Scholars@Duke

• Background
• 

  Education, Training, & Certifications

  • Ph.D., Duke University 1975
  • M.S., Iowa State University 1969
  • B.A., Thomas More College 1967
• 

  Previous Appointments & Affiliations

  • Associate Professor in Radiology, Radiology, Clinical Science Departments 2011 - 2018
  • Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 1996 - 2017
  • Associate Professor in Radiology, Radiology, Clinical Science Departments 2001 - 2003
  • Associate Professor in Radiology, Radiology, Clinical Science Departments 1994 - 2000
  • Associate Professor with Tenure, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 1990 - 1996
  • Associate Professor, Radiology, Clinical Science Departments 1991 - 1995
  • Adjunct Associate Professor, Radiology, Clinical Science Departments 1990 - 1991
  • Adjunct Associate Professor, Radiology, Clinical Science Departments 1981 - 1990
  • Adjunct Assistant Professor, Radiology, Clinical Science Departments 1977 - 1980
• Recognition
• 

  Awards & Honors

  • Fellows. American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering. 1999
• Research
• 

  Selected Grants

  • 3D Ultrasound Guidance of Interventional Devices awarded by National Institutes of Health 2008 - 2014
  • Cross-disciplinary Training in Medical Physics awarded by National Institutes of Health 2007 - 2013
  • New Scanning Modalities for 3-D Cardiac Ultrasound awarded by National Institutes of Health 2003 - 2008
  • New Scanning Modalities for 3-D Cardiac Ultrasound awarded by National Institutes of Health 2003 - 2007
  • New Scanning Modalities for 3-D Cardiac Ultrasound awarded by National Institutes of Health 2003 - 2007
  • 2-D Array Transducers for Medical Diagnostic Ultrasound awarded by National Institutes of Health 1992 - 2007
  • Forward Looking Intraluminal Ultrasound Scanner awarded by National Institutes of Health 1998 - 2003
  • Forward Looking Intra-luminal Ultrasound Scanner awarded by National Institutes of Health 1998 - 2002
  • Single Crystal Epitaxial Piezoelectric Heterostructures for Medical Ultrasound Transducer Applications awarded by  National Science Foundation 1999 - 2001
  • High Resolution Three Dimensional Ultrasound Imaging awarded by National Institutes of Health 1997 - 2000
  • 2-D Array Transducers for Medical Diagnostic Ultrasound awarded by National Cancer Institute 1992 - 2000
  • 2-D Array Transducers for Medical Diagnostic Ultrasound awarded by National Cancer Institute 1992 - 2000
  • 2-D Array Transducers for Medical Diagnostic Ultrasound awarded by National Institutes of Health 1992 - 2000
  • Optoelectronic Transmitters for Medical Ultrasound Transducers awarded by  National Science Foundation 1995 - 1998
  • Photoconductive Switches for Excitation of Ultrasonic Transducers awarded by  National Science Foundation 1994 - 1996
  • 2-D Array Transducers for Medical Diagnostic Ultrasound awarded by National Institutes of Health 1992 - 1995
  • 2-D Array Transducers for Medical Diagnostic Ultrasound awarded by National Cancer Institute 1992 - 1995
  • Optoelectronic Transmitters for Medical Ultrasound Transducers awarded by  National Science Foundation 1993 - 1995
• Publications & Artistic Works
• 

