Sari Palmroth | Scholars@Duke

Sari Palmroth
Associate Research Professor in the Division of Environmental Science and Policy

Dr. Palmroth's research focuses on the effects of resource availability and climatic variability on carbon uptake and allocation of individual shoots, trees and forest ecosystems. She studies ecophysiological processes in trees from leaf to stand scales, with special emphasis on conifers. In particular, Dr. Palmroth is interested in the radiative transfer in forest canopies, how the radiation regime is affected by conifer shoot structure, and what the feedbacks are between availability of solar energy and allocation on carbon and nitrogen within canopies. She is also interested in how the carbon fixed in photosynthesis is allocated between above and belowground pools and what are the possible interaction effects on the allocation of the availabilities of nutrients and water and the level of atmospheric [CO2].

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Associate Research Professor in the Division of Environmental Science and Policy, Environmental Sciences and Policy, Nicholas School of the Environment 2013

Contact Information

A233a Lev Sci Res Ctr, Durham, NC 27708
Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708-0328
sari.palmroth@duke.edu (919) 613-8089

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- Ph.D., University of Helsinki (Finland) 2000
Recognition
In the News
- APR 24, 2018 Nicholas School of the Environment
  
  Keeping the Land in the Family
Expertise
Global Scholarship
- Research
  - Sweden (Country)
  - United States of America (Country)
Research
Selected Grants
- Human and Natural Forcings of Critical Zone Dynamics and Evolution at the Calhoun Critical Zone Observatory awarded by National Science Foundation 2013 - 2018
- Constraining the Simultaneous Effects of Elevated CO2, Temperature, and Shifts in Rainfall Patterns on Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes Using Multi-Scale Resource Optimization Theories awarded by Department of Energy 2011 - 2016
- Duke Forest FACE Experiment: Forest-Atmosphere Carbon Transfer and Storage awarded by Department of Energy 2001 - 2015
- How will the Interaction Between Roots and Canopy Physiological Functioning at Night Influence Water and Carbon Fluxes Under Changing Environmental Conditions? awarded by North Carolina State University 2011 - 2015
- Hydraulic Controls on Carbon Cycling and Water Exchange Rates of Southern Conifers awarded by Department of Agriculture 2011 - 2015
- Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on Carbon Cycling and Sequestration Under Current and Elevated Atmospheric CO2 awarded by Forest Service 2009 - 2012
- A Proposed Southeastern Regional Center of the National Institute of Climate Change: Research at Duke University awarded by Department of Energy 2005 - 2011
- De-convolving the Effects of Rising Atmospheric CO2, Solar Dimming, and Afforestation on Usable Water and Carbon Sequestration Potential in the Southeastern U.S. awarded by National Science Foundation 2006 - 2010
- Controls of Net Ecosystem Exchange at an Old Field, a Pine Plantation, and a Hardwood Forest Under Identical Climatic and Edaphic Conditions awarded by Department of Energy 2000 - 2009
- STIR - Field Testing of the HOP LIDAR awarded by Army Research Office 2008 - 2009
- Reducing Uncertainty in Current and Projected Carbon Sequestration in Southeastern U.S.: Phase VI awarded by Forest Service 2004 - 2005
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Academic Articles
  - Kim, Dohyoung, David Medvigy, Chris A. Maier, Kurt Johnsen, and Sari Palmroth. “Biomass increases attributed to both faster tree growth and altered allometric relationships under long-term carbon dioxide enrichment at a temperate forest.” Global Change Biology, December 23, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14971.
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  - Domec, Jean-Christophe, Henry Berghoff, Danielle A. Way, Menachem Moshelion, Sari Palmroth, Katre Kets, Cheng-Wei Huang, and Ram Oren. “Mechanisms for minimizing height-related stomatal conductance declines in tall vines.” Plant, Cell & Environment 42, no. 11 (November 2019): 3121–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13593.
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  - Palmroth, S., L. H. Bach, M. Lindh, P. Kolari, A. Nordin, and K. Palmqvist. “Nitrogen supply and other controls of carbon uptake of understory vegetation in a boreal Picea abies forest.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 276–277 (October 15, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107620.
