Stephen Nowicki | Scholars@Duke

Stephen Nowicki
Professor of Biology

Our lab studies animal communication and sexual selection from an integrative perspective that includes a wide range of behavioral ecological, neuroethological, developmental, genetic, and evolutionary approaches. Birds are our most common model system, but we also have worked with insects, spiders, shrimp, lobsters, lizards, and primates, including humans. The central question that drives our work is how information, in the broadest sense of that word, is used by organisms to maximize survival and reproductive success.

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Professor of Biology, Biology, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 2002
Professor in the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Psychology and Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 2008
Professor of Neurobiology, Neurobiology, Basic Science Departments 2010
Faculty Network Member of the Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, University Institutes and Centers 2011
Bass Fellow, Biology, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 2004

Contact Information

137 Biological Sciences Building, 130 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708
Duke Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708
snowicki@duke.edu (919) 684-6950
http://www.biology.duke.edu/nowicki/

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- Ph.D., Cornell University 1984
- M.S., Tufts University 1978
- B.S., Tufts University 1976
Duke Appointment History
- Dean of Undergraduate Education and Vice Provost, Duke University 2007 - 2018
- Associate Professor of Neurobiology, Neurobiology, Basic Science Departments 2001 - 2010
- Dean of the Natural Sciences, Biology, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 2004 - 2007
- Professor of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, University Institutes and Centers 2002 - 2006
- Associate Professor of Biology, Biology, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 2000 - 2002
- Associate Professor of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, University Institutes and Centers 2001 - 2002
- Associate Professor of Psychology: Experimental, Psychology and Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 1999 - 2001
- Associate Professor with Tenure, Biology, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 1994 - 2000
- Associate Professor of Neurobiology, Neurobiology, Basic Science Departments 1994 - 2000
- Associate Professor, Psychology and Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 1994 - 1996
- Assistant Professor, Biology, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 1989 - 1994
- Assistant Professor, Neurobiology, Basic Science Departments 1989 - 1994
- Assistant Professor, Psychology and Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 1992 - 1994
- Assistant Research Professor, Biology, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 1989
Recognition
In the News
- MAY 29, 2019
  
  Birds Perceive 'Warm' Colors Differently From 'Cool' Ones
- JAN 25, 2019 Science News
  
  A Beautiful Hypothesis About Bird Song Gets Beat Up by Data
- AUG 1, 2018
  
  Birds Categorize Colors Just Like Humans Do
- JUN 20, 2018
  
  Birds Have Time-Honored Traditions Too
- JUN 12, 2018
  
  Anne Yoder Stepping Down at Duke Lemur Center
- JAN 10, 2018
  
  Nowicki to Step Down as Dean for Undergraduate Education In June
- JAN 10, 2018
  
  Steve Nowicki Looks Back at a Decade of Change
- AUG 23, 2017
  
  Dean Nowicki to the Class of 2021: You Belong Here
- AUG 12, 2016
  
  News Tip: A Politician’s Voice Pitch Influences Voters, Experts Say
- MAY 13, 2016
  
  For Blair Holliday, One More Duke Milestone
- APR 29, 2016 Scientific American
  
  Sounds Like a Winner
- APR 27, 2016 Scientific American
  
  Stephen Nowicki, co-author: Sounds like a winner!
- APR 7, 2016
  
  Duke Talent Identification Program Announces New Director
- NOV 6, 2015 Inside Higher Ed
  
  Duke creates program for first-generation students
- NOV 4, 2015
  
  Program to Broaden Access, Assist College Transition
- OCT 2, 2015
  
  Duke Board Updated on Academic, Financial Issues at Fall Meeting
- AUG 10, 2015 International Business Times
  
  Politicians with deep voices rouse 'caveman instincts' in voters
- AUG 7, 2015
  
  ‘Caveman Instincts’ May Favor Baritone Politicians
- JAN 29, 2015 Duke Research Blog
  
  Nowicki's Musical Curiosity and Mentors Led Him to a Love of Science
- JAN 5, 2015
  
