Stephen Matthew Klein | Scholars@Duke

Stephen Matthew Klein
Professor of Anesthesiology

As an active member in the Division of Ambulatory Anesthesia Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, I am involved in numerous educational and research endeavors with the goal to improve a patient's peri-operative experience. The group focuses on all aspects of outpatient surgery. These include preoperative education, advanced anesthetic techniques, prolonged pain management and improving operative outcome. The division maintains an active clinical practice at the Duke Ambulatry Surgery Center (ASC). The ASC is a unique academic outpatient center that administers care to over 6000 patients/year and has facilities for overnight patient observation and management. The facility, faculty and nursing consistently obtain outstanding ratings in patient care and satisfaction. As part of the educational mission of the center the division teaches resident physicians, fellows, and visiting faculty in the field of ambulatory and regional anesthesia. In addition, the center employs a full time registered nurse to coordinate, implement, and maintain the divisions protocols.

Using the divisions strength in regional anesthesia, state of the art facilities, combined with the resources of Duke University, the group has ongoing projects involved in (1) extending local anesthesia efficacy (2) development of new long acting local anesthetics (3) utilizing automated anesthesia information systems and outcomes data base to define patient outcome, satisfaction and economics (4) multi-drug therapy for reducing postoperative nausea (5) examining the efficacy of home infusion and health care for major surgery (6) redefining the scale, scope and postoperative care of ambulatory surgery.

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Professor of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology, Ambulatory, Anesthesiology 2023
Chief, Division of Ambulatory Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology, Ambulatory, Anesthesiology 2006

Contact Information

2508 North Pavilion, Durham, NC 27705
Box 3094 Med Ctr, Durham, NC 27710
klein006@mc.duke.edu (919) 681-9941

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- M.D., University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey 1992
Previous Appointments & Affiliations
- Associate Professor of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology, Ambulatory, Anesthesiology 2007 - 2022
- Associate Professor of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology, Ambulatory, Anesthesiology 2005 - 2007
- Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology, Ambulatory, Anesthesiology 1998 - 2005
- Associate in the Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology, Neuroanesthesia, Anesthesiology 1996 - 1998
Research
Selected Grants
- OPTIMIZING OUTPATIENT ANESTHESIA: IMPROVING ANALGESIA AND REDUCING OPIOID MISADVENTURE awarded by National Institutes of Health 2018 - 2021
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Academic Articles
  - Melton, M Stephen, Hanni E. Monroe, Wenjing Qi, Stephanie L. Lewis, Karen C. Nielsen, and Stephen M. Klein. “Effect of Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block on the Pulmonary Function of Obese Patients: A Prospective, Observational Cohort Study.” Anesth Analg 125, no. 1 (July 2017): 313–19. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000002180.
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  - Kim, James K., Amanda Kumar, Neda Sadeghi, Michael Shaughnessy, Jeff Gadsden, Karen C. Nielsen, M Steve Melton, and Stephen Klein. “Decreasing the Incidence of Tuohy-Borst Clamp Connector Disconnections From Perineural Catheters: A Quality Improvement Study.” Reg Anesth Pain Med 42, no. 6 (2017): 797–98. https://doi.org/10.1097/AAP.0000000000000655.
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  - Melton, M Stephen, Jeffrey N. Browndyke, Todd B. Harshbarger, David J. Madden, Karen C. Nielsen, and Stephen M. Klein. “Changes in Brain Resting-state Functional Connectivity Associated with Peripheral Nerve Block: A Pilot Study.” Anesthesiology 125, no. 2 (August 2016): 368–77. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000001198.
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  - Melton, M Stephen, Karen C. Nielsen, Marcy Tucker, Stephen M. Klein, and Tong J. Gan. “Long-acting serotonin antagonist (Palonosetron) and the NK-1 receptor antagonists: does extended duration of action improve efficacy?” Anesthesiol Clin 32, no. 2 (June 2014): 505–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anclin.2014.02.004.
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  - Melton, M Stephen, Karen C. Nielsen, Marcy Tucker, Stephen M. Klein, and Tong J. Gan. “New medications and techniques in ambulatory anesthesia.” Anesthesiol Clin 32, no. 2 (June 2014): 463–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anclin.2014.02.003.
