William Todd Cade | Scholars@Duke

William Todd Cade
Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery

Current Research Interests

Exercise and Cardiometabolic Health

Overall, our laboratory aims to study mechanisms of and treatments (nutritional/exercise/pharmacologic/gene therapy) for abnormalities in cardiometabolic disease, focusing on substrate (e.g. amino acid, glucose, fatty acid) metabolism, energetic, and functional abnormalities in skeletal muscle, heart, adipose tissue, liver and brain. We study metabolic diseases including: Barth syndrome and other pediatric and adult cardiomyopathies, HIV-related metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. We are also interested in the effect of the maternal metabolic environment during pregnancy on in utero development and childhood metabolic disease including obesity, diabetes, and HIV. We are in particularly interested in the use of exercise as a tool to study and intervention to improve metabolism and function in these conditions. Our lab employs methodology used to measure whole-body substrate metabolism by stable isotope tracers and mass spectrometry, myocardial substrate metabolism by radio-isotopes and PET imaging, heart and skeletal muscle energetics by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), peak fitness assessment by graded exercise testing and indirect calorimetry, cardiac function by echocardiography, vascular function by peripheral arterial tonometry and applanation tonometry, body composition analysis by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and air displacement plethymosgraphy, muscle strength by isokinetic dynamometry, and daily physical activity by actigraphy.

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedics, Physical Therapy, Orthopaedics 2021

Contact Information

311 Trent Drive, Durham, NC 27710
311 Trent Drive, Durham, NC 27710
todd.cade@duke.edu (919) 660-9825

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- Ph.D., University of Maryland School of Medicine 2002
- M.S., Physical Therapy, University of Miami 1991 - 1994
- B.S., Kinesiological Science, University of Maryland, College Park 1987 - 1991
Duke Appointment History
- Instructor in the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedics, Physical Therapy, Orthopaedics 2020
Leadership & Clinical Positions at Duke
- Division Chief, Doctor of Physical Therapy Division
Expertise
Subject Headings
Research
Selected Grants
- Characterization of the 'Metabolic Phenotype' in Barth Syndrome with Cardiac Transplantation awarded by Barth Syndrome Foundation 2020 - 2021
- Mechanisms and Treatment of Cardiac and Skeletal Muscular Dysfunction in Barth Syndrome awarded by University of Florida 2020 - 2021
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Academic Articles
  - Maples, Jill M., Samantha F. Ehrlich, Nikki B. Zite, Kevin J. Pearson, W Todd Cade, Courtney J. Riedinger, Maire M. Blankenship, and Rachel A. Tinius. “Elevated lipid oxidation is associated with exceeding gestational weight gain recommendations and increased neonatal anthropometrics: a cross-sectional analysis.” Bmc Pregnancy and Childbirth 21, no. 1 (August 21, 2021): 575. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-04053-4.
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  - Cade, William Todd, Richard Laforest, Kathryn L. Bohnert, Dominic N. Reeds, Adam J. Bittel, Lisa de las Fuentes, Adil Bashir, et al. “Myocardial glucose and fatty acid metabolism is altered and associated with lower cardiac function in young adults with Barth syndrome.” Journal of Nuclear Cardiology 28, no. 4 (August 2021): 1649–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12350-019-01933-3.
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  - Cao, Chao, W Todd Cade, Shengxu Li, Jacqueline McMillan, Christine Friedenreich, and Lin Yang. “Association of Balance Function With All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality Among US Adults.” Jama Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 147, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 460–68. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2021.0057.
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  - Tinius, Rachel A., Maire M. Blankenship, Karen E. Furgal, W Todd Cade, Cathryn Duchette, Kevin J. Pearson, and Jill M. Maples. “Metabolic flexibility during late pregnancy is associated with neonatal adiposity.” Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 46, no. 4 (April 2021): 404–7. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2020-1005.
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  - Bittel, Adam J., Daniel C. Bittel, Bettina Mittendorfer, Bruce W. Patterson, Adewole L. Okunade, Nada A. Abumrad, Dominic N. Reeds, and William Todd Cade. “A Single Bout of Premeal Resistance Exercise Improves Postprandial Glucose Metabolism in Obese Men with Prediabetes.” Med Sci Sports Exerc 53, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 694–703. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002538.
