Scholars@Duke

• Background
• 

  Education, Training, & Certifications

  • Ph.D., Duke University
  • Ph.D., Duke University 1967
• 

  Duke Appointment History

  • Professor in Family Medicine and Community Health, Family Medicine and Community Health, Clinical Science Departments 2009 - 2020
  • Professor of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Basic Science Departments 2019 - 2020
  • Professor Emeritus of Community and Family Medicine, Family Medicine and Community Health, Clinical Science Departments 2001 - 2009
  • Professor of Community and Family Medicine in the Department of Community & Family Medicine, Family Medicine and Community Health, Clinical Science Departments 1980 - 2001
  • Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 1980 - 2001
  • Chief, Division of Medical Informatics in the Department of Community and Family Medicine, Family Medicine and Community Health, Clinical Science Departments 1995 - 1998
• Recognition
• 

  In the News

  • NOV 16, 2015

    Duke Translational Medicine Institute

    Ed Hammond Honored for “Thought Leadership in Informatics”
• 

  Awards & Honors

  • Morris Collen Award. American Medical Informatics Association. 2003
  • Leadership Awards. American Medical Informatics Association. 1999
  • Leadership Awards. American Medical Informatics Association. 1997
  • Fellow. American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering. 1992
• Research
• 

  Selected Grants

  • CDS for CDC Opioid Guidelines - Opt. #1 awarded by Security Risk Solutions 2019 - 2021
  • Health Care Systems Research Collaboratory - Coordinating Center awarded by National Institutes of Health 2012 - 2019
  • Semi-automated terminology extension and term extraction enhancement to improve disease stratification using clinical notes awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2019
  • Duke CTSA (UL1) awarded by National Institutes of Health 2013 - 2018
  • Multidisciplinary Neonatal Training Grant awarded by National Institutes of Health 2010 - 2015
  • Pioneering Health Information Quality (K99) awarded by National Institutes of Health 2012 - 2015
  • Consortia for University-based Training of Health IT Professionals in Health Care awarded by Department of Health and Human Services 2010 - 2013
  • Synthesis and Harmonization of High Impact Data Elements awarded by Food and Drug Administration 2011 - 2013
  • Curriculum Development Centers awarded by Department of Health and Human Services 2010 - 2012
  • Nurses' Information Needs while Caring for Hospitalized Children awarded by Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 2011 - 2012
  • Informatics Tools And Medical Perinatal Knowledge Bldg... awarded by National Institutes of Health 1997 - 2001
  • Interactive, Guideline-Based Decision Support On The Web awarded by National Institutes of Health 1996 - 1999
  • Electrophysiologic Properties Of Endothelial Cells awarded by National Institutes of Health 1992 - 1995
• Publications & Artistic Works
• 