  Humans, Sparrows Make Sense of Sounds in Similar Ways
- AUG 20, 2014
  
  Nowicki to Class of 2018: Why Are You Here?
- APR 9, 2014
  
  Guggenheim Curator to Speak at Duke April 16-17
- MAR 26, 2014
  
  Crown Family Gives $10 Million to Support Duke's Social, Intellectual Engagement
Awards & Honors
Expertise
Subject Headings
Global Scholarship
- Research
Research
Selected Grants
- Washington Duke Scholars Program 2016 - 2021
- The COMPASS PROJECT awarded by Howard Hughes Medical Institute 2014 - 2020
- Neural Codes for Vocal Sequences awarded by National Science Foundation 2014 - 2020
- 2017 - 2018 MMUF awarded by Andrew W. Mellon Foundation 2017 - 2018
- AB Duke Scholars 2017 - 2018
- Funding for AB Duke Scholars program 2016 - 2017
- Collaborative Research: Cognition and Signaling in Songbirds awarded by National Science Foundation 2012 - 2016
- DISSERTATION RESEARCH: The Role of Mating System in Sperm Competition and Protein Evolution in /Agelaius/ Blackbirds awarded by National Science Foundation 2011 - 2014
- Impact of early nutrition on neural mechanisms of signal processing awarded by National Institutes of Health 2010 - 2013
- DISSERTATION RESEARCH: Selective pressures shaping aggressive behavoir in females: an experimental approach awarded by National Science Foundation 2007 - 2009
- DISSERTATION RESEARCH: Sources of selection on a complex sexual signal. awarded by National Science Foundation 2005 - 2008
- Supplement: Collaborative Research: Developmental and receiver-dependent costs of avian signals awarded by National Science Foundation 2003 - 2007
- Collaborative Research: Developmental and receiver-dependent costs of avian signals awarded by National Science Foundation 2003 - 2006
- Single Neuron Correlates of Learned Song awarded by National Institutes of Health 2003 - 2006
- DISSERTATION RESEARCH: Implications of production constraints for the function of vocal performance in mate choice awarded by National Science Foundation 2004 - 2006
- DISSERTATION RESEARCH: Fitness cost of nest defense: a trade-off with offspring care? awarded by National Science Foundation 2004 - 2006
- Collaborative Research: Complexity and Information in Avian Signals awarded by National Science Foundation 1999 - 2003
- Dissertation research: Function of multiple signals in avian vocal communication awarded by National Science Foundation 2001 - 2003
- Undergraduate Neurosciences Summer Research Program in Mechanisms of Behavior awarded by National Science Foundation 1999 - 2002
- Doctoral Dissertation: Sound Production in Spiny Lobsters (Palinuridai): Morphological Constraints and the Evolution... awarded by National Science Foundation 1999 - 2001
- (98-0109) Undergraduate Neurosciences Summer Research Program in Mechanisms of Behavior awarded by National Science Foundation 1998 - 1999
- (96-0213) Dissertation Research: Female Reproductive Coloration in Sceloporus Virgatus (Sauria:Iguanidae): A Functional awarded by National Science Foundation 1996 - 1999
- (94-0424) Perception, Function and Development of Complex Vocal Signals awarded by National Science Foundation 1995 - 1997
- (96-0508) Perception, Function and Development of Complex Vocal Signals awarded by National Science Foundation 1995 - 1997
- (97-0661) Perception, Function and Development of Complex Vocal Signals awarded by National Science Foundation 1995 - 1997
- (93-0208) Undergraduate Neurosciences Summer Research Program in Mechanisms of Behavior awarded by National Science Foundation 1993 - 1996
- (91-0862) Comparative Study of Mechanisms of Vocal Production awarded by National Institutes of Health 1989 - 1995
- (93-0943) Comparative Study of Mechanisms of Vocal Production awarded by National Institutes of Health 1989 - 1995
- (94-0991) Comparative Study of Mechanisms of Vocal Production awarded by National Institutes of Health 1989 - 1995
- (89-0469) Comparative Study of Mechanisms of Vocal Production awarded by National Institutes of Health 1989 - 1992
- (90-0438) Comparative Study of Mechanisms of Vocal Production awarded by National Institutes of Health 1989 - 1992
- (91-0429) Comparative Study of Mechanisms of Vocal Production awarded by National Institutes of Health 1989 - 1992
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Academic Articles
  - Searcy, W. A., D. Ocampo, and S. Nowicki. “Constraints on song type matching in a songbird.” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 73, no. 8 (August 1, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-019-2708-6.
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  - Zipple, Matthew N., Eleanor M. Caves, Patrick A. Green, Susan Peters, Sönke Johnsen, and Stephen Nowicki. “Categorical colour perception occurs in both signalling and non-signalling colour ranges in a songbird..” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1903 (May 29, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0524.
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  - Caves, Eleanor M., Stephen Nowicki, and Sönke Johnsen. “Von Uexküll revisited: Addressing human biases in the study of animal perception..” Integrative and Comparative Biology, May 24, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz073.
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  - Searcy, W. A., and S. Nowicki. “Birdsong learning, avian cognition and the evolution of language.” Animal Behaviour 151 (May 1, 2019): 217–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.01.015.
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  - Caves, Eleanor M., Patrick A. Green, Matthew N. Zipple, Susan Peters, Sönke Johnsen, and Stephen Nowicki. “Categorical perception of colour signals in a songbird..” Nature 560, no. 7718 (August 2018): 365–67. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0377-7.
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  - Lachlan, Robert F., Oliver Ratmann, and Stephen Nowicki. “Cultural conformity generates extremely stable traditions in bird song..” Nature Communications 9, no. 1 (June 20, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04728-1.
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  - Liu, I. A., J. A. Soha, and S. Nowicki. “Song type matching and vocal performance in territorial signalling by male swamp sparrows.” Animal Behaviour 139 (May 1, 2018): 117–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.03.007.
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  - Sewall, Kendra B., Rindy C. Anderson, Jill A. Soha, Susan Peters, and Stephen Nowicki. “Early life conditions that impact song learning in male zebra finches also impact neural and behavioral responses to song in females..” Developmental Neurobiology, April 20, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1002/dneu.22600.
