Loren W. Nolte | Scholars@Duke

Loren W. Nolte
Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Loren Nolte is Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering with a secondary appointment as Professor of Biomedical Engineering. He received his PhD in Electrical Engineering from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. His current research interests are in signal detection and estimation theory with applications to ocean acoustics, biomedical statistical image processing, and optimal decision fusion.

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 1972

Contact Information

3471 CIEMAS, Durham, NC 27708
Box 90291, Durham, NC 27708-0291
lwn@ee.duke.edu (919) 660-5266

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- Ph.D., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 1965
- M.S.E.E., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 1960
- B.S.E.E., Northwestern University 1956
Duke Appointment History
- Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2003 - 2005
- Chair, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 1998 - 2001
- Professor, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 1972 - 1984
- Associate Professor with Tenure, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 1968 - 1972
- Associate Professor, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 1971 - 1972
- Assistant Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 1966 - 1968
Research
Selected Grants
- 3-D Microwave Imaging System for Breast Cancer Detection awarded by National Institutes of Health 2004 - 2007
- Optimal Detection, Classification, and Localization Framework for Translating Uncertainties in Ocean Environmental Parameters into the Computation of Improved Sonar Performance Prediction awarded by Office of Naval Research 2001 - 2004
- Networked Control Systems awarded by Army Research Office 2000 - 2004
- Networked Cooperative Robotics awarded by Army Research Office 2002 - 2004
- Mathematical Analysis of Biomedical Fluctuations awarded by Army Research Office 2002 - 2003
- Signal Detection Theory Based Microwave Imaging Algorithms and ROC Performance Analysis for Computer-aided Diagnosis of Breast Cancer awarded by Lord Foundation of North Carolina 2001 - 2002
- Summer Support of Two New Graduate Students to Obtain Initial Results and Prepare Research Proposals in Signal Dectection Theory Approaches to Medical Imaging and Computer-aided Diagnosis awarded by Lord Foundation of North Carolina 1999 - 2002
- Mathematical Analysis of Fluctuations in Human Gait Data awarded by Army Research Office 2000 - 2002
- Signal Detection and Estimation Based on Ocean Acoustics: Very Long Range Tracking awarded by Office of Naval Research 1998 - 1999
- Support for Writing on "Signal Detection/Estimation Theory for Engineers and Applied Scientists" awarded by Lord Foundation of North Carolina 1998 - 1999
- Signal Detection and Estimation Based on Ocean Acoustics: Ocean Acoustic Thermometry awarded by Office of Naval Research 1989 - 1996
- Ocean Acoustics Signal Processing in an Uncertain Environment: Assert awarded by Office of Naval Research 1993 - 1996
- Signal Detection and Estimation Based on Ocean Acoustics: Ocean Acoustic Thermometry awarded by Office of Naval Research 1991 - 1996
- Optimal Physics-based Detection and Classification of Objects in the Vicinity of an Uneven Seafloor awarded by Office of Naval Research 1994 - 1995
- Signal Detection and Estimation Based on Ocean Acoustics awarded by Office of Naval Research 1992 - 1994
- Adaptive Acoustic Signal Detection awarded by Office of Naval Research 1991 - 1992
- Adaptive Acoustic Signal Detection awarded by Office of Naval Research 1989 - 1990
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Academic Articles
  - Kiarashi, Nooshin, Loren W. Nolte, Joseph Y. Lo, W Paul Segars, Sujata V. Ghate, Justin B. Solomon, and Ehsan Samei. “Impact of breast structure on lesion detection in breast tomosynthesis, a simulation study.” J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 3, no. 3 (July 2016): 035504. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JMI.3.3.035504.
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  - Kiarashi, Nooshin, Adam C. Nolte, Gregory M. Sturgeon, William P. Segars, Sujata V. Ghate, Loren W. Nolte, Ehsan Samei, and Joseph Y. Lo. “Development of realistic physical breast phantoms matched to virtual breast phantoms based on human subject data.” Med Phys 42, no. 7 (July 2015): 4116–26. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.4919771.
