Cholelithiasis (Gallstones)
Cholelithiasis (gallstones) has traditionally been observed in children with chronic diseases such as sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, ileal resection, or polycythaemia. However, with the increasing obesity epidemic, more children and adolescents are diagnosed with gallbladder calculi. Gallstones are frequently asymptomatic, but children may present with post-prandial epigastric and right upper quadrant pain, or more serious presentations such as pancreatitis or biliary tract obstruction. Treatment is operative and involves open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy. In cases where a stone is obstructing the ductal system, the stone can be removed via endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or operative common bile duct exploration. Bile duct injury is the dreaded complication of cholecystectomy, and proper operative technique can prevent this complication.