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  - DuBois, A. L., S. Nowicki, S. Peters, K. D. Rivera-Cáceres, and W. A. Searcy. “Song is not a reliable signal of general cognitive ability in a songbird.” Animal Behaviour 137 (March 1, 2018): 205–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.01.020.
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  - Niederhauser, J. M., A. L. DuBois, W. A. Searcy, S. Nowicki, and R. C. Anderson. “A test of the eavesdropping avoidance hypothesis as an explanation for the structure of low-amplitude aggressive signals in the song sparrow.” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 72, no. 3 (March 1, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-018-2469-7.
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  - Anderson, Rindy C., William A. Searcy, Susan Peters, Melissa Hughes, Adrienne L. DuBois, and Stephen Nowicki. “Song learning and cognitive ability are not consistently related in a songbird..” Animal Cognition 20, no. 2 (March 2017): 309–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-016-1053-7.
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  - Peters, S., and S. Nowicki. “Overproduction and attrition: the fates of songs memorized during song learning in songbirds.” Animal Behaviour 124 (February 1, 2017): 255–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.09.019.
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  - Klofstad, Casey A., Stephen Nowicki, and Rindy C. Anderson. “How Voice Pitch Influences Our Choice of Leaders When candidates speak, their vocal characteristics-as well as their words-influence voters' attitudes toward them.” American Scientist 104, no. 5 (September 1, 2016): 282–87.
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  - Dubois, A. L., S. Nowicki, and W. A. Searcy. “A test for repertoire matching in eastern song sparrows.” Journal of Avian Biology 47, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): 146–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/jav.00811.
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  - Akçay, Ç., R. C. Anderson, S. Nowicki, M. D. Beecher, and W. A. Searcy. “Quiet threats: Soft song as an aggressive signal in birds.” Animal Behaviour 105 (July 1, 2015): 267–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.03.009.
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  - Liu, I. A., J. E. Johndrow, J. Abe, S. Lüpold, K. Yasukawa, D. F. Westneat, and S. Nowicki. “Genetic diversity does not explain variation in extra-pair paternity in multiple populations of a songbird..” Journal of Evolutionary Biology 28, no. 5 (May 12, 2015): 1156–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.12644.
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  - Lachlan, Robert F., and Stephen Nowicki. “Context-dependent categorical perception in a songbird..” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112, no. 6 (February 2015): 1892–97. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1410844112.
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  - Klofstad, Casey A., Rindy C. Anderson, and Stephen Nowicki. “Perceptions of Competence, Strength, and Age Influence Voters to Select Leaders with Lower-Pitched Voices..” Plos One 10, no. 8 (January 2015). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133779.
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  - Nowicki, Stephen, and William A. Searcy. “The evolution of vocal learning..” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 28 (October 2014): 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2014.06.007.
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  - Peters, Susan, William A. Searcy, and Stephen Nowicki. “Developmental stress, song-learning, and cognition..” Integrative and Comparative Biology 54, no. 4 (October 2014): 555–67. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icu020.
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  - Lachlan, R. F., R. C. Anderson, S. Peters, W. A. Searcy, and S. Nowicki. “Typical versions of learned swamp sparrow song types are more effective signals than are less typical versions..” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1785 (June 2014). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0252.
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  - Searcy, William A., Kendra B. Sewall, Jill Soha, Stephen Nowicki, and Susan Peters. “Song-type sharing in a population of Song Sparrows in the eastern United States.” Journal of Field Ornithology 85, no. 2 (June 2014): 206–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/jofo.12061.
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  - Anderson, R. C., S. Peters, and S. Nowicki. “Effects of early auditory experience on the development of local song preference in female swamp sparrows.” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 68, no. 3 (March 1, 2014): 437–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-013-1658-7.
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  - Anderson, R. C., S. Peters, and S. Nowicki. “Effects of early auditory experience on the development of local song preference in female swamp sparrows.” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2014, 1–11.
  - Searcy, W. A., C. Akçay, S. Nowicki, and M. D. Beecher. “Aggressive Signaling in Song Sparrows and Other Songbirds” 46 (January 1, 2014): 89–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800286-5.00003-1.
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  - Searcy, W. A., B. Ballentine, R. C. Anderson, and S. Nowicki. “Limits to reliability in avian aggressive signals.” Behaviour 150, no. 9–10 (December 1, 2013): 1129–45. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568539X-00003052.
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  - Searcy, W. A., A. L. DuBois, K. Rivera-Cáceres, and S. Nowicki. “A test of a hierarchical signalling model in song sparrows.” Animal Behaviour 86, no. 2 (August 1, 2013): 309–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.05.019.
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  - Sewall, Kendra B., Jill A. Soha, Susan Peters, and Stephen Nowicki. “Potential trade-off between vocal ornamentation and spatial ability in a songbird..” Biology Letters 9, no. 4 (August 2013). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0344.
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  - Anderson, R. C., A. L. DuBois, D. K. Piech, W. A. Searcy, and S. Nowicki. “Male response to an aggressive visual signal, the wing wave display, in swamp sparrows.” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 67, no. 4 (January 24, 2013): 593–600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-013-1478-9.
