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Pregnancy rates in HIV-positive women using contraceptives and efavirenz-based or nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy in Kenya: a retrospective cohort study.

Publication ,  Journal Article
Patel, RC; Onono, M; Gandhi, M; Blat, C; Hagey, J; Shade, SB; Vittinghoff, E; Bukusi, EA; Newmann, SJ; Cohen, CR
Published in: Lancet HIV
November 2015

BACKGROUND: Concerns have been raised about efavirenz reducing the effectiveness of contraceptive implants. We aimed to establish whether pregnancy rates differ between HIV-positive women who use various contraceptive methods and either efavirenz-based or nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens. METHODS: We did this retrospective cohort study of HIV-positive women aged 15-45 years enrolled in 19 HIV care facilities supported by Family AIDS Care and Education Services in western Kenya between Jan 1, 2011, and Dec 31, 2013. Our primary outcome was incident pregnancy diagnosed clinically. The primary exposure was a combination of contraceptive method and efavirenz-based or nevirapine-based ART regimen. We used Poisson models, adjusting for repeated measures, and demographic, behavioural, and clinical factors, to compare pregnancy rates among women receiving different contraceptive and ART combinations. FINDINGS: 24,560 women contributed 37,635 years of follow-up with 3337 incident pregnancies. In women using implants, adjusted pregnancy incidence was 1.1 per 100 person-years (95% CI 0.72-1.5) for nevirapine-based ART users and 3.3 per 100 person-years (1.8-4.8) for efavirenz-based ART users (adjusted incidence rate ratio [IRR] 3.0, 95% CI 1.3-4.6). In women using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, adjusted pregnancy incidence was 4.5 per 100 person-years (95% CI 3.7-5.2) for nevirapine-based ART users and 5.4 per 100 person-years (4.0-6.8) for efavirenz-based ART users (adjusted IRR 1.2, 95% CI 0.91-1.5). Women using other contraceptive methods, except for intrauterine devices and permanent methods, had 3.1-4.1 higher rates of pregnancy than did those using implants, with 1.6-2.8 higher rates in women using efavirenz-based ART. INTERPRETATION: Although HIV-positive women using implants and efavirenz-based ART had a three-times higher risk of contraceptive failure than did those using nevirapine-based ART, these women still had lower contraceptive failure rates than did those receiving all other contraceptive methods except for intrauterine devices and permanent methods. Guidelines for contraceptive and ART combinations should balance the failure rates for each contraceptive method and ART regimen combination against the high effectiveness of implants. FUNDING: None.

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Published In

Lancet HIV

DOI

EISSN

2352-3018

Publication Date

November 2015

Volume

2

Issue

11

Start / End Page

e474 / e482

Location

Netherlands

Related Subject Headings

  • Treatment Outcome
  • Retrospective Studies
  • Pregnancy Rate
  • Pregnancy
  • Nevirapine
  • Longitudinal Studies
  • Kenya
  • Humans
  • HIV Infections
  • Female
 

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Patel, R. C., Onono, M., Gandhi, M., Blat, C., Hagey, J., Shade, S. B., … Cohen, C. R. (2015). Pregnancy rates in HIV-positive women using contraceptives and efavirenz-based or nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy in Kenya: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet HIV, 2(11), e474–e482. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(15)00184-8
Patel, Rena C., Maricianah Onono, Monica Gandhi, Cinthia Blat, Jill Hagey, Starley B. Shade, Eric Vittinghoff, Elizabeth A. Bukusi, Sara J. Newmann, and Craig R. Cohen. “Pregnancy rates in HIV-positive women using contraceptives and efavirenz-based or nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy in Kenya: a retrospective cohort study.Lancet HIV 2, no. 11 (November 2015): e474–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(15)00184-8.
Patel, Rena C., et al. “Pregnancy rates in HIV-positive women using contraceptives and efavirenz-based or nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy in Kenya: a retrospective cohort study.Lancet HIV, vol. 2, no. 11, Nov. 2015, pp. e474–82. Pubmed, doi:10.1016/S2352-3018(15)00184-8.
Patel RC, Onono M, Gandhi M, Blat C, Hagey J, Shade SB, Vittinghoff E, Bukusi EA, Newmann SJ, Cohen CR. Pregnancy rates in HIV-positive women using contraceptives and efavirenz-based or nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy in Kenya: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2015 Nov;2(11):e474–e482.
Journal cover image

Published In

Lancet HIV

DOI

EISSN

2352-3018

Publication Date

November 2015

Volume

2

Issue

11

Start / End Page

e474 / e482

Location

Netherlands

Related Subject Headings

  • Treatment Outcome
  • Retrospective Studies
  • Pregnancy Rate
  • Pregnancy
  • Nevirapine
  • Longitudinal Studies
  • Kenya
  • Humans
  • HIV Infections
  • Female