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Identifying individual, household and environmental risk factors for malaria infection on Bioko Island to inform interventions.

Publication ,  Journal Article
García, GA; Janko, M; Hergott, DEB; Donfack, OT; Smith, JM; Mba Eyono, JN; DeBoer, KR; Nguema Avue, RM; Phiri, WP; Aldrich, EM; Schwabe, C ...
Published in: Malaria journal
March 2023

Since 2004, malaria transmission on Bioko Island has declined significantly as a result of the scaling-up of control interventions. The aim of eliminating malaria from the Island remains elusive, however, underscoring the need to adapt control to the local context. Understanding the factors driving the risk of malaria infection is critical to inform optimal suits of interventions in this adaptive approach.This study used individual and household-level data from the 2015 and 2018 annual malaria indicator surveys on Bioko Island, as well as remotely-sensed environmental data in multilevel logistic regression models to quantify the odds of malaria infection. The analyses were stratified by urban and rural settings and by survey year.Malaria prevalence was higher in 10-14-year-old children and similar between female and male individuals. After adjusting for demographic factors and other covariates, many of the variables investigated showed no significant association with malaria infection. The factor most strongly associated was history of travel to mainland Equatorial Guinea (mEG), which increased the odds significantly both in urban and rural settings (people who travelled had 4 times the odds of infection). Sleeping under a long-lasting insecticidal net decreased significantly the odds of malaria across urban and rural settings and survey years (net users had around 30% less odds of infection), highlighting their contribution to malaria control on the Island. Improved housing conditions indicated some protection, though this was not consistent across settings and survey year.Malaria risk on Bioko Island is heterogeneous and determined by a combination of factors interacting with local mosquito ecology. These interactions grant further investigation in order to better adapt control according to need. The single most important risk factor identified was travel to mEG, in line with previous investigations, and represents a great challenge for the success of malaria control on the Island.

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Published In

Malaria journal

DOI

EISSN

1475-2875

ISSN

1475-2875

Publication Date

March 2023

Volume

22

Issue

1

Start / End Page

72

Related Subject Headings

  • Tropical Medicine
  • Risk Factors
  • Male
  • Malaria
  • Humans
  • Female
  • Equatorial Guinea
  • Ecology
  • Culicidae
  • Child
 

Citation

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García, G. A., Janko, M., Hergott, D. E. B., Donfack, O. T., Smith, J. M., Mba Eyono, J. N., … Bradley, J. (2023). Identifying individual, household and environmental risk factors for malaria infection on Bioko Island to inform interventions. Malaria Journal, 22(1), 72. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-023-04504-7
García, Guillermo A., Mark Janko, Dianna E. B. Hergott, Olivier T. Donfack, Jordan M. Smith, Jeremías Nzamío Mba Eyono, Kylie R. DeBoer, et al. “Identifying individual, household and environmental risk factors for malaria infection on Bioko Island to inform interventions.Malaria Journal 22, no. 1 (March 2023): 72. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-023-04504-7.
García GA, Janko M, Hergott DEB, Donfack OT, Smith JM, Mba Eyono JN, et al. Identifying individual, household and environmental risk factors for malaria infection on Bioko Island to inform interventions. Malaria journal. 2023 Mar;22(1):72.
García, Guillermo A., et al. “Identifying individual, household and environmental risk factors for malaria infection on Bioko Island to inform interventions.Malaria Journal, vol. 22, no. 1, Mar. 2023, p. 72. Epmc, doi:10.1186/s12936-023-04504-7.
García GA, Janko M, Hergott DEB, Donfack OT, Smith JM, Mba Eyono JN, DeBoer KR, Nguema Avue RM, Phiri WP, Aldrich EM, Schwabe C, Stabler TC, Rivas MR, Cameron E, Guerra CA, Cook J, Kleinschmidt I, Bradley J. Identifying individual, household and environmental risk factors for malaria infection on Bioko Island to inform interventions. Malaria journal. 2023 Mar;22(1):72.
Journal cover image

Published In

Malaria journal

DOI

EISSN

1475-2875

ISSN

1475-2875

Publication Date

March 2023

Volume

22

Issue

1

Start / End Page

72

Related Subject Headings

  • Tropical Medicine
  • Risk Factors
  • Male
  • Malaria
  • Humans
  • Female
  • Equatorial Guinea
  • Ecology
  • Culicidae
  • Child