Scholars@Duke

• Background
• 

  Education, Training, & Certifications

  • Clinical Fellowship, Cardiovascular Disease, Duke University School of Medicine 2011 - 2013
  • Research Fellowship, Duke University School of Medicine 2008 - 2011
  • Resident, Internal Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine 2006 - 2008
  • M.D., University of Chicago 2006
  • Ph.D., University of Chicago 2004
• 

  Medical Licensure

  • 134545. North Carolina. 2009
• 

  Duke Appointment History

  • Assistant Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Cardiology, Medicine 2013 - 2017
  • Assistant Research Professor in Biochemistry, Biochemistry, Basic Science Departments 2015 - 2017
• Research
• 

  Selected Grants

  • CXCL10/CXCR3 regulation of ozone-induced epithelial permeability awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2022
  • TDE-HF-302 Open-label extension study of oral Treprostinil in subjects with Pulmonary Hypertension associated wiht Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction- A long-term follow-up to TDE-HF-301 awarded by United Therapeutics Corporation 2017 - 2022
  • Biasing CXCR3 Signaling to Modulate the Inflammatory Response awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2022
  • Medical Scientist Training Program awarded by National Institutes of Health 1997 - 2022
  • Early Detection of Changes in Pulmonary Gas Exchange by Hyperpolarized Xe MRI awarded by National Institutes of Health 2011 - 2021
  • TRACE: Selexipag ACT-293987, AC-065A404 A multicenter double-blind placebo controlled Phase 4 study in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension to assess the effect of selexipag awarded by Actelion Pharmaceutical US, Inc 2018 - 2020
  • US CTEPH Registry awarded by University of California - San Diego 2015 - 2020
  • ACTELION - OPUS REGISTRY awarded by Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd. 2015 - 2019
  • Non-invasive Diagnosis of Pulmonary Vascular Disease Using Inhaled 129Xe MRI awarded by National Institutes of Health 2016 - 2019
  • Dissecting Receptor Signaling Pathways in Pulmonary Hypertension awarded by Burroughs Wellcome Fund 2014 - 2019
  • Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Oral Treprostinil in Sbjects with Pulmonary Hypertension in Heart FAilure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF) awarded by United Therapeutics Corporation 2017 - 2019
  • UTC RIN-PH-201 awarded by United Therapeutics Corporation 2017 - 2019
  • UTC RIN-PH-202 awarded by United Therapeutics Corporation 2017 - 2019
  • RV STRAIN awarded by Gilead Sciences, Inc. 2015 - 2019
  • Restrospective Study of Outcomes of Patients with WHO Groups 1 and 3 Pulmonary Hypertension Treated with High-Dose Inhaled Treprostinil awarded by United Therapeutics Corporation 2018 - 2019
  • Assessing Response to Inhaled Prostacyclin with Hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI awarded by United Therapeutics Corporation 2017 - 2018
  • LIBERTY awarded by Eiger BioPharmaceuticals, Inc. 2016 - 2018
  • Opsummit Historical Users cohort study (OrPHeUS) awarded by Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd. 2018
  • Eiger EIG-UBX-002 awarded by Eiger BioPharmaceuticals, Inc. 2016 - 2018
  • Noncanonical Receptor Signaling in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension awarded by National Institutes of Health 2013 - 2018
  • CardioMEMS awarded by Pacesetter, Inc. 2016 - 2018
  • Investigation of the Effect of Expressing BMPr2, BMP10 or BMP9 in the monocrotaline rat model (MCT) and sugen-hypoxia model (SuHX) for PAH following the systemic delivery of genes using an AAV vector. awarded by StrideBio LLC 2017 - 2018
  • A Pilot Study of Transitioning from Parenteral Prostacyclins to Selexipag awarded by Actelion Pharmaceutical US, Inc 2017
  • Targeting the Right Ventricle with Biased Agonists in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension awarded by Gilead Sciences, Inc. 2014 - 2016
• Publications & Artistic Works
• 