  Selected Publications

  • Academic Articles

    • Smith, Stephen W., Paul Gardea, Vivek Patel, Stephen J. Douglas, and Patrick D. Wolf. “Double Ring Array Catheter for In Vivo Real-Time 3D Ultrasound.” Ultrasonic Imaging 36, no. 3 (July 2014): 167–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0161734614523738.
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    • Patel, Vivek, Jeremy J. Dahl, David P. Bradway, Joshua R. Doherty, Seung Yun Lee, and Stephen W. Smith. “Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging (ARFI) on an IVUS circular array.” Ultrasonic Imaging 36, no. 2 (April 2014): 98–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/0161734613511595.
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    • Lindsey, Brooks D., Heather A. Nicoletto, Ellen R. Bennett, Daniel T. Laskowitz, and Stephen W. Smith. “3-D transcranial ultrasound imaging with bilateral phase aberration correction of multiple isoplanatic patches: a pilot human study with microbubble contrast enhancement.” Ultrasound Med Biol 40, no. 1 (January 2014): 90–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.09.006.
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    • Lindsey, Brooks D., and Stephen W. Smith. “Refraction correction in 3D transcranial ultrasound imaging.” Ultrasonic Imaging 36, no. 1 (January 2014): 35–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0161734613510287.
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    • Lindsey, Brooks D., Heather A. Nicoletto, Ellen R. Bennett, Daniel T. Laskowitz, and Stephen W. Smith. “Simultaneous bilateral real-time 3-d transcranial ultrasound imaging at 1 MHz through poor acoustic windows.” Ultrasound Med Biol 39, no. 4 (April 2013): 721–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.11.019.
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    • Lindsey, Brooks D., and Stephen W. Smith. “Pitch-catch phase aberration correction of multiple isoplanatic patches for 3-D transcranial ultrasound imaging.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 60, no. 3 (March 2013): 463–80. https://doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2013.2590.
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    • Patel, Vivek, Edward Light, Carl Herickhoff, Gerald Grant, Gavin Britz, Christy Wilson, Mark Palmeri, and Stephen Smith. “Intracranial dual-mode IVUS and hyperthermia using circular arrays: preliminary experiments.” Ultrason Imaging 35, no. 1 (January 2013): 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0161734612469372.
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    • Lindsey, B. D., and S. W. Smith. “Multiple isoplanatic patch phase aberration correction in real-time 3D transcranial ultrasound.” Ieee International Ultrasonics Symposium, Ius, December 1, 2012, 109–12. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2012.0027.
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    • Light, Edward D., Brooks D. Lindsey, Joseph A. Upchurch, and Stephen W. Smith. “Ring array transducers for real-time 3-D imaging of an atrial septal occluder.” Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 38, no. 8 (August 2012): 1483–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.03.019.
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    • Light, E. D., B. D. Lindsey, J. A. Upchurch, and S. W. Smith. “2D ring array transducers for real-time 3D imaging of atrial septal defect repair.” Ieee International Ultrasonics Symposium, Ius, December 1, 2011, 230–33. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2011.0056.
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    • Lindsey, B. D., and S. W. Smith. “Pitch-catch phase aberration correction for 3D ultrasound brain helmet.” Ieee International Ultrasonics Symposium, Ius, December 1, 2011, 2456–59. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2011.0610.
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    • Herickhoff, Carl D., Christy M. Wilson, Gerald A. Grant, Gavin W. Britz, Edward D. Light, Mark L. Palmeri, Patrick D. Wolf, and Stephen W. Smith. “Dual-mode IVUS transducer for image-guided brain therapy: preliminary experiments.” Ultrasound Med Biol 37, no. 10 (October 2011): 1667–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2011.06.017.
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    • Light, Edward D., Victor Lieu, and Stephen W. Smith. “Progress in ring array transducers for real-time 3D ultrasound guidance of cardiac interventional devices.” Ultrasonic Imaging 33, no. 3 (July 2011): 197–204. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173461103300304.
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    • Lindsey, Brooks D., Edward D. Light, Heather A. Nicoletto, Ellen R. Bennett, Daniel T. Laskowitz, and Stephen W. Smith. “The ultrasound brain helmet: new transducers and volume registration for in vivo simultaneous multi-transducer 3-D transcranial imaging.” Ieee Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 58, no. 6 (June 2011): 1189–1202. https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2011.1929.
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    • Bostom, Andrew G., Myra A. Carpenter, John W. Kusek, Andrew S. Levey, Lawrence Hunsicker, Marc A. Pfeffer, Jacob Selhub, et al. “Homocysteine-lowering and cardiovascular disease outcomes in kidney transplant recipients: primary results from the Folic Acid for Vascular Outcome Reduction in Transplantation trial.” Circulation 123, no. 16 (April 26, 2011): 1763–70. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.000588.
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    • Light, E. D., V. Lieu, and S. W. Smith. “Erratum: Progress in ring array transducers for real-time 3D ultrasound guidance of cardiac interventional devices (Ultrasonic Imaging (2011) 33 (197-204).” Ultrasonic Imaging 33, no. 4 (January 1, 2011): 279.
    • Herickhoff, C. D., G. A. Grant, G. W. Britz, and S. W. Smith. “Erratum: Dual-mode IVUS catheter for intracranial image-guided hyperthermia: Feasibility study (IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control).” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 58, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 267. https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2011.1797.
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    • Liang, K., E. D. Light, J. A. Baker, F. Lachmann, J. Collins, and S. W. Smith. “Clinical prototype of autonomous breast biopsy robot guided by 4Dultrasound.” Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium, December 1, 2010, 2348–51. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2010.5935778.
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    • Lieu, V., E. D. Light, P. Suhocki, P. D. Wolf, and S. W. Smith. “Ring array transducers for real-time 3D ultrasound guidance of prostheticheart valve deployment.” Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium, December 1, 2010, 774–77. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2010.5935894.
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    • Lindsey, B. D., E. D. Light, S. W. Smith, H. A. Nicoletto, E. R. Bennett, and D. T. Laskowitz. “Dual matrix arrays integrated into scanner for increased SNR of ultrasound brain helmet.” Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium, December 1, 2010, 1100–1103. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2010.5935451.
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    • Herickhoff, C. D., P. D. Wolf, S. W. Smith, G. A. Grant, G. W. Britz, and C. M. Wilson. “Intracranial dual-mode IVUS transducer for image-guided brain therapypreliminary experiments.” Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium, December 1, 2010, 1502–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2010.5935594.
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    • Herickhoff, Carl D., Gerald A. Grant, Gavin W. Britz, and Stephen W. Smith. “Dual-mode IVUS catheter for intracranial image-guided hyperthermia: feasibility study.” Ieee Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 57, no. 11 (November 2010): 2572–84. https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2010.1723.
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    • Liang, Kaicheng, Albert J. Rogers, Edward D. Light, Daniel Von Allmen, and Stephen W. Smith. “Simulation of autonomous robotic multiple-core biopsy by 3D ultrasound guidance.” Ultrasonic Imaging 32, no. 2 (April 2010): 118–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173461003200205.
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    • Liang, Kaicheng, Albert J. Rogers, Edward D. Light, Daniel von Allmen, and Stephen W. Smith. “Three-dimensional ultrasound guidance of autonomous robotic breast biopsy: feasibility study.” Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 36, no. 1 (January 2010): 173–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2009.08.014.
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    • Ivancevich, Nikolas M., Jeremy J. Dahl, and Stephen W. Smith. “Comparison of 3-D multi-lag cross- correlation and speckle brightness aberration correction algorithms on static and moving targets.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 56, no. 10 (October 2009): 2157–66. https://doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2009.1298.
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    • Light, Edward D., Victor Lieu, and Stephen W. Smith. “New fabrication techniques for ring-array transducers for real-time 3D intravascular ultrasound.” Ultrasonic Imaging 31, no. 4 (October 2009): 247–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173460903100403.
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    • Rogers, Albert J., Edward D. Light, and Stephen W. Smith. “3-D ultrasound guidance of autonomous robot for location of ferrous shrapnel.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 56, no. 7 (July 2009): 1301–3. https://doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2009.1185.
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    • Light, E. D., and S. W. Smith. “2D array transducers for real-time 3D ultrasound guidance of interventional devices.” Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging  Proceedings of Spie 7265 (June 19, 2009). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.808225.
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    • Rogers, A. J., E. D. Light, D. Von Allmen, and S. W. Smith. “Real time 3D ultrasound in guidance of autonomous surgical robot for shrapnel detection and breast biopsy.” Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging  Proceedings of Spie 7265 (June 19, 2009). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.808234.
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    • Herickhoff, Carl D., Edward D. Light, Kristin F. Bing, Srinivasan Mukundan, Gerald A. Grant, Patrick D. Wolf, and Stephen W. Smith. “Dual-mode intracranial catheter integrating 3D ultrasound imaging and hyperthermia for neuro-oncology: feasibility study.” Ultrason Imaging 31, no. 2 (April 2009): 81–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173460903100201.
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    • Smith, Stephen W., Nikolas M. Ivancevich, Brooks D. Lindsey, John Whitman, Edward Light, Matthew Fronheiser, Heather A. Nicoletto, and Daniel T. Laskowitz. “The ultrasound brain helmet: feasibility study of multiple simultaneous 3D scans of cerebral vasculature.” Ultrasound Med Biol 35, no. 2 (February 2009): 329–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2008.08.016.