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  - Lachlan, R. F., and S. Nowicki. “How reliable is song learning accuracy as a signal of male early condition?.” The American Naturalist 180, no. 6 (December 2012): 751–61. https://doi.org/10.1086/668010.
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  - Peters, Susan, Elizabeth P. Derryberry, and Stephen Nowicki. “Songbirds learn songs least degraded by environmental transmission..” Biology Letters 8, no. 5 (October 2012): 736–39. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0446.
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  - Anderson, R. C., W. A. Searcy, M. Hughes, and S. Nowicki. “The receiver-dependent cost of soft song: A signal of aggressive intent in songbirds.” Animal Behaviour 83, no. 6 (June 1, 2012): 1443–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.03.016.
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  - Prather, Jf, S. Peters, R. Mooney, and S. Nowicki. “Sensory Constraints on Birdsong Syntax: Neural Responses to Swamp Sparrow Songs with Accelerated Trill Rates..” Anim Behav 83, no. 6 (June 2012): 1411–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.03.012.
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  - Anderson, R. C., A. L. Dubois, D. K. Piech, W. A. Searcy, and S. Nowicki. “Receiver response to an aggressive visual signal, the wing-waving display, in swamp sparrows.” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2012.
  - Lachan, R. F., and S. Nowicki. “Can assessment of song learning accuracy be a reliable signaling system?.” American Naturalist 180 (2012): 751–61.
  - Boogert, N. J., R. C. Anderson, S. Peters, W. A. Searcy, and S. Nowicki. “Song repertoire size in male song sparrows correlates with detour reaching, but not with other cognitive measures.” Animal Behaviour 81, no. 6 (June 1, 2011): 1209–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.03.004.
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  - DuBois, A. L., S. Nowicki, and W. A. Searcy. “Discrimination of vocal performance by male swamp sparrows.” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 65, no. 4 (April 1, 2011): 717–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-010-1073-2.
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  - Nowicki, S., and W. A. Searcy. “Are better singers smarter?.” Behavioral Ecology 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 10–11. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arq081.
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  - Prather, Jonathan F., Susan Peters, Stephen Nowicki, and Richard Mooney. “Persistent representation of juvenile experience in the adult songbird brain..” J Neurosci 30, no. 31 (August 4, 2010): 10586–98. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6042-09.2010.
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  - Searcy, W. A., S. Peters, S. Kipper, and S. Nowicki. “Female response to song reflects male developmental history in swamp sparrows.” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 64, no. 8 (April 14, 2010): 1343–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-010-0949-5.
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  - Prather, J. F., S. Peters, S. Nowicki, and R. Mooney. “Latent representation of juvenile behaviors in the adult songbird brain.” Journal of Neuroscience 30 (2010): 10586–98.
  - Searcy, W. A., S. Peters, S. Kipper, and S. Nowicki. “Female sparrows use song to assess male developmental history.” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 64 (2010): 143–1349.
  - Searcy, W. A., and S. Nowicki. “The evolution of animal communication: Reliability and deception in signaling systems.” The Evolution of Animal Communication: Reliability and Deception in Signaling Systems, January 1, 2010.
  - DuBois, Adrienne L., Stephen Nowicki, and William A. Searcy. “Swamp sparrows modulate vocal performance in an aggressive context..” Biology Letters 5, no. 2 (April 2009): 163–65. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0626.
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  - Prather, Jonathan F., Stephen Nowicki, Rindy C. Anderson, Susan Peters, and Richard Mooney. “Neural correlates of categorical perception in learned vocal communication.” Nature Neuroscience 12, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 221–28. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2246.
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  - Prather, Jonathan F., Stephen Nowicki, Rindy C. Anderson, Susan Peters, and Richard Mooney. “Neural correlates of categorical perception in learned vocal communication..” Nat Neurosci 12, no. 2 (February 2009): 221–28. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2246.
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  - Searcy, W. A., and S. Nowicki. “Sexual selection and the evolution of animal signals,” January 1, 2009, 759–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008045046-9.01862-3.
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  - Anderson, R. C., W. A. Searcy, S. Peters, and S. Nowicki. “Soft song in song sparrows: Acoustic structure and implications for signal function.” Ethology 114, no. 7 (July 1, 2008): 662–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2008.01518.x.
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  - Searcy, W. A., R. C. Anderson, and S. Nowicki. “Is bird song a reliable signal of aggressive intent? A reply.” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 62, no. 7 (May 1, 2008): 1213–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-008-0569-5.
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  - Anderson, R. C., W. A. Searcy, and S. Nowicki. “Testing the function of song-matching in birds: Responses of eastern male song sparrows Melospiza melodia to partial song-matching.” Behaviour 145, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 347–63. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853908783402876.
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  - Ballentine, B., W. A. Searcy, and S. Nowicki. “Reliable aggressive signalling in swamp sparrows.” Animal Behaviour 75, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 693–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.07.025.
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  - Prather, J. F., S. Peters, S. Nowicki, and R. Mooney. “Precise auditory-vocal mirroring in neurons for learned vocal communication..” Nature 451, no. 7176 (January 17, 2008): 305–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06492.
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  - Searcy, W. A., and S. Nowicki. “Bird song and the problem of signal reliability.” American Scientist 96 (2008): 114–21.