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  - Kiarashi, Nooshin, Joseph Y. Lo, Yuan Lin, Lynda C. Ikejimba, Sujata V. Ghate, Loren W. Nolte, James T. Dobbins, William P. Segars, and Ehsan Samei. “Development and application of a suite of 4-D virtual breast phantoms for optimization and evaluation of breast imaging systems.” Ieee Trans Med Imaging 33, no. 7 (July 2014): 1401–9. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMI.2014.2312733.
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  - Kiarashi, N., S. V. Ghate, J. Y. Lo, L. W. Nolte, and E. Samei. “Application of a dynamic 4D anthropomorphic breast phantom in contrast-based imaging system optimization: Dual-energy or temporal subtraction?” Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) 7361 LNCS (August 15, 2012): 658–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31271-7_85.
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  - Chen, Baiyu, Jamie Shorey, Robert S. Saunders, Samuel Richard, John Thompson, Loren W. Nolte, and Ehsan Samei. “An anthropomorphic breast model for breast imaging simulation and optimization.” Acad Radiol 18, no. 5 (May 2011): 536–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2010.11.009.
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  - Agasthya, G. A., J. P. Shah, B. P. Harrawood, L. W. Nolte, and A. J. Kapadia. “Computerized detection of low SNR cases in NSECT: An ROC-based sensitivity analysis.” Ieee Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, January 1, 2011, 3935–38. https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2011.6153748.
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  - Barr, Roger C., Loren W. Nolte, and Andrew E. Pollard. “Bayesian quantitative electrophysiology and its multiple applications in bioengineering.” Ieee Reviews in Biomedical Engineering 3 (January 2010): 155–68. https://doi.org/10.1109/rbme.2010.2089375.
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  - Qian, Ming, Mario Aguilar, Karen N. Zachery, Claudio Privitera, Stanley Klein, Thom Carney, and Loren W. Nolte. “Decision-level fusion of EEG and pupil features for single-trial visual detection analysis.” Ieee Transactions on Bio Medical Engineering 56, no. 7 (July 2009): 1929–37. https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2009.2016670.
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  - Barr, R. C., L. W. Nolte, and A. E. Pollard. “Bayesian analysis of fiber impedance measurements.” Conference Proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference, December 1, 2007, 423–29.
  - Liao, Y., L. W. Nolte, and L. M. Collins. “Decision fusion of ground-penetrating radar and metal detector algorithms - A robust approach.” Ieee Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 45, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 398–409. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2006.888096.
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  - Barr, R. C., L. W. Nolte, and A. E. Pollard. “Bayesian analysis of fiber impedance measurements.” Conference Proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference 2007 (2007): 423–29.
  - Barr, Roger C., Loren W. Nolte, and Andrew E. Pollard. “Bayesian analysis of fiber impedance measurements.” Conference Proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual Conference 2007 (January 2007): 423–29. https://doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2007.4352314.
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  - Jesneck, Jonathan L., Loren W. Nolte, Jay A. Baker, Carey E. Floyd, and Joseph Y. Lo. “Optimized approach to decision fusion of heterogeneous data for breast cancer diagnosis.” Med Phys 33, no. 8 (August 2006): 2945–54. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.2208934.
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  - Jesneck, J. L., L. W. Nolte, J. A. Baker, and J. Y. Lo. “The effect of data set size on computer-aided diagnosis of breast cancer: Comparing decision fusion to a linear discriminant.” Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging Proceedings of Spie 6146 (June 23, 2006). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.655235.
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  - Sha, L., and L. W. Nolte. “Bayesian sonar detection performance prediction with source position uncertainty using SWellEx-96 vertical array data.” Ieee Journal of Oceanic Engineering 31, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 345–55. https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2006.875263.
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  - Sha, Liewei, and Loren W. Nolte. “Effects of environmental uncertainties on sonar detection performance prediction.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 117, no. 4 Pt 1 (April 2005): 1942–53. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1875653.