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    • Light, E. D., V. Lieu, and S. W. Smith. “New ring array transducers for real-time 3D intravascular ultrasound.” Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium, January 1, 2009, 1004–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2009.5441800.
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    • Herickhoff, C. D., E. D. Light, P. D. Wolf, S. W. Smith, G. A. Grant, and G. W. Britz. “Dual-mode intracranial catheters for minimally-invasive neuro-oncology feasibility study.” Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium, January 1, 2009, 1012–15. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2009.5441798.
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    • Lindsey, B. D., N. M. Ivancevich, E. D. Light, S. W. Smith, H. A. Nicoletto, E. Bennett, and D. T. Laskowitz. “The ultrasound brain helmet for 3D transcranial Doppler imaging.” Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2009.5441617.
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    • Reddy, Kalyan E., Edward D. Light, Danny J. Rivera, Joseph A. Kisslo, and Stephen W. Smith. “Color Doppler imaging of cardiac catheters using vibrating motors.” Ultrason Imaging 30, no. 4 (October 2008): 247–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173460803000408.
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    • Ivancevich, Nikolas M., Gianmarco F. Pinton, Heather A. Nicoletto, Ellen Bennett, Daniel T. Laskowitz, and Stephen W. Smith. “Real-time 3-D contrast-enhanced transcranial ultrasound and aberration correction.” Ultrasound Med Biol 34, no. 9 (September 2008): 1387–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2008.01.015.
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    • Light, Edward D., John F. Angle, and Stephen W. Smith. “Real-time 3-D ultrasound guidance of interventional devices.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 55, no. 9 (September 2008): 2066–78. https://doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.898.
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    • Whitman, J., M. P. Fronheiser, and S. W. Smith. “3-D ultrasound guidance of surgical robotics using catheter transducers: feasibility study.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 55, no. 5 (May 2008): 1143–45. https://doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2008.766.
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    • Hsu, Stephen J., Julia L. Hubert, Stephen W. Smith, and Gregg E. Trahey. “Intracardiac echocardiography and acoustic radiation force impulse imaging of a dynamic ex vivo ovine heart model.” Ultrasonic Imaging 30, no. 2 (April 2008): 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173460803000201.
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    • Fronheiser, Matthew P., Salim F. Idriss, Patrick D. Wolf, and Stephen W. Smith. “Vibrating interventional device detection using real-time 3-D color Doppler.” Ieee Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 55, no. 6 (2008): 1355–62. https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2008.798.
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    • Fronheiser, M. P., J. R. Noble, E. Light, and S. W. Smith. “Real time stereo 3D ultrasound.” Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium, December 1, 2007, 2239–42. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2007.563.
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    • Fronheiser, M. P., J. Whitman, N. M. Ivancevich, and S. W. Smith. “3-D ultrasound guidance of surgical robotics: Autonomous guidance and catheter transducers.” Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium, December 1, 2007, 2527–30. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2007.636.
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    • Fronheiser, M. P., S. F. Idriss, P. D. Wolf, and S. W. Smith. “Vibrating interventional device detection using real-time 3D color doppler.” Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium, December 1, 2007, 868–71. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2007.222.
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    • Herickhoff, C. D., E. D. Light, S. Mukundan, P. D. Wolf, E. Dixon-Tulloch, T. Shih, S. J. Hsu, and S. W. Smith. “Intracranial catheter for integrated 3D ultrasound imaging & hyperthermia: Feasibility study.” Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium, December 1, 2007, 208–11. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2007.63.
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    • Klein, Stephen M., Matthew P. Fronheiser, John Reach, Karen C. Nielsen, and Stephen W. Smith. “Piezoelectric vibrating needle and catheter for enhancing ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blocks.” Anesth Analg 105, no. 6 (December 2007): 1858–60. https://doi.org/10.1213/01.ane.0000286814.79988.0a.
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    • Light, E. D., and S. W. Smith. “Combined 2D array transducers/deployment kits for real-time 3D ultrasound guidance of interventional devices.” Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium, December 1, 2007, 844–47. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2007.216.
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    • Ramireddy, A., E. D. Light, and S. W. Smith. “Ultrasound probe with integrated ECG lead.” Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium, December 1, 2007, 2375–76. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2007.597.
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    • Whitman, John, Matthew P. Fronheiser, Nikolas M. Ivancevich, and Stephen W. Smith. “Autonomous surgical robotics using 3-D ultrasound guidance: feasibility study.” Ultrasonic Imaging 29, no. 4 (October 2007): 213–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173460702900402.
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    • Fronheiser, Matthew P., and Stephen W. Smith. “Analysis of a vibrating interventional device to improve 3-D colormark tracking.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 54, no. 8 (August 2007): 1700–1707. https://doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2007.442.
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    • Light, E. D., S. Mukundan, P. D. Wolf, and S. W. Smith. “Real-time 3-D intracranial ultrasound with an endoscopic matrix array transducer.” Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 33, no. 8 (August 2007): 1277–84.
    • Ramireddy, Archana, Edward D. Light, and Stephen W. Smith. “Ultrasound probe with integrated ECG lead: feasibility study.” Ultrasonic Imaging 29, no. 3 (July 2007): 195–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173460702900305.
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    • Pua, Eric C., Salim F. Idriss, Patrick D. Wolf, and S. W. Smith. “Real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography for guiding interventional electrophysiology: feasibility study.” Ultrason Imaging 29, no. 3 (July 2007): 182–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173460702900304.
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    • Pua, Eric C., Yupeng Qiu, and S. W. Smith. “Integrated endoscope for real-time 3D ultrasound imaging and hyperthermia: feasibility study.” Ultrasonic Imaging 29, no. 1 (January 2007): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173460702900101.
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    • Ivancevich, N. M., G. F. Pinton, S. W. Smith, H. A. Nicoletto, M. Seism, E. Bennett, and D. T. Laskowitz. “Real-time 3D contrast-enhanced transcranial ultrasound.” Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium, 2007, 550–53. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2007.143.
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    • Fronheiser, M. P., J. J. Dahl, G. F. Pinton, Z. Chao, and S. W. Smith. “3D acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging using a 2d matrix array: Feasibility study.” Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 1 (December 1, 2006): 1144–47. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2006.296.
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    • Fronheiser, M. P., and S. W. Smith. “Analysis of a vibrating interventional device for 3D colormark tracking.” Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 1 (December 1, 2006): 489–92. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2006.130.
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    • Hsu, S. J., S. W. Smith, J. L. Hubert, and G. E. Trahey. “Ex Vivo acoustic radiation force impulse imaging of an ovine heart model.” Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 1 (December 1, 2006): 1690–93. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2006.426.
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    • Ivancevich, N. M., J. D. Dahl, E. D. Light, H. A. Nicoletto, M. Seism, D. T. Laskowitz, G. E. Trahey, and S. W. Smith. “Phase aberration correction on a 3D ultrasound scanner using RF speckle from moving targets.” Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 1 (December 1, 2006): 120–23. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2006.43.
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    • Light, E. D., P. D. Wolf, S. W. Smith, and S. Mukundan. “Two dimensional arrays for real time 3D intracranial imaging of the brain.” Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 1 (December 1, 2006): 70–73. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2006.31.
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    • Pua, E. C., E. D. Light, P. D. Wolf, S. W. Smith, and D. Von Allmen. “3-D ultrasound guidance of surgical robotics: A feasibility study.” Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 1 (December 1, 2006): 993–96. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2006.258.
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    • Pua, E. C., Y. Qiu, and S. W. Smith. “Integrated endoscope for real-time 3D ultrasound imaging and hyperthermia: A feasibility study.” Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 1 (December 1, 2006): 837–40. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2006.218.
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    • Pua, Eric C., Matthew P. Fronheiser, Joanna R. Noble, Edward D. Light, Patrick D. Wolf, Daniel von Allmen, and Stephen W. Smith. “3-D ultrasound guidance of surgical robotics: a feasibility study.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 53, no. 11 (November 2006): 1999–2008. https://doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2006.140.
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    • Noble, Joanna R., Matthew P. Fronheiser, and Stephen W. Smith. “Real-time stereo 3D ultrasound.” Ultrasonic Imaging 28, no. 4 (October 2006): 245–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173460602800404.
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    • Ivancevich, Nikolas M., Jeremy J. Dahl, Gregg E. Trahey, and Stephen W. Smith. “Phase-aberration correction with a 3-D ultrasound scanner: feasibility study.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 53, no. 8 (August 2006): 1432–39. https://doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2006.1665100.
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    • Smith, S. W., W. Lee, K. L. Gentry, E. C. Pua, and E. D. Light. “Integrated interventional devices for real time 3D ultrasound imaging and therapy.” Aip Conference Proceedings 829 (May 8, 2006): 375–79. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2205500.