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  - Klein, Stephen M., M Steve Melton, Warren M. Grill, and Karen C. Nielsen. “Peripheral nerve stimulation in regional anesthesia.” Reg Anesth Pain Med 37, no. 4 (2012): 383–92. https://doi.org/10.1097/AAP.0b013e3182576647.
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  - Melton, M Stephen, Stephen M. Klein, and Tong J. Gan. “Management of postdischarge nausea and vomiting after ambulatory surgery.” Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 24, no. 6 (December 2011): 612–19. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACO.0b013e32834b9468.
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  - Wittstein, Jocelyn, Steven Klein, and William E. Garrett. “Chronic tears of the reflected head of the rectus femoris: results of operative treatment.” Am J Sports Med 39, no. 9 (September 2011): 1942–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546511413251.
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  - Auyong, D. B., S. M. Klein, T. J. Gan, A. M. Roche, D. Olson, and A. S. Habib. “In response.” Anesthesia and Analgesia 111, no. 6 (December 1, 2010): 1563. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181ef35d5.
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  - Henderson, R. A., K. C. Nielsen, S. M. Klein, and R. Pietrobon. “Miscoding rates for professional anesthesia billing: Trial results - software solution.” Electronic Journal of Health Informatics 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2010).
  - Dooley, Joshua, Mitchell Fingerman, Steve Melton, and Stephen M. Klein. “Contralateral local anesthetic spread from an outpatient interscalene catheter.” Can J Anaesth 57, no. 10 (October 2010): 936–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12630-010-9360-y.
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  - Auyong, David B., Stephen M. Klein, Tong J. Gan, Anthony M. Roche, Daiwai Olson, and Ashraf S. Habib. “Processed electroencephalogram during donation after cardiac death.” Anesth Analg 110, no. 5 (May 1, 2010): 1428–32. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181d27067.
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  - Gan, Tong J., Keith A. Candiotti, Stephen M. Klein, Yiliam Rodriguez, Karen C. Nielsen, William D. White, and Ashraf S. Habib. “Double-blind comparison of granisetron, promethazine, or a combination of both for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in females undergoing outpatient laparoscopies.” Can J Anaesth 56, no. 11 (November 2009): 829–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12630-009-9175-x.
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  - Cantrell, Meredith B., Warren M. Grill, and Stephen M. Klein. “Computer-based finite element modeling of insulated Tuohy needles used in regional anesthesia.” Anesthesiology 110, no. 6 (June 2009): 1229–34. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181a16275.
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  - Klein, Stephen M., Matthew P. Fronheiser, John Reach, Karen C. Nielsen, and Stephen W. Smith. “Piezoelectric vibrating needle and catheter for enhancing ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blocks.” Anesth Analg 105, no. 6 (December 2007): 1858–60. https://doi.org/10.1213/01.ane.0000286814.79988.0a.
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  - Shah, Anand, Karen C. Nielsen, Larissa Braga, Ricardo Pietrobon, Stephen M. Klein, and Susan M. Steele. “Interscalene brachial plexus block for outpatient shoulder arthroplasty: Postoperative analgesia, patient satisfaction and complications.” Indian J Orthop 41, no. 3 (July 2007): 230–36. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5413.33688.
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  - Johnson, Chad R., Roger C. Barr, and Stephen M. Klein. “A computer model of electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves in regional anesthesia.” Anesthesiology 106, no. 2 (February 2007): 323–30. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200702000-00021.
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  - Yoo, Paul B., Stephen M. Klein, Neil H. Grafstein, Eric E. Horvath, Cindy L. Amundsen, George D. Webster, and Warren M. Grill. “Pudendal nerve stimulation evokes reflex bladder contractions in persons with chronic spinal cord injury.” Neurourol Urodyn 26, no. 7 (2007): 1020–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.20441.
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  - Hanks, R Kyle, Ricardo Pietrobon, Karen C. Nielsen, Susan M. Steele, Marcy Tucker, David S. Warner, Kathryn P. King, and Stephen M. Klein. “The effect of age on sciatic nerve block duration.” Anesth Analg 102, no. 2 (February 2006): 588–92. https://doi.org/10.1213/01.ane.0000189552.85175.db.
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  - Vanterpool, Stephanie, Susan M. Steele, Karen C. Nielsen, Marcy Tucker, and Stephen M. Klein. “Combined lumbar-plexus and sciatic-nerve blocks: an analysis of plasma ropivacaine concentrations.” Reg Anesth Pain Med 31, no. 5 (2006): 417–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rapm.2006.06.007.