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  - Sha, Liewei, and Loren W. Nolte. “Bayesian sonar detection performance prediction in the presence of interference in uncertain environments.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 117, no. 4 Pt 1 (April 2005): 1954–64. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1871732.
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  - Bilska-Wolak, Anna O., Carey E. Floyd, Loren W. Nolte, and Joseph Y. Lo. “Application of likelihood ratio to classification of mammographic masses; performance comparison to case-based reasoning.” Med Phys 30, no. 5 (May 2003): 949–58. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.1565339.
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  - Tantum, Stacy L., Loren W. Nolte, Jeffrey L. Krolik, and Kerem Harmanci. “The performance of matched-field track-before-detect methods using shallow-water Pacific data.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 112, no. 1 (July 2002): 119–27. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1489435.
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  - Liu, Q. H., Z. Q. Zhang, T. T. Wang, J. A. Bryan, G. A. Ybarra, L. W. Nolte, and W. T. Joines. “Active microwave imaging I - 2-D forward and inverse scattering methods.” Ieee Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 50, no. 1 I (2002): 123–33. https://doi.org/10.1109/22.981256.
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  - Tantum, S. L., and L. W. Nolte. “On array design for matched-field processing.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 107, no. 4 (April 2000): 2101–11. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.428492.
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  - Rasimas, J. G., S. L. Tantum, and L. W. Nolte. “Bayesian signal detection for multiple aspect targets with an uncertain look angle.” Proceedings of Spie the International Society for Optical Engineering 3710, no. I (January 1, 1999): 718–26.
  - Tantum, S. L., and L. W. Nolte. “Effects of signal-to-noise ratio mismatch on Bayesian matched-field source localization performance.” Icassp, Ieee International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing Proceedings 5 (January 1, 1999): 2777–80.
  - Hodgkiss, W. S., and L. W. Nolte. “Optimal array processor performance trade-offs under directional uncertainty.” Ieee Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. (Usa) AES12, no. 5 (1998): 603–13.
  - Shorey, J. A., and L. W. Nolte. “Wideband optimal a posteriori probability source localization in an uncertain shallow ocean environment.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 103, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 355–61. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.421117.
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  - Tantum, S. L., and L. W. Nolte. “Tracking and localizing a moving source in an uncertain shallow water environment.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 103, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 362–73. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.421095.
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  - Book, P. J., and L. W. Nolte. “Wide-band source localization in the presence of internal waves.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 102, no. 5 I (November 1, 1997): 2597–2606. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.420314.
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  - Book, P. J., and L. W. Nolte. “Narrow-band source localization in the presence of internal waves for 1000-km range and 25-Hz acoustic frequency.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 101, no. 3 (March 1, 1997): 1336–46. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.418161.
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  - Vargas-Voracek, R., C. E. Floyd, L. W. Nolte, and P. McAdams. “Hierarchical Markov random field modeling for texture classification in chest radiographs.” Proceedings of Spie the International Society for Optical Engineering 2710 (December 1, 1996): 679–85. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.237971.
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  - Nolte, L. W., and J. A. Shorey. “Posteriori probability source localization in an uncertain shallow water environment (Hudson Canyon).” Icassp, Ieee International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing Proceedings 2 (January 1, 1996): 1197–1200.
  - Michalopoulou, Z. H., L. W. Nolte, and D. Alexandrou. “Performance evaluation of multilayer perceptrons in signal detection and classification.” Ieee Transactions on Neural Networks 6, no. 2 (January 1995): 381–86. https://doi.org/10.1109/72.363473.
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  - Premus, V., D. Alexandrou, and L. W. Nolte. “Full-field optimum detection in an uncertain, anisotropic random wave scattering environment.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 98, no. 2 (January 1, 1995): 1097–1110. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.414414.
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  - Jalihal, D., and L. W. Nolte. “Signal detection theory and reconstruction algorithms--performance for images in noise.” Ieee Transactions on Bio Medical Engineering 41, no. 5 (May 1994): 501–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/10.293226.
