Rachel Gottron Greenberg

Rachel Gottron Greenberg
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Pediatrics, Neonatology, Pediatrics 2016
Member in the Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Institutes and Centers 2016

Contact Information

2424 Erwin Rd, Suite 504, Durham, NC 27710
Box 2720 Med Ctr, Durham, NC 27710
rachel.greenberg@duke.edu (919) 668-4725

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- Fellowship, Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Pediatrics Neonatology, Duke University School of Medicine 2013 - 2016
- Chief Resident, Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine 2012 - 2013
- Pediatric Internship and Residency, Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine 2009 - 2012
- Pediatric Residency, Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine 2009 - 2012
- M.D., Duke University School of Medicine 2009
Duke Appointment History
- Medical Instructor in the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatrics, Primary Care Pediatrics, Pediatrics 2012 - 2013
Recognition
In the News
- APR 6, 2018 Science
  
  A delicate balance
Research
Selected Grants
- Center for Innovative TRIals in ChilDrEN and AdulTs (TRIDENT) awarded by National Institutes of Health 2016 - 2023
- Duke Summer Training in Academic Research (Duke's STAR) awarded by National Institutes of Health 2018 - 2023
- CISA RTOP 2017-01 Apnea (Lead) - Option 2 2019 - 2021
- CISA RTOP 2017-01 Apnea (Lead) - Option 1 2017 - 2021
- Relationship between cerebrospinal fluid penetration of antimicrobials in infants and juvenile animals awarded by Food and Drug Administration 2016 - 2020
- VDORA 2018 - 2020
- Perinatal Quality Collaborative of North Carolina Statistical Support awarded by University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill 2016 - 2020
- CISA RTOP 2017-01 Apnea (Lead) - Base 2017 - 2018
- NIH Summer Research Experience Programs (R25) awarded by National Institutes of Health 2013 - 2018
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Academic Articles
  - Berube, Megan W., Monica E. Lemmon, Carolyn E. Pizoli, Margarita Bidegain, Veeral N. Tolia, C Michael Cotten, and Rachel G. Greenberg. “Opioid and benzodiazepine use during therapeutic hypothermia in encephalopathic neonates..” J Perinatol 40, no. 1 (January 2020): 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-019-0533-4.
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  - Gupta, Dhruv, Rachel G. Greenberg, Amit Sharma, Girija Natarajan, Michael Cotten, Ronald Thomas, and Sanjay Chawla. “A predictive model for extubation readiness in extremely preterm infants..” J Perinatol 39, no. 12 (December 2019): 1663–69. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-019-0475-x.
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  - Zimmerman, Kanecia O., Huali Wu, Matthew Laughon, Rachel G. Greenberg, Richard Walczak, Scott R. Schulman, P Brian Smith, Christoph P. Hornik, Michael Cohen-Wolkowiez, and Kevin M. Watt. “Dexmedetomidine Pharmacokinetics and a New Dosing Paradigm in Infants Supported With Cardiopulmonary Bypass..” Anesth Analg 129, no. 6 (December 2019): 1519–28. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000003700.
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  - Puia-Dumitrescu, Mihai, Rachel G. Greenberg, Noelle Younge, Margarita Bidegain, C Michael Cotten, Martin McCaffrey, Amy Murtha, et al. “Disparities in the use of antenatal corticosteroids among women with hypertension in North Carolina..” J Perinatol, November 25, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-019-0555-y.
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  - Ji, Dabin, P Brian Smith, Reese H. Clark, Kanecia O. Zimmerman, Matthew Laughon, Lawrence Ku, and Rachel G. Greenberg. “Wide variation in caffeine discontinuation timing in premature infants..” J Perinatol, November 22, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-019-0561-0.
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  - Greenberg, Rachel G., Huali Wu, Anil Maharaj, Michael Cohen-Wolkowiez, Kay M. Tomashek, Blaire L. Osborn, Reese H. Clark, and Emmanuel B. Walter. “A Pharmacoepidemiologic Study of the Safety and Effectiveness of Clindamycin in Infants..” Pediatr Infect Dis J, November 5, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000002524.
