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Ethnic differences and determinants of proteinuria among South Asian subgroups in Pakistan.

Publication ,  Journal Article
Jafar, TH; Chaturvedi, N; Gul, A; Khan, AQ; Schmid, CH; Levey, AS
Published in: Kidney international
October 2003

Hypertension, diabetes, increasing age, and smoking are known risk factors for proteinuria. Prevalence of proteinuria is high in South Asians. However, ethnic subgroup differences and determinants of proteinuria within the South Asian population have not been explored.The National Health Survey of Pakistan conducted between 1990 and 1994 was used to explore ethnic subgroup variation in proteinuria. Distinct ethnic subgroups, the Muhajir, the Punjabi, the Sindhi, the Pashtun, and the Baluchi, were defined by mother tongue. We report results in individuals aged >or=15 years (N = 9442). Proteinuria was defined as dipstick positive for protein on random urine sample.Increasing age, high consumption of meat, and presence of hypertension and diabetes were each independently associated with proteinuria. The age-standardized prevalence of proteinuria was 4.6% (4.2% to 5.1%) and varied among ethnic subgroups (P < 0.001). The highest was among the Sindhi (men 9.5%, women 10.3%), then the Muhajir (men 8.2%, women 4.7%), the Punjabi (men 3.2% women 3.5%), and lowest among the Baluchi (men 2.4%, women 4.2%) and the Pashtun (men 2.7%, women 1.2%). The ethnic differences persisted after adjusting for the above-mentioned sociodemographic, dietary, and clinical risk factors [adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% CI)] were 6.42 (3.97 to 10.38) for the Sindhis, 3.58 (2.22 to 5.79) for the Muhajirs, 2.03 (1.25 to 3.29) for the Punjabis, and 1.75 (0.79 to 3.88) for the Baluchis compared to the Pashtuns).We conclude that unmeasured environmental or genetic factors account for ethnic variations in proteinuria, and deserve further study.

Duke Scholars

Published In

Kidney international

DOI

EISSN

1523-1755

ISSN

0085-2538

Publication Date

October 2003

Volume

64

Issue

4

Start / End Page

1437 / 1444

Related Subject Headings

  • Urology & Nephrology
  • Sex Distribution
  • Proteinuria
  • Prevalence
  • Pakistan
  • Middle Aged
  • Meat
  • Male
  • Hypertension
  • Humans
 

Citation

APA
Chicago
ICMJE
MLA
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Jafar, T. H., Chaturvedi, N., Gul, A., Khan, A. Q., Schmid, C. H., & Levey, A. S. (2003). Ethnic differences and determinants of proteinuria among South Asian subgroups in Pakistan. Kidney International, 64(4), 1437–1444. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00212.x
Jafar, Tazeen H., Nish Chaturvedi, Asma Gul, Abdul Q. Khan, Christopher H. Schmid, and Andrew S. Levey. “Ethnic differences and determinants of proteinuria among South Asian subgroups in Pakistan.Kidney International 64, no. 4 (October 2003): 1437–44. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00212.x.
Jafar TH, Chaturvedi N, Gul A, Khan AQ, Schmid CH, Levey AS. Ethnic differences and determinants of proteinuria among South Asian subgroups in Pakistan. Kidney international. 2003 Oct;64(4):1437–44.
Jafar, Tazeen H., et al. “Ethnic differences and determinants of proteinuria among South Asian subgroups in Pakistan.Kidney International, vol. 64, no. 4, Oct. 2003, pp. 1437–44. Epmc, doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00212.x.
Jafar TH, Chaturvedi N, Gul A, Khan AQ, Schmid CH, Levey AS. Ethnic differences and determinants of proteinuria among South Asian subgroups in Pakistan. Kidney international. 2003 Oct;64(4):1437–1444.
Journal cover image

Published In

Kidney international

DOI

EISSN

1523-1755

ISSN

0085-2538

Publication Date

October 2003

Volume

64

Issue

4

Start / End Page

1437 / 1444

Related Subject Headings

  • Urology & Nephrology
  • Sex Distribution
  • Proteinuria
  • Prevalence
  • Pakistan
  • Middle Aged
  • Meat
  • Male
  • Hypertension
  • Humans