  Selected Publications

  • Academic Articles

    • Baccus, D., G. Hoeren, B. Smith, A. Walker, A. G. Snapper, E. Walter, W. E. Hammond, et al. “DIGITAL EQUIPMENT COMPUTER USERS SOCIETY, SPRING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS, PAPERS AND PRESENTATIONS, ATLANTA, GA, MAY 13-15 1971.,” January 1, 2020.
    • Leiro, L., R. Taylor, K. Lee, A. E. Sapega, M. N. Simon, A. B. Martinez, M. S. Wolfberg, et al. “DIGITAL EQUIPMENT COMPUTER USERS SOCIETY, SPRING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS, PAPERS AND PRESENTATIONS, BOSTON, MASS, MAY 10-13 1972.,” January 1, 2020.
    • Lloyd, S. C., W. E. Hammond, and E. G. Fisher. “DIGITAL EQUIPMENT COMPUTER USERS SOCIETY, SPRING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS, PAPERS AND PRESENTATIONS, BOSTON, MASS, MAY 10-13 1972.,” January 1, 2020.
    • Sage, R., D. Loving, W. L. Craft, H. E. Dayringer, M. J. Smith, J. D. Dinniwell, J. Luts, et al. “DIGITAL EQUIPMENT COMPUTER USERS SOCIETY, SPRING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS, PAPERS AND PRESENTATIONS, BOSTON, MASS, MAY 10-13 1972.,” January 1, 2020.
    • Garza, Maryam, Sahiti Myneni, Amy Nordo, Eric L. Eisenstein, W Ed Hammond, Anita Walden, and Meredith Zozus. “eSource for Standardized Health Information Exchange in Clinical Research: A Systematic Review.” Stud Health Technol Inform 257 (2019): 115–24.
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    • Nordo, Amy, Eric L. Eisenstein, Maryam Garza, W Ed Hammond, and Meredith Nahm Zozus. “Evaluative Outcomes in Direct Extraction and Use of EHR Data in Clinical Trials.” Stud Health Technol Inform 257 (2019): 333–40.
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    • Richesson, Rachel L., Beverly B. Green, Reesa Laws, Jon Puro, Michael G. Kahn, Alan Bauck, Michelle Smerek, et al. “Pragmatic (trial) informatics: a perspective from the NIH Health Care Systems Research Collaboratory.” J Am Med Inform Assoc 24, no. 5 (September 1, 2017): 996–1001. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocx016.
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    • Baccus, D., G. Hoeren, B. Smith, A. Walker, A. G. Snapper, E. Walter, W. E. Hammond, et al. “DIGITAL EQUIPMENT COMPUTER USERS SOCIETY, SPRING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS, PAPERS AND PRESENTATIONS, ATLANTA, GA, MAY 13-15 1971.,” January 1, 2017.
    • Leiro, L., R. Taylor, K. Lee, A. E. Sapega, M. N. Simon, A. B. Martinez, M. S. Wolfberg, et al. “DIGITAL EQUIPMENT COMPUTER USERS SOCIETY, SPRING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS, PAPERS AND PRESENTATIONS, BOSTON, MASS, MAY 10-13 1972.,” January 1, 2017.
    • Lloyd, S. C., W. E. Hammond, and E. G. Fisher. “DIGITAL EQUIPMENT COMPUTER USERS SOCIETY, SPRING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS, PAPERS AND PRESENTATIONS, BOSTON, MASS, MAY 10-13 1972.,” January 1, 2017.
    • Sage, R., D. Loving, W. L. Craft, H. E. Dayringer, M. J. Smith, J. D. Dinniwell, J. Luts, et al. “DIGITAL EQUIPMENT COMPUTER USERS SOCIETY, SPRING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS, PAPERS AND PRESENTATIONS, BOSTON, MASS, MAY 10-13 1972.,” January 1, 2017.
    • Hammond, William E., and Robert A. Greenes. “Healthcare academic informatics and IT vendors - A modest proposal for a collaborative focus.” J Biomed Inform 60 (April 2016): 363–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2016.02.018.
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    • Richardson, Karen J., Patricia Sengstack, Jeffrey N. Doucette, William E. Hammond, Matthew Schertz, Julie Thompson, and Constance Johnson. “Evaluation of Nursing Documentation Completion of Stroke Patients in the Emergency Department: A Pre-Post Analysis Using Flowsheet Templates and Clinical Decision Support.” Comput Inform Nurs 34, no. 2 (February 2016): 62–70. https://doi.org/10.1097/CIN.0000000000000206.
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    • Zozus, Meredith N., Rachel L. Richesson, Anita Walden, Jessie D. Tenenbaum, and W. E. Hammond. “Research Reproducibility in Longitudinal Multi-Center Studies Using Data from Electronic Health Records.” Amia Jt Summits Transl Sci Proc 2016 (2016): 279–85.
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    • West, Vivian L., David Borland, and W Ed Hammond. “Innovative information visualization of electronic health record data: a systematic review.” J Am Med Inform Assoc 22, no. 2 (March 2015): 330–39. https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2014-002955.
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    • Sanborn, Timothy A., James E. Tcheng, H Vernon Anderson, Charles E. Chambers, Sharon L. Cheatham, Matthew V. DeCaro, Jeremy C. Durack, et al. “ACC/AHA/SCAI 2014 health policy statement on structured reporting for the cardiac catheterization laboratory: a report of the American College of Cardiology Clinical Quality Committee.” J Am Coll Cardiol 63, no. 23 (June 17, 2014): 2591–2623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.03.020.
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    • Sanborn, Timothy A., James E. Tcheng, H Vernon Anderson, Charles E. Chambers, Sharon L. Cheatham, Matthew V. DeCaro, Jeremy C. Durack, et al. “ACC/AHA/SCAI 2014 health policy statement on structured reporting for the cardiac catheterization laboratory: a report of the American College of Cardiology Clinical Quality Committee.” Circulation 129, no. 24 (June 17, 2014): 2578–2609. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000043.
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    • Mohan, Vishnu, Patricia Abbott, Shelby Acteson, Eta S. Berner, Corkey Devlin, William E. Hammond, Rita Kukafka, and William Hersh. “Design and evaluation of the ONC health information technology curriculum.” J Am Med Inform Assoc 21, no. 3 (May 2014): 509–16. https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2013-001683.
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    • Hripcsak, George, Meryl Bloomrosen, Patti FlatelyBrennan, Christopher G. Chute, Jim Cimino, Don E. Detmer, Margo Edmunds, et al. “Health data use, stewardship, and governance: ongoing gaps and challenges: a report from AMIA's 2012 Health Policy Meeting.” J Am Med Inform Assoc 21, no. 2 (March 2014): 204–11. https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2013-002117.
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    • Richesson, Rachel L., Shelley A. Rusincovitch, Douglas Wixted, Bryan C. Batch, Mark N. Feinglos, Marie Lynn Miranda, W Ed Hammond, Robert M. Califf, and Susan E. Spratt. “A comparison of phenotype definitions for diabetes mellitus.” J Am Med Inform Assoc 20, no. e2 (December 2013): e319–26. https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2013-001952.
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    • Richesson, Rachel L., W Ed Hammond, Meredith Nahm, Douglas Wixted, Gregory E. Simon, Jennifer G. Robinson, Alan E. Bauck, et al. “Electronic health records based phenotyping in next-generation clinical trials: a perspective from the NIH Health Care Systems Collaboratory.” J Am Med Inform Assoc 20, no. e2 (December 2013): e226–31. https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2013-001926.
