The HIV/AIDS response as we knew it is over: Where do we go from here?

The global HIV response, once a model of progress and innovation, faces a profound moment. Despite four decades of pivotal scientific and programmatic advances-most notably in antiretroviral therapy (ART) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)-the world remains off track to meet the 2025 and 2030 targets for ending AIDS as a public health threat. New acquisitions and AIDS-related deaths remain unacceptably high, particularly among key populations and in low- and middle-income countries. The abrupt U.S. funding reversals in 2025 have severely disrupted support for HIV efforts. Cuts to U.S. and international institutions have compromised HIV prevention, treatment and surveillance systems worldwide, and may already have begun reversing two decades of progress.To avert this crisis, the HIV and public health community, together with governments and global funders, must urgently invest in scaling long-acting treatment and prevention tools, rebuild disaggregated data systems and strengthen implementation science rooted in community-led approaches. Digital health technologies offer promise to enhance service delivery, surveillance, monitoring and evaluation, especially in resource-constrained settings, but demand ethical governance and infrastructure investment. The global research ecosystem must become more evenly distributed and inclusive, with a shift towards country-led partnerships, national data sovereignty and regional co-operation.Looking to 2030 and beyond, the strategy to end HIV should include expanded access to long-acting ART and PrEP, sustained investments in HIV vaccine and cure research, and robust monitoring and evaluation systems. Achieving epidemic control-and ultimately ending the HIV pandemic-will require not only biomedical tools but also political will, community leadership and equitable financing. The lessons of the past underscore that sustained progress is possible, but only if we meet this moment with urgency, imagination and solidarity.

Duke Scholars

Author Christopher Charles Beyrer Medicine, Infectious Diseases