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  - Gonski, Samantha, Susan R. Hupp, C Michael Cotten, Reese H. Clark, Matthew Laughon, Kevin Watt, Christoph P. Hornik, Karan Kumar, P Brian Smith, and Rachel G. Greenberg. “Risk of development of treated retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight infants..” J Perinatol 39, no. 11 (November 2019): 1562–68. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-019-0487-6.
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  - Greene, Nathaniel H., Rachel G. Greenberg, Sean M. O’Brien, Alex R. Kemper, Marie Lynn Miranda, Reese H. Clark, and P Brian Smith. “Variation in Gastrostomy Tube Placement in Premature Infants in the United States..” Am J Perinatol 36, no. 12 (October 2019): 1243–49. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1676591.
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  - Natarajan, Girija, Seetha Shankaran, Tracy L. Nolen, Amaanti Sridhar, Kathleen A. Kennedy, Susan R. Hintz, Dale L. Phelps, et al. “Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Preterm Infants With Retinopathy of Prematurity by Treatment..” Pediatrics 144, no. 2 (August 2019). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-3537.
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  - Greenberg, Rachel G., Dhuly Chowdhury, Nellie I. Hansen, P Brian Smith, Barbara J. Stoll, Pablo J. Sánchez, Abhik Das, et al. “Prolonged duration of early antibiotic therapy in extremely premature infants..” Pediatr Res 85, no. 7 (June 2019): 994–1000. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-019-0300-4.
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  - Greenberg, Rachel G., Sreepriya Gayam, Destiny Savage, Andrew Tong, Daniel Gorham, Ari Sholomon, Reese H. Clark, et al. “Furosemide Exposure and Prevention of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Premature Infants..” J Pediatr 208 (May 2019): 134-140.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.11.043.
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  - Tolia, Veeral N., Timothy M. Bahr, Monica M. Bennett, Gregory Martin, Rachel G. Greenberg, Matthew M. Laughon, and Reese H. Clark. “The Association of Hydrocortisone Dosage on Mortality in Infants Born Extremely Premature..” J Pediatr 207 (April 2019): 143-147.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.11.023.
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  - Puia-Dumitrescu, Mihai, Daniel K. Benjamin, P Brian Smith, Rachel G. Greenberg, Nada Abuzaid, Winsome Andrews, Kris Chellani, et al. “Impact of Gastrostomy Tube Placement on Short-Term Weight Gain in Hospitalized Premature Infants..” Jpen J Parenter Enteral Nutr, March 25, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpen.1539.
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  - Aleem, Samia, and Rachel G. Greenberg. “When to Include a Lumbar Puncture in the Evaluation for Neonatal Sepsis..” Neoreviews 20, no. 3 (March 2019): e124–34. https://doi.org/10.1542/neo.20-3-e124.
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  - Rivera-Chaparro, Nazario D., Jessica Ericson, Huali Wu, P Brian Smith, Reese H. Clark, Daniel K. Benjamin, Michael Cohen-Wolkowiez, and Rachel G. Greenberg. “Safety, Effectiveness and Exposure-response of Micafungin in Infants: Application of an Established Pharmacokinetics Model to Electronic Health Records..” Pediatr Infect Dis J 38, no. 2 (February 2019): e26–28. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000002045.
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  - Ku, L. C., C. Simmons, P. B. Smith, R. G. Greenberg, K. Fisher, C. D. Hornik, C Michael Cotten, R. N. Goldberg, and M. Bidegain. “Intranasal midazolam and fentanyl for procedural sedation and analgesia in infants in the neonatal intensive care unit..” J Neonatal Perinatal Med 12, no. 2 (2019): 143–48. https://doi.org/10.3233/NPM-17149.
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  - Greenberg, Rachel G., P Brian Smith, Carl Bose, Reese H. Clark, C Michael Cotten, and Chris DeRienzo. “National Survey of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Medication Safety Practices..” Am J Perinatol 35, no. 14 (December 2018): 1419–22. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1660837.
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  - Tolia, Veeral N., Karna Murthy, Monica M. Bennett, Rachel G. Greenberg, Daniel K. Benjamin, P Brian Smith, and Reese H. Clark. “Morphine vs Methadone Treatment for Infants with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome..” J Pediatr 203 (December 2018): 185–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.07.061.