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  - Jalihal, D., and L. W. Nolte. “Signal Detection Theory Approach to the Multiple Parallel Moving Targets Problem.” Cvgip: Graphical Models and Image Processing 55, no. 4 (July 1, 1993): 235–54. https://doi.org/10.1006/cgip.1993.1017.
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  - Haralabus, G., V. Premus, D. Alexandrou, L. W. Nolte, and A. M. Richardson. “Source localization in an uncertain acoustic scattering environment.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 94, no. 6 (January 1, 1993): 3379–86. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.408225.
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  - Shorey, J. A., and L. W. Nolte. “A Posteriori Probability Source Localization with Uncertain Mesoscale Eddy Currents.” Ieee Journal of Oceanic Engineering 18, no. 3 (January 1, 1993): 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.1993.236358.
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  - Richardson, A. M., and L. W. Nolte. “A posteriori probability source localization with array tilt uncertainty.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 92, no. 3 (October 14, 1992): 1578–82. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.403899.
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  - Jalihal, D., and L. W. Nolte. “Optimal detection theory and image reconstruction-Comparison of performance in the presence of noise.” Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology 13, no. pt 1 (December 1, 1991): 26–27.
  - Rajala, S. A., L. W. Nolte, and J. V. Aanstoos. “Detection of unresolved target tracks in infrared imagery.” Proceedings of Spie the International Society for Optical Engineering 1606, no. pt 1 (January 1, 1991): 360–71. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.50334.
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  - Richardson, A. M., and L. W. Nolte. “A posteriori probability source localization in an uncertain sound speed, deep ocean environment.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 89, no. 5 (January 1, 1991): 2280–84. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.400918.
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  - Richardson, A. M., and L. W. Nolte. “Source localization in an uncertain range-dependent ocean.” Oceans Conference Record (Ieee), September 1, 1990, 263–67.
  - Brown, D. G., J. N. Lee, R. A. Blinder, H. Z. Wang, S. J. Riederer, and L. W. Nolte. “CNR enhancement in the presence of multiple interfering processes using linear filters.” Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 14, no. 1 (April 1990): 79–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.1910140109.
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  - Hunt, D. J., L. W. Nolte, A. R. Reibman, and W. Howard Ruedger. “Hough transform and signal detection theory performance for images with additive noise.” Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing 52, no. 3 (January 1, 1990): 386–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/0734-189X(90)90082-7.
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  - Reibman, A. R., and L. W. Nolte. “Optimal Fault-Tolerant Signal Detection.” Ieee Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing 38, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 179–80. https://doi.org/10.1109/29.45569.
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  - Reibman, A. R., and L. W. Nolte. “Optimal Design and Performance of Distributed Signal Detection Systems with Faults.” Ieee Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing 38, no. 10 (January 1, 1990): 1771–82. https://doi.org/10.1109/29.60108.
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  - Izzo, L., L. Paura, A. R. Reiban, and L. W. Nolte. “Comments, with reply, on "Optimal detection and performance of distributed sensor systems.” Ieee Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 25, no. 1 (January 1989): 113–14. https://doi.org/10.1109/7.18670.
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  - Reibman, A. R., and L. W. Nolte. “On determining the design of fusion detection networks.” Proceedings of the Ieee Conference on Decision and Control, December 1, 1988, 2474–2473.
  - Hunt, D. J., L. W. Nolte, and W. Howard Ruedger. “Performance of the hough transform and its relationship to statistical signal detection theory.” Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing 43, no. 2 (January 1, 1988): 221–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/0734-189X(88)90062-X.
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  - Reibman, A. R., and L. W. Nolte. “PERFORMANCE OF REDUNDANT AND DISTRIBUTED DETECTION SYSTEMS WITH PROCESSOR FAULTS.” Icassp, Ieee International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing Proceedings, January 1, 1988, 2805–8.