  Selected Publications

  • Journal Articles

    • Wang, Z, He, M, Bier, E, Rankine, L, Schrank, G, Rajagopal, S, Huang, Y-C, Kelsey, C, Womack, S, Mammarappallil, J, and Driehuys, B. "Hyperpolarized 129 Xe gas transfer MRI: the transition from 1.5T to 3T." Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (July 19, 2018).  Full Text
    • Smith, JS, Rajagopal, S, and Atwater, AR. "Chemokine Signaling in Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Toward Targeted Therapies." Dermatitis : Contact, Atopic, Occupational, Drug 29, no. 4 (July 2018): 179-186.  Full Text
    • Siddiqui, I, Rajagopal, S, Brucker, A, Chiswell, K, Christopher, B, Alenezi, F, Mandawat, A, Rivera, D, Arges, K, Tapson, V, Kisslo, J, Velazquez, E, Douglas, PS, and Samad, Z. "Clinical and Echocardiographic Predictors of Outcomes in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension." The American Journal of Cardiology (June 15, 2018).  Full Text
    • Il'Giovine, ZJ, Mulder, H, Chiswell, K, Arges, K, Tomfohr, J, Hashmi, A, Velazquez, EJ, Kisslo, JA, Samad, Z, and Rajagopal, S. "Right Ventricular Longitudinal Strain Reproducibility Using Vendor-Dependent and Vendor-Independent Software." Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 31, no. 6 (June 2018): 721-732.e5.  Full Text
    • Loyalka, P, Ansari, MZ, Cheema, FH, Miller, CC, Rajagopal, S, and Rajagopal, K. "Surgical pulmonary embolectomy and catheter-based therapies for acute pulmonary embolism: A contemporary systematic review." The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (June 2018).  Full Text
    • Smith, JS, Lefkowitz, RJ, and Rajagopal, S. "Biased signalling: from simple switches to allosteric microprocessors." Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery 17, no. 4 (April 2018): 243-260. (Review)  Full Text
    • Rajagopal, S, and Shenoy, SK. "GPCR desensitization: Acute and prolonged phases." Cellular Signalling 41 (January 2018): 9-16. (Review)  Full Text
    • Onaran, HO, Ambrosio, C, Uğur, Ö, Madaras Koncz, E, Grò, MC, Vezzi, V, Rajagopal, S, and Costa, T. "Systematic errors in detecting biased agonism: Analysis of current methods and development of a new model-free approach." Scientific Reports 7, no. 1 (December 2017).  Full Text
    • Broderick-Forsgren, K, Davenport, CA, Sivak, JA, Hargett, CW, Foster, MC, Monteagudo, A, Armour, A, Rajagopal, S, Arges, K, Velazquez, EJ, and Samad, Z. "Improving on the diagnostic characteristics of echocardiography for pulmonary hypertension." The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 33, no. 9 (September 2017): 1341-1349.  Full Text
    • Smith, JS, Alagesan, P, Desai, NK, Pack, TF, Wu, J-H, Inoue, A, Freedman, NJ, and Rajagopal, S. "C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 3 Splice Variants Differentially Activate Beta-Arrestins to Regulate Downstream Signaling Pathways." Molecular Pharmacology 92, no. 2 (August 2017): 136-150.  Full Text
    • Wang, Z, Robertson, SH, Wang, J, He, M, Virgincar, RS, Schrank, GM, Bier, EA, Rajagopal, S, Huang, YC, O'Riordan, TG, Rackley, CR, McAdams, HP, and Driehuys, B. "Quantitative analysis of hyperpolarized 129 Xe gas transfer MRI." Medical Physics 44, no. 6 (June 2017): 2415-2428.  Full Text
    • Parikh, KS, Rao, Y, Ahmad, T, Shen, K, Felker, GM, and Rajagopal, S. "Novel approach to classifying patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension using cluster analysis." Pulmonary circulation 7, no. 2 (April 2017): 486-493.  Full Text
    • Luo, N, Craig, D, Ilkayeva, O, Muehlbauer, M, Kraus, WE, Newgard, CB, Shah, SH, and Rajagopal, S. "Plasma acylcarnitines are associated with pulmonary hypertension." Pulmonary circulation 7, no. 1 (March 2017): 211-218.  Full Text
    • Dahhan, T, Alenezi, F, Samad, Z, and Rajagopal, S. "Echocardiography in the Risk Assessment of Acute Pulmonary Embolism." Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine 38, no. 1 (February 16, 2017): 18-28.  Full Text