  - Searcy, W. A., and S. Nowicki. “Bird song and the problem of honest communication.” American Scientist 96, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 114–21. https://doi.org/10.1511/2008.70.3637.
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  - Anderson, R. C., S. Nowicki, and W. A. Searcy. “Soft song in song sparrows: Response of males and females to an enigmatic signal.” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 61, no. 8 (June 1, 2007): 1267–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-007-0357-7.
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  - Hughes, M., R. C. Anderson, W. A. Searcy, L. M. Bottensek, and S. Nowicki. “Song type sharing and territory tenure in eastern song sparrows: implications for the evolution of song repertoires.” Animal Behaviour 73, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 701–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.09.013.
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  - Searcy, W. A., and S. Nowicki. “Signal interception and the use of soft song in aggressive interactions.” Ethology 112, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 865–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01238.x.
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  - Searcy, W. A., R. C. Anderson, and S. Nowicki. “Bird song as a signal of aggressive intent.” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2006): 234–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-006-0161-9.
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  - Nowicki, Stephen, and William A. Searcy. “Adaptive priorities in brain development: theoretical comment on Pravosudov et al. (2005)..” Behavioral Neuroscience 119, no. 5 (October 2005): 1415–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.119.5.1415.
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  - Anderson, R. C., W. A. Searcy, and S. Nowicki. “Partial song matching in an eastern population of song sparrows, Melospiza melodia.” Animal Behaviour 69, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 189–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.02.019.
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  - Nowicki, S., and W. A. Searcy. “Song and mate choice in birds: How the development of behavior helps us understand function.” Auk 122, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0001:SAMCIB]2.0.CO;2.
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  - Podos, J., S. Peters, and S. Nowicki. “Calibration of song learning targets during vocal ontogeny in swamp sparrows, Melospiza georgiana.” Animal Behaviour 68, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 929–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.11.018.
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  - Nowicki, Stephen, and William A. Searcy. “Song function and the evolution of female preferences: why birds sing, why brains matter..” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1016 (June 2004): 704–23. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1298.012.
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  - Searcy, W. A., S. Peters, and S. Nowicki. “Effects of early nutrition on growth rate and adult size in song sparrows Melospiza melodia.” Journal of Avian Biology 35, no. 3 (May 1, 2004): 269–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03247.x.
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  - Ballentine, B., J. Hyman, and S. Nowicki. “Vocal performance influences female response to male bird song: An experimental test.” Behavioral Ecology 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 163–68. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arg090.
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  - Ballentine, S., S. B, J. Hyman, and S. Nowicki. “Singing performance influences female response to male bird song: an experimental test..” Behavioral Ecology 15 (2004): 163–68.
  - Hyman, J., M. Hughes, W. A. Searcy, and S. Nowicki. “Individual variation in the strength of territory defense in male song sparrows: Correlates of age, territory tenure, and neighbor aggressiveness.” Behaviour 141, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853904772746574.
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  - Podos, J., and S. Nowicki. “Performance limits on birdsong,” January 1, 2004, 318–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012473070-0/50014-1.
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  - Podos, J., and S. Nowicki. “Beaks, adaptation, and vocal evolution in Darwin's finches.” Bioscience 54, no. 6 (January 1, 2004): 501–10. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0501:BAAVEI]2.0.CO;2.
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  - Searcy, S., S. WA, S. Peters, and S. Nowicki. “Effects of early nutrition on growth rate and adult size in song sparrows..” Journal of Avian Biology 35 (2004): 269–79.
  - Searcy, S., S. WA, S. Nowicki, and S. Peters. “Phonology and dialect discrimination in song sparrows (Melospiza melodia).” Ethology 109 (2003): 23–35.
  - Searcy, W. A., S. Nowicki, and S. Peters. “Phonology and geographic song discrimination in song sparrows.” Ethology 109, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0310.2003.00835.x.
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  - Nowicki, S., W. A. Searcy, and S. Peters. “Brain development, song learning and mate choice in birds: a review and experimental test of the "nutritional stress hypothesis"..” Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology 188, no. 11–12 (December 2002): 1003–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-002-0361-3.
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  - Nowicki, S., W. A. Searcy, T. Krueger, and M. Hughes. “Individual variation in response to simulated territorial challenge among territory-holding song sparrows.” Journal of Avian Biology 33, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 253–59. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-048X.2002.330307.x.
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  - Nowicki, Stephen, William A. Searcy, and Susan Peters. “Quality of song learning affects female response to male bird song..” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 269, no. 1503 (September 2002): 1949–54. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2124.
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  - Searcy, William A., Stephen Nowicki, Melissa Hughes, and Susan Peters. “Geographic song discrimination in relation to dispersal distances in song sparrows..” The American Naturalist 159, no. 3 (March 2002): 221–30. https://doi.org/10.1086/338509.
