Endocrinology: What You May Have Missed in 2025.

During 2025, endocrinology witnessed the expansion of pharmacotherapeutic options for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), obesity, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH); increasing complexity of treatment algorithms, including choices for intensification of therapy; and heightened concern about emerging side effects of commonly used medications. From the wealth of studies published in 2025, this article notes 9 studies that offer critical information for clinicians who manage or comanage patients with endocrine and metabolic disorders, including T2DM, obesity, and MASH. One of the 9 articles reviews the effectiveness of diabetes self-management education and support interventions, an important component of diabetes care, in improving hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Another is focused on comparing HbA1c lowering when escalating the dose of dulaglutide versus switching to tirzepatide in people with T2DM. Two of the 9 articles are focused on potential side effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), including gastrointestinal side effects and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. One article summarizes the risk for life-threatening pituitary immune-related adverse events caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors; another explores the use of GLP-1RAs in MASH. One additional study explores the risk for urogenital infections in patients with diabetes receiving sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2is) versus GLP-1RAs. Another study explores cardiovascular, kidney, and safety outcomes with canagliflozin (an SGLT-2i). The last article explores the efficacy and safety of finerenone in T2DM. The results of each study have a direct effect on clinical care for patients who often present to physicians who are not endocrinologists.

Duke Scholars

Author Bryan Courtney Batch Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition

Author Maria Martinez Cruz