Wanda Krassowska Neu | Scholars@Duke

Wanda Krassowska Neu
Professor Emeritus of Biomedical Engineering

Electroporation-Mediated Drug and Gene Delivery
Electroporation refers to the creation of small (1-40 nm) pores in the lipid bilayer of the membrane in response to large electric shocks. Electroporation occurs as an undesirable side effect in accidental contacts with high voltage wires or when defibrillation shocks are applied to the heart to prevent sudden cardiac death. However, electroporation has also important applications in biotechnology, as pores allow the introduction of drugs and DNA into cells. Still, this technique is largely empirical and the results are often variable and difficult to control. Our research in this area concentrates on the development of a model of electroporation that would allow theoretical investigation of the creation of pores during the shock, the flow of ions, drugs, and DNA through pores, and the resulting changes in intracellular concentrations.

Nonlinear Dynamics Approach to Cardiac Arrhythmias
Cardiac arrhythmias, serious and potentially fatal diseases, can only rarely be successfully controlled with medication. The only available treatment is defibrillation, the delivery of a large electric shock. Such shocks often have serious side effects. Our research investigates the feasibility of alternative treatments for cardiac tachyarrhythmias that instead of large shocks use an appropriately timed train of small pulses. The approach is based on the feedback protocols that have been developed to control the dynamics of complex nonlinear systems and involves animal experiments, mathematical modeling, and computer simulations. These studies allow us to gain a better insight into the dynamics of cardiac rhythm and to assess the feasibility of bringing an episode of arrhythmia under control, terminate it, or even inhibit its occurrence.

Current Research Interests

Electroporation-mediated drug delivery and gene therapy; Control of cardiac arrhythmias using nonlinear dynamics

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Professor Emeritus of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2020
Bass Fellow, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2016

Contact Information

Box 90281, Durham, NC 27708-0281
Room 1427, Fitzpatrick Center (Fciemas), 101 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708-0281
wanda.neu@duke.edu (919) 660-5131

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- Ph.D., Duke University 1987
- M.S., Warsaw University of Technology (Poland) 1978
Previous Appointments & Affiliations
- Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2007 - 2020
- Jeffrey N. Vinik Professor of Biomedical Engineering in the Edmund T. Pratt, Jr. School of Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2013 - 2016
- James L. and Elizabeth M. Vincent Associate Professor, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2006 - 2011
- Associate Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 1998 - 2007
- Assistant Professor, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 1991 - 1998
- Assistant Research Professor, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 1988 - 1991
Recognition
Awards & Honors
Expertise
Subject Headings
Research
Selected Grants
- Border-Collision Bifurcations in Cardiac Muscle awarded by National Science Foundation 2006 - 2009
- Modeling Electroporation-Mediated DNA Delivery awarded by National Science Foundation 2004 - 2008
- Stability of Cardiac Response to Rapid Pacing awarded by National Institutes of Health 2003 - 2008
- Stability of Cardiac Response to Rapid Pacing awarded by National Institutes of Health 2003 - 2007
- Stability of Cardiac Response to Rapid Pacing awarded by National Institutes of Health 2003 - 2007
- Modeling Electroporation-Mediated DNA Delivery awarded by National Science Foundation 2001 - 2005
- Model of Cardiac Muscle in Strong Electric Fields awarded by National Institutes of Health 1995 - 2001
- Model of Cardiac Muscle in Strong Electric Fields awarded by National Institutes of Health 1995 - 2000
- Modeling Electroporation-Mediated Drug Delivery awarded by National Science Foundation 1999 - 2000
- Macroscopic Dynamics of an Excitable Cell in an External Field awarded by National Science Foundation 1997 - 1998
- Macroscopic Dynamics of an Excitable Cell in an External Field awarded by National Science Foundation 1994 - 1997
- Electrical Control of Cardiac Arrhythmias awarded by Lord Foundation of North Carolina 1995 - 1996
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Academic Articles
  - Idriss, S. F., W. Krassowska Neu, V. Varadarajan, T. Antonijevic, S. S. Gilani, and J. M. Starobin. “Feasibility of non-invasive determination of the stability of propagation reserve in patients.” Computing in Cardiology 39 (December 1, 2012): 353–56.