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  - Mooney, R., W. Hoese, and S. Nowicki. “Auditory representation of the vocal repertoire in a songbird with multiple song types..” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98, no. 22 (October 23, 2001): 12778–83. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.221453298.
    Full Text Link to Item
  - Hoese, W. J., and S. Nowicki. “Using "the organism" as a conceptual focus in an introductory biology course.” American Biology Teacher 63, no. 3 (January 1, 2001): 176–82. https://doi.org/10.2307/4451073.
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  - Nowicki, S., W. A. Searcy, M. Hughes, and J. Podos. “The evolution of bird song: Male and female response to song innovation in swamp sparrows.” Animal Behaviour 62, no. 6 (January 1, 2001): 1189–95. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2001.1854.
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  - Nowicki, S., D. Hasselquist, S. Bensch, and S. Peters. “Nestling growth and song repertoire size in great reed warblers: evidence for song learning as an indicator mechanism in mate choice..” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 267, no. 1460 (December 2000): 2419–24. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2000.1300.
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  - Hoese, W. J., J. Podos, N. C. Boetticher, and S. Nowicki. “Vocal tract function in birdsong production: experimental manipulation of beak movements..” The Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. Pt 12 (June 2000): 1845–55.
  - Hoese, W. J., S. Nowicki, and R. Mooney. “Auditory encoding of multiple song types in the swamp sparrow.” Soc. Neurosci. Abstracts 26 (2000).
  - Peters, S., W. A. Searcy, M. D. Beecher, and S. Nowicki. “Geographic variation in the organization of Song Sparrow repertoires.” Auk 117, no. 4 (January 1, 2000): 936–42. https://doi.org/10.2307/4089632.
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  - Searcy, W. A., S. Nowicki, and C. Hogan. “Song type variants and aggressive signaling.” Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol 48 (2000): 358–63.
  - Searcy, W. A., S. Nowicki, and C. Hogan. “Song type variants and aggressive context.” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 48, no. 5 (January 1, 2000): 358–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002650000254.
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  - Podos, J., S. Nowicki, and S. Peters. “Permissiveness in the learning and development of song syntax in swamp sparrows..” Animal Behaviour 58, no. 1 (July 1999): 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1999.1140.
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  - Searcy, W. A., S. Nowicki, and S. Peters. “Song types as fundamental units in vocal repertoires..” Animal Behaviour 58, no. 1 (July 1999): 37–44. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1999.1128.
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  - Nowicki, S., S. Peters, W. A. Searcy, and C. Clayton. “The development of within-song type variation in song sparrows..” Animal Behaviour 57, no. 6 (June 1999): 1257–64. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1999.1098.
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  - Nowicki, S., S. Peters, W. A. Searcy, and C. Clayton. “The development of song variation in song sparrows..” Anim. Behav. 57 (1999): 1257–64.
  - Podos, J., S. Nowicki, and S. Peters. “Permissiveness in vocal syntax learning in the swamp sparrow..” Anim. Behav. 58 (1999): 93–103.
  - Hughes, M., S. Nowicki, W. A. Searcy, and S. Peters. “Song-type sharing in song sparrows: Implications for repertoire function and song learning.” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 42, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 437–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002650050458.
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  - Hughes, M., S. Nowicki, and B. Lohr. “Call learning in black-capped chickadees (Parus atricapillus): The role of experience in the development of 'chick-a-dee' calls.” Ethology 104, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 232–49.
  - Nowicki, S., S. Peters, and J. Podos. “Song learning, early nutrition and sexual selection in.” American Zoologist 38, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 179–90. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/38.1.179.
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  - Nowicki, S., W. A. Searcy, and M. Huches. “The territory defense function of song in song sparrows: A test with the speaker occupation design.” Behaviour 135, no. 5 (January 1, 1998): 615–28. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853998792897888.
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  - Erickson, CJ, Nowicki, S, Dollar, L, and Goehring, N. "Percussive foraging: Stimuli for prey location by aye-ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis)." International Journal of Primatology 19, no. 1 (1998): 111-122.
  - Searcy, W. A., S. Nowicki, and M. Hughes. “The response of male and female song sparrows to geographic variation in song.” Condor 99, no. 3 (January 1, 1997): 651–57. https://doi.org/10.2307/1370477.
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  - Peters, S., and S. Nowicki. “Development of tonal quality in birdsong: Further evidence from song sparrows.” Ethology 102, no. 4 (April 1, 1996): 323–35.
  - Strote, J., and S. Nowicki. “Responses to songs with altered tonal quality by adult song sparrows (melospiza melodia).” Behaviour 133, no. 3–4 (March 1, 1996): 161–72.
  - Strote, J., and S. Nowicki. “Responses to songs with altered tonal quality by adult song sparrows (Melospiza melodia).” Behvavior 130 (1996): 1–15.
  - Podos, J., J. K. Sherer, S. Peters, and S. Nowicki. “Ontogeny of vocal tract movements during song production in song sparrows.” Animal Behaviour 50, no. 5 (January 1, 1995): 1287–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(95)80044-1.
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  - Searcy, W. A., J. Podos, S. Peters, and S. Nowicki. “Discrimination of song types and variants in song sparrows.” Animal Behaviour 49, no. 5 (January 1, 1995): 1219–26. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1995.0154.
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  - Nowicki, S., J. Podos, and F. Valdés. “Temporal patterning of within-song type and between-song type variation in song repertoires.” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 34, no. 5 (May 1, 1994): 329–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00197003.