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  - Cade, W Todd, Kathryn L. Bohnert, Adam J. Bittel, Shaji J. Chacko, Bruce W. Patterson, Christina A. Pacak, Barry J. Byrne, Hilary J. Vernon, and Dominic N. Reeds. “Arginine kinetics are altered in a pilot sample of adolescents and young adults with Barth syndrome.” Mol Genet Metab Rep 25 (December 2020): 100675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100675.
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  - Hooley, Cole, Ana A. Baumann, Vincent Mutabazi, Angela Brown, Dominic Reeds, W Todd Cade, Lisa de las Fuentes, et al. “The TDR MOOC training in implementation research: evaluation of feasibility and lessons learned in Rwanda.” Pilot and Feasibility Studies 6, no. 1 (December 2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-020-00607-z.
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  - Cao, Chao, Lin Yang, W Todd Cade, Susan B. Racette, Yikyung Park, Yin Cao, Christine M. Friedenreich, Mark Hamer, Emmanuel Stamatakis, and Lee Smith. “Cardiorespiratory Fitness Is Associated With Early Death Among Healthy Young and Middle-Aged Baby Boomers and Generation Xers.” The American Journal of Medicine 133, no. 8 (August 2020): 961-968.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.12.041.
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  - Bittel, Adam J., Daniel C. Bittel, Bettina Mittendorfer, Bruce W. Patterson, Adewole L. Okunade, Jun Yoshino, Lane C. Porter, Nada A. Abumrad, Dominic N. Reeds, and W Todd Cade. “A single bout of resistance exercise improves postprandial lipid metabolism in overweight/obese men with prediabetes.” Diabetologia 63, no. 3 (March 2020): 611–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-019-05070-x.
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  - Lang, Catherine E., and W Todd Cade. “A step toward the future of seamless measurement with wearable sensors in pediatric populations with neuromuscular diseases.” Muscle Nerve 61, no. 3 (March 2020): 265–67. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.26795.
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  - Tinius, Rachel A., Maire M. Blankenship, Karen E. Furgal, W Todd Cade, Kevin J. Pearson, Naomi S. Rowland, Regis C. Pearson, Donald L. Hoover, and Jill M. Maples. “Metabolic flexibility is impaired in women who are pregnant and overweight/obese and related to insulin resistance and inflammation.” Metabolism 104 (March 2020): 154142–154142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154142.
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  - Tinius, Rachel A., Julia D. López, W Todd Cade, Richard I. Stein, Debra Haire-Joshu, and Alison G. Cahill. “Patient and obstetric provider communication regarding weight gain management among socioeconomically disadvantaged African American women who are overweight/obese.” Women & Health 60, no. 2 (February 7, 2020): 156–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2019.1616044.
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  - Roberts, Justin, Qinran Liu, Chao Cao, Sarah E. Jackson, Xiaoyu Zong, Gretchen A. Meyer, Lin Yang, et al. “Association of Hot Tea Consumption with Regional Adiposity Measured by Dual‐Energy X‐Ray Absorptiometry in NHANES 2003‐2006.” Obesity 28, no. 2 (February 2020): 445–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22705.
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  - Suzuki-Hatano, Silveli, Madhurima Saha, Meghan S. Soustek, Peter B. Kang, Barry J. Byrne, W Todd Cade, and Christina A. Pacak. “AAV9-TAZ Gene Replacement Ameliorates Cardiac TMT Proteomic Profiles in a Mouse Model of Barth Syndrome.” Molecular Therapy Methods & Clinical Development 13 (June 2019): 167–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omtm.2019.01.007.
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  - Morgan, Kerri A., Kelly L. Taylor, Susan M. Tucker, W. Todd Cade, and Joseph W. Klaesner. “Exercise testing protocol using a roller system for manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury.” The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 42, no. 3 (May 4, 2019): 288–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/10790268.2018.1443542.
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  - Cade, William Todd, Kathryn L. Bohnert, Linda R. Peterson, Bruce W. Patterson, Adam J. Bittel, Adewole L. Okunade, Lisa de Las Fuentes, et al. “Blunted fat oxidation upon submaximal exercise is partially compensated by enhanced glucose metabolism in children, adolescents, and young adults with Barth syndrome.” J Inherit Metab Dis 42, no. 3 (May 2019): 480–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/jimd.12094.