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  - Wang, Na, Sari Palmroth, Christopher A. Maier, Jean-Christophe Domec, and Ram Oren. “Anatomical changes with needle length are correlated with leaf structural and physiological traits across five Pinus species.” Plant, Cell & Environment 42, no. 5 (May 2019): 1690–1704. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13516.
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  - Kurjak, D., A. Konôpková, J. Kmeť, M. Macková, J. Frýdl, M. Živčák, S. Palmroth, Ľ. Ditmarová, and D. Gömöry. “Variation in the performance and thermostability of photosystem II in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) provenances is influenced more by acclimation than by adaptation.” European Journal of Forest Research 138, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 79–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-018-1155-7.
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  - Yin, Chunying, Sari Palmroth, Xueyong Pang, Bo Tang, Qing Liu, and Ram Oren. “Differential responses of Picea asperata and Betula albosinensis to nitrogen supply imposed by water availability.” Tree Physiology 38, no. 11 (November 2018): 1694–1705. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpy048.
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  - Ward, Eric J., Ram Oren, Hyun Seok Kim, Dohyoung Kim, Pantana Tor-Ngern, Brent E. Ewers, Heather R. McCarthy, et al. “Evapotranspiration and water yield of a pine-broadleaf forest are not altered by long-term atmospheric [CO2 ] enrichment under native or enhanced soil fertility.” Global Change Biology 24, no. 10 (October 2018): 4841–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14363.
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  - Huang, C. W., J. C. Domec, S. Palmroth, W. T. Pockman, M. E. Litvak, and G. G. Katul. “Transport in a coordinated soil-root-xylem-phloem leaf system.” Advances in Water Resources 119 (September 1, 2018): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2018.06.002.
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  - Tor-ngern, Pantana, Ram Oren, Sari Palmroth, Kimberly Novick, Andrew Oishi, Sune Linder, Mikaell Ottosson-Löfvenius, and Torgny Näsholm. “Water balance of pine forests: Synthesis of new and published results.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 259 (September 2018): 107–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.04.021.
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  - Kim, Dohyoung, Ram Oren, James S. Clark, Sari Palmroth, A Christopher Oishi, Heather R. McCarthy, Chris A. Maier, and Kurt Johnsen. “Dynamics of soil CO2 efflux under varying atmospheric CO2 concentrations reveal dominance of slow processes.” Global Change Biology 23, no. 9 (September 2017): 3501–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13713.
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  - Metcalfe, Daniel B., Daniel Ricciuto, Sari Palmroth, Catherine Campbell, Vaughan Hurry, Jiafu Mao, Sonja G. Keel, et al. “Informing climate models with rapid chamber measurements of forest carbon uptake.” Global Change Biology 23, no. 5 (May 2017): 2130–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13451.
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  - Franklin, Oskar, Camila Aguetoni Cambui, Linda Gruffman, Sari Palmroth, Ram Oren, and Torgny Näsholm. “The carbon bonus of organic nitrogen enhances nitrogen use efficiency of plants.” Plant, Cell & Environment 40, no. 1 (January 2017): 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12772.
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  - Paschalis, Athanasios, Athanasios Danielle Way, Athanasios Gabriel G. Katul, Athanasios Sari Palmroth, and Athanasios Simone Fatichi. “On the variability of the ecosystem response to elevated atmospheric CO2 across spatial and temporal scales at the Duke Forest FACE experiment.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 232 (January 2017): 367–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.09.003.
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  - Tor-Ngern, Pantana, Ram Oren, Andrew C. Oishi, Joshua M. Uebelherr, Sari Palmroth, Lasse Tarvainen, Mikaell Ottosson-Löfvenius, Sune Linder, Jean-Christophe Domec, and Torgny Näsholm. “Ecophysiological variation of transpiration of pine forests: synthesis of new and published results.” Ecological Applications : A Publication of the Ecological Society of America 27, no. 1 (January 2017): 118–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1423.
