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Air Pollution and Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Nested Case-Control Study among Members of a Northern California Health Plan.

Publication ,  Journal Article
Smith, GS; Van Den Eeden, SK; Garcia, C; Shan, J; Baxter, R; Herring, AH; Richardson, DB; Van Rie, A; Emch, M; Gammon, MD
Published in: Environmental health perspectives
June 2016

Ecologic analyses, case-case comparisons, and animal experiments suggest positive associations between air pollution and tuberculosis.We evaluated this hypothesis in a large sample, which yielded results that are applicable to the general population.We conducted a case-control study nested within a cohort of Kaiser Permanente of Northern California members. All active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) cases newly diagnosed between 1996 and 2010 (n = 2,309) were matched to two controls (n = 4,604) by age, sex, and race/ethnicity on the index date corresponding with the case diagnosis date. Average individual-level concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and 10 μm (PM10) for 2 years before diagnosis/entry into the study were estimated using measurements from the California Air Resources Board monitor closest to the participant's residence.In single-pollutant adjusted conditional logistic regression models, the pulmonary TB odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the highest quintile (vs. lowest) were 1.50 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.95) for CO and 1.42 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.84) for NO2. Corresponding estimates were higher among never [1.68 (95% CI: 1.26, 2.24)] than ever [1.19 (95% CI: 0.74, 1.92)] smokers for CO. In contrast, for NO2, estimates were higher among ever [1.81 (95% CI: 1.13, 2.91)] than never [1.29 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.71)] smokers. O3 was inversely associated for smokers [0.66 (95% CI: 0.43, 1.02)] and never smokers [0.65 (95% CI: 0.52, 0.81)]. No other consistent patterns were observed.In this first, to our knowledge, U.S. nested case-control study on air pollution and pulmonary TB, we observed positive associations with ambient CO and NO2, which require confirmation.Smith GS, Van Den Eeden SK, Garcia C, Shan J, Baxter R, Herring AH, Richardson DB, Van Rie A, Emch M, Gammon MD. 2016. Air pollution and pulmonary tuberculosis: a nested case-control study among members of a Northern California health plan. Environ Health Perspect 124:761-768; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408166.

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Published In

Environmental health perspectives

DOI

EISSN

1552-9924

ISSN

0091-6765

Publication Date

June 2016

Volume

124

Issue

6

Start / End Page

761 / 768

Related Subject Headings

  • Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
  • Toxicology
  • Sulfur Dioxide
  • Particulate Matter
  • Odds Ratio
  • Nitrogen Dioxide
  • Male
  • Humans
  • Female
  • Environmental Exposure
 

Citation

APA
Chicago
ICMJE
MLA
NLM
Smith, G. S., Van Den Eeden, S. K., Garcia, C., Shan, J., Baxter, R., Herring, A. H., … Gammon, M. D. (2016). Air Pollution and Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Nested Case-Control Study among Members of a Northern California Health Plan. Environmental Health Perspectives, 124(6), 761–768. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408166
Smith, Geneé S., Stephen K. Van Den Eeden, Cynthia Garcia, Jun Shan, Roger Baxter, Amy H. Herring, David B. Richardson, Annelies Van Rie, Michael Emch, and Marilie D. Gammon. “Air Pollution and Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Nested Case-Control Study among Members of a Northern California Health Plan.Environmental Health Perspectives 124, no. 6 (June 2016): 761–68. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408166.
Smith GS, Van Den Eeden SK, Garcia C, Shan J, Baxter R, Herring AH, et al. Air Pollution and Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Nested Case-Control Study among Members of a Northern California Health Plan. Environmental health perspectives. 2016 Jun;124(6):761–8.
Smith, Geneé S., et al. “Air Pollution and Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Nested Case-Control Study among Members of a Northern California Health Plan.Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 124, no. 6, June 2016, pp. 761–68. Epmc, doi:10.1289/ehp.1408166.
Smith GS, Van Den Eeden SK, Garcia C, Shan J, Baxter R, Herring AH, Richardson DB, Van Rie A, Emch M, Gammon MD. Air Pollution and Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Nested Case-Control Study among Members of a Northern California Health Plan. Environmental health perspectives. 2016 Jun;124(6):761–768.

Published In

Environmental health perspectives

DOI

EISSN

1552-9924

ISSN

0091-6765

Publication Date

June 2016

Volume

124

Issue

6

Start / End Page

761 / 768

Related Subject Headings

  • Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
  • Toxicology
  • Sulfur Dioxide
  • Particulate Matter
  • Odds Ratio
  • Nitrogen Dioxide
  • Male
  • Humans
  • Female
  • Environmental Exposure