  - Cranford, Jonathan P., Brian J. Kim, and Wanda Krassowska Neu. “Asymptotic model of electrical stimulation of nerve fibers.” Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 50, no. 3 (March 2012): 243–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-012-0870-3.
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  - Dobrovolny, H. M., C. M. Berger, N. H. Brown, W. K. Neu, and D. J. Gauthier. “Spatial heterogeneity of restitution properties and the onset of alternans.” Conference Proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference, December 1, 2009, 4186–89.
  - Neu, W. K., and J. C. Neu. “Theory of electroporation,” December 1, 2009, 133–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79403-7_7.
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  - Dobrovolny, H. M., C. M. Berger, N. H. Brown, W. K. Neu, and D. J. Gauthier. “Spatial heterogeneity of restitution properties and the onset of alternans.” Conference Proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference 2009 (2009): 4186–89.
  - Dobrovolny, Hana M., Carolyn M. Berger, Ninita H. Brown, Wanda Krassowska Neu, and Daniel J. Gauthier. “Spatial heterogeneity of restitution properties and the onset of alternans.” Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference 2009 (January 2009): 4186–89. https://doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2009.5333929.
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  - “Variability of action potential duration in pharmacologically induced long QT syndrome type 1.” Conference Proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference, January 1, 2009, 4520–22.
  - Guo, L., J. C. Neu, J. P. Cranford, and W. Krassowska Neu. “Activating function of needle electrodes in anisotropic tissue.” Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 47 (2009): 1001–11.
  - Ring, Caroline L., Salim F. Idriss, and Wanda Krassowska Neu. “Variability of action potential duration in pharmacologically induced long QT syndrome type 1.” Annu Int Conf Ieee Eng Med Biol Soc 2009 (2009): 4520–22. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2009.5334105.
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  - Zhao, X., D. G. Schaeffer, C. M. Berger, W. Krassowska, and D. J. Gauthier. “`Cardiac alternans arising from an unfolded border-collision bifurcation.” J. Comput. Nonlinear Dynam. 3 (October 2008): 041004.
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  - Zhao, X., D. G. Schaeffer, C. M. Berger, W. Krassowska, and D. J. Gauthier. “Cardiac alternans arising from an unfolded border-collision bifurcation.” 2007 Proceedings of the Asme International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, Detc2007 5 PART A (June 19, 2008): 223–32. https://doi.org/10.1115/DETC2007-35304.
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  - Berger, C. M., X. Zhao, D. G. Schaeffer, H. M. Dobrovolny, W. Krassowska, and D. J. Gauthier. “Period-doubling bifurcation to alternans in paced cardiac tissue: crossover from smooth to border-collision characteristics.” Physical Review Letters 99, no. 5 (August 3, 2007): 058101.
  - Berger, Carolyn M., Xiaopeng Zhao, David G. Schaeffer, Hana M. Dobrovolny, Wanda Krassowska, and Daniel J. Gauthier. “Period-doubling bifurcation to alternans in paced cardiac tissue: crossover from smooth to border-collision characteristics.” Physical Review Letters 99, no. 5 (August 2007): 058101. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.99.058101.
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  - Pitruzzello, Ann M., Wanda Krassowska, and Salim F. Idriss. “Spatial heterogeneity of the restitution portrait in rabbit epicardium.” Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 292, no. 3 (March 2007): H1568–78. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00619.2006.
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  - Schaeffer, David G., John W. Cain, Daniel J. Gauthier, Soma S. Kalb, Robert A. Oliver, Elena G. Tolkacheva, Wenjun Ying, and Wanda Krassowska. “An ionically based mapping model with memory for cardiac restitution.” Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 69, no. 2 (February 2007): 459–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11538-006-9116-6.
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  - Cranford, J. P., X. Zhao, and W. Krassowska. “Guidelines for controlling pore radii from nonlinear analysis of a two-dimensional model of electroporation.” Asme International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Proceedings (Imece) 2 (January 1, 2007): 307–8. https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2007-43585.
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  - Krassowska, Wanda, and Petar D. Filev. “Modeling electroporation in a single cell.” Biophysical Journal 92, no. 2 (January 2007): 404–17. https://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.106.094235.
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  - Zhao, X., D. G. Schaeffer, W. Krassowska, and D. J. Gauthier. “A model-independent technique for eigenvalue identification and its application in predicting cardiac alternans.” Asme International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Proceedings (Imece) 2 (January 1, 2007): 301–2. https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2007-43380.