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  - Haire‐Joshu, Debra, Alison G. Cahill, Richard I. Stein, W Todd Cade, Candice L. Woolfolk, Kelle Moley, Amit Mathur, Cynthia D. Schwarz, Kenneth B. Schechtman, and Samuel Klein. “Randomized Controlled Trial of Home‐Based Lifestyle Therapy on Postpartum Weight in Underserved Women with Overweight or Obesity.” Obesity 27, no. 4 (April 2019): 535–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22413.
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  - Suzuki-Hatano, Silveli, Madhurima Saha, Skylar A. Rizzo, Rachael L. Witko, Bennett J. Gosiker, Manashwi Ramanathan, Meghan S. Soustek, et al. “AAV-MediatedTAZGene Replacement Restores Mitochondrial and Cardioskeletal Function in Barth Syndrome.” Human Gene Therapy 30, no. 2 (February 2019): 139–54. https://doi.org/10.1089/hum.2018.020.
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  - McGill, Janet B., Mariko Johnson, Stacy Hurst, William T. Cade, Kevin E. Yarasheski, Richard E. Ostlund, Kenneth B. Schechtman, et al. “Low dose chloroquine decreases insulin resistance in human metabolic syndrome but does not reduce carotid intima-media thickness.” Diabetol Metab Syndr 11 (2019): 61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-019-0456-4.
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  - Engelstad, Holly J., Lauren Barron, Joseph Moen, Todd N. Wylie, Kristine Wylie, Deborah C. Rubin, Nicholas Davidson, W Todd Cade, Barbara B. Warner, and Brad W. Warner. “Remnant Small Bowel Length in Pediatric Short Bowel Syndrome and the Correlation with Intestinal Dysbiosis and Linear Growth.” Journal of the American College of Surgeons 227, no. 4 (October 2018): 439–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2018.07.657.
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  - Abraham, Manjusha, Christina A. Collins, Scott Flewelling, Maraya Camazine, Alison Cahill, W Todd Cade, and Jennifer G. Duncan. “Mitochondrial inefficiency in infants born to overweight African-American mothers.” International Journal of Obesity 42, no. 7 (July 2018): 1306–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-018-0051-z.
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  - Cade, William Todd. “The manifold role of the mitochondria in skeletal muscle insulin resistance.” Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care 21, no. 4 (July 2018): 267–72. https://doi.org/10.1097/mco.0000000000000480.
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  - Cahill, Alison G., Debra Haire-Joshu, W Todd Cade, Richard I. Stein, Candice L. Woolfolk, Kelle Moley, Amit Mathur, Kenneth Schechtman, and Samuel Klein. “Weight Control Program and Gestational Weight Gain in Disadvantaged Women with Overweight or Obesity: A Randomized Clinical Trial.” Obesity 26, no. 3 (March 2018): 485–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22070.
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  - Cade, William Todd, Kathryn L. Bohnert, Dominic N. Reeds, Linda R. Peterson, Adam J. Bittel, Adil Bashir, Barry J. Byrne, and Carolyn L. Taylor. “Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) across childhood, adolescence and young adulthood in Barth syndrome: Data from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.” Plos One 13, no. 5 (2018): e0197776. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197776.
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  - Cade, W Todd, Philip T. Levy, Rachel A. Tinius, Mehgna D. Patel, Swati Choudhry, Mark R. Holland, Gautam K. Singh, and Alison G. Cahill. “Markers of maternal and infant metabolism are associated with ventricular dysfunction in infants of obese women with type 2 diabetes.” Pediatric Research 82, no. 5 (November 2017): 768–75. https://doi.org/10.1038/pr.2017.140.
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  - Bittel, Adam J., Daniel C. Bittel, Lori J. Tuttle, Michael J. Strube, Michael J. Mueller, W Todd Cade, and David R. Sinacore. “Explanators of Sarcopenia in Individuals With Diabesity: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.” Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 40, no. 2 (April 2017): 86–94. https://doi.org/10.1519/jpt.0000000000000076.
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  - Reeds, Dominic N., Terri A. Pietka, Kevin E. Yarasheski, W Todd Cade, Bruce W. Patterson, Adewole Okunade, Nada A. Abumrad, and Samuel Klein. “HIV infection does not prevent the metabolic benefits of diet-induced weight loss in women with obesity.” Obesity 25, no. 4 (April 2017): 682–88. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21793.