  - Hunt, D. J., L. W. Nolte, and W. H. Ruedger. “COMPARISON OF HOUGH TRANSFORM AND SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY APPROACHES FOR CURVE DETECTION.” Proceedings of the Annual Southeastern Symposium on System Theory, January 1, 1987, 520–24.
  - Nolte, L. W., S. C. Lee, and S. C. C. Liu. “On Performance of Array Signal Processing.” Ieee Journal of Oceanic Engineering 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 148–54. https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.1987.1145229.
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  - Nolte, L. W., S. C. Lee, and S. C. Liu. “On performance of array signal processing.” Ieee J. Ocean. Eng. (Usa) E-12, no. 1 (1987): 148–54.
  - Reibman, A. R., and L. W. Nolte. “Optimal Detection and Performance of Distributed Sensor Systems.” Ieee Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems AES-23, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 24–30. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.1987.313355.
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  - Reibman, A. R., and L. W. Nolte. “Design and Performance Comparison of Distributed Detection Networks.” Ieee Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems AES-23, no. 6 (January 1, 1987): 789–97. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.1987.310915.
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  - Reibman, A. R., and L. W. Nolte. “DETECTION PERFORMANCE OF TWO-SENSOR DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS FOR NORMAL LOCAL ROCS.” Proceedings of the Ieee Conference on Decision and Control, January 1, 1987, 1616–17. https://doi.org/10.1109/cdc.1987.272716.
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  - Reibman, A. R., and L. W. Nolte. “PERFORMANCE OF DISTRIBUTED DETECTION NETWORKS.” Proceedings of the Annual Southeastern Symposium on System Theory, January 1, 1987, 236–39.
  - Richardson, A. M., and L. W. Nolte. “UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC MULTIPATH SIGNAL PROCESSING.” Proceedings of the Annual Southeastern Symposium on System Theory, January 1, 1987, 228–30.
  - Earp, S. L., and L. W. Nolte. “MULTICHANNEL DETECTION OF KNOWN SIGNALS IN NOISE OF UNCERTAIN LEVEL.,” December 1, 1984, 312–14.
  - Zeferjahn, K., and L. W. Nolte. “SIGNAL DETECTION IN NON-GAUSSIAN ENVIRONMENTS.,” December 1, 1984, 315–17.
  - Earp, S. L., and L. W. Nolte. “MULTICHANNEL ADAPTIVE ARRAY PROCESSING FOR OPTIMAL DETECTION.” Icassp, Ieee International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing Proceedings 1 (January 1, 1984).
  - Beck, J. W., R. J. Jaszczak, R. Edward Coleman, C. Frank Starmer, and L. W. Nolte. “Analysis of spect including scatter and attenuation using sophisticated monte carlo modeling methods.” Ieee Transactions on Nuclear Science 29, no. 1 (January 1, 1982): 506–11. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.1982.4335896.
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  - Beck, J. W., R. J. Jaszczak, R. E. Coleman, C. F. Starmer, and L. W. Nolte. “ANALYSIS OF SPECT INCLUDING SCATTER AND ATTENUATION USING SOPHISTICATED MONTE CARLO MODELING METHODS.” Ieee Transactions on Nuclear Science NS-29, no. 1 (1981): 506–11.
  - Sharpe, S. M., and L. W. Nolte. “ADAPTIVE MSE ESTIMATION.” Icassp, Ieee International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing Proceedings 2 (January 1, 1981): 518–21.
  - Hodgkiss, W. S. “A Sequential Implementation of Optimal Array Processors.” Ieee Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems AES-16, no. 3 (January 1, 1980): 349–54. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.1980.308904.
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  - Huffman, S. D., and L. W. Nolte. “ADAPTIVE LINEAR ESTIMATION BASED ON TIME DOMAIN ORTHOGONALITY.” Record Ieee International Conference on Acoustics, Speech &Amp; Signal Processing 2 (January 1, 1980): 453–56.
  - Liu, S. C. C., and L. W. Nolte. “Performance Evaluation of Array Processors for Detecting Gaussian Acoustic Signals.” Ieee Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing 28, no. 3 (January 1, 1980): 328–33. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASSP.1980.1163411.