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  - Gray, Keyaria D., Kathryn Dudash, Carla Escobar, Colman Freel, Tylah Harrison, Chandler McMillan, Mihai Puia-Dumitrescu, et al. “Prevalence and safety of diazoxide in the neonatal intensive care unit..” J Perinatol 38, no. 11 (November 2018): 1496–1502. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-018-0218-4.
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  - Kumar, Karan R., David A. Clark, Evan M. Kim, Jasmine D. Perry, Kaylyn Wright, Sheikisha A. Thomas, Elizabeth J. Thompson, et al. “Association of Atrial Septal Defects and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Premature Infants..” J Pediatr 202 (November 2018): 56-62.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.07.024.
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  - Romaine, Andrew, Reese H. Clark, Briana R. Davis, Kaitlin Hendershot, Vance Kite, Madeleine Laughon, Isaac Updike, et al. “Predictors of Prolonged Breast Milk Provision to Very Low Birth Weight Infants..” J Pediatr 202 (November 2018): 23-30.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.07.001.
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  - Jammeh, Momodou L., Obinna O. Adibe, Elisabeth T. Tracy, Henry E. Rice, Reese H. Clark, P Brian Smith, and Rachel G. Greenberg. “Racial/ethnic differences in necrotizing enterocolitis incidence and outcomes in premature very low birth weight infants..” J Perinatol 38, no. 10 (October 2018): 1386–90. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-018-0184-x.
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  - Wang, Laura A., P Brian Smith, Matthew Laughon, Ronald N. Goldberg, Lawrence C. Ku, Kanecia O. Zimmerman, Stephen Balevic, et al. “Prolonged furosemide exposure and risk of abnormal newborn hearing screen in premature infants..” Early Hum Dev 125 (October 2018): 26–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.08.009.
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  - Zimmerman, Kanecia O., Huali Wu, Matthew Laughon, Rachel G. Greenberg, Richard Walczak, Scott R. Schulman, P Brian Smith, Christoph P. Hornik, Michael Cohen-Wolkowiez, and Kevin M. Watt. “Dexmedetomidine Pharmacokinetics and a New Dosing Paradigm in Infants Supported With Cardiopulmonary Bypass..” Anesth Analg, August 22, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000003700.
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  - Thompson, Elizabeth J., Rachel G. Greenberg, Karan Kumar, Matthew Laughon, P Brian Smith, Reese H. Clark, Andromeda Crowell, et al. “Association between Furosemide Exposure and Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Hospitalized Infants of Very Low Birth Weight..” J Pediatr 199 (August 2018): 231–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.03.067.
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  - Gulack, Brian C., Rachel Greenberg, Reese H. Clark, Marie Lynn Miranda, Martin L. Blakely, Henry E. Rice, Obinna O. Adibe, Elisabeth T. Tracy, and P Brian Smith. “A multi-institution analysis of predictors of timing of inguinal hernia repair among premature infants..” J Pediatr Surg 53, no. 4 (April 2018): 784–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2017.09.009.
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  - Greenberg, Rachel G., Amy Corneli, John Bradley, John Farley, Hasan S. Jafri, Li Lin, Sumathi Nambiar, et al. “Perceived barriers to pediatrician and family practitioner participation in pediatric clinical trials: Findings from the Clinical Trials Transformation Initiative..” Contemp Clin Trials Commun 9 (March 2018): 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conctc.2017.11.006.
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  - Greenberg, Rachel G., Breck Gamel, Diane Bloom, John Bradley, Hasan S. Jafri, Denise Hinton, Sumathi Nambiar, et al. “Parents' perceived obstacles to pediatric clinical trial participation: Findings from the clinical trials transformation initiative..” Contemp Clin Trials Commun 9 (March 2018): 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conctc.2017.11.005.
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  - Heath, Travis S., Rachel G. Greenberg, Susan R. Hupp, David A. Turner, Christoph P. Hornik, and Kanecia O. Zimmerman. “Effects of Methadone on Corrected Q-T Interval Prolongation in Critically Ill Children..” J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 23, no. 2 (March 2018): 119–24. https://doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-23.2.119.