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    • Fronheiser, Matthew P., Edward D. Light, Salim F. Idriss, Patrick D. Wolf, and Stephen W. Smith. “Real-time, 3-D ultrasound with multiple transducer arrays.” Ieee Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 53, no. 1 (January 2006): 100–105. https://doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2006.1588395.
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    • Dahl, J. J., N. M. Ivancevich, C. G. Keen, G. E. Trahey, and S. W. Smith. “Phase correction of skull aberration with 1.75-D and 2-D arrays using speckle targets.” Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 2 (December 1, 2005): 1323–26. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2005.1603097.
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    • Light, E. D., E. G. Dixon-Tulloch, P. D. Wolf, S. W. Smith, and S. F. Idriss. “Real-time 3D ultrasound laparoscopy.” Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 2 (December 1, 2005): 796–99. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2005.1602971.
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    • Gentry, Kenneth L., Mark L. Palmeri, Nasheer Sachedina, and Stephen W. Smith. “Finite-element analysis of temperature rise and lesion formation from catheter ultrasound ablation transducers.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 52, no. 10 (October 2005): 1713–21. https://doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2005.1561625.
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    • Light, Edward D., Salim F. Idriss, Kathryn F. Sullivan, Patrick D. Wolf, and Stephen W. Smith. “Real-time 3D laparoscopic ultrasonography.” Ultrason Imaging 27, no. 3 (July 2005): 129–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173460502700301.
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    • Gentry, Kenneth L., Nasheer Sachedina, and Stephen W. Smith. “Catheter ultrasound phased-array transducers for thermal ablation: a feasibility study.” Ultrasonic Imaging 27, no. 2 (April 2005): 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173460502700203.
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    • Zara, J. M., J. A. Izatt, B. J. Oberhardt, and S. W. Smith. “Endoscopic optical coherence tomography imaging probe using a MEMS actuator.” Proceedings of Spie  the International Society for Optical Engineering 5389 (December 17, 2004): 324–32. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.539816.
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    • Fronheiser, M. P., E. D. Light, and S. W. Smith. “Real-time 3D ultrasound with multiple transducer arrays.” Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 1 (December 1, 2004): 786–89.
    • Fronheiser, M. P., P. D. Wolf, S. F. Idriss, R. C. Nelson, E. Dixon-Tulloch, and S. W. Smith. “Real-time 3D color doppler for guidance of vibrating interventional devices.” Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 1 (December 1, 2004): 149–52.
    • Gentry, K. L., M. L. Palmeri, N. Sachedina, and S. W. Smith. “Finite element analysis of temperature rise from an integrated 3-D intracardiac echo and ultrasound ablation transducer.” Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 1 (December 1, 2004): 122–25.
    • Ivancevich, N. M., K. K. Chu, J. D. Dahl, E. D. Light, G. E. Trahey, S. F. Idriss, P. D. Wolf, E. Dixon-Tulloch, and S. W. Smith. “Real time 3D ultrasound imaging of the brain.” Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 1 (December 1, 2004): 110–13.
    • Long, J. T., N. Jannetto, S. Bakker, S. Smith, and G. F. Hams. “Biomechanics of cranial dynamics during daily living activities.” Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology  Proceedings 26 IV (December 1, 2004): 2417–19.
    • Pua, E. C., S. F. Idriss, P. D. Wolf, and S. W. Smith. “Real-time 3D transesophageal echocardiography.” Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 1 (December 1, 2004): 778–81.
    • Smith, Stephen W., Kengyeh Chu, Salim F. Idriss, Nikolas M. Ivancevich, Edward D. Light, and Patrick D. Wolf. “Feasibility study: real-time 3-D ultrasound imaging of the brain.” Ultrasound Med Biol 30, no. 10 (October 2004): 1365–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2004.08.012.
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    • Lee, Warren, Salim F. Idriss, Patrick D. Wolf, and Stephen W. Smith. “A miniaturized catheter 2-D array for real-time, 3-D intracardiac echocardiography.” Ieee Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 51, no. 10 (October 2004): 1334–46. https://doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2004.1350962.
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    • Pua, Eric C., Salim F. Idriss, Patrick D. Wolf, and S. W. Smith. “Real-time 3D transesophageal echocardiography.” Ultrason Imaging 26, no. 4 (October 2004): 217–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173460402600402.
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    • Gentry, Kenneth L., and Stephen W. Smith. “Integrated catheter for 3-D intracardiac echocardiography and ultrasound ablation.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 51, no. 7 (July 2004): 800–808. https://doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2004.1320739.
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    • Fronheiser, Matthew P., Patrick D. Wolf, Salim F. Idriss, Rendon C. Nelson, Warren Lee, and Stephen W. Smith. “Real-time 3D color flow Doppler for guidance of vibrating interventional devices.” Ultrason Imaging 26, no. 3 (July 2004): 173–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173460402600304.
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    • Light, Edward D., and Stephen W. Smith. “Two dimensional arrays for real time 3D intravascular ultrasound.” Ultrasonic Imaging 26, no. 2 (April 2004): 115–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173460402600204.
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    • Yen, Jesse T., and Stephen W. Smith. “Real-time rectilinear 3-D ultrasound using receive mode multiplexing.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 51, no. 2 (February 2004): 216–26.
    • Light, E. D., S. W. Smith, and J. F. Angle. “Advances in two dimensional arrays for real time 3D intravascular ultrasound.” Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 1 (January 1, 2004): 790–93.
    • Yen, J. T., and S. W. Smith. “Real-Time Rectilinear 3-D Ultrasound Using Receive Mode Multiplexing.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 51, no. 2 (January 1, 2004): 216–26. https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2004.1320770.
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    • Zara, J. M., S. Yazdanfar, K. D. Rao, J. A. Izatt, and S. W. Smith. “Scanning mirror for optical coherence tomography using an electrostatic MEMS actuator.” Proceedings of Spie  the International Society for Optical Engineering 4956 (December 5, 2003): 139–46. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.479037.
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    • Gentry, K. L., and S. W. Smith. “Integrated catheter for 3-D intracardiac echocardiography and ultrasound ablation.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 2 (December 1, 2003): 1099–1102.
    • Gentry, K. L., and S. W. Smith. “Integrated catheter for 3-D intracardiac echocardiography and ultrasound ablation.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 1 (December 1, 2003): 994–97.
    • Lee, W., S. F. Idriss, P. D. Wolf, E. Dixon-Tulloch, J. F. Angle, and S. W. Smith. “Advances in 2-D array catheter transducers for real-time three-dimensional intracardiac echocardiography.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 1 (December 1, 2003): 672–75.
    • Light, E. D., and S. W. Smith. “Two dimensional arrays for real time 3D intravascular ultrasound.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 1 (December 1, 2003): 877–80.
    • Pua, E. C., J. T. Yen, and S. W. Smith. “Real-time cylindrical curvilinear 3-D ultrasound imaging.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 1 (December 1, 2003): 668–71.
    • Yen, J. T., and S. W. Smith. “Real-time rectilinear 3-D ultrasound with 4:1 receive mode multiplexing.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 1 (December 1, 2003): 954–59.
    • Yen, J. T., and S. W. Smith. “Real-time rectilinear 3-D ultrasound with 4:1 receive mode multiplexing.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 2 (December 1, 2003): 1165–70.
    • Gentry, K. L., E. D. Light, and S. W. Smith. “Combined 3D intracardiac echo and ultrasound ablation.” Proceedings of Spie  the International Society for Optical Engineering 5035 (September 12, 2003): 166–73. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.479877.
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    • Lee, Warren, Salim F. Idriss, Patrick D. Wolf, and Stephen W. Smith. “Dual lumen transducer probes for real-time 3-D interventional cardiac ultrasound.” Ultrasound Med Biol 29, no. 9 (September 2003): 1297–1304. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0301-5629(03)00952-9.
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    • Pua, E. C., J. T. Yen, and S. W. Smith. “Real-time cylindrical curvilinear 3-D ultrasound imaging.” Ultrasonic Imaging 25, no. 3 (July 2003): 137–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173460302500302.
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    • Zara, J. M., S. Yazdanfar, K. D. Rao, J. A. Izatt, and S. W. Smith. “Electrostatic micromachine scanning mirror for optical coherence tomography.” Optics Letters 28, no. 8 (April 2003): 628–30. https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.28.000628.
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    • Smith, S. W., W. Lee, E. D. Light, J. T. Yen, P. Wolf, and S. Idriss. “Two dimensional arrays for 3-D ultrasound imaging.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 2 (December 1, 2002): 1545–53.
    • Zara, J. M., and S. W. Smith. “Optical scanner using a MEMS actuator.” Sensors and Actuators, A: Physical 102, no. 1–2 (December 1, 2002): 176–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-4247(02)00302-3.
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    • Mills, David M., and Stephen W. Smith. “Finite element comparison of single crystal vs. multi-layer composite arrays for medical ultrasound.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 49, no. 7 (July 2002): 1015–20. https://doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2002.1020172.
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    • Mills, David M., and Stephen W. Smith. “Multi-layered PZT/polymer composites to increase signal-to-noise ratio and resolution for medical ultrasound transducers part II: thick film technology.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 49, no. 7 (July 2002): 1005–14. https://doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2002.1020171.
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    • Yen, Jesse T., and Stephen W. Smith. “Real-time rectilinear volumetric imaging using a periodic array.” Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 28, no. 7 (July 2002): 923–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0301-5629(02)00543-4.
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    • Zara, Jason M., and Stephen W. Smith. “A micromachine high frequency ultrasound scanner using photolithographic fabrication.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 49, no. 7 (July 2002): 947–58. https://doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2002.1020165.
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    • Lee, Warren, and Stephen W. Smith. “Intracardiac catheter 2-D arrays on a silicon substrate.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 49, no. 4 (April 2002): 415–25. https://doi.org/10.1109/58.996559.