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  - Lohr, Bernard, Ronald Weisman, and Stephen Nowicki. “The Role of Pitch Cues in Song Recognition By Carolina Chickadees (Parus Carolinensis).” Behaviour 130, no. 1–2 (1994): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853994x00109.
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  - Westneat, M. W., J. H. Long, W. Hoese, and S. Nowicki. “Kinematics of birdsong: functional correlation of cranial movements and acoustic features in sparrows..” The Journal of Experimental Biology 182 (September 1993): 147–71.
  - Jacobs, M., D. P. Nowacek, D. J. Gerhart, G. Cannon, S. Nowicki, and R. B. Forward. “Seasonal changes in vocalization during behavior of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin.” Estuaries 16, no. 2 (January 1, 1993): 241–46. https://doi.org/10.2307/1352496.
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  - Peters, Susan, Peter Marler, and Stephen Nowicki. “Song Sparrows Learn from Limited Exposure to Song Models.” The Condor 94, no. 4 (November 1992): 1016–19. https://doi.org/10.2307/1369302.
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  - Nowicki, S., M. Westneat, and W. Hoese. “Birdsong: motor function and the evolution of communication.” Seminars in Neuroscience 4, no. 6 (January 1, 1992): 385–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/1044-5765(92)90046-5.
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  - Nowicki, S., P. Marler, A. Maynard, and S. Peters. “Is the Tonal Quality of Birdsong Learned? Evidence from Song Sparrows.” Ethology 90, no. 3 (January 1, 1992): 225–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1992.tb00834.x.
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  - Podos, J., S. Peters, T. Rudnicky, P. Marler, and S. Nowicki. “The Organization of Song Repertoires in Song Sparrows: Themes and Variations.” Ethology 90, no. 2 (January 1, 1992): 89–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1992.tb00824.x.
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  - Lohr, Bernard, Stephen Nowicki, and Ron Weisman. “Pitch Production in Carolina Chickadee Songs.” The Condor 93, no. 1 (February 1991): 197–99. https://doi.org/10.2307/1368629.
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  - Nowicki, Stephen, Melissa Hughes, and Peter Marler. “Flight Songs of Swamp Sparrows: Alternative Phonology of an Alternative Song Category.” The Condor 93, no. 1 (February 1991): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.2307/1368599.
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  - Ball, G. F., and S. Nowicki. “Assessment of song quality in photorefractory and photosensitive song sparrows.” Animal Behaviour 40, no. 5 (January 1, 1990): 986–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-3472(05)81003-6.
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  - Nowicki, S., and D. A. Nelson. “Defining Natural Categories in Acoustic Signals: Comparison of Three Methods Applied to ‘Chick‐a‐dee’ Call Notes.” Ethology 86, no. 2 (January 1, 1990): 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1990.tb00421.x.
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  - Nowicki, S., and G. F. Ball. “Testosterone induction of song in photosensitive and photorefractory male sparrows..” Hormones and Behavior 23, no. 4 (December 1989): 514–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/0018-506x(89)90039-1.
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  - Nowicki, S. “Vocal plasticity in captive black-capped chickadees: The acoustic basis and rate of call convergence.” Anim. Behav. 37 (1989): 64–73.
  - Nowicki, S. “Vocal plasticity in captive black-capped chickadees: the acoustic basis and rate of call convergence.” Animal Behaviour 37, no. PART 1 (January 1, 1989): 74–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(89)90008-0.
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  - Nowicki, S., J. C. Mitani, D. A. Nelson, and P. Marler. “The communicative significance of tonality in birdsong: Responses to songs produced in helium.” Bioacoustics 2, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 35–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/09524622.1989.9753112.
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  - Nowicki, S., and P. Marler. “How do Birds Sing?.” Music Perception 5, no. 4 (January 1, 1988): 391–426. https://doi.org/10.2307/40285408.
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  - Nowicki, S. “Vocal tract resonances in oscine bird sound production: evidence from birdsongs in a helium atmosphere..” Nature 325, no. 6099 (January 1987): 53–55. https://doi.org/10.1038/325053a0.
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  - Nowicki, S., and R. R. Capranica. “Bilateral syringeal coupling during phonation of a songbird..” The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 6, no. 12 (December 1986): 3595–3610. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.06-12-03595.1986.
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  - Nowicki, S., and R. R. Capranica. “Bilateral syringeal interaction in vocal production of an oscine bird sound..” Science (New York, N.Y.) 231, no. 4743 (March 1986): 1297–99. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3945824.
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  - Nowicki, S. “A question of identity: the call of the black-capped chickadee.” Living Bird Quart. 3, no. 1 (1984).
  - Nowicki, S. “Flock-specific recognition of chickadee calls.” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 12, no. 4 (July 1, 1983): 317–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302899.
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  - Eisner, T., and S. Nowicki. “Spider web protection through visual advertisement: Role of the stabilimentum.” Science 219, no. 4581 (January 1, 1983): 185–86.
  - Jackman, R., S. Nowicki, D. J. Aneshansley, and T. Eisner. “Predatory capture of toads by fly larvae.” Science 222, no. 4623 (January 1, 1983): 515–16. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.222.4623.515.
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  - Jefson, M., J. Meinwald, S. Nowicki, K. Hicks, and T. Eisner. “Chemical defense of a rove beetle (Creophilus maxillosus).” Journal of Chemical Ecology 9, no. 1 (January 1, 1983): 159–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00987779.
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  - Nowicki, S., and T. Eisner. “Predatory Capture of Bombardier Beetles by A Tabanid Fly Larva.” Psyche (New York) 90, no. 1–2 (January 1, 1983): 119–22. https://doi.org/10.1155/1983/54806.
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  - Jain, S. C., S. Nowicki, T. Eisner, and J. Meinwald. “Insect repellents from vetiver oil: I. zizanal and epizizanal.” Tetrahedron Letters 23, no. 45 (January 1, 1982): 4639–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(00)85675-0.