    • Gundry, J, Glenn, R, Alagesan, P, and Rajagopal, S. "A Practical Guide to Approaching Biased Agonism at G Protein Coupled Receptors." Frontiers in Neuroscience 11 (January 24, 2017).  Full Text
    • Dahhan, T, Siddiqui, I, Tapson, VF, Velazquez, EJ, Sun, S, Davenport, CA, Samad, Z, and Rajagopal, S. "Clinical and echocardiographic predictors of mortality in acute pulmonary embolism." Cardiovascular Ultrasound 14, no. 1 (October 28, 2016): 44-null.  Full Text  Open Access Copy
    • Dahhan, T, Siddiqui, I, Tapson, VF, Velazquez, EJ, Sun, S, Davenport, CA, Samad, Z, and Rajagopal, S. "Clinical and echocardiographic predictors of mortality in acute pulmonary embolism." Cardiovascular ultrasound 14, no. 1 (October 28, 2016): 44-.
    • Ma, Z, Mao, L, and Rajagopal, S. "Hemodynamic Characterization of Rodent Models of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension." Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE , no. 110 (April 11, 2016).  Full Text
    • Parikh, KS, Rajagopal, S, Fortin, T, Tapson, VF, and Poms, AD. "Safety and Tolerability of High-dose Inhaled Treprostinil in Pulmonary Hypertension." Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology 67, no. 4 (April 2016): 322-325.  Full Text
    • Smith, JS, and Rajagopal, S. "The β-Arrestins: Multifunctional Regulators of G Protein-coupled Receptors." The Journal of Biological Chemistry 291, no. 17 (April 2016): 8969-8977. (Review)  Full Text
    • Dahhan, T, Kaushik, SS, He, M, Mammarappallil, JG, Tapson, VF, McAdams, HP, Sporn, TA, Driehuys, B, and Rajagopal, S. "Abnormalities in hyperpolarized (129)Xe magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in two patients with pulmonary vascular disease." Pulmonary Circulation 6, no. 1 (March 2016): 126-131.  Full Text
    • Parikh, KS, Rajagopal, S, Arges, K, Ahmad, T, Sivak, J, Kaul, P, Shah, SH, Tapson, V, Velazquez, EJ, Douglas, PS, and Samad, Z. "Use of outcome measures in pulmonary hypertension clinical trials." American heart journal 170, no. 3 (September 2015): 419-29.e3. (Review)  Full Text
    • Forsha, D, Risum, N, Rajagopal, S, Dolgner, S, Hornik, C, Barnhart, H, Kisslo, J, and Barker, P. "The influence of angle of insonation and target depth on speckle-tracking strain." Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 28, no. 5 (May 2015): 580-586.  Full Text
    • Onaran, HO, Rajagopal, S, and Costa, T. "What is biased efficacy? Defining the relationship between intrinsic efficacy and free energy coupling." Trends in pharmacological sciences 35, no. 12 (December 2014): 639-647.  Full Text
    • Rajagopal, S, Forsha, DE, Risum, N, Hornik, CP, Poms, AD, Fortin, TA, Tapson, VF, Velazquez, EJ, Kisslo, J, and Samad, Z. "Comprehensive assessment of right ventricular function in patients with pulmonary hypertension with global longitudinal peak systolic strain derived from multiple right ventricular views." Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 27, no. 6 (June 2014): 657-665.e3.  Full Text
    • Forsha, D, Risum, N, Kropf, PA, Rajagopal, S, Smith, PB, Kanter, RJ, Samad, Z, Sogaard, P, Barker, P, and Kisslo, J. "Right ventricular mechanics using a novel comprehensive three-view echocardiographic strain analysis in a normal population." Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 27, no. 4 (April 2014): 413-422.  Full Text
    • Forsha, D, Risum, N, Kropf, PA, Rajagopal, S, Smith, PB, Kanter, RJ, Samad, Z, Sogaard, P, Barker, P, and Kisslo, J. "Right ventricular mechanics using a novel comprehensive three-view echocardiographic strain analysis in a normal population." Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 27, no. 4 (January 1, 2014): 413-422.  Full Text