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  - Klein, Stephen M., Holly Evans, Karen C. Nielsen, Marcy S. Tucker, David S. Warner, and Susan M. Steele. “Peripheral nerve block techniques for ambulatory surgery.” Anesth Analg 101, no. 6 (December 2005): 1663–76. https://doi.org/10.1213/01.ANE.0000184187.02887.24.
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  - Klein, Stephen M. “Continuous peripheral nerve blocks: fewer excuses.” Anesthesiology 103, no. 5 (November 2005): 921–23. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200511000-00003.
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  - Todd, Michael M. “A lesson learned.” Anesthesiology 103, no. 2 (August 2005): 442. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200508000-00029.
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  - Evans, Holly, Susan M. Steele, Karen C. Nielsen, Marcy S. Tucker, and Stephen M. Klein. “Peripheral nerve blocks and continuous catheter techniques.” Anesthesiol Clin North Am 23, no. 1 (March 2005): 141–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atc.2004.11.003.
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  - Nielsen, Karen C., Ulrich Guller, Susan M. Steele, Stephen M. Klein, Roy A. Greengrass, and Ricardo Pietrobon. “Influence of obesity on surgical regional anesthesia in the ambulatory setting: an analysis of 9,038 blocks.” Anesthesiology 102, no. 1 (January 2005): 181–87. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200501000-00027.
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  - Buckenmaier, Chester C., Geselle M. McKnight, James V. Winkley, Lisa L. Bleckner, Clarence Shannon, Stephen M. Klein, Robert C. Lyons, and John H. Chiles. “Continuous peripheral nerve block for battlefield anesthesia and evacuation.” Reg Anesth Pain Med 30, no. 2 (2005): 202–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rapm.2004.10.005.
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  - Todd, Michael M. “A lesson learned.” Can J Anaesth 52, no. 7 (2005): 770–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03016568.
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  - Cotter, Juliann T., Karen C. Nielsen, Ulrich Guller, Susan M. Steele, Stephen M. Klein, Roy A. Greengrass, and Ricardo Pietrobon. “Increased body mass index and ASA physical status IV are risk factors for block failure in ambulatory surgery - an analysis of 9,342 blocks.” Can J Anaesth 51, no. 8 (October 2004): 810–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03018454.
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  - Klein, S. M. “Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management: Introduction.” Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 57. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.trap.2004.06.002.
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  - Klein, Stephen M., John Eck, Karen Nielsen, and Susan M. Steele. “Anesthetizing the phantom: peripheral nerve stimulation of a nonexistent extremity.” Anesthesiology 100, no. 3 (March 2004): 736–37. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200403000-00039.
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  - Klein, S. M., and C. C. Buckenmaier. “Ambulatory continuous interscalene brachial plexus blockade.” Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 8, no. 2 (January 1, 2004): 58–62. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.trap.2004.02.001.
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  - Klein, Stephen M., Karen C. Nielsen, Nadeem Ahmed, Chester C. Buckenmaier, and Susan M. Steele. “In situ images of the thoracic paravertebral space.” Reg Anesth Pain Med 29, no. 6 (2004): 596–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rapm.2004.08.016.
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  - Paqueron, Xavier, and Marc E. Gentili. “Assessing phantom limb sensations... and the library?” Reg Anesth Pain Med 29, no. 2 (2004): 172–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rapm.2003.12.005.
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  - Buckenmaier, Chester C., Stephen M. Klein, Karen C. Nielsen, and Susan M. Steele. “Continuous paravertebral catheter and outpatient infusion for breast surgery.” Anesth Analg 97, no. 3 (September 2003): 715–17. https://doi.org/10.1213/01.ANE.0000075836.53838.EB.
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  - Klein, Stephen M., Trenton Pierce, Yair Rubin, Karen C. Nielsen, and Susan M. Steele. “Successful resuscitation after ropivacaine-induced ventricular fibrillation.” Anesth Analg 97, no. 3 (September 2003): 901–3. https://doi.org/10.1213/01.ANE.0000075839.18073.37.
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  - Klein, Stephen M., and Karen C. Nielsen. “Brachial plexus blocks: infusions and other mechanisms to provide prolonged analgesia.” Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 16, no. 4 (August 2003): 393–99. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aco.0000084477.59960.92.
