristics of a cost-effective test for cervical neoplasia screening.

Journal Article Obstet Gynecol · November 2000 OBJECTIVE: To determine the potential effects on costs and outcomes of changes in sensitivity and specificity with new screening methods for cervical cancer. METHODS: Using a Markov model of the natural history of cervical cancer, we estimated the effects ... Full text Link to item Cite

Mathematical model for the natural history of human papillomavirus infection and cervical carcinogenesis.

Journal Article Am J Epidemiol · June 15, 2000 The authors constructed a Markov model as part of a systematic review of cervical cytology conducted at the Duke University Evidence-based Practice Center (Durham, North Carolina) between October 1997 and September 1998. The model incorporated states for h ... Full text Link to item Cite

Accuracy of the Papanicolaou test in screening for and follow-up of cervical cytologic abnormalities: a systematic review.

Journal Article Ann Intern Med · May 16, 2000 PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of conventional and new methods of Papanicolaou (Pap) testing when used to detect cervical cancer and its precursors. DATA SOURCES: Systematic search of English-language literature through October 1999 using MEDLINE, EMBAS ... Full text Link to item Cite

A view of reviews.

Journal Article Obstet Gynecol · April 2000 Full text Link to item Cite

Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis.

Journal Article Obstet Gynecol · May 1999 OBJECTIVE: To review systematically the association between hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and the risk of developing or dying from colorectal cancer. DATA SOURCES: We searched the English-language literature using MEDLINE, Current Contents, CancerLit, ... Full text Link to item Cite

Effect of estrogen replacement therapy on corrected thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame count.

Journal Article Am J Cardiol · April 15, 1999 The effect of chronic estrogen replacement therapy on the corrected Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction trial frame count of the left anterior descending coronary artery was assessed in 122 postmenopausal women. With use of multivariate analysis to accou ... Full text Link to item Cite

Validation of a Trauma Questionnaire in veteran women.

Journal Article J Gen Intern Med · March 1999 The Trauma Questionnaire (TQ) assesses a woman's history of childhood and adult sexual trauma, sexual harassment, and domestic violence. The TQ is used widely at Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, but its validity has not been thoroughly examined. In a pros ... Full text Link to item Cite

Full-text ahead on the information superhighway

Journal Article Obstetrics and Gynecology · February 13, 1999 Full text Cite

Evaluation of cervical cytology.

Journal Article Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ) · January 1999 Link to item Cite

Diagnostic efficiency of home pregnancy test kits. A meta-analysis.

Journal Article Arch Fam Med · 1998 OBJECTIVE: To assess the diagnostic efficiency of home pregnancy test (HPT) kits. DATA SOURCES: A literature search of English-language studies was performed with MEDLINE and a review of bibliographies. STUDY SELECTION: Studies were included if HPT kits we ... Full text Link to item Cite

A diagnostic and therapeutic approach to pruritus in pregnant women

Journal Article Primary Care Update for Ob Gyns · January 1, 1997 Pruritus, or itching, is a most uncomfortable affliction and will likely result in a physician visit if it does not resolve quickly. Timely relief is of utmost importance to the patient. The clinician is faced with a diagnostic challenge that begins with d ... Full text Cite

Sudden cardiac death

Journal Article Primary Care Update for Ob Gyns · January 1, 1996 Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is defined as an unexpected death that occurs within 1 hour of onset of symptoms. In the general population, SCD occurs about once every minute and thus represents a serious health issue. The majority of SCDs are associated in so ... Full text Cite