    • Kahsai, AW, Rajagopal, S, Sun, J, and Xiao, K. "Monitoring protein conformational changes and dynamics using stable-isotope labeling and mass spectrometry." Nature protocols 9, no. 6 (January 2014): 1301-1319.  Full Text
    • Rajagopal, S, Forsha, DE, Risum, N, Hornik, CP, Poms, AD, Fortin, TA, Tapson, VF, Velazquez, EJ, Kisslo, J, and Samad, Z. "Comprehensive assessment of right ventricular function in patients with pulmonary hypertension with global longitudinal peak systolic strain derived from multiple right ventricular views." Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 27, no. 6 (January 1, 2014): 657-665.  Full Text
    • Rajagopal, S, Bassoni, DL, Campbell, JJ, Gerard, NP, Gerard, C, and Wehrman, TS. "Biased agonism as a mechanism for differential signaling by chemokine receptors." The Journal of Biological Chemistry 288, no. 49 (December 2013): 35039-35048.  Full Text
    • Rajagopal, S. "Quantifying biased agonism: understanding the links between affinity and efficacy." Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery 12, no. 6 (June 2013): 483-null. (Letter)  Full Text
    • Xiao, K, Sun, J, Kim, J, Rajagopal, S, Zhai, B, Villén, J, Haas, W, Kovacs, JJ, Shukla, AK, Hara, MR, Hernandez, M, Lachmann, A, Zhao, S, Lin, Y, Cheng, Y, Mizuno, K, Ma'ayan, A, Gygi, SP, and Lefkowitz, RJ. "Global phosphorylation analysis of β-arrestin-mediated signaling downstream of a seven transmembrane receptor (7TMR) (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2010) 107, 34 (15299-15304) doi:10.1073/pnas.1008461107)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, no. 33 (2012): 13464--.  Full Text
    • Rajagopal, S, Ahn, S, Rominger, DH, Gowen-MacDonald, W, Lam, CM, Dewire, SM, Violin, JD, and Lefkowitz, RJ. "Quantifying ligand bias at seven-transmembrane receptors." Molecular Pharmacology 80, no. 3 (September 2011): 367-377.  Full Text
    • Hara, MR, Kovacs, JJ, Whalen, EJ, Rajagopal, S, Strachan, RT, Grant, W, Towers, AJ, Williams, B, Lam, CM, Xiao, K, Shenoy, SK, Gregory, SG, Ahn, S, Duckett, DR, and Lefkowitz, RJ. "A stress response pathway regulates DNA damage through β2-adrenoreceptors and β-arrestin-1." Nature 477, no. 7364 (August 21, 2011): 349-353.  Full Text
    • Kahsai, AW, Xiao, K, Rajagopal, S, Ahn, S, Shukla, AK, Sun, J, Oas, TG, and Lefkowitz, RJ. "Multiple ligand-specific conformations of the β2-adrenergic receptor." Nature Chemical Biology 7, no. 10 (August 21, 2011): 692-700.  Full Text
    • Nobles, KN, Xiao, K, Ahn, S, Shukla, AK, Lam, CM, Rajagopal, S, Strachan, RT, Huang, T-Y, Bressler, EA, Hara, MR, Shenoy, SK, Gygi, SP, and Lefkowitz, RJ. "Distinct phosphorylation sites on the β(2)-adrenergic receptor establish a barcode that encodes differential functions of β-arrestin." Science Signaling 4, no. 185 (August 2011): ra51-null.  Full Text
    • Whalen, EJ, Rajagopal, S, and Lefkowitz, RJ. "Therapeutic potential of β-arrestin- and G protein-biased agonists." Trends in Molecular Medicine 17, no. 3 (March 2011): 126-139. (Review)  Full Text
    • Xiao, K, Sun, J, Kim, J, Rajagopal, S, Zhai, B, Villén, J, Haas, W, Kovacs, JJ, Shukla, AK, Hara, MR, Hernandez, M, Lachmann, A, Zhao, S, Lin, Y, Cheng, Y, Mizuno, K, Ma'ayan, A, Gygi, SP, and Lefkowitz, RJ. "Global phosphorylation analysis of beta-arrestin-mediated signaling downstream of a seven transmembrane receptor (7TMR)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107, no. 34 (August 4, 2010): 15299-15304.  Full Text
    • Rajagopal, S, Rajagopal, K, and Lefkowitz, RJ. "Teaching old receptors new tricks: biasing seven-transmembrane receptors." Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery 9, no. 5 (May 2010): 373-386. (Review)  Full Text
    • Rajagopal, S, Kim, J, Ahn, S, Craig, S, Lam, CM, Gerard, NP, Gerard, C, and Lefkowitz, RJ. "Beta-arrestin- but not G protein-mediated signaling by the "decoy" receptor CXCR7." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107, no. 2 (January 2010): 628-632.  Full Text