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  - Kalady, Matthew F., Ryan C. Fields, Stephen Klein, Karen C. Nielsen, Christopher R. Mantyh, and Kirk A. Ludwig. “Loop ileostomy closure at an ambulatory surgery facility: a safe and cost-effective alternative to routine hospitalization.” Dis Colon Rectum 46, no. 4 (April 2003): 486–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10350-004-6587-0.
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  - Weltz, Christina R., Stephen M. Klein, John E. Arbo, and Roy A. Greengrass. “Paravertebral block anesthesia for inguinal hernia repair.” World J Surg 27, no. 4 (April 2003): 425–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-002-6661-5.
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  - Klein, Stephen M., Susan M. Steele, Karen C. Nielsen, Ricardo Pietrobon, David S. Warner, Aliki Martin, and Roy A. Greengrass. “The difficulties of ambulatory interscalene and intra-articular infusions for rotator cuff surgery: a preliminary report.” Can J Anaesth 50, no. 3 (March 2003): 265–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03017796.
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  - Klein, Stephen M., Karen C. Nielsen, Chester C. Buckenmaier, Adil S. A. Kamal, Yair Rubin, and Susan M. Steele. “2-octyl cyanoacrylate glue for the fixation of continuous peripheral nerve catheters.” Anesthesiology 98, no. 2 (February 2003): 590–91. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200302000-00049.
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  - Nielsen, K. C., S. M. Klein, and S. M. Steele. “Femoral nerve blocks.” Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 8–17. https://doi.org/10.1053/trap.2003.123518.
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  - Klein, Stephen M., Dragan Dimitrov, Susan M. Steele, Karen C. Nielsen, David S. Warner, Aliki Martin, and Ricardo Pietrobon. “Altered perceptions after upper and lower extremity blocks: an initial investigation.” Reg Anesth Pain Med 28, no. 5 (2003): 433–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1098-7339(03)00233-5.
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  - Nielsen, Karen C., Roy A. Greengrass, Ricardo Pietrobon, Stephen M. Klein, and Susan M. Steele. “Continuous interscalene brachial plexus blockade provides good analgesia at home after major shoulder surgery-report of four cases.” Can J Anaesth 50, no. 1 (January 2003): 57–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03020188.
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  - Buckenmaier, Chester C., Karen C. Nielsen, Ricardo Pietrobon, Stephen M. Klein, Aliki H. Martin, Roy A. Greengrass, and Susan M. Steele. “Small-dose intrathecal lidocaine versus ropivacaine for anorectal surgery in an ambulatory setting.” Anesth Analg 95, no. 5 (November 2002): 1253–57. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000539-200211000-00028.
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  - Klein, S. M., and C. C. Buckenmaier. “Ambulatory surgery with long acting regional anesthesia.” Minerva Anestesiol 68, no. 11 (November 2002): 833–41.
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  - Buckenmaier, C. C., S. M. Steele, K. C. Nielsen, A. H. Martin, and S. M. Klein. “Bilateral continuous paravertebral catheters for reduction mammoplasty.” Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 46, no. 8 (September 2002): 1042–45. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-6576.2002.460820.x.
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  - Soeding, P., and G. Hoy. “Intraarticular analgesia in shoulder surgery.” Anesth Analg 95, no. 2 (August 2002): 498.
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  - Klein, S. M. “Preface.” Best Practice and Research: Clinical Anaesthesiology 16, no. 2 (June 1, 2002). https://doi.org/10.1053/bean.2002.0230.
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  - Klein, Stephen M. “Beyond the hospital: continuous peripheral nerve blocks at home.” Anesthesiology 96, no. 6 (June 2002): 1283–85. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200206000-00002.
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  - Klein, Stephen M., Karen C. Nielsen, Roy A. Greengrass, David S. Warner, Aliki Martin, and Susan M. Steele. “Ambulatory discharge after long-acting peripheral nerve blockade: 2382 blocks with ropivacaine.” Anesth Analg 94, no. 1 (January 2002): 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000539-200201000-00012.
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  - Klein, Stephen M., Ricardo Pietrobon, Karen C. Nielsen, David S. Warner, Roy A. Greengrass, and Susan M. Steele. “Peripheral nerve blockade with long-acting local anesthetics: a survey of the Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia.” Anesth Analg 94, no. 1 (January 2002): 71–76. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000539-200201000-00013.