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  - Testoni, Daniela, Christoph P. Hornik, Ruth Guinsburg, Reese H. Clark, Rachel G. Greenberg, Daniel K. Benjamin, and P Brian Smith. “Early lumbar puncture and risk of intraventricular hemorrhage in very low birth weight infants..” Early Hum Dev 117 (February 2018): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.11.013.
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  - Lee, Jan Hau, Rachel G. Greenberg, Bin H. Quek, Reese H. Clark, Matthew M. Laughon, P Brian Smith, and Christoph P. Hornik. “Association between early echocardiography, therapy for patent ductus arteriosus, and outcomes in very low birth weight infants..” Cardiol Young 27, no. 9 (November 2017): 1732–39. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047951117001081.
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  - Schueller, Maya, Rachel G. Greenberg, P Brian Smith, Matthew M. Laughon, Reese H. Clark, and Christoph P. Hornik. “In-Hospital Outcomes Following Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in a Retrospective Cohort of Infants..” Am J Perinatol 34, no. 13 (November 2017): 1347–53. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1603593.
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  - Greenberg, Rachel G., Huali Wu, Matthew Laughon, Edmund Capparelli, Stevie Rowe, Kanecia O. Zimmerman, P Brian Smith, and Michael Cohen-Wolkowiez. “Population Pharmacokinetics of Dexmedetomidine in Infants..” J Clin Pharmacol 57, no. 9 (September 2017): 1174–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.904.
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  - Rivera-Chaparro, Nazario D., Michael Cohen-Wolkowiez, and Rachel G. Greenberg. “Dosing antibiotics in neonates: review of the pharmacokinetic data..” Future Microbiol 12 (September 2017): 1001–16. https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2017-0058.
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  - Greenberg, Rachel G., Sarah Kandefer, Barbara T. Do, P Brian Smith, Barbara J. Stoll, Edward F. Bell, Waldemar A. Carlo, et al. “Late-onset Sepsis in Extremely Premature Infants: 2000-2011..” Pediatr Infect Dis J 36, no. 8 (August 2017): 774–79. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000001570.
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  - Ravisankar, Srikanth, Devon Kuehn, Reese H. Clark, Rachel G. Greenberg, P Brian Smith, and Christoph P. Hornik. “Antihypertensive drug exposure in premature infants from 1997 to 2013..” Cardiol Young 27, no. 5 (July 2017): 905–11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047951116001591.
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  - McCrary, A. W., L. C. Page, G. H. Tatum, R. G. Greenberg, S. B. Wechsler, and P. G. Balikcioglu. “Case 3: Respiratory distress and tachycardia in a preterm neonate.” Neoreviews 18, no. 6 (June 1, 2017): e392–94. https://doi.org/10.1542/neo.18-6-e392.
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  - Virkud, Yamini V., Christoph P. Hornik, Daniel K. Benjamin, Matthew M. Laughon, Reese H. Clark, Rachel G. Greenberg, and P Brian Smith. “Respiratory Support for Very Low Birth Weight Infants Receiving Dexamethasone..” J Pediatr 183 (April 2017): 26-30.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.12.035.
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  - Parente, V., R. H. Clark, L. Ku, C. Fennell, M. Johnson, E. Morris, A. Romaine, et al. “Risk factors for group B streptococcal disease in neonates of mothers with negative antenatal testing..” J Perinatol 37, no. 2 (February 2017): 157–61. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2016.201.
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  - Ku, Lawrence C., Huali Wu, Rachel G. Greenberg, Kevin D. Hill, Daniel Gonzalez, Christoph P. Hornik, Alysha Berezny, et al. “Use of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Electronic Health Record Data, and Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Determine the Therapeutic Index of Phenytoin and Lamotrigine..” Ther Drug Monit 38, no. 6 (December 2016): 728–37. https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0000000000000354.