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    • Smith, Stephen W., Rebecca C. Booi, Edward D. Light, Christine L. Merdes, and Patrick D. Wolf. “Guidance of cardiac pacemaker leads using real time 3D ultrasound: feasibility studies.” Ultrasonic Imaging 24, no. 2 (April 2002): 119–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173460202400205.
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    • Smith, Stephen W., Edward D. Light, Salim F. Idriss, and Patrick D. Wolf. “Feasibility study of real-time three-dimensional intracardiac echocardiography for guidance of interventional electrophysiology.” Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 25, no. 3 (March 2002): 351–57. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9592.2002.00351.x.
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    • Strole, J., S. Corbett, W. Lee, E. Light, and S. Smith. “A novel flex circuit area-array interconnect system for a catheter-based ultrasound transducer.” Proceedings of Spie  the International Society for Optical Engineering 4931 (January 1, 2002): 453–58.
    • Yen, Jesse T., and Stephen W. Smith. “Real-time rectilinear volumetric imaging.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 49, no. 1 (January 2002): 114–24. https://doi.org/10.1109/58.981389.
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    • Light, Edward D., Salim F. Idriss, Warren Lee, Patrick D. Wolf, and Stephen W. Smith. “Feasibility study for real time three dimensional Doppler intracardiac echocardiography.” Ultrason Imaging 24, no. 1 (January 2002): 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173460202400104.
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    • Lee, W., E. D. Light, S. F. Idriss, E. Dixon-Tulloch, P. D. Wolf, and S. W. Smith. “Real-time three dimensional intracardiac echocardiography for guidance of cardiac interventional procedures.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 2 (December 1, 2001): 1307–10.
    • Yen, J. T., and S. W. Smith. “Real-time curvilinear and improved rectilinear volumetric imaging.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 2 (December 1, 2001): 1117–22.
    • Light, E. D., S. F. Idriss, P. D. Wolf, and S. W. Smith. “Real-time three-dimensional intracardiac echocardiography.” Ultrasound Med Biol 27, no. 9 (September 2001): 1177–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0301-5629(01)00421-5.
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    • Bobbio, S. M., S. W. Smith, J. M. Zara, S. Goodwin-Johansson, K. L. Gentry, J. Hudak, M. Kerns, P. C. Elliott, B. J. Rouse, and R. T. Borno. “High aspect ratio integrated force arrays.” Proceedings of Spie  the International Society for Optical Engineering 4334, no. 1 (August 16, 2001): 298–308. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.436614.
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    • Zara, J. M., K. L. Gentry, S. M. Bobbio, and S. W. Smith. “Synthetic muscle actuators: Applications in ultrasonic imaging and optical beam steering.” Proceedings of Spie  the International Society for Optical Engineering 4236 (January 1, 2001): 49–57. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.418779.
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    • Elliott, P. C., S. M. Bobbio, M. A. Pennington, S. W. Smith, J. Zara, J. Hudak, J. Pagan, and B. J. Rouse. “Spiral Wound Transducer.” Proceedings of Spie  the International Society for Optical Engineering 4176 (December 1, 2000): 130–39. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.395621.
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    • Gentry, K. L., J. M. Zara, S. D. Bu, C. B. Eom, and S. W. Smith. “Thick film sol gel PZT transducer using dip coating.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 2 (December 1, 2000): 977–80.
    • Light, E. D., P. A. Hultman, S. F. Idriss, W. Lee, P. D. Wolf, and S. W. Smith. “Two dimensional arrays for real time volumetric and intracardiac imaging with simultaneous electrocardiogram.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 2 (December 1, 2000): 1195–98.
    • Mills, D. M., and S. W. Smith. “Multi-layer composite hybrid transducer for medical ultrasound.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 2 (December 1, 2000): 1153–56.
    • Yen, J. T., and S. W. Smith. “Real time rectilinear volumetric imaging.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 2 (December 1, 2000): 1199–1204.
    • Zara, J. M., S. Bobbio, and S. W. Smith. “Micromachine intracardiac ultrasound scanner fabricated with integrated circuit technology.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 1 (December 1, 2000): 931–34.
    • Bobbio, S. M., M. A. Pennington, S. W. Smith, J. Zara, H. J. Leamy, J. Hudak, J. Pagan, and P. Elliott. “Scalable synthetic muscle actuator.” Proceedings of Spie  the International Society for Optical Engineering 3990 (January 1, 2000): 206–19.
    • Fiering, J. O., P. Hultman, W. Lee, E. D. Light, and S. W. Smith. “High-density flexible interconnect for two-dimensional ultrasound arrays.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 47, no. 3 (January 2000): 764–70. https://doi.org/10.1109/58.842067.
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    • Smith, S. W., E. D. Light, W. Lee, and P. D. Wolf. “Two dimensional arrays for real time intracardiac volumetric imaging.” Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 26, no. SUPPL. 2 (January 1, 2000).
    • Smith, S. W., E. D. Light, W. Lee, and P. D. Wolf. “Two dimensional arrays for real time intracardiac volumetric imaging.” Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 26, no. SUPPL 2 (2000): 58.
    • Smith, S. W., E. D. Light, W. Lee, and P. D. Wolf. “Two dimensional arrays for real time intracardiac volumetric imaging.” Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 26, no. SUPPL. 2 (2000): A58.
    • Yen, J. T., J. P. Steinberg, and S. W. Smith. “Sparse 2-D array design for real time rectilinear volumetric imaging.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 47, no. 1 (January 2000): 93–110. https://doi.org/10.1109/58.818752.
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    • Zara, J. M., S. M. Bobbio, S. Goodwin-Johansson, and S. W. Smith. “Intracardiac ultrasound scanner using a micromachine (MEMS) actuator.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 47, no. 4 (January 2000): 984–93. https://doi.org/10.1109/58.852082.
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    • Bobbio, S. M., S. W. Smith, J. Zara, S. Goodwin-Johansson, J. Hudak, T. DuBois, H. Leamy, J. Godwin, and M. Pennington. “Microelectromechanical actuator with extended range and enhanced force: fabrication, test, and application as a mechanical scanner.” Proceedings of Spie  the International Society for Optical Engineering 3673 (December 1, 1999): 210–18.
    • Light, E. D., J. O. Fiering, P. A. Hultman, W. Lee, and S. W. Smith. “Update of two dimensional arrays for real time volumetric and real time intracardiac imaging.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 2 (December 1, 1999): 1217–20.
    • Mills, D. M., and S. W. Smith. “Finite element analysis of multi-layer composite hybrid and single crystal medical ultrasound transducers.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 2 (December 1, 1999): 1195–98.
    • Zara, J. M., S. Bobbio, S. Goodwin-Johansson, and S. W. Smith. “Intracardiac ultrasound catheter using a micromachine (MEMS) actuator.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 2 (December 1, 1999): 1173–76.
    • Emery, C. D., and S. W. Smith. “Ultrasonic imaging using a 5-MHz multilayer/single-layer hybrid array for increased signal-to-noise ratio.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 46, no. 5 (January 1999): 1101–19. https://doi.org/10.1109/58.796116.
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    • Light, E. D., J. O. Fiering, W. Lee, P. D. Wolf, and S. W. Smith. “Two-dimensional catheter arrays for real time intracardiac volumetric imaging.” Proceedings of Spie  the International Society for Optical Engineering 3664 (January 1, 1999): 76–84.
    • Mills, D. M., and S. W. Smith. “Multi-layered PZT/polymer composites to increase signal-to-noise ratio and resolution for medical ultrasound transducers.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 46, no. 4 (January 1999): 961–71. https://doi.org/10.1109/58.775663.
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    • Ries, L. L., and S. W. Smith. “Finite element analysis of a deformable array transducer.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 46, no. 6 (January 1999): 1352–63. https://doi.org/10.1109/58.808858.
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    • Mills, D. M., and S. W. Smith. “Multi-layered PZT/polymer composites to increase signal to noise ratio and resolution for medical ultrasound transducers.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 2 (December 1, 1998): 1873–76. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1998.765317.
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    • Emery, C. D., H. C. Casey, and S. W. Smith. “Ultrasonic imaging using optoelectronic transmitters.” Ultrasonic Imaging 20, no. 2 (April 1998): 113–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173469802000203.
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    • Davidsen, R. E., and S. W. Smith. “Two-dimensional arrays for medical ultrasound using multilayer flexible circuit interconnection.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 45, no. 2 (January 1998): 338–48. https://doi.org/10.1109/58.660144.
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    • Light, E. D., R. E. Davidsen, J. O. Fiering, T. A. Hruschka, and S. W. Smith. “Progress in two-dimensional arrays for real-time volumetric imaging.” Ultrasonic Imaging 20, no. 1 (January 1998): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173469802000101.
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    • Davidsen, R. E., and S. W. Smith. “Experimental results from an electrostrictive multiplexed 2-D array.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 2 (December 1, 1997): 1647–50.
    • Emery, C. D., H. C. Casey, and S. W. Smith. “Ultrasonic imaging using optoelectronic transmitters.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 2 (December 1, 1997): 1631–36.
    • Goldberg, R. L., M. J. Jurgens, D. M. Mills, C. S. Henriquez, D. Vaughan, and S. W. Smith. “Modeling of piezoelectric multilayer ceramics using finite element analysis.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 44, no. 6 (December 1, 1997): 1204–14. https://doi.org/10.1109/58.656622.
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    • Light, E. D., R. E. Davidsen, T. A. Hruschka, and S. W. Smith. “Advances in two dimensional arrays for real time volumetric imaging.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 2 (December 1, 1997): 1619–23.
    • Ries, L. L., and S. W. Smith. “Phase aberration correction in two dimensions with an integrated deformable actuator/transducer.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 44, no. 6 (December 1, 1997): 1366–75. https://doi.org/10.1109/58.656640.
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    • Ries, L. L., and S. W. Smith. “Finite element analysis of a deformable array transducer.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 2 (December 1, 1997): 1705–8.
    • Davidsen, R. E., and S. W. Smith. “A two-dimensional array for B-mode and volumetric imaging with multiplexed electrostrictive elements.” Ultrasonic Imaging 19, no. 4 (October 1997): 235–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173469701900401.