    • Rajagopal, S, and Kent, SBH. "Total chemical synthesis and biophysical characterization of the minimal isoform of the KChIP2 potassium channel regulatory subunit." Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society 16, no. 9 (September 2007): 2056-2064.  Full Text
    • Ihee, H, Rajagopal, S, Srajer, V, Pahl, R, Anderson, S, Schmidt, M, Schotte, F, Anfinrud, PA, Wulff, M, and Moffat, K. "Visualizing reaction pathways in photoactive yellow protein from nanoseconds to seconds." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102, no. 20 (May 3, 2005): 7145-7150.  Full Text
    • Rajagopal, S, Anderson, S, Srajer, V, Schmidt, M, Pahl, R, and Moffat, K. "A structural pathway for signaling in the E46Q mutant of photoactive yellow protein." Structure (London, England : 1993) 13, no. 1 (January 2005): 55-63.  Full Text
    • Rajagopal, S, Key, JM, Purcell, EB, Boerema, DJ, and Moffat, K. "Purification and initial characterization of a putative blue light-regulated phosphodiesterase from Escherichia coli." Photochemistry and photobiology 80, no. 3 (November 2004): 542-547.  Full Text
    • Rajagopal, S, Key, JM, Purcell, EB, Boerema, DJ, and Moffat, K. "Purification and initial characterization of a putative blue light-regulated phosphodiesterase from Escherichia coli." Photochemistry and Photobiology 80, no. 3 (November 1, 2004): 542-547.  Full Text
    • Rajagopal, S, Kostov, KS, and Moffat, K. "Analytical trapping: extraction of time-independent structures from time-dependent crystallographic data." Journal of structural biology 147, no. 3 (September 2004): 211-222.  Full Text
    • Anderson, S, Srajer, V, Pahl, R, Rajagopal, S, Schotte, F, Anfinrud, P, Wulff, M, and Moffat, K. "Chromophore conformation and the evolution of tertiary structural changes in photoactive yellow protein." Structure (London, England : 1993) 12, no. 6 (June 2004): 1039-1045.  Full Text
    • Rajagopal, S, Schmidt, M, Anderson, S, Ihee, H, and Moffat, K. "Analysis of experimental time-resolved crystallographic data by singular value decomposition." Acta crystallographica. Section D, Biological crystallography 60, no. Pt 5 (May 2004): 860-871.  Full Text
    • Schmidt, M, Pahl, R, Srajer, V, Anderson, S, Ren, Z, Ihee, H, Rajagopal, S, and Moffat, K. "Protein kinetics: structures of intermediates and reaction mechanism from time-resolved x-ray data." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101, no. 14 (April 2004): 4799-4804.  Full Text
    • Rajagopal, S, and Moffat, K. "Erratum: Crystal structure of a photoactive yellow protein from a sensor histidine kinase: Conformational variability and signal transduction (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (February 18, 2003) 100:4 (1649-1654)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100, no. 13 (June 24, 2003): 8037-.  Full Text
    • Schmidt, M, Rajagopal, S, Ren, Z, and Moffat, K. "Application of singular value decomposition to the analysis of time-resolved macromolecular x-ray data." Biophysical Journal 84, no. 3 (March 2003): 2112-2129.  Full Text
    • Rajagopal, S, and Moffat, K. "Crystal structure of a photoactive yellow protein from a sensor histidine kinase: conformational variability and signal transduction." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100, no. 4 (February 2003): 1649-1654.  Full Text
    • Crosson, S, Rajagopal, S, and Moffat, K. "The LOV domain family: photoresponsive signaling modules coupled to diverse output domains." Biochemistry 42, no. 1 (January 2003): 2-10.  Full Text
• Teaching & Mentoring
• 

  Recent Courses

  • BIOCHEM 393: Research Independent Study 2018
  • BIOCHEM 593: Research Independent Study 2018
  • PHARM 493: Research Independent Study 2018
  • PHARM 494: Research Independent Study 2018

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