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  - Rudra, Sharmistha, Obinna O. Adibe, William F. Malcolm, P Brian Smith, C Michael Cotten, and Rachel G. Greenberg. “Gastrostomy tube placement in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: Frequency, predictors, and growth outcomes..” Early Hum Dev 103 (December 2016): 97–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2016.08.003.
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  - Lee, J. H., R. G. Greenberg, B. H. Quek, R. H. Clark, M. M. Laughon, P. B. Smith, and C. P. Hornik. “ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EARLY ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS THERAPY, AND OUTCOMES IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS.” European Journal of Pediatrics 175, no. 11 (November 1, 2016): 1581–82.
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  - Zimmerman, Kanecia O., Huali Wu, Rachel Greenberg, Jeffrey T. Guptill, Kevin Hill, Uptal D. Patel, Lawrence Ku, et al. “Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Electronic Health Records, and Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Evaluate Sirolimus Drug Exposure-Response Relationships in Renal Transplant Patients..” Ther Drug Monit 38, no. 5 (October 2016): 600–606. https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0000000000000313.
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  - Greenberg, Rachel G., Chiara Melloni, Huali Wu, Daniel Gonzalez, Lawrence Ku, Kevin D. Hill, Christoph P. Hornik, Michael Cohen-Wolkowiez, and Jeffrey T. Guptill. “Therapeutic Index Estimation of Antiepileptic Drugs: A Systematic Literature Review Approach..” Clin Neuropharmacol 39, no. 5 (September 2016): 232–40. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0000000000000172.
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  - Greenberg, Rachel G., Keith M. Cochran, P Brian Smith, Barbara S. Edson, Joseph Schulman, Henry C. Lee, Balaji Govindaswami, et al. “Effect of Catheter Dwell Time on Risk of Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection in Infants..” Pediatrics 136, no. 6 (December 2015): 1080–86. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-0573.
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  - Greenberg, Rachel G., and Daniel K. Benjamin. “Neonatal candidiasis: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment..” J Infect 69 Suppl 1 (November 2014): S19–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2014.07.012.
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  - Greenberg, Rachel G., Daniel K. Benjamin, Marie G. Gantz, C Michael Cotten, Barbara J. Stoll, Michele C. Walsh, Pablo J. Sánchez, et al. “Empiric antifungal therapy and outcomes in extremely low birth weight infants with invasive candidiasis..” J Pediatr 161, no. 2 (August 2012): 264-9.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.01.053.
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  - Greenberg, R. G., D. K. Benjamin, M. Cohen-Wolkowiez, R. H. Clark, C. M. Cotten, M. Laughon, and P. B. Smith. “Repeat lumbar punctures in infants with meningitis in the neonatal intensive care unit..” J Perinatol 31, no. 6 (June 2011): 425–29. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2010.142.
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  - Bidegain, Margarita, Rachel Greenberg, Catherine Simmons, Chi Dang, C Michael Cotten, and P Brian Smith. “Vasopressin for refractory hypotension in extremely low birth weight infants..” J Pediatr 157, no. 3 (September 2010): 502–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.04.038.
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  - Greenberg, Rachel G., Cassandra Moran, Martin Ulshen, P Brian Smith, Daniel K. Benjamin, and Michael Cohen-Wolkowiez. “Outcomes of catheter-associated infections in pediatric patients with short bowel syndrome..” J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 50, no. 4 (April 2010): 460–62. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181b99d07.
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  - Greenberg, Rachel G., P Brian Smith, C Michael Cotten, M Anthony Moody, Reese H. Clark, and Daniel K. Benjamin. “Traumatic lumbar punctures in neonates: test performance of the cerebrospinal fluid white blood cell count..” Pediatr Infect Dis J 27, no. 12 (December 2008): 1047–51. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e31817e519b.
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Education, Training, & Certifications

Duke Appointment History

In the News

Selected Grants

Selected Publications

Academic Articles