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  - Buckenmaier, Chester C., Susan M. Steele, Karen C. Nielsen, and Stephen M. Klein. “Paravertebral somatic nerve blocks for breast surgery in a patient with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.” Can J Anaesth 49, no. 6 (2002): 571–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03017383.
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  - Klein, Stephen M., Ricardo Pietrobon, Karen C. Nielsen, Susan M. Steele, David S. Warner, Joseph A. Moylan, W Steve Eubanks, and Roy A. Greengrass. “Paravertebral somatic nerve block compared with peripheral nerve blocks for outpatient inguinal herniorrhaphy.” Reg Anesth Pain Med 27, no. 5 (2002): 476–80. https://doi.org/10.1053/rapm.2002.35147.
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  - Perez-Jannotti, R. M., S. M. Klein, and D. F. Bogenhagen. “Two forms of mitochondrial DNA ligase III are produced in Xenopus laevis oocytes.” J Biol Chem 276, no. 52 (December 28, 2001): 48978–87. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M107177200.
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  - Klein, S. M., K. C. Nielsen, A. Martin, W. White, D. S. Warner, S. M. Steele, K. P. Speer, and R. A. Greengrass. “Interscalene brachial plexus block with continuous intraarticular infusion of ropivacaine.” Anesth Analg 93, no. 3 (September 2001): 601–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000539-200109000-00015.
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  - Klein, S. M., R. A. Greengrass, S. A. Grant, L. D. Higgins, K. C. Nielsen, and S. M. Steele. “Ambulatory surgery for multi-ligament knee reconstruction with continuous dual catheter peripheral nerve blockade.” Can J Anaesth 48, no. 4 (April 2001): 375–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03014966.
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  - Singelyn, F. J. “Difficult insertion of interscalene brachial plexus catheter.” Anesth Analg 92, no. 4 (April 2001): 1074. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000539-200104000-00056.
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  - Urtreger, A. J., M. J. Diament, S. M. Ranuncolo, M. Del C Vidal, L. I. Puricelli, S. M. Klein, and E. D. De Kier Joffe. “New murine cell line derived from a spontaneous lung tumor induces paraneoplastic syndromes.” Int J Oncol 18, no. 3 (March 2001): 639–47. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.18.3.639.
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  - Grant, S. A., K. C. Nielsen, R. A. Greengrass, S. M. Steele, and S. M. Klein. “Continuous peripheral nerve block for ambulatory surgery.” Reg Anesth Pain Med 26, no. 3 (2001): 209–14. https://doi.org/10.1053/rapm.2001.22256.
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  - Klein, S. M., S. A. Grant, R. A. Greengrass, K. C. Nielsen, K. P. Speer, W. White, D. S. Warner, and S. M. Steele. “Interscalene brachial plexus block with a continuous catheter insertion system and a disposable infusion pump.” Anesth Analg 91, no. 6 (December 2000): 1473–78. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000539-200012000-00033.
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  - Klein, S. M., T. F. Slaughter, P. T. Vail, B. Ginsberg, H. E. El-Moalem, R. Alexander, F. D’Ercole, et al. “Thromboelastography as a perioperative measure of anticoagulation resulting from low molecular weight heparin: a comparison with anti-Xa concentrations.” Anesth Analg 91, no. 5 (November 2000): 1091–95. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000539-200011000-00009.
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  - Chelly, J. E., J. Greger, and R. Gebhard. “Ambulatory continuous perineural infusion: are we ready?” Anesthesiology 93, no. 2 (August 2000): 581–82. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200008000-00047.
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  - Klein, S. M., A. Bergh, S. M. Steele, G. S. Georgiade, and R. A. Greengrass. “Thoracic paravertebral block for breast surgery.” Anesth Analg 90, no. 6 (June 2000): 1402–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000539-200006000-00026.
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  - Klein, S. M., R. A. Greengrass, D. H. Gleason, J. A. Nunley, and S. M. Steele. “Major ambulatory surgery with continuous regional anesthesia and a disposable infusion pump.” Anesthesiology 91, no. 2 (August 1999): 563–65. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199908000-00034.