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  - Bashir, Adil, Kathryn L. Bohnert, Dominic N. Reeds, Linda R. Peterson, Adam J. Bittel, Lisa de las Fuentes, Christina A. Pacak, Barry J. Byrne, and W Todd Cade. “Impaired cardiac and skeletal muscle bioenergetics in children, adolescents, and young adults with Barth syndrome.” Physiological Reports 5, no. 3 (February 2017): e13130–e13130. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.13130.
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  - Tinius, Rachel A., Alison G. Cahill, and W Todd Cade. “Origins in the Womb: Potential Role of the Physical Therapist in Modulating the Deleterious Effects of Obesity on Maternal and Offspring Health Through Movement Promotion and Prescription During Pregnancy.” Physical Therapy 97, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 114–23. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20150678.
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  - Cade, W Todd, Nadia Khoury, Suzanne Nelson, Angela Shackleford, Katherine Semenkovich, Melissa J. Krauss, and Ana María Arbeláez. “Hypoglycemia during moderate intensity exercise reduces counterregulatory responses to subsequent hypoglycemia.” Physiological Reports 4, no. 17 (September 2016): e12848–e12848. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.12848.
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  - Cade, W Todd, Rachel A. Tinius, Dominic N. Reeds, Bruce W. Patterson, and Alison G. Cahill. “Maternal Glucose and Fatty Acid Kinetics and Infant Birth Weight in Obese Women With Type 2 Diabetes.” Diabetes 65, no. 4 (April 2016): 893–901. https://doi.org/10.2337/db15-1061.
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  - Airhart, Sophia, W Todd Cade, Hui Jiang, Andrew R. Coggan, Susan B. Racette, Kevin Korenblat, Catherine Anderson Spearie, et al. “A Diet Rich in Medium-Chain Fatty Acids Improves Systolic Function and Alters the Lipidomic Profile in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Study.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 101, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 504–12. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-3292.
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  - Tinius, Rachel A., Alison G. Cahill, Eric A. Strand, and W Todd Cade. “Maternal inflammation during late pregnancy is lower in physically active compared with inactive obese women.” Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 41, no. 2 (February 2016): 191–98. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0316.
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  - Cade, W Todd, Gautam K. Singh, Mark R. Holland, Dominic N. Reeds, E Turner Overton, Nancy Cibulka, Karen Bahow, Rachel Presti, Andrea Stephens, and Alison G. Cahill. “Maternal post-absorptive leucine kinetics during late pregnancy in US women with HIV taking antiretroviral therapy: A cross-sectional pilot study.” Clinical Nutrition Espen 10, no. 4 (August 2015): e140–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2015.05.003.
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  - Levy, Philip T., Brittney Dioneda, Mark R. Holland, Timothy J. Sekarski, Caroline K. Lee, Amit Mathur, W Todd Cade, Alison G. Cahill, Aaron Hamvas, and Gautam K. Singh. “Right Ventricular Function in Preterm and Term Neonates: Reference Values for Right Ventricle Areas and Fractional Area of Change.” Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 28, no. 5 (May 2015): 559–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2015.01.024.
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  - Bittel, Daniel C., Adam J. Bittel, Lori J. Tuttle, Mary K. Hastings, Paul K. Commean, Michael J. Mueller, W Todd Cade, and David R. Sinacore. “Adipose tissue content, muscle performance and physical function in obese adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and peripheral neuropathy.” Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications 29, no. 2 (March 2015): 250–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2014.11.003.
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  - Taylor, J David, James P. Fletcher, Ruth Ann Mathis, and W Todd Cade. “Effects of Moderate- Versus High-Intensity Exercise Training on Physical Fitness and Physical Function in People With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial.” Physical Therapy 94, no. 12 (December 1, 2014): 1720–30. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20140097.
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  - Cade, W Todd, Dominic N. Reeds, E Turner Overton, Pilar Herrero, Alan D. Waggoner, Erin Laciny, Coco Bopp, et al. “Pilot Study of Pioglitazone and Exercise Training Effects on Basal Myocardial Substrate Metabolism and Left Ventricular Function in HIV-Positive Individuals with Metabolic Complications.” Hiv Clinical Trials 14, no. 6 (December 2013): 303–12. https://doi.org/10.1310/hct1406-303.