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    • Emery, C. D., and S. W. Smith. “Improved signal-to-noise ratio in hybrid 2-D arrays: experimental confirmation.” Ultrasonic Imaging 19, no. 2 (April 1997): 93–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173469701900201.
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    • Goldberg, R. L., C. D. Emery, and S. W. Smith. “Hybrid multi/single layer array transducers for increased signal-to-noise ratio.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 44, no. 2 (January 1997): 315–25. https://doi.org/10.1109/58.585116.
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    • Bobbio, S. M., S. W. Smith, S. Goodwin Johansson, R. B. Fair, T. D. DuBois, F. M. Tranjan, J. Hudak, R. Gupta, and H. Makki. “Integrated force array: interface to external systems.” Proc. Spie  Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (Usa) 3046 (1997): 248–59.
    • Davidsen, R. E., and S. W. Smith. “Multiplexed two-dimensional array for real time volumetric and B-mode imaging.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 2 (December 1, 1996): 1523–26.
    • Emery, C. D., and S. W. Smith. “Signal to noise ratio of hybrid multilayer/single layer 2-D arrays.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 2 (December 1, 1996): 1517–21.
    • Mills, D. M., and S. W. Smith. “Combining multi-layers and composites to increase SNR for medical ultrasound transducers.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 2 (December 1, 1996): 1509–12.
    • Ries, L. L., and S. W. Smith. “Phase aberration correction in two dimensions with an integrated deformable actuator/transducer.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 2 (December 1, 1996): 1499–1502.
    • Smith, S. W., R. E. Davidsen, C. D. Emery, R. L. Goldberg, E. D. Light, and D. M. Mills. “2-D array transducers for medical ultrasound at Duke University: 1996.” Ieee International Symposium on Applications of Ferroelectrics 1 (December 1, 1996): 5–11.
    • Bobbio, S. M., S. Goodwin-Johansson, T. D. DuBois, F. M. Tranjan, S. W. Smith, R. B. Fair, C. Ball, et al. “Integrated force array: positioning drive applications.” Proceedings of Spie  the International Society for Optical Engineering 2722 (January 1, 1996): 123–34.
    • Davidsen, R. E., and S. W. Smith. “Relaxor ferroelectric materials in two-dimensional transducer arrays.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 2 (December 1, 1995): 1283–86.
    • Ries, L. L., and S. W. Smith. “Phase aberration correction in two dimensions using a deformable array transducer.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 2 (December 1, 1995): 1439–42.
    • Smith, S. W., R. E. Davidsen, C. D. Emery, R. L. Goldberg, and E. D. Light. “Update on 2-D array transducers for medical ultrasound.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 2 (December 1, 1995): 1273–78.
    • Ries, L. L., and S. W. Smith. “Phase aberration correction in two dimensions using a deformable array transducer.” Ultrasonic Imaging 17, no. 3 (July 1995): 227–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173469501700303.
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    • Goldberg, R. L., and S. W. Smith. “Optimization of signal-to-noise ratio for multilayer PZT transducers.” Ultrasonic Imaging 17, no. 2 (April 1995): 95–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173469501700202.
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    • Emery, C. D., J. C. Swartz, S. W. Smith, and H. C. Casey. “Optoelectronic Transmitters for Medical Ultrasound Transducers.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control 42, no. 2 (January 1, 1995): 188–99. https://doi.org/10.1109/58.365233.
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    • Smith, S. W., P. D. Lopath, D. B. Adams, and G. P. Walcott. “Cardiac ultrasound phantom using a porcine heart model.” Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 21, no. 5 (January 1995): 693–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-5629(95)00003-a.
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    • Emery, C. D., J. C. Swartz, H. C. Casey, and S. W. Smith. “Optoelectronic transmitters for medical ultrasound transducers.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 3 (December 1, 1994): 1519–22.
    • Goldberg, R. L., and S. W. Smith. “Multilayer 2-D array transducers with integrated circuit transmitters and receivers: a feasibility study.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 3 (December 1, 1994): 1511–14.
    • Smith, S. W., M. P. Combs, D. B. Adams, and J. A. Kisslo. “Improved cardiac anthropomorphic phantom.” J Ultrasound Med 13, no. 8 (August 1994): 601–5. https://doi.org/10.7863/jum.1994.13.8.601.
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    • Davidsen, R. E., J. A. Jensen, and S. W. Smith. “Two-dimensional random arrays for real time volumetric imaging.” Ultrasonic Imaging 16, no. 3 (July 1994): 143–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173469401600301.
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    • Goldberg, R. L., and S. W. Smith. “Multilayer piezoelectric ceramics for two-dimensional array transducers.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 41, no. 5 (January 1994): 761–71. https://doi.org/10.1109/58.308512.
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    • Davidsen, R. E., and S. W. Smith. “Sparse geometries for two-dimensional array transducers in volumetric imaging.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 2 (December 1, 1993): 1091–94.
    • Goldberg, R. L., and S. W. Smith. “Performance of multi-layer 2-D transducer arrays.” Proceedings of the Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium 2 (December 1, 1993): 1103–6.
    • Smith, S. W., and E. D. Light. “Two-dimensional array transducers using thick film connection technology.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 40, no. 6 (January 1993): 727–34. https://doi.org/10.1109/58.248217.
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    • Smith, S. W., and R. L. Goldberg. “Performance of multi-layer PZT transducer arrays.” Proceedings of the Ultrasonics International Conference, January 1, 1993, 117–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7506-1877-9.50031-7.
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    • Freiburger, P. D., D. C. Sullivan, B. H. LeBlanc, S. W. Smith, and G. E. Trahey. “Two dimensional ultrasonic beam distortion in the breast: in vivo measurements and effects.” Ultrason Imaging 14, no. 4 (October 1992): 398–414. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173469201400406.
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    • Goldberg, R. L., S. W. Smith, and L. F. Brown. “In vivo imaging using a copolymer phased array.” Ultrasonic Imaging 14, no. 3 (July 1992): 234–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173469201400302.
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    • Smith, S. W., G. E. Trahey, and O. T. von Ramm. “Two-dimensional arrays for medical ultrasound.” Ultrasonic Imaging 14, no. 3 (July 1992): 213–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173469201400301.
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    • Smith, S. W., T. M. Miller, and J. Kisslo. “Anthropomorphic cardiac ultrasound phantom with coronary arteries.” Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology 13, no. pt 1 (December 1, 1991): 138–39.
    • Pavy, H. G., S. W. Smith, and O. T. von Ramm. “Improved real time volumetric ultrasonic imaging system.” Proceedings of Spie  the International Society for Optical Engineering 1443 (January 1, 1991): 54–61.
    • Ramm, O. T. von, S. W. Smith, and H. R. Pavy. “High-speed ultrasound volumetric imaging system. II. Parallel processing and image display.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 38, no. 2 (January 1991): 109–15. https://doi.org/10.1109/58.68467.
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    • Smith, S. W., H. R. Pavy, and O. T. von Ramm. “High-speed ultrasound volumetric imaging system. I. Transducer design and beam steering.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 38, no. 2 (January 1991): 100–108. https://doi.org/10.1109/58.68466.
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    • Sheikh, K., S. W. Smith, O. von Ramm, and J. Kisslo. “Real-time, three-dimensional echocardiography: feasibility and initial use.” Echocardiography 8, no. 1 (January 1991): 119–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8175.1991.tb01409.x.
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    • Ramm, O. T. von, and S. W. Smith. “Real time volumetric ultrasound imaging system.” Journal of Digital Imaging 3, no. 4 (November 1990): 261–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03168124.
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    • Von Ramm, O. T., and S. W. Smith. “Real time volumetric ultrasound imaging system.” Proceedings of Spie  the International Society for Optical Engineering 1231 (July 1, 1990): 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.18779.
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    • Trahey, G., D. Zhao, J. A. Miglin, and S. W. Smith. “Experimental results with a real-time adaptive ultrasonic imaging system for viewing through distorting media.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 37, no. 5 (January 1990): 418–27. https://doi.org/10.1109/58.105248.
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    • Smith, S. W., and J. E. Rinaldi. “Anthropomorphic cardiac ultrasound phantom.” Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings 2 (December 1, 1989): 931–34.
    • Smith, S. W., and O. T. von Ramm. “Laboratory evaluation of the Maltese cross processor: Speckle reduction for circular transducers.” Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings 2 (December 1, 1989): 853–57.
    • Trahey, G. E., D. Zhao, S. W. Smith, and J. A. Miglin. “System for real-time, adaptive ultrasonic imaging.” Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings 2 (December 1, 1989): 873–76.
    • Smith, S. W., and J. E. Rinaldi. “Anthropomorphic cardiac ultrasound phantom.” Ieee Transactions on Bio Medical Engineering 36, no. 10 (October 1989): 1055–58. https://doi.org/10.1109/10.40807.
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    • Nock, L., G. E. Trahey, and S. W. Smith. “Phase aberration correction in medical ultrasound using speckle brightness as a quality factor.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 85, no. 5 (May 1989): 1819–33. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.397889.
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    • Smith, S. W., M. F. Insana, and H. Lopez. “New contrast-detail phantoms for improved precision in lesion detection measurements.” Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 15, no. 4 (January 1989): 383–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-5629(89)90050-1.
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    • Rinaldi, J. E., and S. W. Smith. “In vitro ultrasonic imaging of flow patterns in a left ventricular assist device.” Ieee/Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Annual Conference 10, no. pt 1 (November 1, 1988): 55.
    • Smith, S. W., and O. T. von Ramm. “The Maltese cross processor: speckle reduction for circular transducers.” Ultrasonic Imaging 10, no. 3 (July 1988): 153–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173468801000301.
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    • Smith, S. W., G. E. Trahey, S. M. Hubbard, and R. F. Wagner. “Properties of acoustical speckle in the presence of phase aberration. Part II: Correlation lengths.” Ultrasonic Imaging 10, no. 1 (January 1988): 29–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173468801000103.