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  - Lui, S. C. C., and L. W. Nolte. “PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ARRAY PROCESSORS FOR DETECTING GAUSSIAN ACOUSTIC SIGNALS.” Ieee Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing ASSP-28, no. 3 (1980): 328–33.
  - Huffman, S. D., and L. W. Nolte. “FIXED-POINT ITERATION ALGORITHM FOR ADAPTIVE LINEAR ESTIMATION APPLIED TO SPECTRAL LINE ENHANCEMENT.,” January 1, 1979, 958–61.
  - Hodgkiss, W. S., and L. W. Nolte. “Array Processor Performance Under Directional Uncertainty.” Ieee Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems AES-14, no. 5 (January 1, 1978): 826–32. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.1978.308638.
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  - Hodgkiss, W. S., and L. W. Nolte. “ON RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DETECTION AND ESTIMATION THEORY.,” January 1, 1978, 133–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9941-1_7.
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  - Liu, C. S., and L. W. Nolte. “Performance sensitivity of array detectors to a priori spatial knowledge.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 63, no. 3 (January 1, 1978): 848–59. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.381805.
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  - Hodgkiss, W. S., and L. W. Nolte. “Adaptive optimum array processing [acoustic].” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. (Usa) 61, no. 3 (1977): 763–75.
  - Hodgkiss, W. S., and L. W. Nolte. “Bayes optimal versus estimate and plug array processor performance when there is directional uncertainty.” Proceedings of the Nato Advanced Study Institute of Signal Processing I (1977): 203–12.
  - Hodgkiss, W. S., and L. W. Nolte. “Adaptive optimum array processing.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 61, no. 3 (January 1, 1977): 763–75. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.381365.
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  - Lee, S. C., L. W. Nolte, and C. P. Hatsell. “A Generalized Likelihood Ratio Formula: Arbitrary Noise Statistics for Doubly Composite Hypotheses.” Ieee Transactions on Information Theory 23, no. 5 (January 1, 1977): 637–40. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIT.1977.1055766.
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  - Liu, C. S., and L. W. Nolte. “PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ARRAY PROCESSORS FOR DETECTING GAUSSIAN ACOUSTIC SIGNALS.,” January 1, 1977, 691–94.
  - Scharf, L. L., and L. W. Nolte. “Likelihood Ratios for Sequential Hypothesis Testing on Markov Sequences.” Ieee Transactions on Information Theory 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1977): 101–9. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIT.1977.1055661.
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  - Hodgkiss, W. S., and L. W. Nolte. “Optimal Array Processor Performance Trade-offs Under Directional Uncertainty.” Ieee Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems AES-12, no. 5 (January 1, 1976): 605–15. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.1976.308263.
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  - Hodgkiss, W. S., and L. W. Nolte. “Covariance between Fourier coefficients representing the time waveforms observed from an array of sensors.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 59, no. 3 (January 1, 1976): 582–90. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.380902.
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  - Liu, C. S., and L. W. Nolte. “Performance Comparison Between a Simplified and the Optimal Decoder for Minimizing Symbol Error Rate.” Ieee Transactions on Communications 24, no. 1 (January 1, 1976): 134–38. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCOM.1976.1093195.
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  - Liu, C. S., and L. W. Nolte. “PERFORMANCE COMPARISON BETWEEN A SIMPLIFIED AND THE OPTIMAL DECODER FOR MINIMIZING SYMBOL ERROR RATE.” Ieee Transactions on Communications COM-24, no. 1 (1976): 134–38.
  - Adams, S. L., and L. W. Nolte. “Optimum array detection in fluctuating ambient noise fields.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 58, no. 3 (January 1, 1975): 670–78. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.380713.
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  - Adams, S. L., and L. W. Nolte. “Bayes optimum array detection of targets of known location.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 58, no. 3 (January 1, 1975): 656–69. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.380712.