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  - Johnson, Daniel M., Remi Wortemann, Katherine A. McCulloh, Lionel Jordan-Meille, Eric Ward, Jeffrey M. Warren, Sari Palmroth, and Jean-Christophe Domec. “A test of the hydraulic vulnerability segmentation hypothesis in angiosperm and conifer tree species.” Tree Physiology 36, no. 8 (August 2016): 983–93. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpw031.
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  - Huang, C. W., C. R. Chu, C. I. Hsieh, S. Palmroth, and G. G. Katul. “Wind-induced leaf transpiration.” Advances in Water Resources 86 (December 1, 2015): 240–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.10.009.
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  - Domec, Jean-Christophe, Dave M. Bell, A. Christopher Oishi, Michael Gavazzi, Daniel M. Johnson, John S. King, Steve G. McNulty, et al. “Conversion of natural forests to managed forest plantations decreases tree resistance to prolonged droughts.” Forest Ecology and Management 355 (November 2015): 58–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.04.012.
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  - Henriksson, Nils, Lasse Tarvainen, Hyungwoo Lim, Pantana Tor-Ngern, Sari Palmroth, Ram Oren, John Marshall, and Torgny Näsholm. “Stem compression reversibly reduces phloem transport in Pinus sylvestris trees.” Tree Physiology 35, no. 10 (October 2015): 1075–85. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpv078.
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  - Lim, Hyungwoo, Heljä-Sisko Helmisaari, Jaana Leppälammi-Kujansuu, Sune Linder, Tomas Lundmark, Tommy Mörling, Torgny Näsholm, Ram Oren, Sari Palmroth, and Pantana Tor-ngern. “Inter-annual variability of precipitation constrains the production response of boreal Pinus sylvestris to nitrogen fertilization.” Forest Ecology and Management. 348 (July 2015): 31–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.03.029.
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  - Tor-ngern, Pantana, Ram Oren, Eric J. Ward, Sari Palmroth, Heather R. McCarthy, and Jean-Christophe Domec. “Increases in atmospheric CO2 have little influence on transpiration of a temperate forest canopy.” The New Phytologist 205, no. 2 (January 2015): 518–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13148.
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  - Franklin, Oskar, Sari Palmroth, and Torgny Näsholm. “How eco-evolutionary principles can guide tree breeding and tree biotechnology for enhanced productivity.” Tree Physiology 34, no. 11 (November 2014): 1149–66. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpu111.
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  - Näsholm, Torgny, Sari Palmroth, Ulrika Ganeteg, Menachem Moshelion, Vaughan Hurry, and Oskar Franklin. “Genetics of superior growth traits in trees are being mapped but will the faster-growing risk-takers make it in the wild?” Tree Physiology 34, no. 11 (November 2014): 1141–48. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpu112.
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  - Palmroth, Sari, Lisbet Holm Bach, Annika Nordin, and Kristin Palmqvist. “Nitrogen-addition effects on leaf traits and photosynthetic carbon gain of boreal forest understory shrubs.” Oecologia 175, no. 2 (June 2014): 457–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-014-2923-9.
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  - Oishi, A Christopher, Sari Palmroth, Kurt H. Johnsen, Heather R. McCarthy, and Ram Oren. “Sustained effects of atmospheric [CO2] and nitrogen availability on forest soil CO2 efflux.” Glob Chang Biol 20, no. 4 (April 2014): 1146–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12414.
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  - Gao, Q., N. J. Hasselquist, S. Palmroth, Z. Zheng, and W. You. “Short-term response of soil respiration to nitrogen fertilization in a subtropical evergreen forest.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2014.
  - Gao, Q., N. J. Hasselquist, S. Palmroth, Z. Zheng, and W. You. “Short-term response of soil respiration to nitrogen fertilization in a subtropical evergreen forest.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry 76 (January 1, 2014): 297–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.04.020.
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  - Manzoni, S., G. Vico, G. Katul, S. Palmroth, and A. Porporato. “Optimal plant water-use strategies under stochastic rainfall.” Water Resources Research 50, no. 7 (January 1, 2014): 5379–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR015375.
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  - Oishi, A. C., S. Palmroth, K. H. Johnsen, H. R. Mccarthy, and R. Oren. “Sustained effects of atmospheric [CO2] and nitrogen availability on forest soil CO2 efflux.” Global Change Biology 20, no. 4 (2014): 1146–60.
