Pain in Children.

Pain in children involves complex neurophysiological processes, beginning with peripheral nerve activation and culminating in the cerebral cortex. Immature inhibitory mechanisms at birth heighten sensitivity to pain. Effective assessment and management of pain are critical, with strategies tailored to developmental stages, from neonates to adolescents. Opioids are cautiously used due to risks of side effects and addiction, while nonopioid analgesics like acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are preferred for mild-to-moderate pain. Nonpharmacologic interventions-such as physical, behavioral, and cognitive approaches-can complement medical treatment and reduce reliance on medications, with methods customized to the child's age and developmental needs.

Duke Scholars

Author Emily Funk School of Nursing