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    • Ginsburg, G. S., and H. F. Willard. “Preface.” Genomic and Personalized Medicine 1 (August 29, 2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-382227-7.00125-7.
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    • Danford, Christopher P., Monica M. Horvath, W Edward Hammond, and Jeffrey M. Ferranti. “Does access modality matter? Evaluation of validity in reusing clinical care data.” Amia Annu Symp Proc 2013 (2013): 278–83.
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    • Geissbuhler, A., W. E. Hammond, A. Hasman, R. Hussein, R. Koppel, C. A. Kulikowski, V. Maojo, et al. “Discussion of "Biomedical informatics: we are what we publish".” Methods Inf Med 52, no. 6 (2013): 547–62.
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    • Hammond, W. E., J. Ferguson, C. Jaffe, and J. Quinn. “Current issues and future directions for standards developing organizations.” Stud Health Technol Inform 192 (2013): 1234.
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    • Nahm, Meredith, and W Ed Hammond. “Data standard ≠ data quality.” Stud Health Technol Inform 192 (2013): 1208.
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    • Ed Hammond, W. “Interoperability - What's in a word?” Electronic Journal of Health Informatics 5, no. 1 (December 1, 2010).
    • Hammond, W. E. “Semantic interoperability: Issue of standardizing medical vocabularies,” December 1, 2010, 19–42. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-777-0.ch002.
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    • Hammond, W Ed, Christopher Bailey, Philippe Boucher, Mark Spohr, and Patrick Whitaker. “Connecting information to improve health.” Health Aff (Millwood) 29, no. 2 (February 2010): 284–88. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0903.
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    • Hammond, William Ed. “Seamless care: what is it; what is its value; what does it require; when might we get it?” Stud Health Technol Inform 155 (2010): 3–13.
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    • Nahm, M., A. Walden, B. McCourt, K. Pieper, E. Honeycutt, C. D. Hamilton, R. A. Harrington, et al. “Standardising clinical data elements.” International Journal of Functional Informatics and Personalised Medicine 3, no. 4 (January 1, 2010): 314–41. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJFIPM.2010.040213.
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    • Nihoyannopoulos, P., and J. Kisslo. “Echocardiography.” Echocardiography, December 1, 2009, 1–667. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-293-1.
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    • Hammond, William Edward, Charles Jaffe, and Rebecca Daniels Kush. “Healthcare standards development. The value of nurturing collaboration.” J Ahima 80, no. 7 (July 2009): 44–50.
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    • Blobel, Bernd, Catherine Chronaki, Robert Stegwee, Heather Grain, William E. Hammond, Charles Jaffe, Dipak Kalra, et al. “HL7's comprehensive standards set and its international collaboration for enabling semantically interoperable eHealth and pHealth solutions.” Stud Health Technol Inform 150 (2009): 982–86.
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    • Hammond, William Ed. “Realizing the potential of healthcare information technology to enhance global health.” Stud Health Technol Inform 150 (2009): 8–13.
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    • Hammond, W Ed. “eHealth interoperability.” Stud Health Technol Inform 134 (2008): 245–53.
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    • Hammond, W Ed, and Brian McCourt. “Making sense of standards.” J Ahima 78, no. 8 (September 2007): 60–61.
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    • McCourt, B., R. A. Harrington, K. Fox, C. D. Hamilton, K. Booher, W. E. Hammond, A. Walden, and M. Nahm. “Data standards: At the intersection of sites, clinical research networks, and standards development initiatives.” Drug Information Journal 41, no. 3 (January 1, 2007): 393–404. https://doi.org/10.1177/009286150704100313.
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    • Safran, Charles, Meryl Bloomrosen, W Edward Hammond, Steven Labkoff, Suzanne Markel-Fox, Paul C. Tang, Don E. Detmer, and Don E. Expert Panel. “Toward a national framework for the secondary use of health data: an American Medical Informatics Association White Paper.” J Am Med Inform Assoc 14, no. 1 (January 2007): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1197/jamia.M2273.
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    • Ferranti, Jeffrey M., R Clayton Musser, Kensaku Kawamoto, and W Ed Hammond. “The clinical document architecture and the continuity of care record: a critical analysis.” J Am Med Inform Assoc 13, no. 3 (May 2006): 245–52. https://doi.org/10.1197/jamia.M1963.
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    • Hammond, W Ed. “The making and adoption of health data standards.” Health Aff (Millwood) 24, no. 5 (September 2005): 1205–13. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.24.5.1205.
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    • Parkerson, George R., William E. Hammond, J Lloyd Michener, Kimberly S. H. Yarnall, and Jeffrey L. Johnson. “Risk classification of adult primary care patients by self-reported quality of life.” Med Care 43, no. 2 (February 2005): 189–93. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-200502000-00013.
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    • Middleton, Blackford, W Ed Hammond, Patricia F. Brennan, and Gregory F. Cooper. “Accelerating U.S. EHR adoption: how to get there from here. recommendations based on the 2004 ACMI retreat.” J Am Med Inform Assoc 12, no. 1 (January 2005): 13–19. https://doi.org/10.1197/jamia.M1669.
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    • Hammond, W Ed. “AMIA President's Awards, 2003.” J Am Med Inform Assoc 11, no. 3 (May 2004): 234. https://doi.org/10.1197/jamia.m1522.
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    • Hammond, W Ed. “The role of standards in electronic prescribing.” Health Aff (Millwood) Suppl Web Exclusives (January 2004): W4-325–27. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.w4.325.
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    • Hammond, W. E. “The role of standards in electronic prescribing.” Health Affairs (Project Hope) Suppl Web Exclusives (January 1, 2004).
    • Bakker, Ab R., and W Ed Hammond. “Report of conference track 1: basic bottlenecks.” Int J Med Inform 69, no. 2–3 (March 2003): 295–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1386-5056(02)00181-8.
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    • Hammond, W Ed. “Making the boundaries clearer: revisiting information systems with fading boundaries.” Int J Med Inform 69, no. 2–3 (March 2003): 99–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1386-5056(02)00100-4.
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    • Hammond, W Ed. “HL7--more than a communications standard.” Stud Health Technol Inform 96 (2003): 266–71.
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    • Hammond, W. E. “An introduction to health level seven.” Lekar a Technika 33, no. 2 (2002): 40–47.