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  - Hodgkiss, W. S., and L. W. Nolte. “BAYES OPTIMUM AND MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD APPROACHES IN AN ARRAY PROCESSING PROBLEM.” Ieee Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems AES-11, no. 5 (1975): 913–16. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.1975.308004.
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  - Hodgkiss, W. S., and L. W. Nolte. “NOTE ON THE CALCULATION OF PERFORMANCE FOR LIKELIHOOD RATIO PROCESSORS VIA COMPUTER SIMULATION.” Ieee Transactions on Information Theory IT-21, no. 6 (1975): 695–98.
  - Gallop, M. A., and L. W. Nolte. “Bayesian Detection of Targets of Unknown Location.” Ieee Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems AES-10, no. 4 (January 1, 1974): 429–35. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.1974.307795.
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  - Hatsell, C. P., and L. W. Nolte. “Optimal Detection of a Signal with Time-Varying Carrier Phase.” Ieee Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems AES-10, no. 6 (January 1, 1974): 788–94. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.1974.307885.
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  - Hatsell, C. P., and L. W. Nolte. “A New Generalized Likelihood Ratio Formula.” Ieee Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics SMC-4, no. 4 (January 1, 1974): 389–92. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.1974.5408461.
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  - Nolte, L. W. “ADAPTIVE PROCESSING: TIME-VARYING PARAMETERS.,” January 1, 1973, 647–56.
  - Baxa, E. G., and L. W. Nolte. “Adaptive Signal Detection with Finite Memory.” Ieee Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics SMC-2, no. 1 (January 1, 1972): 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.1972.5408555.
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  - HATSELL, C., and L. NOLTE. “Some geometric properties of the likelihood ratio.” Ieee Transactions on Information Theory IT-17, no. 5 (1971): 616–18.
  - Hatsell, C. P., and L. W. Nolte. “Some Geometric Properties of the Likelihoood Ratio.” Ieee Transactions on Information Theory 17, no. 5 (January 1, 1971): 616–18. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIT.1971.1054672.
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  - Hatsell, C. P., and L. W. Nolte. “On Transient and PeriodicSignal Detection in Time-Varying Noise Power.” Ieee Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems AES-7, no. 6 (January 1, 1971): 1100–1112. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.1971.310211.
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  - Hatsell, C. P., and L. W. Nolte. “Detectability of burst-like signals.” Ieee Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems AES-7, no. 2 (January 1, 1971): 398–400. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.1971.310383.
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  - Nolte, L. W. “Adaptive optimum detection: synchronous-recurrent transients.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 44, no. 1 (July 1968): 224–39. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1911058.
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  - Nolte, L. W. “An Adaptive Realization of the Optimum Receiver for a Sporadically Recurrent Waveform in Noise.” Ieee Transactions on Information Theory 13, no. 2 (January 1, 1967): 308–11. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIT.1967.1053996.
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  - Nolte, L. W. “An adaptive realization of the optimum receiver for a sporadically recurrent wave-form in noise.” Ieee Transactions on Information Theory IT-13, no. 2 (1967): 308–11.
  - Nolte, L. W. “Theory of Signal Detectability: Adaptive Optimum Receiver Design.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 42, no. 4 (January 1, 1967): 773–77. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1910649.
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  - Nolte, L. W., and D. Jaarsma. “More on the Detection of One of M Orthogonal Signals.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 41, no. 2 (January 1, 1967): 497–505. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1910360.
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  - NOLTE, L. W. “An Adaptive Realization of the Optimum Receiver for a Synchronous Recurrent Waveform.” Ieee Transactions on Information Theory 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1966): 78–80. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIT.1966.1053845.
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  - Nolte, L. W. “Adaptive realization of optimum receiver for sporadic-recurrent waveform in noise.” Ieee Communications Convention, 1965, 593–98.
  - Shorey, J. A., L. W. Nolte, and J. L. Krolik. “Computationally efficient Monte Carlo estimation algorithms for matched field processing in uncertain ocean environments.” J. Comput. Acoust. (Singapore) 2, no. 3 (n.d.): 285–314.