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  - Bell, Ja, Nc Rouze, W. Krassowska, and Sf Idriss. “The Electrocardiogram Restitution Portrait Quantifying Dynamical Electrical Instability in Young Myocardium.” Comput Cardiol 34 (2007): 789–92.
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  - Neu, John C., and Wanda Krassowska. “Singular perturbation analysis of the pore creation transient.” Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics 74, no. 3 Pt 1 (September 2006): 031917. https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.74.031917.
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  - Oliver, Robert A., and Wanda Krassowska. “Reproducing cardiac restitution properties using the Fenton-Karma membrane model.” Annals of Biomedical Engineering 33, no. 7 (July 2005): 907–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-005-3948-3.
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  - Kalb, Soma S., Elena G. Tolkacheva, David G. Schaeffer, Daniel J. Gauthier, and Wanda Krassowska. “Restitution in mapping models with an arbitrary amount of memory.” Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.) 15, no. 2 (June 2005): 23701. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1876912.
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  - Oliver, Robert A., Craig S. Henriquez, and Wanda Krassowska. “Bistability and correlation with arrhythmogenesis in a model of the right atrium.” Annals of Biomedical Engineering 33, no. 5 (May 2005): 577–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-005-1473-z.
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  - Kalb, Soma S., Hana M. Dobrovolny, Elena G. Tolkacheva, Salim F. Idriss, Wanda Krassowska, and Daniel J. Gauthier. “The restitution portrait: a new method for investigating rate-dependent restitution.” J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 15, no. 6 (June 2004): 698–709. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1540-8167.2004.03550.x.
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  - Smith, Kyle C., John C. Neu, and Wanda Krassowska. “Model of creation and evolution of stable electropores for DNA delivery.” Biophysical Journal 86, no. 5 (May 2004): 2813–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(04)74334-9.
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  - Dev, Sukhendu B., Deepak Dhar, and Wanda Krassowska. “Electric field of a six-needle array electrode used in drug and DNA delivery in vivo: analytical versus numerical solution.” Ieee Transactions on Bio Medical Engineering 50, no. 11 (November 2003): 1296–1300. https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2003.818467.
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  - Neu, John C., Kyle C. Smith, and Wanda Krassowska. “Electrical energy required to form large conducting pores.” Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 60, no. 1–2 (August 2003): 107–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1567-5394(03)00051-3.
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  - Tolkacheva, E. G., D. G. Schaeffer, Daniel J. Gauthier, and W. Krassowska. “Condition for alternans and stability of the 1:1 response pattern in a "memory" model of paced cardiac dynamics.” Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics 67, no. 3 Pt 1 (March 2003): 031904. https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.67.031904.
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  - Neu, J. C., and W. Krassowska. “Modeling postshock evolution of large electropores.” Physical Review E Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics 67, no. 2 1 (February 1, 2003): 219151–512.
  - Krassowska, Wanda, Gurvinder S. Nanda, Melissa B. Austin, Sukhendu B. Dev, and Dietmar P. Rabussay. “Viability of cancer cells exposed to pulsed electric fields: the role of pulse charge.” Annals of Biomedical Engineering 31, no. 1 (January 2003): 80–90. https://doi.org/10.1114/1.1531634.
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  - Krassowska, Wanda. “Field stimulation of cardiac fibers with random spatial structure.” Ieee Transactions on Bio Medical Engineering 50, no. 1 (January 2003): 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2002.807324.
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  - Neu, J. C., and W. Krassowska. “Modeling postshock evolution of large electropores.” Phys. Rev. E, Stat. Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys. (Usa) 67, no. 2 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.67.021915.
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  - Skouibine, K., J. Wall, W. Krassowska, and N. Trayanova. “Modelling induction of a rotor in cardiac muscle by perpendicular electric shocks.” Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 40, no. 1 (January 2002): 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02347695.
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  - Oliver, R. A., G. M. Hall, S. Bahar, W. Krassowska, P. D. Wolf, E. G. Dixon-Tulloch, and D. J. Gauthier. “Existence of bistability and correlation with arrhythmogenesis in paced sheep atria.” Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 11, no. 7 (July 2000): 797–805. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.2000.tb00051.x.