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  - D’Ercole, F. J., D. Scott, E. Bell, S. M. Klein, and R. A. Greengrass. “Paravertebral blockade for modified radical mastectomy in a pregnant patient.” Anesth Analg 88, no. 6 (June 1999): 1351–53. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199906000-00029.
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  - Barton, A. C., D. Gleason, F. J. D’Ercole, S. M. Klein, R. A. Greengrass, and S. M. Steele. “Hemodynamic effects of peripheral nerve blocks for amputations of the lower extremity.” Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 24, no. 3 SUPPL. (January 1, 1999): 50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1098-7339(99)90227-4.
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  - Klein, S. M., and H. Benveniste. “Anxiety, vocalization, and agitation following peripheral nerve block with ropivacaine.” Reg Anesth Pain Med 24, no. 2 (1999): 175–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1098-7339(99)90081-0.
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  - Klein, S. M., R. A. Greengrass, S. M. Steele, F. J. D’Ercole, K. P. Speer, D. H. Gleason, E. R. DeLong, and D. S. Warner. “A comparison of 0.5% bupivacaine, 0.5% ropivacaine, and 0.75% ropivacaine for interscalene brachial plexus block.” Anesth Analg 87, no. 6 (December 1998): 1316–19. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199812000-00019.
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  - Greengrass, R. A., S. M. Klein, F. J. D’Ercole, D. G. Gleason, C. L. Shimer, and S. M. Steele. “Lumbar plexus and sciatic nerve block for knee arthroplasty: comparison of ropivacaine and bupivacaine.” Can J Anaesth 45, no. 11 (November 1998): 1094–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03012398.
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  - Steele, S. M., S. M. Klein, F. J. D’Ercole, R. A. Greengrass, and D. Gleason. “A new continuous catheter delivery system.” Anesth Analg 87, no. 1 (July 1998): 228. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199807000-00047.
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  - D’Ercole, F., A. Bergh, S. Klein, C. Lineberger, R. Greengrass, H. Benveniste, and S. Steele. “A teaching model for resident training in regional anesthesia.” Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 23, no. 3 SUPPL. (January 1, 1998): 112. https://doi.org/10.1097/00115550-199823031-00112.
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  - Klein, S. M., R. A. Greengrass, and D. S. Warner. “Paravertebral somatic nerve block for outpatient inguinal herniorraphy.” Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 23, no. 3 SUPPL. (January 1, 1998): 54. https://doi.org/10.1097/00115550-199823031-00054.
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  - Klein, S. M., R. A. Greengrass, C. Weltz, and D. S. Warner. “Paravertebral somatic nerve block for outpatient inguinal herniorrhaphy: an expanded case report of 22 patients.” Reg Anesth Pain Med 23, no. 3 (1998): 306–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1098-7339(98)90059-1.
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  - Klein, S. M., F. D’Ercole, R. A. Greengrass, and D. S. Warner. “Enoxaparin associated with psoas hematoma and lumbar plexopathy after lumbar plexus block.” Anesthesiology 87, no. 6 (December 1997): 1576–79. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199712000-00040.
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  - Klein, S. M., R. A. Greengrass, N. Knudsen, G. Leight, and D. S. Warner. “Regional anesthesia for thyroidectomy in two patients with amiodarone-induced hyperthyroidism.” Anesth Analg 85, no. 1 (July 1997): 222–24. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199707000-00041.
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  - Dentz, S., F. D’Ercole, R. Edgar, D. Gleason, R. Greengrass, S. Klein, S. Steele, and M. Dentz. “Safety and efficacy of supplementing interscalene blocks.” Regional Anesthesia 21, no. 2 SUPPL. (December 1, 1996): 22.
  - Lippmann, M., M. Ford, C. Lee, R. Ginsburg, W. Foran, W. Raum, and S. Klein. “Use of desflurane during resection of phaeochromocytoma.” British Journal of Anaesthesia 72, no. 6 (1994): 707–9.
  - Klein, S. M., and R. D. Sagers. “Glycine metabolism. I. Properties of the system catalyzing the exchange of bicarbonate with the carboxyl group of glycine in Peptococcus glycinophilus.” J Biol Chem 241, no. 1 (January 10, 1966): 197–205.
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  - Evans, H., K. C. Nielsen, M. S. Tucker, and S. M. Klein. “Regional anesthesia for acute pain management in the outpatient setting.” In Acute Pain Management, 287–301, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511576706.019.
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