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  - Cade, William Todd, Edgar Turner Overton, Kristin Mondy, Lisa de las Fuentes, Victor G. Davila-Roman, Alan D. Waggoner, Dominic N. Reeds, et al. “Relationships Among HIV Infection, Metabolic Risk Factors, and Left Ventricular Structure and Function.” Aids Research and Human Retroviruses 29, no. 8 (August 2013): 1151–60. https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.2012.0254.
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  - Cade, W Todd, Carolyn T. Spencer, Dominic N. Reeds, Alan D. Waggoner, Robert O’Connor, Melissa Maisenbacher, Jan R. Crowley, Barry J. Byrne, and Linda R. Peterson. “Substrate metabolism during basal and hyperinsulinemic conditions in adolescents and young-adults with Barth syndrome.” Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease 36, no. 1 (January 2013): 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10545-012-9486-x.
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  - Cade, W Todd, Alan D. Waggoner, Sara Hubert, Melissa J. Krauss, Gautam K. Singh, and E Turner Overton. “Reduced diastolic function and left ventricular mass in HIV-negative preadolescent children exposed to antiretroviral therapy in utero.” Aids 26, no. 16 (October 23, 2012): 2053–58. https://doi.org/10.1097/qad.0b013e328358d4d7.
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  - Spencer, Carolyn T., Barry J. Byrne, Randall M. Bryant, Renee Margossian, Melissa Maisenbacher, Petar Breitenger, Paul B. Benni, Sharon Redfearn, Edward Marcus, and W Todd Cade. “Impaired cardiac reserve and severely diminished skeletal muscle O2 utilization mediate exercise intolerance in Barth syndrome.” American Journal of Physiology Heart and Circulatory Physiology 301, no. 5 (November 2011): H2122–29. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00479.2010.
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  - Tuttle, Lori J., David R. Sinacore, W Todd Cade, and Michael J. Mueller. “Lower Physical Activity Is Associated With Higher Intermuscular Adipose Tissue in People With Type 2 Diabetes and Peripheral Neuropathy.” Physical Therapy 91, no. 6 (June 1, 2011): 923–30. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20100329.
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  - Cade, W Todd, Dominic N. Reeds, E Turner Overton, Pilar Herrero, Alan D. Waggoner, Victor G. Davila-Roman, Sherry Lassa-Claxton, et al. “Effects of human immunodeficiency virus and metabolic complications on myocardial nutrient metabolism, blood flow, and oxygen consumption: a cross-sectional analysis.” Cardiovascular Diabetology 10, no. 1 (2011): 111–111. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2840-10-111.
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  - Yarasheski, Kevin E., W Todd Cade, E Turner Overton, Kristin E. Mondy, Sara Hubert, Erin Laciny, Coco Bopp, Sherry Lassa-Claxton, and Dominic N. Reeds. “Exercise training augments the peripheral insulin-sensitizing effects of pioglitazone in HIV-infected adults with insulin resistance and central adiposity.” American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism 300, no. 1 (January 2011): E243–51. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00468.2010.
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  - Racette, Susan B., W Todd Cade, and Laura R. Beckmann. “School-Based Physical Activity and Fitness Promotion.” Physical Therapy 90, no. 9 (September 1, 2010): 1214–18. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20100039.
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  - Cade, W. T., D. N. Reeds, K. E. Mondy, E. T. Overton, J. Grassino, S. Tucker, C. Bopp, et al. “Yoga lifestyle intervention reduces blood pressure in HIV-infected adults with cardiovascular disease risk factors.” Hiv Medicine, January 2010. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2009.00801.x.
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  - O’Connor, Robert D., Adil Bashir, W Todd Cade, Kevin E. Yarasheski, and Robert J. Gropler. “1 H‐Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Quantifying Myocardial Lipid Content in Humans With the Cardiometabolic Syndrome.” The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 11, no. 9 (September 2009): 528–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-4572.2009.00061.x.
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  - Zhang, Sheng, Michael J. Carper, Xiaoyong Lei, W Todd Cade, Kevin E. Yarasheski, and Sasanka Ramanadham. “Protease inhibitors used in the treatment of HIV+ induce β-cell apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway and compromise insulin secretion.” American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism 296, no. 4 (April 2009): E925–35. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.90445.2008.