    • Goodwin, L. K., M. A. Iannacchione, W. E. Hammond, P. Crockett, S. Maher, and K. Schlitz. “Data mining methods find demographic predictors of preterm birth.” Nurs Res 50, no. 6 (November 2001): 340–45. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-200111000-00003.
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    • Parkerson, G. R., F. E. Harrell, W. E. Hammond, and X. Q. Wang. “Characteristics of adult primary care patients as predictors of future health services charges.” Med Care 39, no. 11 (November 2001): 1170–81. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-200111000-00004.
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    • Yasnoff, W. A., J. M. Overhage, B. L. Humphreys, M. LaVenture, K. W. Goodman, L. Gatewood, D. A. Ross, et al. “A national agenda for public health informatics.” J Public Health Manag Pract 7, no. 6 (November 2001): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1097/00124784-200107060-00002.
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    • Hammond, W. E. “How the past teaches the future: ACMI distinguished lecture.” J Am Med Inform Assoc 8, no. 3 (May 2001): 222–34. https://doi.org/10.1136/jamia.2001.0080222.
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    • Liu, G. C., J. G. Cooper, K. M. Schoeffler, and W. E. Hammond. “Standards for the electronic health record, emerging from health care's Tower of Babel.” Proc Amia Symp, 2001, 388–92.
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    • Bakken, S., K. E. Campbell, J. J. Cimino, S. M. Huff, and W. E. Hammond. “Toward vocabulary domain specifications for health level 7-coded data elements.” J Am Med Inform Assoc 7, no. 4 (July 2000): 333–42. https://doi.org/10.1136/jamia.2000.0070333.
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    • Goodwin, L., S. Maher, L. Ohno-Machado, M. A. Iannacchione, P. Crockett, S. Dreiseitl, S. Vinterbo, and W. Hammond. “Building knowledge in a complex preterm birth problem domain.” Proc Amia Symp, 2000, 305–9.
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    • Hammond, W. E., D. L. Pollard, and M. J. Straube. “Managing healthcare: A view of tomorrow.” Studies in Health Technology and Informatics 52 (January 1, 1998): 26–30. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-896-0-26.
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    • Hammond, W. E., D. L. Pollard, and M. J. Straube. “Managing healthcare: a view of tomorrow.” Stud Health Technol Inform 52 Pt 1 (1998): 26–30.
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    • Huff, S. M., W. D. Bidgood, J. J. Cimino, and W. E. Hammond. “A proposal for incorporating health level seven (HL7) vocabulary in the UMLS Metathesaurus.” Proc Amia Symp, 1998, 800–804.
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    • Ismael, M. B., E. L. Eisenstein, and W. E. Hammond. “A comparison of neural network models for the prediction of the cost of care for acute coronary syndrome patients.” Proc Amia Symp, 1998, 533–37.
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    • Pollard, D. L., and W. E. Hammond. “Object technology: raising the standards for healthcare information systems.” Stud Health Technol Inform 52 Pt 1 (1998): 217–21.
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    • Parkerson, G. R., J. L. Michener, K. S. Yarnall, and W. E. Hammond. “Duke Case-Mix System (DUMIX) for ambulatory health care.” J Clin Epidemiol 50, no. 12 (December 1997): 1385–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0895-4356(97)00217-5.
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    • Prather, J. C., D. F. Lobach, J. W. Hales, L. K. Goodwin, M. L. Hage, D. A. Nagey, and W. E. Hammond. “Exploratory Data Analysis to Detect Preterm Risk Factors.” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 4, no. SUPPL. (December 1, 1997): 984.
    • Hammond, W. E. “Call for a standard clinical vocabulary.” J Am Med Inform Assoc 4, no. 3 (May 1997): 254–55. https://doi.org/10.1136/jamia.1997.0040254.
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    • Hammond, W. E., J. W. Hales, D. F. Lobach, and M. J. Straube. “Integration of a computer-based patient record system into the primary care setting.” Comput Nurs 15, no. 2 Suppl (March 1997): S61–68.
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    • Hammond, W. E., M. E. Frisse, G. Hripcsak, J. A. Mitchell, J. Paton, D. Rodbard, B. Stead, et al. “Basic principles of information technology organization in health care institutions - Questions and answers.” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 4, no. 2 (March 1, 1997): S36–40.
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    • Goodwin, L., J. Prather, K. Schlitz, M. A. Iannacchione, M. Hage, W. E. Hammond, and J. Grzymala-Busse. “Data mining issues for improved birth outcomes.” Biomed Sci Instrum 34 (1997): 291–96.
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    • Hammond, W. E. “Health Level Seven. '96 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.” Healthc Inform 14, no. 1 (January 1997): 50.
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    • Lobach, D. F., and W. E. Hammond. “Computerized decision support based on a clinical practice guideline improves compliance with care standards.” Am J Med 102, no. 1 (January 1997): 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9343(96)00382-8.
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    • Prather, J. C., D. F. Lobach, L. K. Goodwin, J. W. Hales, M. L. Hage, and W. E. Hammond. “Medical data mining: knowledge discovery in a clinical data warehouse.” Proc Amia Annu Fall Symp, 1997, 101–5.
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    • Prather, J. C., D. F. Lobach, L. K. Goodwin, J. W. Hales, M. L. Hage, and W. E. Hammond. “Medical Data Mining: Knowledge Discovery in a Clinical Data Warehouse.” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 4, no. SUPPL. (January 1, 1997): 101–5.
    • Hammond, W. E. “Politics and standards.” Healthc Inform 13, no. 9 (September 1996): 108.
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    • Hammond, W. E., and M. McDougall. “Health Level Seven: the clinical data interchange standard.” J Ahima 67, no. 8 (September 1996): 42–45.
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    • Hammond, W. E. “HL7 Forum. How long does it take to write a standard?” Healthc Inform 13, no. 1 (January 1996): 58.
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    • Lundy, M. S., W. E. Hammond, and D. F. Lobach. “Documenting data delivery: design, deployment, and decision.” Proc Amia Annu Fall Symp, 1996, 807–11.
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    • Pollard, D., E. Kucharz, and W. E. Hammond. “Implications of the Java language on computer-based patient records.” Proc Amia Annu Fall Symp, 1996, 733–37.
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    • HAMMOND, W. E. “HEALTH INFORMATION AND HEALTH REFORM - UNDERSTANDING THE NEED FOR A NATIONAL-HEALTH INFORMATION-SYSTEM - DUNCAN,KA.” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 2, no. 5 (September 1, 1995): 292–93.