  - Manzoni, S., G. Vico, S. Palmroth, A. Porporato, and G. Katul. “Optimization of stomatal conductance for maximum carbon gain under dynamic soil moisture.” Advances in Water Resources 62, no. PA (December 1, 2013): 90–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2013.09.020.
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  - Gruffman, Linda, Sari Palmroth, and Torgny Näsholm. “Organic nitrogen uptake of Scots pine seedlings is independent of current carbohydrate supply.” Tree Physiology 33, no. 6 (June 2013): 590–600. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpt041.
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  - Manzoni, Stefano, Giulia Vico, Gabriel Katul, Sari Palmroth, Robert B. Jackson, and Amilcare Porporato. “Hydraulic limits on maximum plant transpiration and the emergence of the safety-efficiency trade-off.” New Phytol 198, no. 1 (April 2013): 169–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12126.
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  - Oishi, A Christopher, A Christopher John R. Butnor, A Christopher Kurt H. Johnsen, A Christopher Ram Oren, and A Christopher Sari Palmroth. “Spatial and temporal variability of soil CO2 efflux in three proximate temperate forest ecosystems.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 171- (April 2013): 256–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.12.007.
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  - Palmroth, Sari, Gabriel G. Katul, Chris A. Maier, Eric Ward, Stefano Manzoni, and Giulia Vico. “On the complementary relationship between marginal nitrogen and water-use efficiencies among Pinus taeda leaves grown under ambient and CO2-enriched environments.” Annals of Botany 111, no. 3 (March 2013): 467–77. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcs268.
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  - Porcar-Castell, Albert, and Sari Palmroth. “Modelling photosynthesis in highly dynamic environments: the case of sunflecks.” Tree Physiology 32, no. 9 (September 2012): 1062–65. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tps085.
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  - Detto, Matteo, Annalisa Molini, Gabriel Katul, Paul Stoy, Sari Palmroth, and Dennis Baldocchi. “Causality and persistence in ecological systems: a nonparametric spectral granger causality approach.” The American Naturalist 179, no. 4 (April 2012): 524–35. https://doi.org/10.1086/664628.
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  - Ellsworth, D. S., R. Thomas, K. Y. Crous, S. Palmroth, E. Ward, C. Maier, E. Delucia, and R. Oren. “Elevated CO 2 affects photosynthetic responses in canopy pine and subcanopy deciduous trees over 10 years: A synthesis from Duke FACE.” Global Change Biology 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 223–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02505.x.
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  - Vico, Giulia, Stefano Manzoni, Sari Palmroth, and Gabriel Katul. “Effects of stomatal delays on the economics of leaf gas exchange under intermittent light regimes.” The New Phytologist 192, no. 3 (November 2011): 640–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03847.x.
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  - Bertin, Sophie, Sari Palmroth, Hyun S. Kim, Mike P. Perks, Maurizio Mencuccini, and Ram Oren. “Modelling understorey light for seedling regeneration in continuous cover forestry canopies.” Forestry Institute of Foresters of Great Britain. 84, no. 4 (October 2011): 397–409. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpr026.
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  - Manzoni, Stefano, Giulia Vico, Gabriel Katul, Philip A. Fay, Wayne Polley, Sari Palmroth, and Amilcare Porporato. “Optimizing stomatal conductance for maximum carbon gain under water stress: a meta-analysis across plant functional types and climates.” Functional Ecology 25, no. 3 (June 2011): 456–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01822.x.
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  - Drake, John E., Anne Gallet-Budynek, Kirsten S. Hofmockel, Emily S. Bernhardt, Sharon A. Billings, Robert B. Jackson, Kurt S. Johnsen, et al. “Increases in the flux of carbon belowground stimulate nitrogen uptake and sustain the long-term enhancement of forest productivity under elevated CO₂.” Ecology Letters 14, no. 4 (April 2011): 349–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01593.x.
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  - Kim, Hyun-Seok, Sari Palmroth, Mathieu Thérézien, Pauline Stenberg, and Ram Oren. “Analysis of the sensitivity of absorbed light and incident light profile to various canopy architecture and stand conditions.” Tree Physiology 31, no. 1 (January 2011): 30–47. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpq098.