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  - Mammen, D. L., and S. Nowicki. “Individual differences and within-flock convergence in chickadee calls.” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 9, no. 3 (October 1, 1981): 179–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302935.
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  - Eisner, T., S. Nowicki, M. Goetz, and J. Meinwald. “Red cochineal dye (Carminic acid): Its role in nature.” Science 208 (1980): 1038–40.
  - Eisner, T., S. Nowicki, M. Goetz, and J. Meinwald. “Red cochineal dye (carminic acid): Its role in nature.” Science 208, no. 4447 (January 1, 1980): 1039–42. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.208.4447.1039.
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  - Nowicki, S., and K. B. Armitage. “Behavior of juvenile yellow-bellied marmots: Play and social integration.” Z. Tierpsychol. 51 (1979): 85–105.
- Conference Papers
  - Caves, E. M., M. N. Zipple, P. A. Green, S. Peters, S. Johnsen, and S. Nowicki. “Categorical Perception of Color Along a Blue-Green Continuum in Female Zebra Finches.” In Integrative and Comparative Biology, 59:E33–E33. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC, 2019.
    Link to Item
  - Dinh, J. P., S. Nowicki, and S. Peters. “Intra-diel improvement in song performance: swamp sparrows 'warm up' in the morning.” In Integrative and Comparative Biology, 59:E55–E55. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC, 2019.
    Link to Item
  - Green, P. A., E. M. Caves, M. N. Zipple, S. Peters, S. Johnsen, and S. Nowicki. “Categorical Perception of a Carotenoid-based Assessment Signal.” In Integrative and Comparative Biology, 59:E87–E87. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC, 2019.
    Link to Item
  - Nowicki, S., A. L. Dubois, S. Peters, K. D. Rivera-Caceres, and W. A. Searcy. “Song is not a reliable signal of general cognitive ability in a songbird.” In Integrative and Comparative Biology, 59:E170–E170. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC, 2019.
    Link to Item
  - Anderson, R., J. Niederhauser, A. Dubois, S. Nowicki, and W. Searcy. “Are Song Sparrow 'Soft Songs' Adapted for Short-range Communication?.” In Integrative and Comparative Biology, 57:E192–E192. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC, 2017.
    Link to Item
  - Anderson, R. C., K. B. Sewall, S. Peters, J. A. Soha, and S. Nowicki. “Song as a signal of cognitive ability: effects of early developmental stress on problem solving and song learning in the zebra finch.” In Integrative and Comparative Biology, 56:E6–E6. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC, 2016.
    Link to Item
  - Sewall, K. B., R. C. Anderson, S. Peters, S. Nowicki, and T. Roth. “Social complexity as a driver of communication and cognition.” In Integrative and Comparative Biology, 55:E165–E165. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC, 2015.
    Link to Item
  - Anderson, R. C., and S. Nowicki. “Cognitive performance predicts strength of sexual preference in a songbird.” In Integrative and Comparative Biology, 54:E6–E6. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC, 2014.
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  - Sewall, K. B., J. A. Soha, S. Peters, and S. Nowicki. “A possible trade-off between song and a cognitive metric in song sparrows.” In Integrative and Comparative Biology, 54:E190–E190. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC, 2014.
    Link to Item
  - Sewall, K. B., and S. Nowicki. “The relationship between testosterone and aggressive phenotype in male song sparrows (Melospiza melodia).” In Integrative and Comparative Biology, 52:E326–E326. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC, 2012.
    Link to Item
  - Sewall, Kendra B., and Stephen Nowicki. “The relationship between behavioral syndromes and behavioral plasticity in male song sparrows.” In Integrative and Comparative Biology, 51:E127–E127. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC, 2011.
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  - Hoese, W. J., R. Mooney, and S. Nowicki. “Neural encoding of multiple song types in the swamp sparrow HVc..” In American Zoologist, 40:1059–60. AMER SOC ZOOLOGISTS, 2000.
    Link to Item
  - Nowicki, S., W. A. Searcy, M. Hughes, and J. Podos. “Sexual selection limits evolutionary innovation in birdsong..” In American Zoologist, 39:112A-112A. SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY, 1999.
    Link to Item
  - LOHR, B., S. NOWICKI, and R. WEISMAN. “PITCH PRODUCTION AND PERCEPTION IN CAROLINA CHICKADEE SONGS.” In American Zoologist, 31:A97–A97. AMER SOC ZOOLOGISTS, 1991.
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  - NOWICKI, S., and S. PETERS. “BIRDSONG - MULTIPLE MOTOR PATTERNS IN THE PRODUCTION OF STEREOTYPIC BEHAVIORS.” In American Zoologist, 31:A65–A65. AMER SOC ZOOLOGISTS, 1991.
    Link to Item
  - PODOS, J., and S. NOWICKI. “SONGTYPES IN SONG SPARROWS - APPLICATION OF NUMERICAL TAXONOMY TO THE STUDY OF SONG REPERTOIRE ORGANIZATION.” In American Zoologist, 31:A50–A50. AMER SOC ZOOLOGISTS, 1991.
    Link to Item
  - WESTNEAT, M., J. H. LONG, W. HOESE, and S. NOWICKI. “KINEMATICS OF BIRDSONG IN SPARROWS - FUNCTIONAL CORRELATES OF BEAK AND HEAD MOTION.” In American Zoologist, 31:A65–A65. AMER SOC ZOOLOGISTS, 1991.
    Link to Item
  - NOWICKI, S., S. PETERS, A. MAYNARD, and P. MARLER. “SONG ACQUISITION AND LEARNING FROM PURE TONAL AND HARMONIC MODELS IN A SPARROW.” In American Zoologist, 30:A11–A11. AMER SOC ZOOLOGISTS, 1990.
    Link to Item
  - NOWICKI, S. “REASSESSMENT OF PERIPHERAL AND NEURAL SIMILARITIES AND DISSIMILARITIES IN THE PRODUCTION OF BIRDSONG AND HUMAN SPEECH.” In American Zoologist, 29:A13–A13. AMER SOC ZOOLOGISTS, 1989.
    Link to Item
- Datasets
  - Eleanor M., Caves, Green Patrick A., Zipple Matthew N., Peters Susan, Johnsen Sonke, and Nowicki Stephen. “Data and scripts from: Categorical perception of colour signals in a songbird,” 2018. https://doi.org/10.7924/r4rx96r99.
    Data Access
Teaching & Mentoring
Recent Courses
- BIOLOGY 268D: Mechanisms of Animal Behavior 2019
- BIOLOGY 293: Research Independent Study 2019
- BIOLOGY 791T: Tutorial 2019
- NEUROSCI 268D: Mechanisms of Animal Behavior 2019
- BIOLOGY 89S: First-Year Seminar 2018
- BIOLOGY 493: Research Independent Study 2018
Scholarly, Clinical, & Service Activities
Presentations & Appearances
Service to Duke
- Dean and Vice Provost for Undergraduate Education. July 2007 - June 2018 2007 - 2018
- Dean of Natural Sciences, Trinity College. July 2004 - June 2007 2004 - 2007

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