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  - Skouibine, K., and W. Krassowska. “Increasing the computational efficiency of a bidomain model of defibrillation using a time-dependent activating function.” Annals of Biomedical Engineering 28, no. 7 (July 2000): 772–80. https://doi.org/10.1114/1.1289917.
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  - Bilska, A. O., K. A. DeBruin, and W. Krassowska. “Theoretical modeling of the effects of shock duration, frequency, and strength on the degree of electroporation.” Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 51, no. 2 (June 2000): 133–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0302-4598(00)00066-0.
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  - Bahar, S., G. M. Hall, R. A. Oliver, W. Krassowska, and D. J. Gauthier. “Transitions between 2:1 and 1:1 responses in cardiac muscle induced by added stimuli.” Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings 1 (December 1, 1999): 258.
  - Bilska, A. O., K. A. DeBruin, and W. Krassowska. “Electroporation of single cells by high frequency shocks.” Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings 1 (December 1, 1999): 87.
  - Oliver, R. A., W. Krassowska, G. M. Hall, S. Bahar, P. D. Wolf, and D. J. Gauthier. “Existence of bistability and correlation with arrhythmogenesis in sheep atria.” Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings 1 (December 1, 1999): 157.
  - Skouibine, K., and W. Krassowska. “Reduced bidomain model of defibrillation.” Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings 1 (December 1, 1999): 287.
  - Wall, J., N. A. Trayanova, K. Skouibine, and W. Krassowska. “Modeling induction of reentry with a realistic S2 stimulus.” Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings 1 (December 1, 1999): 154.
  - DeBruin, K. A., and W. Krassowska. “Modeling electroporation in a single cell. I. Effects Of field strength and rest potential.” Biophysical Journal 77, no. 3 (September 1999): 1213–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(99)76973-0.
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  - Aguel, F., K. A. Debruin, W. Krassowska, and N. A. Trayanova. “Effects of electroporation on the transmembrane potential distribution in a two-dimensional bidomain model of cardiac tissue.” Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 10, no. 5 (May 1999): 701–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.1999.tb00247.x.
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  - DeBruin, K. A., and W. Krassowska. “Modeling electroporation in a single cell. II. Effects of ionic concentrations.” Biophys. J. (Usa) 77, no. 3 (1999): 1225–33.
  - Neu, J. C., and W. Krassowska. “Asymptotic model of electroporation.” Physical Review E Statistical Physics, Plasmas, Fluids, and Related Interdisciplinary Topics 59, no. 3 (January 1, 1999): 3471–82. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.59.3471.
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  - Stone, B. A., M. Lieberman, and W. Krassowska. “Field stimulation of isolated chick heart cells: comparison of experimental and theoretical activation thresholds.” Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 10, no. 1 (January 1999): 92–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.1999.tb00646.x.
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  - DeBruin, K. A., and W. Krassowska. “Electroporation and shock-induced transmembrane potential in a cardiac fiber during defibrillation strength shocks.” Annals of Biomedical Engineering 26, no. 4 (July 1998): 584–96. https://doi.org/10.1114/1.101.
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  - Roth, B. J., and W. Krassowska. “The induction of reentry in cardiac tissue. The missing link: How electric fields alter transmembrane potential.” Chaos 8, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 204–20. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.166298.
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  - Neu, J. C., R. S. Preissig, and W. Krassowska. “Initiation of propagation in a one-dimensional excitable medium.” Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 102, no. 3–4 (January 1, 1997): 285–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2789(96)00203-5.
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  - Krassowska, Wanda, and Meenakshi S. Kumar. “Role of spatial interactions in creating the dispersion of transmembrane potential by premature electric shocks.” Annals of Biomedical Engineering 25, no. 6 (1997): 949–63.
  - DeBruin, K. A., and W. Krassowska. “Electroporation as a mechanism of the saturation of transmembrane potential induced by large electric fields.” Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings 5 (December 1, 1996): 1836–37.
  - Krassowska, W. “Macroscopic model of electroporating membrane.” Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings 17, no. 1 (December 1, 1995): 253–54.
  - Trayanova, N., and W. Krassowska. “Virtual electrode effects in a bidomain model with electroporating membrane.” Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings 17, no. 1 (December 1, 1995): 255–56.