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  - Manzoni, S., G. Vico, G. G. Katul, P. A. Fay, H. W. Polley, S. Palmroth, and A. Porporato. “Economics of leaf gas exchange under water stress.” Functional Ecology, 2011.
  - Palmroth, S., G. G. Katul, D. Hui, H. R. McCarthy, R. B. Jackson, and R. Oren. “Estimation of long-term basin scale evapotranspiration from streamflow time series.” Water Resources Research 46, no. 10 (October 29, 2010). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008838.
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  - Oishi, A Christopher, Ram Oren, Kimberly A. Novick, Sari Palmroth, and Gabriel G. Katul. “Interannual Invariability of Forest Evapotranspiration and Its Consequence to Water Flow Downstream.” Ecosystems. 13, no. 3 (April 2010): 421–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-010-9328-3.
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  - Katul, Gabriel, Stefano Manzoni, Sari Palmroth, and Ram Oren. “A stomatal optimization theory to describe the effects of atmospheric CO2 on leaf photosynthesis and transpiration.” Annals of Botany 105, no. 3 (March 2010): 431–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcp292.
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  - Ditmarová, Lubica, Daniel Kurjak, Sari Palmroth, Jaroslav Kmet, and Katarína Strelcová. “Physiological responses of Norway spruce (Picea abies) seedlings to drought stress.” Tree Physiology 30, no. 2 (February 2010): 205–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpp116.
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  - Katul, G. G., S. Manzoni, S. Palmroth, and R. Oren. “A stomatal optimization theory for gas exchange in ambient and enriched CO2 atmosphere.” Annals of Botany 105 (2010): 431–42.
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  - Domec, Jean-Christophe, Sari Palmroth, Eric Ward, Chris A. Maier, M. Thérézien, and Ram Oren. “Acclimation of leaf hydraulic conductance and stomatal conductance of Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) to long-term growth in elevated CO(2) (free-air CO(2) enrichment) and N-fertilization.” Plant, Cell & Environment 32, no. 11 (November 2009): 1500–1512. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02014.x.
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  - Katul, Gabriel G., Sari Palmroth, and Ram Oren. “Leaf stomatal responses to vapour pressure deficit under current and CO(2)-enriched atmosphere explained by the economics of gas exchange.” Plant, Cell & Environment 32, no. 8 (August 2009): 968–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.01977.x.
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  - Daly, Edoardo, Sari Palmroth, Paul Stoy, Mario Siqueira, A Christopher Oishi, Jehn-Yih Juang, Ram Oren, Amilcare Porporato, and Gabriel G. Katul. “The effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂ and nitrogen amendments on subsurface CO₂ production and concentration dynamics in a maturing pine forest.” Biogeochemistry. 94, no. 3 (July 2009): 271–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-009-9327-7.
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  - Maier, Chris A., Sari Palmroth, and Eric Ward. “Short-term effects of fertilization on photosynthesis and leaf morphology of field-grown loblolly pine following long-term exposure to elevated CO(2) concentration.” Tree Physiology 28, no. 4 (April 2008): 597–606. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/28.4.597.
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  - Maier, C. A., S. Palmroth, and E. Ward. “Short-term effects of fertilization onphotosynthesis and leaf morphology of field-grown loblolly pine following long-term exposure to elevated CO2.” Tree Physiology 28 (2008): 557–606.
  - Thérézien, Mathieu, Sari Palmroth, Rachael Brady, and Ram Oren. “Estimation of light interception properties of conifer shoots by an improved photographic method and a 3D model of shoot structure.” Tree Physiology 27, no. 10 (October 2007): 1375–87. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/27.10.1375.
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  - Stoy, Paul C., Sari Palmroth, A Christopher Oishi, Mario B. S. Siqueira, Jehn-Yih Juang, Kimberly A. Novick, Eric J. Ward, Gabriel G. Katul, and Ram Oren. “Are ecosystem carbon inputs and outputs coupled at short time scales? A case study from adjacent pine and hardwood forests using impulse-response analysis.” Plant, Cell & Environment 30, no. 6 (June 2007): 700–710. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01655.x.