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    • Trahey, G. E., and S. W. Smith. “Properties of acoustical speckle in the presence of phase aberration. Part I: First order statistics.” Ultrasonic Imaging 10, no. 1 (January 1988): 12–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173468801000102.
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    • Wagnef, R. F., M. F. Ins An A, and S. W. Smith. “Fundamental Correlation Lengths of Coherent Speckle in Medical Ultrasonic Images.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 35, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 34–44. https://doi.org/10.1109/58.4145.
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    • Smith, S. W., R. F. Wagner, M. F. Insana, and D. G. Brown. “Statistical physics of medical ultrasonic images.” Proceedings of Spie  the International Society for Optical Engineering 768 (September 10, 1987): 22–27. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.940244.
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    • Trahey, G. E., J. W. Allison, S. W. Smith, and O. T. Von Ramm. “Speckle reduction achievable by spatial compounding and frequency compounding: Experimental results and implications for target detectability.” Proceedings of Spie  the International Society for Optical Engineering 768 (September 10, 1987): 185–92. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.940266.
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    • Gels, G. C., H. F. Stewart, and S. W. Smith. “In vitro ultrasonic imaging of flow through prosthetic heart valves.” Medical Instrumentation 21, no. 2 (April 1987): 66–74.
    • Trahey, G. E., S. W. Smith, B. A. Carroll, and O. T. von Ramm. “SPECKLE SNR VS. LATERAL RESOLUTION IN ULTRASOUND IMAGING: WHAT'S THE TRADEOFF?” Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings, December 1, 1986, 811–13.
    • Trahey, G. E., J. W. Allison, S. W. Smith, and O. T. von Ramm. “A quantitative approach to speckle reduction via frequency compounding.” Ultrasonic Imaging 8, no. 3 (July 1986): 151–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173468600800301.
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    • Smith, S. W., G. E. Trahey, and O. T. von Ramm. “Phased array ultrasound imaging through planar tissue layers.” Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 12, no. 3 (March 1986): 229–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-5629(86)90314-5.
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    • Trahey, G. E., J. W. Allison, S. W. Smith, and O. T. von Ramm. “SPECKLE PATTERN CHANGES WITH VARYING ACOUSTIC FREQUENCY: EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT AND IMPLICATIONS FOR FREQUENCY COMPOUNDING.” Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings, January 1, 1986, 815–18. https://doi.org/10.1109/ultsym.1986.198847.
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    • Trahey, G. E., S. W. Smith, and O. T. von Ramm. “Speckle reduction in medical ultrasound via spatial compounding.” Proc. Spie  Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (Usa) 626 (1986): 290–300.
    • Trahey, G. E., S. W. Smith, and O. T. von Ramm. “Speckle pattern correlation with lateral aperture translation: experimental results and implications for spatial compounding.” Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 33, no. 3 (January 1986): 257–64. https://doi.org/10.1109/t-uffc.1986.26827.
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    • Shattuck, D. P., M. D. Weinshenker, S. W. Smith, and O. T. von Ramm. “Explososcan: A parallel processing technique for high speed ultrasound imaging with linear phased arrays.” Proceedings of Spie  the International Society for Optical Engineering 535 (June 11, 1985): 247–60. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.947262.
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    • Smith, S. W., H. Lopez, and W. J. Bodine. “Frequency independent ultrasound contrast-detail analysis.” Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 11, no. 3 (May 1985): 467–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-5629(85)90158-9.
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    • Smith, S. W., H. F. Stewart, and D. P. Jenkins. “A plane layered model to estimate in situ ultrasound exposures.” Ultrasonics 23, no. 1 (January 1985): 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-624x(85)90008-3.
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    • Shattuck, D. P., M. D. Weinshenker, S. W. Smith, and O. T. von Ramm. “Explososcan: a parallel processing technique for high speed ultrasound imaging with linear phased arrays.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 75, no. 4 (April 1984): 1273–82. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.390734.
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    • Smith, S. W., and R. F. Wagner. “Ultrasound speckle size and lesion signal to noise ratio: verification of theory.” Ultrasonic Imaging 6, no. 2 (April 1984): 174–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173468400600206.
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    • Ramm, O. T. von, and S. W. Smith. “Beam steering with linear arrays.” Ieee Transactions on Bio Medical Engineering 30, no. 8 (August 1983): 438–52. https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.1983.325149.
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    • Harris, G. R., B. A. Herman, S. W. Smith, and W. J. Bodine. “THROUGH TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUE FOR ULTRASONIC ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT USING BROADBAND, PLANE WAVE PULSES.” Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings 2 (January 1, 1983): 778–81. https://doi.org/10.1109/ultsym.1983.198166.
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    • Smith, S. W., R. F. Wagner, J. M. Sandrik, and H. Lopez. “LOW CONTRAST DETECTABILITY AND CONTRAST/DETAIL ANALYSIS IN MEDICAL ULTRASOUND.” Ieee Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics SU-30, no. 3 (1983): 164–73.
    • Smith, S. W., R. F. Wagner, J. M. Sandrik, and H. Lopez. “Low Contrast Detectability and Contrast/Detail Analysis in Medical Ultrasound.” Ieee Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics 30, no. 3 (January 1, 1983): 164–73. https://doi.org/10.1109/T-SU.1983.31405.
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    • Von Ramm, O. T., and S. W. Smith. “Beam steering with linear arrays.” Ieee Trans. Biomed. Eng. (Usa) BME-30, no. 8 (1983): 438–52.
    • Wagner, R. F., S. W. Smith, J. M. Sandrik, and H. Lopez. “STATISTICS OF SPECKLE IN ULTRASOUND B-SCANS.” Ieee Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics SU-30, no. 3 (1983): 156–63.
    • Wagner, R. F., S. W. Smith, J. M. Sandrik, and H. Lopez. “Statistics of Speckle in Ultrasound B-Scans.” Ieee Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics 30, no. 3 (January 1, 1983): 156–63. https://doi.org/10.1109/T-SU.1983.31404.
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    • Shombert, D. G., S. W. Smith, and G. R. Harris. “Angular response of miniature ultrasonic hydrophones.” Medical Physics 9, no. 4 (July 1982): 484–92. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.595114.
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    • Smith, S. W., J. M. Sandrik, R. F. Wagner, and O. T. van Ramm. “MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYSIS OF SPECKLE IN ULTRASOUND B-SCANS.” Acoustical Imaging: Proceedings of the International Symposium 10 (January 1, 1982): 195–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3944-1_14.
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    • Smith, S. W., and H. Lopez. “A contrast-detail analysis of diagnostic ultrasound imaging.” Medical Physics 9, no. 1 (January 1982): 4–12. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.595218.
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    • Smith, S. W., H. Lopez, and W. Clayman. “CONTRAST-RESOLUTION PHANTOM FOR ULTRASOUND B-SCANS.,” December 1, 1980, 70.
    • Ramm, O. T. von, and S. W. Smith. “Prospects and limitations of diagnostic ultrasound.” Proceedings of Spie  the International Society for Optical Engineering 206 (December 26, 1979): 6–18. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.958184.
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    • Lopez, H., and S. W. Smith. “EVALUATION OF GRAY SCALE PHANTOM FOR DYNAMIC RANGE TESTING OF DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND INSTRUMENTATION.,” December 1, 1979, 189.
    • Ramm, O. T. von, S. Miller-Jones, H. B. Butts, and S. W. Smith. “ADAPTIVE ULTRASOUND CEPHALIC IMAGING SYSTEM.,” December 1, 1979, 66.
    • Scherzinger, A. L., P. L. Carson, W. Carter, W. CLayman, M. L. Johnson, C. Rashbaum, and S. Smith. “TISSUE EQUIVALENT UPPER ABDOMINAL PHANTOM FOR TRAINING AND EQUIPMENT DEMONSTRATION.,” December 1, 1979, 118.
    • Smith, S. W., and M. E. Haran. “Angular Response of Piezoelectric Elements in Phased Array Ultrasound Scanners.” Ieee Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics 26, no. 3 (January 1, 1979): 185–90. https://doi.org/10.1109/T-SU.1979.31085.
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    • Lopez, H., and S. W. Smith. “Quality assurance testing of an ultrasound B-scanner with the aium test object.” Medical Ultrasound 2, no. 2 (January 1, 1978): 19–26.
    • Ramm, O. T. von, and S. W. Smith. “A multiple frequency array for improved diagnostic imaging.” Ieee Trans. Sonics Ultrason. (Usa) SU-25, no. 6 (1978): 340–45.
    • Von Ramm, O. T. “A Multiple Frequency Array for Improved Diagnostic Imaging.” Ieee Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics 25, no. 6 (January 1, 1978): 340–45. https://doi.org/10.1109/T-SU.1978.31040.
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    • Smith, S. W., O. T. von Ramm, J. A. Kisslo, and F. L. Thurstone. “Real time ultrasound tomography of the adult brain.” Stroke 9, no. 2 (1978): 117–22. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.9.2.117.
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    • Smith, S. W., H. Lopez, and H. F. Stewart. “Methods and results of dynamic range testing of diagnostic ultrasound instrumentation.” Proceedings of Spie  the International Society for Optical Engineering 127 (December 27, 1977): 245–52. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.955944.
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    • Ramm, O. T. von, S. W. Smith, and F. L. Thurstone. “Gray scale imaging with complex tgc and transducer arrays.” Proceedings of Spie  the International Society for Optical Engineering 70 (March 25, 1976): 266–70. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.954609.
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    • Phillips, D. J., S. W. Smith, O. T. von Ramm, and F. L. Thurstone. “SAMPLED APERTURE TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO B-MODE ECHOENCEPHALOGRAPHY.” Acoust Hologr 6 (January 1, 1975): 103–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8216-8_6.
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    • Smith, S. W., and F. L. Thurstone. “Schlieren study of pulsed ultrasound transmission through human skull.” Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu 2, no. 1 (March 1974): 55–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcu.1870020110.
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    • Miller, E. B., S. W. Smith, and F. L. Thurstone. “STUDY OF NEAR FIELD ULTRASONIC BEAM PATTERNS FROM A PULSED LINEAR ARRAY.,” January 1, 1974, 261–81.