  - Krassowska, W. “Effects of electroporation on transmembrane potential induced by defibrillation shocks.” Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology : Pace 18, no. 9 Pt 1 (September 1995): 1644–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.1995.tb06986.x.
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  - Walcott, G. P., R. G. Walker, A. W. Cates, W. Krassowska, W. M. Smith, and R. E. Ideker. “Choosing the optimal monophasic and biphasic waveforms for ventricular defibrillation.” Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 6, no. 9 (September 1995): 737–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.1995.tb00450.x.
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  - Krassowska, W. “Effects of electroporation on transmembrane potential induced by defibrillation shocks.” Pace Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 18, no. 9 I (1995): 1644–60.
  - Krassowska, W., and J. C. Neu. “Response of a single cell to an external electric field.” Biophysical Journal 66, no. 6 (June 1994): 1768–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(94)80971-3.
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  - Alferness, C., P. V. Bayly, W. Krassowska, J. P. Daubert, W. M. Smith, and R. E. Ideker. “Strength-interval curves in canine myocardium at very short cycle lengths.” Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 17, no. 5 Pt 1 (May 1994): 876–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.1994.tb01428.x.
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  - Krassowska, W., and J. C. Neu. “Effective boundary conditions for syncytial tissues.” Ieee Transactions on Bio Medical Engineering 41, no. 2 (February 1994): 143–50. https://doi.org/10.1109/10.284925.
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  - Krassowska, W., and J. C. Neu. “Boundary conditions for the bidomain model of the heart.” Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology 15, no. pt 2 (December 1, 1993): 865–66.
  - Guse, P. A., D. L. Rollins, W. Krassowska, P. D. Wolf, W. M. Smith, and R. E. Ideker. “Effective defibrillation in pigs using interleaved and common phase sequential biphasic shocks.” Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology : Pace 16, no. 8 (August 1993): 1719–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.1993.tb01043.x.
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  - Neu, J. C., and W. Krassowska. “Homogenization of syncytial tissues.” Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering 21, no. 2 (January 1993): 137–99.
  - Krassowska, W., C. Cabo, S. B. Knisley, and R. E. Ideker. “Propagation versus delayed activation during field stimulation of cardiac muscle.” Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology : Pace 15, no. 2 (February 1992): 197–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.1992.tb03064.x.
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  - Krassowska, W., D. L. Rollins, P. D. Wolf, E. G. Dixon, T. C. Pilkington, and R. E. Ideker. “Pacing thresholds for cathodal and anodal high-frequency monophasic pulses.” Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 3, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 64–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.1992.tb01097.x.
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  - Krassowska, W., T. C. Pilkington, and R. E. Ideker. “Two-scale asymptotic analysis for modeling activation of periodic cardiac strand.” Mathematical and Computer Modelling 16, no. 3 (January 1, 1992): 121–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-7177(92)90053-N.
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  - Knisley, S. B., W. Krassowska, T. C. Pilkington, and W. M. Smith. “Do myocardial fibers contain junctional capacitance?” Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology 13, no. pt 2 (December 1, 1991): 611–12.
  - Papanicolaou, V. G., and W. Krassowska. “Electrostatic potential on the boundary of cardiac tissue.” Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology 13, no. pt 2 (December 1, 1991): 500–501.
  - Ideker, R. E., P. D. Wolf, C. Alferness, W. Krassowska, and W. M. Smith. “Current concepts for selecting the location, size and shape of defibrillation electrodes.” Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology : Pace 14, no. 2 Pt 1 (February 1991): 227–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.1991.tb05093.x.
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  - Knisley, S. B., W. Krassowska, T. C. Pilkington, and W. M. Smith. “Effect of intercellular capacitance on conduction in a model of cell uncoupling.” Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology, no. pt 2 (December 1, 1990): 620–21.
  - Krassowska, W., M. N. Morrow, and T. C. Pilkington. “Modeling in the Bioelectric Stimulation Unit.” Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology, no. pt 2 (December 1, 1990): 666–67.
  - Krassowska, W., S. B. Knisley, T. C. Pilkington, and R. E. Ideker. “Modeling high-frequency pacing with a discrete cardiac strand.” Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology, no. pt 2 (December 1, 1990): 624–25.
  - Krassowska, W., D. W. Frazier, T. C. Pilkington, and R. E. Ideker. “Potential distribution in three-dimensional periodic myocardium--Part II: Application to extracellular stimulation.” Ieee Transactions on Bio Medical Engineering 37, no. 3 (March 1990): 267–84. https://doi.org/10.1109/10.52328.