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  - Cade, W Todd. “Diabetes-Related Microvascular and Macrovascular Diseases in the Physical Therapy Setting.” Physical Therapy 88, no. 11 (November 1, 2008): 1322–35. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20080008.
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  - Schambelan, Morris, Peter W. F. Wilson, Kevin E. Yarasheski, W Todd Cade, Victor G. Dávila-Román, Ralph B. D’Agostino, Tarek A. Helmy, et al. “Development of Appropriate Coronary Heart Disease Risk Prediction Models in HIV-Infected Patients.” Circulation 118, no. 2 (July 8, 2008). https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.107.189627.
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  - Mutimura, Eugene, Aimee Stewart, Nigel J. Crowther, Kevin E. Yarasheski, and W Todd Cade. “The effects of exercise training on quality of life in HAART-treated HIV-positive Rwandan subjects with body fat redistribution.” Quality of Life Research 17, no. 3 (April 2008): 377–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-008-9319-4.
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  - Carper, Michael J., W Todd Cade, Margaret Cam, Sheng Zhang, Anath Shalev, Kevin E. Yarasheski, and Sasanka Ramanadham. “HIV-protease inhibitors induce expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 in insulin-sensitive tissues and promote insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus.” American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism 294, no. 3 (March 2008): E558–67. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00167.2007.
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  - Mutimura, Eugene, Nigel J. Crowther, Aimee Stewart, and W. Todd Cade. “The Human Immunodeficiency Virus and the Cardiometabolic Syndrome in the Developing World: An African Perspective.” Journal of the Cardiometabolic Syndrome 3, no. 2 (March 2008): 106–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-4572.2008.07584.x.
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  - Todd Cade, W. “Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.” Journal of the Cardiometabolic Syndrome 3, no. 2 (March 2008): 83–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-4572.2008.07581.x.
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  - Todd Cade, W., and Kevin E. Yarasheski. “Cardiometabolic Disease in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus: The Tip of the Iceberg?” Journal of the Cardiometabolic Syndrome 3, no. 2 (March 2008): 77–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-4572.2008.07204.x.
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  - Cade, W. T., D. N. Reeds, S. Lassa-Claxton, V. G. Davila-Roman, A. D. Waggoner, W. G. Powderly, and K. E. Yarasheski. “Post-exercise heart rate recovery in HIV-positive individuals on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Early indicator of cardiovascular disease?” Hiv Medicine 9, no. 2 (February 2008): 96–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2007.00524.x.
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  - Cade, W Todd, Dominic N. Reeds, Bettina Mittendorfer, Bruce W. Patterson, William G. Powderly, Samuel Klein, and Kevin E. Yarasheski. “Blunted lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation during moderate exercise in HIV-infected subjects taking HAART.” American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism 292, no. 3 (March 2007): E812–19. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00300.2006.
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  - Subramanian, Savitha, Michael A. DeRosa, Carlos Bernal-Mizrachi, Nicholas Laffely, William T. Cade, Kevin E. Yarasheski, Philip E. Cryer, and Clay F. Semenkovich. “PPARα activation elevates blood pressure and does not correct glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance in humans.” American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism 291, no. 6 (December 2006): E1365–71. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00230.2006.
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  - Reeds, D. N., W. T. Cade, B. W. Patterson, W. G. Powderly, S. Klein, and K. E. Yarasheski. “Whole-Body Proteolysis Rate Is Elevated in HIV-Associated Insulin Resistance.” Diabetes 55, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 2849–55. https://doi.org/10.2337/db06-0255.
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  - Reeds, D. N., K. E. Yarasheski, L. Fontana, W. T. Cade, E. Laciny, A. DeMoss, B. W. Patterson, W. G. Powderly, and S. Klein. “Alterations in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity in men with HIV infection and dyslipidemia.” American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism 290, no. 1 (January 2006): E47–53. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00236.2005.
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  - Cade, W Todd, Sharmila R. Nabar, and Randall E. Keyser. “Reproducibility of the exponential rise technique of CO 2 rebreathing for measuring P v CO 2 and C v CO 2 to non-invasively estimate cardiac output during incremental, maximal treadmill exercise.” European Journal of Applied Physiology 91, no. 5–6 (May 1, 2004): 669–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-003-1017-x.