  • Book Sections

    • Zhou, X., and G. A. Johnson. “Magnetic resonance microscopy.” In Medical Imaging: Principles and Practices, 5-42-6–14, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1201/b12939.
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    • Goldberg, R. L., and S. W. Smith. “Ultrasound: Transducers.” In Medical Devices and Systems, 14-1-14–16, 2006.
    • Goldberg, R. L., and S. W. Smith. “Ultrasound: Transducers.” In Biomedical Imaging, 12-1-12–17, 2003.

  • Conference Papers

    • Patel, V., J. J. Dahl, D. P. Bradway, J. R. Doherty, and S. W. Smith. “Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging on an IVUS circular array.” In Ieee International Ultrasonics Symposium, Ius, 773–76, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2013.0199.
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    • Patel, V., E. Light, C. Herickhoff, M. Palmeri, G. Grant, G. Britz, C. Wilson, and S. Smith. “Intracranial dual-mode IVUS and hyperthermia using circular arrays.” In Ieee International Ultrasonics Symposium, Ius, 2185–88, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2011.0542.
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    • Herickhoff, C. D., E. D. Light, K. F. Bing, S. Mukundan, G. A. Grant, P. D. Wolf, E. Dixon-Tulloch, T. Shih, S. J. Hsu, and S. W. Smith. “Intracranial catheter for integrated 3D ultrasound imaging & hyperthermia: Feasibility study.” In Aip Conference Proceedings, 1113:342–46, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3131444.
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    • Zara, J. M., J. A. Izatt, K. D. Rao, S. Yazdanfar, and S. W. Smith. “Scanning mirror for optical coherence tomography using an electrostatic MEMS actuator.” In Proceedings  International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging, 2002-January:297–300, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISBI.2002.1029252.
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    • Goldberg, R. L., S. W. Smith, R. A. Ladew, and J. C. Brent. “Multi-layer PZT transducer arrays for improved sensitivity.” In Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium, 1992-October:551–54, 1992. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1992.275947.
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    • Smith, S. W., and E. D. Light. “Two-dimensional array transducers using hybrid connection technology.” In Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium, 1992-October:555–58, 1992. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1992.275946.
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    • Smith, S. W., G. E. Trahey, and O. T. Von Ramm. “Two-dimensional arrays for medical ultrasound.” In Proceedings  Ieee Ultrasonics Symposium, 625–28, 1991. https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1991.234237.
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