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  - Palmroth, Sari, Ram Oren, Heather R. McCarthy, Kurt H. Johnsen, Adrien C. Finzi, John R. Butnor, Michael G. Ryan, and William H. Schlesinger. “Aboveground sink strength in forests controls the allocation of carbon below ground and its [CO2]-induced enhancement.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, no. 51 (December 11, 2006): 19362–67. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0609492103.
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  - Berninger, F., L. Coll, P. Vanninen, A. Mäkelä, S. Palmroth, and E. Nikinmaa. “Effects of tree size and position on pipe model ratios in Scots pine.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 1294–1304. https://doi.org/10.1139/x05-055.
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  - Palmroth, S., C. A. Maier, H. R. McCarthy, A. C. Oishi, H. S. Kim, K. H. Johnsen, G. G. Katul, and R. Oren. “Contrasting responses to drought of forest floor CO₂ efflux in a loblolly pine plantation and a nearby oak-hickory forest.” Global Change Biology. 11, no. 3 (March 2005): 421–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00915.x.
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  - Palmroth, Sari, Pauline Stenberg, Sampo Smolander, Pekka Voipio, and Heikki Smolander. “Fertilization has little effect on light-interception efficiency of Picea abies shoots.” Tree Physiology 22, no. 15–16 (November 2002): 1185–92. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/22.15-16.1185.
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  - Stenberg, P., S. Palmroth, B. J. Bond, D. G. Sprugel, and H. Smolander. “Shoot structure and photosynthetic efficiency along the light gradient in a Scots pine canopy.” Tree Physiology 21, no. 12–13 (August 2001): 805–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/21.12-13.805.
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  - Palva, L., T. Markkanen, E. Siivola, E. Garam, M. Linnavuo, S. Nevas, F. Manoochehri, et al. “Tree scale distributed multipoint measuring system of photosynthetically active radiation.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 106, no. 1 (January 6, 2001): 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00171-4.
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  - Palmroth, S., and P. Hari. “Evaluation of the importance of acclimation of needle structure, photosynthesis, and respiration to available photosynthetically active radiation in a Scots pine canopy.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 7 (January 1, 2001): 1235–43. https://doi.org/10.1139/x01-051.
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  - Vesala, T., T. Markkanen, L. Palva, E. Siivola, S. Palmroth, and P. Hari. “Effect of variations of PAR on CO2 exchange estimation for Scots pine.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 100, no. 4 (February 25, 2000): 337–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00146-X.
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  - Palmroth, S., F. Berninger, E. Nikinmaa, J. Lloyd, P. Pulkkinen, and P. Hari. “Structural adaptation rather than water conservation was observed in Scots pine over a range of wet to dry climates.” Oecologia 121, no. 3 (November 1999): 302–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050932.
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  - Palmroth, S., L. Palva, P. Stenberg, and A. Kotisaari. “Fine scale measurement and simulation of penumbral radiation formed by a pine shoot.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 95, no. 1 (May 31, 1999): 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00024-6.
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  - Palva, L., E. Garam, S. Palmroth, R. Sepponen, and P. Hari. “Utilizing a multipoint measuring system of photosynthetically active radiation in photosynthetic studies within canopies.” Silva Fennica 32, no. 4 (January 1, 1998): 311–19. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.673.
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  - Ahonen, T., P. Aalto, U. Rannik, M. Kulmala, E. D. Nilsson, S. Palmroth, H. Ylitalo, and P. Hari. “Variations and vertical profiles of trace gas and aerosol concentrations and CO2 exchange in eastern Lapland.” Atmospheric Environment 31, no. 20 (October 1, 1997): 3351–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00151-9.
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  - Mäkelä, J. M., P. Aalto, V. Jokinen, T. Pohja, A. Nissinen, S. Palmroth, T. Markkanen, K. Seitsonen, H. Lihavainen, and M. Kulmala. “Observations of ultrafine aerosol particle formation and growth in boreal forest.” Geophysical Research Letters 24, no. 10 (January 1, 1997): 1219–22. https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00920.
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