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  - Cade, W Todd, Lori E. Fantry, Sharmila R. Nabar, Donald K. Shaw, and Randall E. Keyser. “Impaired oxygen on-kinetics in persons with human immunodeficiency virus are not due to highly active antiretroviral therapy11No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit upon the author(s) or upon any organization with which the author(s) is/are associated.” Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 84, no. 12 (December 2003): 1831–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2003.03.004.
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  - Cade, W Todd, Lori E. Fantry, Sharmila R. Nabar, and Randall E. Keyser. “Decreased peak arteriovenous oxygen difference during treadmill exercise testing in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus11No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit upon the author(s) or upon any organization with which the author(s) is/are associated.” Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 84, no. 11 (November 2003): 1595–1603. https://doi.org/10.1053/s0003-9993(03)00275-2.
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  - TODD CADE, W., LORI E. FANTRY, SHARMILA R. NABAR, DONALD K. SHAW, and RANDALL E. KEYSER. “A Comparison of &OV0422;t and a-vO2 in Individuals with HIV Taking and Not Taking HAART.” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 35, no. 7 (July 2003): 1108–17. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000074567.61400.93.
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  - Cade, W Todd, Ligia Peralta, and Randall E. Keyser. “Aerobic capacity in late adolescents infected with HIV and controls.” Pediatric Rehabilitation 5, no. 3 (January 2002): 161–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/1363849021000039362.
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  - A. Tinius, Rachel, Alison G. Cahill, Eric A. Strand, and W. Todd Cade. “Altered maternal lipid metabolism is associated with higher inflammation in obese women during late pregnancy.” Integrative Obesity and Diabetes 2, no. 1 (n.d.). https://doi.org/10.15761/iod.1000137.
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  - Baumann, Ana A., Vincent Mutabazi, Angela L. Brown, Cole Hooley, Dominic Reeds, Cecile Ingabire, Vedaste Ndahindwa, et al. “Dissemination and Implementation Program in Hypertension in Rwanda: Report on Initial Training and Evaluation.” Global Heart 14, no. 2 (n.d.): 135–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gheart.2019.06.001.
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  - Bohnert, Kathryn L., Grace Ditzenberger, Adam J. Bittel, Lisa de las Fuentes, Manuela Corti, Christina A. Pacak, Carolyn Taylor, Barry J. Byrne, Dominic N. Reeds, and W Todd Cade. “Resistance exercise training with protein supplementation improves skeletal muscle strength and improves quality of life in late adolescents and young adults with Barth syndrome: A pilot study.” Jimd Reports, n.d. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmd2.12244.
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  - RA, Tinius, Cahill AG, and Cade WT. “Low-intensity Physical Activity is Associated with Lower Maternal Systemic Inflammation during Late Pregnancy.” Journal of Obesity & Weight Loss Therapy 07, no. 03 (n.d.). https://doi.org/10.4172/2165-7904.1000343.
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  - Renth, Allyson, W. Cade, Ryan Colvin, George Macones, Alison Cahill, and Lorie Harper. “Impact of Obesity on Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Insulin-Resistant Pregnancy.” American Journal of Perinatology 31, no. 05 (n.d.): 383–88. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1350057.
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  - Rohatgi, Karthik W., Rachel A. Tinius, W Todd Cade, Euridice Martínez Steele, Alison G. Cahill, and Diana C. Parra. “Relationships between consumption of ultra-processed foods, gestational weight gain and neonatal outcomes in a sample of US pregnant women.” Peerj 5 (n.d.): e4091–e4091. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4091.
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  - Suzuki-Hatano, Silveli, Mughil Sriramvenugopal, Manash Ramanathan, Meghan Soustek, Barry J. Byrne, W Todd Cade, Peter B. Kang, and Christina A. Pacak. “Increased mtDNA Abundance and Improved Function in Human Barth Syndrome Patient Fibroblasts Following AAV-TAZ Gene Delivery.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 14 (n.d.): 3416–3416. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20143416.
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  - Tuuli, Methodius, Ryan Colvin, W. Cade, George Macones, and Alison Cahill. “Markers of Glycemic Control and Neonatal Morbidity in High-Risk Insulin-Resistant Pregnancies.” American Journal of Perinatology 33, no. 02 (n.d.): 151–56. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1562929.
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