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  - Krassowska, W., T. C. Pilkington, and R. E. Ideker. “Potential distribution in three-dimensional periodic myocardium--Part I: Solution with two-scale asymptotic analysis.” Ieee Transactions on Bio Medical Engineering 37, no. 3 (March 1990): 252–66. https://doi.org/10.1109/10.52327.
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  - Ideker, R. E., D. W. Frazier, W. Krassowska, N. Shibata, P. S. Chen, K. M. Kavanagh, and W. M. Smith. “Experimental evidence for autowaves in the heart.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 591 (January 1990): 208–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb15090.x.
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  - Ideker, R. E., W. Krassowska, J. M. Wharton, and W. M. Smith. “Experimental results pertinent to the modelling of defibrillation.” Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings 11 pt 1 (November 1, 1989): 77–78.
  - Krassowska, W., T. C. Pilkington, and R. E. Ideker. “Modelling the periodicity of cardiac muscle.” Journal of Electrocardiology 22 Suppl (January 1989): 41–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0736(07)80099-9.
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  - Frazier, D. W., W. Krassowska, P. S. Chen, P. D. Wolf, E. G. Dixon, W. M. Smith, and R. E. Ideker. “Extracellular field required for excitation in three-dimensional anisotropic canine myocardium.” Circulation Research 63, no. 1 (July 1988): 147–64. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.res.63.1.147.
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  - Frazier, D. W., W. Krassowska, P. S. Chen, P. D. Wolf, N. D. Danieley, W. M. Smith, and R. E. Ideker. “Transmural activations and stimulus potentials in three-dimensional anisotropic canine myocardium.” Circulation Research 63, no. 1 (July 1988): 135–46. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.res.63.1.135.
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  - Krassowska, W., A. S. L. Tang, T. C. Pilkington, and R. E. Ideker. “Anodal and cathodal thresholds during transthoracic stimulation.” Ieee/Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Annual Conference 10, no. pt 1 (January 1, 1988): 202–3. https://doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1988.94478.
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  - Krassowska, W., D. W. Frazier, T. C. Pilkington, and R. E. Ideker. “Finite element approximation of potential gradient in cardiac muscle undergoing stimulation.” Mathematical and Computer Modelling 11, no. C (January 1, 1988): 801–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-7177(88)90604-8.
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  - Pilkington, T. C., W. Krassowska, M. N. Morrow, and R. E. Ideker. “FEASIBILITY OF ESTIMATING ENDOCARDIAL POTENTIALS FROM CAVITY POTENTIALS.” Ieee/Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Annual Conference, December 1, 1987, 1875–76.
  - Krassowska, W., T. C. Pilkington, and R. E. Ideker. “Periodic conductivity as a mechanism for cardiac stimulation and defibrillation.” Ieee Transactions on Bio Medical Engineering 34, no. 7 (July 1987): 555–60. https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.1987.325986.
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  - Krassowska, W., T. C. Pilkington, and R. E. Ideker. “The closed form solution to the periodic core-conductor model using asymptotic analysis.” Ieee Transactions on Bio Medical Engineering 34, no. 7 (July 1987): 519–31. https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.1987.325981.
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  - Krassowska, W., T. C. Pilkington, and R. E. Ideker. “ASYMPTOTIC ANALYSIS FOR PERIODIC CARDIAC MUSCLE.” Ieee/Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Annual Conference, December 1, 1986, 255–58.
  - Krassowska, W., B. Jurkiewicz, E. Klupsz, K. Peczalski, and M. Stopczyk. “Computerized system for isochronic epicardial mapping.” Medical Informatics 10, no. 3 (1985): 237–45.
  - Neu, W. K. “Analytical solution for time-dependent potentials in a fiber stimulated by an external electrode (Submitted).” Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, n.d.
- Conference Papers
  - Neu, W. K. “Analytical solution for time-dependent potentials in a cylindrical fiber,” n.d.
  - Neu, W. K. “Uncertainty in 1D and 3D models of a fiber stimulated byan external electrode (Submitted),” n.d.
  - Neu, W. K., and J. C. Neu. “Modeling electroporation with moment dynamics equations (Accepted),” n.d.

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