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    • HAMMOND, W. E. “INFORMATION-SYSTEMS WITH FADING BOUNDARIES - PROCEEDINGS OF INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL INFORMATICS CONFERENCE, WORKING GROUP-10 WORKING GROUP CONFERENCE, 27-30 AUGUST 1994, DURHAM, NC - PREFACE.” International Journal of Bio Medical Computing 39, no. 1 (April 1, 1995): R9–R9.
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    • Hammond, W. E. “The status of healthcare standards in the United States.” Int J Biomed Comput 39, no. 1 (April 1995): 87–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7101(94)01084-e.
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    • Yarnall, K. S., J. L. Michener, W. E. Broadhead, W. E. Hammond, and C. K. Tse. “Computer-prompted diagnostic codes.” J Fam Pract 40, no. 3 (March 1995): 257–62.
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    • Prather, J. C., D. F. Lobach, J. W. Hales, M. L. Hage, S. J. Fehrs, and W. E. Hammond. “Converting a legacy system database into relational format to enhance query efficiency.” Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care, 1995, 372–76.
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    • Parkerson, G. R., W. E. Hammond, and K. S. Yarnall. “Feasibility and potential clinical usefulness of a computerized severity of illness measure.” Arch Fam Med 3, no. 11 (November 1994): 968–74. https://doi.org/10.1001/archfami.3.11.968.
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    • Yarnall, K. S., J. L. Michener, and W. E. Hammond. “The medical record: a comprehensive computer system for the family physician.” J Am Board Fam Pract 7, no. 4 (July 1994): 324–34.
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    • Hammond, W. E. “Presentation of the Morris F. Collen, M.D. Medal to Dr. Morris F. Collen.” J Am Med Inform Assoc 1, no. 2 (March 1994): 202–4. https://doi.org/10.1136/jamia.1994.95236151.
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    • Hammond, W. E. “The role of standards in creating a health information infrastructure.” Int J Biomed Comput 34, no. 1–4 (January 1994): 29–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7101(94)90008-6.
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    • Lobach, D. F., and W. E. Hammond. “Development and evaluation of a Computer-Assisted Management Protocol (CAMP): improved compliance with care guidelines for diabetes mellitus.” Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care, 1994, 787–91.
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    • Stead, W. W., W. P. Bird, R. M. Califf, J. G. Elchlepp, W. E. Hammond, and T. R. Kinney. “The IAIMS at Duke University Medical Center: transition from model testing to implementation.” Md Comput 10, no. 4 (July 1993): 225–30.
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    • Hammond, W. E. “Health Level 7. A protocol for the interchange of healthcare data.” Stud Health Technol Inform 6 (1993): 144–48.
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    • Hage, M. L., M. J. Helms, A. Dudley, W. W. Stead, W. E. Hammond, C. Neyland, and C. B. Hammond. “Acute childbirth morbidity: its measurement using hospital charges.” Am J Obstet Gynecol 166, no. 6 Pt 1 (June 1992): 1853–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(92)91577-w.
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    • Fitzpatrick, K., D. Satz, W. Hammond, R. Grewal, E. Hammond, J. Collins, and J. A. Moylan. “Automated acuity scoring within a computer based medical record.” Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care, 1992, 673–77.
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    • Hammond, W. E. “Health Level 7: an application standard for electronic medical data exchange.” Top Health Rec Manage 11, no. 4 (June 1991): 59–66.
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    • Grewal, R., J. Arcus, J. Bowen, K. Fitzpatrick, W. E. Hammond, L. Hickey, and W. W. Stead. “Bedside computerization of the ICU, design issues: benefits of computerization versus ease of paper & pen.” Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care, 1991, 793–97.
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    • Hammond, W. E., and W. W. Stead. “Adopting TMR for physician/nurse use.” Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care, 1991, 833–37.
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    • Hammond, W. E., M. J. Straube, P. B. Blunden, and W. W. Stead. “Query: The language of databases.” Proceedings  Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, December 1, 1989, 419–23.
    • Stead, W. W., W. P. Bird, R. Carter, J. Elchlepp, W. E. Hammond, J. M. Kootsey, and P. K. Smith. “IAIMS - The role of strategic planning.” Proceedings  Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, December 1, 1989, 345–49.
    • Stead, W. W., and W. E. Hammond. “TMR - The medical record: Spanning the spectrum of patient care.” Proceedings  Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, December 1, 1989, 937–38.
    • McDonald, C. J., and W. E. Hammond. “Standard formats for electronic transfer of clinical data.” Ann Intern Med 110, no. 5 (March 1, 1989): 333–35. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-110-5-333.
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    • Dryfoos, J. D., W. E. Hammond, L. A. Spero, J. S. Rabold, M. J. Straube, and W. W. Stead. “Duke electronic mail post office: A practical mail linking system.” Proceedings  Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, November 1, 1988, 562–67.
    • Stead, W. W., and W. E. Hammond. “Computer-based medical records: The need for storing a single datum in multiple orientations.” Proceedings  Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, November 1, 1988, 625–29.
    • Stead, W. W., and W. E. Hammond. “Computer-based medical records: the centerpiece of TMR.” Md Comput 5, no. 5 (September 1988): 48–62.
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    • Hage, M. L., M. J. Helms, W. E. Hammond, and C. B. Hammond. “Changing rates of cesarean delivery: the Duke experience, 1978-1986.” Obstet Gynecol 72, no. 1 (July 1988): 98–101.
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    • Hammond, W. E., and W. W. Stead. “Bedside terminals: an overview.” Md Comput 5, no. 1 (January 1988): 5–6.
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    • Hammond, W. E., and W. W. Stead. “TLS - THE LABORATORY SYSTEM: A NETWORKED PATIENT CARE SYSTEM AND LABORATORY SYSTEM.” Proceedings  Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, December 1, 1987, 778–82.
    • Stead, W. W., and W. E. Hammond. “DEMAND-ORIENTED MEDICAL RECORDS: TOWARD A PHYSICIAN WORK STATION.” Proceedings  Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, December 1, 1987, 275–80.
    • HAMMOND, W. E. “COMPUTERIZED MEDICAL RECORD SYSTEMS.” M D Computing 4, no. 3 (May 1, 1987): 5–6.
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    • Hammond, W. E., and W. W. Stead. “EVOLUTION OF A COMPUTERIZED MEDICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM.” Proceedings  Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, December 1, 1986, 147–56.
    • Garrett, L. E., W. E. Hammond, and W. W. Stead. “The effects of computerized medical records on provider efficiency and quality of care.” Methods Inf Med 25, no. 3 (July 1986): 151–57.