- Book Sections
  - Jesneck, J. L., S. Mukherjee, L. W. Nolte, A. E. Lokshin, J. R. Marks, and J. Lo. “Decision fusion of circulating markers for breast cancer detection in premenopausal women,” 1434–38, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1109/BIBE.2007.4375762.
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- Conference Papers
  - Xian, Y., X. Sun, W. Liao, Y. Zhang, D. Nowacek, and L. Nolte. “Intrinsic structure study of whale vocalizations.” In Oceans 2016 Mts/Ieee Monterey, Oce 2016, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2016.7761101.
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  - Kiarashi, N., L. W. Nolte, J. Y. Lo, W. P. Segars, S. V. Ghate, and E. Samei. “The impact of breast structure on lesion detection in breast tomosynthesis.” In Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging Proceedings of Spie, Vol. 9412, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2082473.
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  - Xian, Y., A. Thompson, Q. Qiu, L. Nolte, D. Nowacek, J. Lu, and R. Calderbank. “Classification of whale vocalizations using the Weyl transform.” In Icassp, Ieee International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing Proceedings, 2015-August:773–77, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP.2015.7178074.
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  - Kiarashi, N., G. M. Sturgeon, L. W. Nolte, J. Y. Lo, J. T. D. III, W. P. Segars, and E. Samei. “Development of matched virtual and physical breast phantoms based on patient data.” In Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging Proceedings of Spie, Vol. 8668, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2008406.
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  - Kiarashi, N., Y. Lin, W. P. Segars, S. V. Ghate, L. Ikejimba, B. Chen, J. Y. Lo, J. T. Dobbins, L. W. Nolte, and E. Samei. “Development of a dynamic 4D anthropomorphic breast phantom for contrast-based breast imaging.” In Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging Proceedings of Spie, Vol. 8313, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.913332.
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  - Liao, Y., L. W. Nolte, and L. Collins. “Optimal Multisensor Decision Fusion of Mine Detection Algorithms.” In Proceedings of Spie the International Society for Optical Engineering, 5089:1252–60, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.486834.
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  - Collins, L. M., V. George, T. W. Altshuler, L. W. Nolte, and L. Carlin. “Improved decision-theoretic approach to the optimum detection of mines.” In Proceedings of Spie the International Society for Optical Engineering, 3079:716–23, 1997.
  - Michalopoulou, Z., L. Nolte, and D. Alexandrou. “ROC performance evaluation of multilayer perceptrons in the detection of one of M orthogonal signals.” In Icassp, Ieee International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing Proceedings, 2:309–12, 1992. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP.1992.226058.
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  - Shorey, J. A., and L. W. Nolte. “Source localization in the presence of a mesoscale eddy.” In Oceans 1992 Proceedings: Mastering the Oceans Through Technology, 1:396–401, 1992. https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1992.612724.
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  - Liu, C. S., and L. W. Nolte. “Performance evaluation of array processors for detecting Gaussian acoustic signals.” In Icassp, Ieee International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing Proceedings, 1977-May:691–94, 1977. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP.1977.1170161.
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  - Gallop, M. A., and L. W. Nolte. “Adaptive optimal array detection of targets of unknown spatial location.” In Proceedings of the Ieee Conference on Decision and Control, 566–67, 1971. https://doi.org/10.1109/CDC.1971.4044826.
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  - Baxa, E. G., and L. W. Nolte. “Sequentially operating finite memory detectors.” In Proceedings of the 1970 9th Ieee Symposium on Adaptive Processes, Decision and Control, Sap 1970, 1970. https://doi.org/10.1109/SAP.1970.4044618.
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  - Hatsell, C. P., and L. W. Nolte. “A new generalized likelihood ratio philosophy.” In Proceedings of the 1970 9th Ieee Symposium on Adaptive Processes, Decision and Control, Sap 1970, 1970. https://doi.org/10.1109/SAP.1970.4044616.
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