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    • Dozier, J. A., W. E. Hammond, and W. W. Stead. “CREATING A LINK BETWEEN MEDICAL AND ANALYTICAL DATABASES.” Proceedings  Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, December 1, 1985, 478–82.
    • Hammond, W. E., W. W. Stead, and M. J. Straube. “PLANNED NETWORKING FOR MEDICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS.” Proceedings  Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, December 1, 1985, 727–31.
    • Lutz, M. W., W. E. Hammond, W. W. Stead, P. B. Blunden, and D. B. Pryor. “AUTOMATIC PROGRAMMING SYSTEM TO CREATE MEDICALLY-ORIENTED REPORT GENERATORS.” Proceedings  Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, December 1, 1985, 422–26.
    • Stead, W. W., and W. E. Hammond. “CALCULATING STORAGE REQUIREMENTS FOR OFFICE PRACTICE SYSTEMS.” Proceedings  Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, December 1, 1985, 68–71.
    • Hammond, W. E., M. J. Straube, W. W. Stead, and M. Lutz. “TMR--MEETING THE DEMAND FOR THE VARIETY OF REPORT MODALITIES.” Proceedings  Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, December 1, 1984, 421–24.
    • Stead, W. W., W. E. Hammond, and R. G. Winfree. “BEYOND A BASIC HIS: WORK STATIONS FOR DEPARTMENT MANAGEMENT.” Proceedings  Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, December 1, 1984, 197–99.
    • Gehlbach, S. H., W. E. Wilkinson, W. E. Hammond, N. E. Clapp, A. L. Finn, W. J. Taylor, and M. S. Rodell. “Improving drug prescribing in a primary care practice.” Med Care 22, no. 3 (March 1984): 193–201. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-198403000-00002.
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    • Hammond, W. E., W. W. Stead, and M. J. Straube. “ADAPTING TO THE DAY TO DAY GROWTH OF TMR.” Proceedings  Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, December 1, 1983, 101–5.
    • Stead, W. W., and W. E. Hammond. “FUNCTIONS REQUIRED TO ALLOW TMR TO SUPPORT THE INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS OF A HOSPITAL.” Proceedings  Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, December 1, 1983, 106–9.
    • Stead, W. W., L. E. Garrett, and W. E. Hammond. “Practicing nephrology with a computerized medical record.” Kidney Int 24, no. 4 (October 1983): 446–54. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.1983.181.
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    • Garrett, L. E., W. W. Stead, and W. E. Hammond. “Conversion of manual to total computerized medical records. Experience with selected abstraction.” J Med Syst 7, no. 3 (June 1983): 301–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00993293.
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    • Stead, W. W., and W. E. Hammond. “Computerized medical records. A new resource for clinical decision making.” J Med Syst 7, no. 3 (June 1983): 213–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00993282.
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    • Stead, W. W., W. E. Hammond, and M. J. Straube. “A chartless record--is it adequate?” J Med Syst 7, no. 2 (April 1983): 103–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00995117.
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    • Garrett, L. E., W. W. Stead, W. E. Hammond, C. J. McDonald, and M. Buecher. “METHOD OF HANDLING SUBJECTIVE AND PHYSICAL DATA; EXPERIENCE WITH TWO SYSTEMS.” Proceedings  Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, December 1, 1982, 232–35.
    • Pryor, D. B., W. W. Stead, W. E. Hammond, R. M. Califf, and R. A. Rosati. “FEATURES OF TMR FOR A SUCCESSFUL CLINICAL AND RESEARCH DATABASE.” Proceedings  Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, December 1, 1982, 79–84.
    • Stead, W. W., W. E. Hammond, and M. J. Straube. “CHARTLESS RECORD - IS IT ADEQUATE?” Proceedings  Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, December 1, 1982, 89–94.
    • Wilkinson, W. E., S. H. Gehlbach, W. E. Hammond, and N. E. Clapp. “USING COMPUTER-GENERATED FEEDBACK TO IMPROVE PHYSICIAN PRESCRIBING.” Proceedings  Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, December 1, 1982, 76–78.
    • Hammond, W. E. “Computer will stand next to physician.” Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine 1, no. 2 (January 1, 1982): 15–16. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMB-M.1982.5005768.
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    • Hammond, W. E., W. W. Stead, M. J. Straube, and F. R. Jelovsek. “A perinatal database management system for ambulatory care.” Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica 61, no. Suppl. 109 (January 1, 1982): 40–41. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016348209156163.
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    • Hammond, W. E. “COMPUTER-BASED MEDICAL RECORDS FOR OFFICE AND AMBULATORY CLINIC PRACTICE.” Proceedings  Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, December 1, 1981, 99.
    • Hammond, W. E., W. W. Stead, and M. J. Straube. “EXPERIENCES IN THE TRANSFER OF A MEDICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM FROM AN ACADEMIC SETTING TO A PRIVATE SETTING.” Proceedings  Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, December 1, 1981, 949–52.
    • Hammond, W. E., W. W. Stead, M. J. Straube, and F. R. Jelovsek. “Functional characteristics of a computerized medical record.” Methods Inf Med 19, no. 3 (July 1980): 157–62.
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    • HAMMOND, W. E. “THE GROWTH OF MEDICAL INFORMATION-SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED-STATES - LINDBERG,DAB.” Health Services Research 15, no. 3 (January 1, 1980): 314–15.
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    • Hammond, W. E., W. W. Stead, M. J. Straube, M. Kelly, and R. G. Winfree. “INTERFACE BETWEEN A HOSPITAL INFORMATION SYSTEM AND A COMPUTERIZED MEDICAL RECORD.” Proceedings  Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, January 1, 1980, 1537–40.
    • Hammond, W. E., W. W. Stead, M. J. Straube, and F. R. Jelovsek. “CLINICAL DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM.” International Journal on Policy and Information 4, no. 1 (January 1, 1980): 79–86.
    • Stead, W. W., and W. E. Hammond. “HOW TO REALIZE LABOR SAVINGS WITH A COMPUTERIZED MEDICAL RECORD.” Proceedings  Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, January 1, 1980, 1200–1205.
    • Herpok, F. J., J. P. Hansen, J. N. Ritter, and W. E. Hammond. “Total medical record: an automated medical information system.” Med Group Manage 26, no. 5 (September 1979): 37–46.
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    • Burch, J. G., A. Heyman, W. E. Hammond, and C. Haynes. “Computer-aided instruction in clinical neurology.” Journal of Medical Education 53, no. 8 (August 1, 1978): 693.
    • Burch, J. G., A. Heyman, W. E. Hammond, and C. Haynes. “Computer-aided instruction in clinical neurology.” J Med Educ 53, no. 8 (August 1978): 693. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-197808000-00019.
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    • Jelovsek, F., and W. Hammond. “Formal error rate in a computerized obstetric medical record.” Methods Inf Med 17, no. 3 (July 1978): 151–57.
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    • Hammond, W. E., W. W. Stead, M. J. Straube, and J. D. Collins. “EXPERIENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN AMBULATORY CARE MEDICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM.” Iahs Aish Publication (International Association of Hydrological Sciences Association Internationale Des Sciences Hydrologiques), January 1, 1978, 452–56.
    • Jelovsek, F., R. Smith, L. Blackmon, and W. Hammond. “Computerized nursery discharge summary.” Methods Inf Med 16, no. 4 (October 1977): 199–204.
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    • Stead, W. W., R. G. Brame, W. E. Hammond, F. R. Jelovsek, E. H. Estes, and R. T. Parker. “A computerized obstetric medical record.” Obstet Gynecol 49, no. 4 (April 1977): 502–9.
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    • Hammond, W. E., W. W. Stead, S. J. Feagin, B. A. Brantley, and M. J. Straube. “DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR AMBULATORY CARE.,” January 1, 1977, 173–87.
    • Jelovsek, F. R., and W. E. Hammond. “Experience in computerization of perinatal medical records.” University of Michigan Medical Center Journal Vol. 43 (January 1, 1977): 5–8.
    • Stead, W. W., W. E. Hammond, and E. H. Estes. “Evaluation of an audio mode of the automated medical history.” Methods Inf Med 16, no. 1 (January 1977): 20–23.
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    • Ahlers, P., R. J. Sullivan, W. E. Hammond, E. L. Walter, and H. D. Tolley. “The cost of auditing outpatient records.” South Med J 69, no. 10 (October 1976): 1328–30. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007611-197610000-00022.
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    • HAMMOND, W. E., E. L. WALTER, S. J. FEAGIN, B. A. BRANTLEY, W. W. STEAD, and E. H. ESTES. “COMPUTERS IN AMBULATORY CARE.” Clinical Medicine 82, no. 8 (January 1, 1975): 17–21.
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    • Hammond, W. E., E. L. Walter, B. A. Brantley, S. J. Feagin, and W. W. Stead. “EVOLUTION OF A MINICOMPUTER INFORMATION SYSTEM.,” January 1, 1975, 237–39.
    • Pearlman, M. H., W. E. Hammond, and H. K. Thompson. “An automated "well-baby" questionnaire.” Pediatrics 51, no. 6 (June 1973): 972–79.
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    • Hammond, W. E., B. A. Brantley, S. J. Feagin, S. C. Lloyd, W. W. Stead, and E. L. Walter. “GEMISCH—A Minicomputer Information Support System.” Proceedings of the Ieee 61, no. 11 (January 1, 1973): 1575–83. https://doi.org/10.1109/PROC.1973.9329.
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    • Hammond, W. E., B. A. Brantley, and S. J. Feagin. “GEMISCH: A minicomputer information support system.” Proceedings of the Ieee 61, no. 11 (January 1, 1973): 1583–88.
    • Stead, W. W., A. Heyman, H. K. Thompson, and W. E. Hammond. “Computer-assisted interview of patients with functional headache.” Arch Intern Med 129, no. 6 (June 1972): 950–55.
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    • Leiro, L., R. Taylor, K. Lee, A. E. Sapega, M. N. Simon, A. B. Martinez, M. S. Wolfberg, et al. “DIGITAL EQUIPMENT COMPUTER USERS SOCIETY, SPRING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS, PAPERS AND PRESENTATIONS, BOSTON, MASS, MAY 10-13 1972.,” January 1, 1972.
    • Lloyd, S. C., W. E. Hammond, and E. G. Fisher. “DIGITAL EQUIPMENT COMPUTER USERS SOCIETY, SPRING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS, PAPERS AND PRESENTATIONS, BOSTON, MASS, MAY 10-13 1972.,” January 1, 1972.
    • Sage, R., D. Loving, W. L. Craft, H. E. Dayringer, M. J. Smith, J. D. Dinniwell, J. Luts, et al. “DIGITAL EQUIPMENT COMPUTER USERS SOCIETY, SPRING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS, PAPERS AND PRESENTATIONS, BOSTON, MASS, MAY 10-13 1972.,” January 1, 1972.
    • Baccus, D., G. Hoeren, B. Smith, A. Walker, A. G. Snapper, E. Walter, W. E. Hammond, et al. “DIGITAL EQUIPMENT COMPUTER USERS SOCIETY, SPRING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS, PAPERS AND PRESENTATIONS, ATLANTA, GA, MAY 13-15 1971.,” January 1, 1971.
    • Jackson, P. E., H. A. Owen, and W. E. Hammond. “Digital control of a frequency synthesizer.” Review of Scientific Instruments 39, no. 5 (December 1, 1968): 769–70. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1683499.
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    • Zinsser, H. H., W. Hammond, B. André, R. Bennett, R. J. Kraemer, R. V. Lee, E. J. Lorenze, H. F. Page, and A. Verwoerdt. “Health care needs of the aging--seminar discussion groups. II. Geriatrics as a special body of knowledge.” J Am Geriatr Soc 16, no. 2 (February 1968): 188–205.
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    • Hammond, W. E., P. E. Jackson, and H. A. Owen. “Linear Voltage-Amplitude to Pulse-Width Conversion Utilizing a Controlled Unijunction Monostable Multivibrator.” Ieee Journal of Solid State Circuits 3, no. 3 (January 1, 1968): 295–300. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSSC.1968.1049904.
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    • Hammond, W. E., P. E. Jackson, and H. A. Owen. “A Hybrid Cross-Correlation Data Processing System.” Ieee Transactions on Communication Technology 16, no. 5 (January 1, 1968): 731–36. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCOM.1968.1089910.
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    • Babaa, I. M. H., T. G. Wilson, Y. Yu, W. E. Hammond, and E. T. Moore. “Dc-to-Dc Converter Using Inductive- Energy Storage for Voltage Transformation and Regulation.” Ieee Transactions on Magnetics MAG-2, no. 1 (January 1, 1966): 18–25. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.1966.1065791.
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    • Hammond, W. E., T. G. Wilson, I. M. H. Bábaá, Y. Yu, and E. T. Moore. “A D-C to D-C converter using two synchronized complementary converters.” Ieee Transactions on Aerospace AS-3, no. 2 (January 1, 1965): 201–9. https://doi.org/10.1109/TA.1965.4319803.
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    • HAMMOND, W. “Greetings of the Medical Society of the State of New York.” J Am Geriatr Soc 11 (February 1963): 119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1963.tb00039.x.
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    • KAPLAN, B., and W. HAMMOND. “Public housing of elderly in Chicago.” Geriatrics 16 (December 1961): 655–63.
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    • Hammond, W. “Common disorders of the aged.” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 4, no. 3 (January 1, 1956): 215–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1956.tb00126.x.
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    • HAMMOND, W. “A geriatric orientation.” N Y State J Med 54, no. 24 (December 15, 1954): 3387–95.
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    • JORDAN, M., M. KEPES, R. B. HAYES, and W. HAMMOND. “Dietary habits of persons living alone.” Geriatrics 9, no. 5 (May 1954): 230–32.
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    • HAMMOND, W., and V. A. MEGOWEN. “Physical disability as a source of public dependency in Westchester County.” N Y State J Med 52, no. 18 (September 15, 1952): 2290–94.
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  • Book Sections

    • Hammond, W. E., C. Jaffe, J. J. Cimino, and S. M. Huff. “Standards in biomedical informatics.” In Biomedical Informatics: Computer Applications in Health Care and Biomedicine: Fourth Edition, 211–53, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4474-8_7.
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  • Conference Papers

    • Hammond, W. E. “An introduction to health level seven.” In Lekar a Technika, 33:40–47, 2002.
    • Cooper, J. G., G. C. Liu, K. M. Schoeffler, and W. E. Hammond. “Electronic health record: The need to prune.” In Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 881–881. OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 2001.
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    • Hammond, W. E., S. Heard, T. Beale, P. Schloeffel, D. Ingram, and J. Dudek. “Messaging and the EHR: Soul-mates or foes? Is convergence possible?” In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 84:1550, 2001. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-928-8-1550.
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    • Goodwin, L. K., S. G. Maher, M. A. Iannacchione, P. A. Crockett, and W. E. Hammond. “New data mining tools for outcomes analysis in complex clinical problems.” In Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 1068–1068. OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 1999.
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    • Hammond, W. E. “Patient management systems: The early years.” In Proceedings of Acm Conference on History of Medical Informatics, Hmi 1987, 1987-January:153–64, 1987. https://doi.org/10.1145/41526.41541.
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    • STEAD, W. W., and W. E. HAMMOND. “DETERMINANTS OF USE OF COMPUTERIZED CONSULTATION.” In Clinical Research, 31:A305–A305. SLACK INC, 1983.
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    • GARRETT, L. E., W. W. STEAD, and W. E. HAMMOND. “EFFECT OF AUTOMATED RECORDS ON PROVIDER EFFICIENCY.” In Clinical Research, 30:A299–A299. SLACK INC, 1982.
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    • GEHLBACH, S. H., W. E. WILKINSON, W. E. HAMMOND, N. E. CLAPP, A. L. FINN, W. J. TAYLOR, and M. RODELL. “IMPROVING DRUG PRESCRIBING IN FAMILY-PRACTICE.” In Clinical Research, 30:A299–A299. SLACK INC, 1982.
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    • GEHLBACH, S. H., W. E. HAMMOND, W. E. WILKINSON, A. L. FINN, W. J. TAYLOR, and N. E. CLAPP. “IMPROVING PHYSICIAN DRUG PRESCRIBING THROUGH COMPUTER FEEDBACK.” In Clinical Research, 29:A319–A319. SLACK INC, 1981.
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    • Lloyd, S. C., B. Alton Brantley, W. E. Hammond, W. W. Stead, and H. K. Thompson. “A generalized medical information system (GEMISCH) for practicing physicians.” In Proceedings of the 1971 26th Annual Conference, Acm 1971, 684–92, 1971. https://doi.org/10.1145/800184.810534.
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    • West, V. L., D. Borland, and W. E. Hammond. “Visualization of EHR and Health Related Data for Information Discovery.” In Http://Www.Visualanalyticshealthcare.Org/Vahc2013/Docs/Vahc2013 Proceedings Lowres.Pdf, 33–36, n.d.
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