Scholars@Duke

• Background
• 

  Education, Training, & Certifications

  • Fellow, Infectious Diseases, Medicine, Duke University 1996 - 1998
  • Medical Resident, Medicine, Duke University 1993 - 1996
  • M.D., East Carolina University 1993
• 

  Duke Appointment History

  • Associate Professor of Pathology, Pathology, Clinical Science Departments 2007 - 2014
  • Associate Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Medicine 2011 - 2014
  • Associate Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Medicine 2007 - 2010
  • Assistant Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Medicine 2002 - 2007
  • Associate in the Department of Medicine, Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Medicine 1999 - 2002
• Research
• 

  Selected Grants

  • Transplant Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Training Grant (TIDIRTG) awarded by National Institutes of Health 2018 - 2023
  • Duke CTSA (TL1) awarded by National Institutes of Health 2018 - 2023
  • Observational Disease Registry of Patients Treated with Systemic Mold-Active Triazoles (MAT Registry) awarded by Astellas Pharma Global Development, Inc 2017 - 2022
  • Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of SCY-078 in Patients with Invasive Fungal Infections that are Refractory to or Intolerant of Standard Antifungal Treatment (FURII) awarded by Scynexis Inc 2016 - 2022
  • ReSTORE - A phase 3 study of the efficacy and safety of rezafungin for injection versus intravenous caspofungin followed by optional oral fluconazole step-down in the treatment of subjects with candidemia and/or invasive candidiasis awarded by Cidara Therapeutics, Inc. 2019 - 2022
  • Molecular Mycology and Pathogenesis Training Program awarded by National Institutes of Health 2019 - 2021
  • Scy-078-206 awarded by Scynexis Inc 2019 - 2021
  • F901318 - Aspergillus awarded by F2G Ltd 2019 - 2021
  • A Phase 3, multicenter, randomized, open-label, active-controlled study to assess the efficacy and safety of maribavir treatment compared to Investigator-assigned treatment in transplant recipients with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections that are refra awarded by Shire Human Genetics Therapies 2017 - 2021
  • Non-Interventional Registry Study of Systemic Antifungal Therapy in Adult Subjects with Invasive Mucormycosis or Invasive Aspergillosis Caused by a Non-fumigatus Species (PMC Registry) awarded by Astellas Pharma Global Development, Inc 2017 - 2020
  • Retrospective Observational Study to Evaluate the "Real World" Effectiveness of Posaconazole Prophylaxis in Patients with Hematological Malignancies at Duke University Hospital awarded by Merck Sharp & Dohme 2017 - 2020
  • Host-derived biomarker signatures to differentiate acute viral, bacterial, and fungal infection awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2020
  • GS-US-218-0108 - Upper Respiratory awarded by Gilead Sciences, Inc. 2015 - 2018
  • GS-US-218-1502 - Lower Respiratory awarded by Gilead Sciences, Inc. 2015 - 2018
  • Scynexis - SCY7802 awarded by Scynexis Inc 2015 - 2017
  • Institutional Training Grant in Pediatric Infectious Disease awarded by National Institutes of Health 2011 - 2016
  • Activity of SCY - 078 (MK-3118), a new oral glucan synthase inhibitor, against clinical Candida isolates" awarded by Scynexis Inc 2014 - 2016
  • Activity of VT1161 and VT1598 Against Candida Isolates Clinically Resistant to Azole and Echinocandin Antifungal Agents awarded by Viamet Pharmaceuticals 2013 - 2016
  • Longitudinal assessment of CMV and BK virus immunity in renal transplant patients awarded by National Institutes of Health 2013 - 2016
  • Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics for Invasive Aspergillosis awarded by University of Florida 2010 - 2015
  • Mid-Career Investigator Award: Preventing and Diagnosing Fungal Disease in Transplantation awarded by National Institutes of Health 2007 - 2013
  • Microfluidic PCR Platform to Detect Microbial DNA awarded by National Institutes of Health 2005 - 2010
  • Prevention & dx of fungal infxns in transplantation awarded by National Institutes of Health 2002 - 2007
  • Mentored Clinical Research Scholar Program awarded by National Institutes of Health 2002 - 2006
• 

  External Relationships

  • INfectious Diseases Society of America
  • Infectious Diseases Board Review Course
  • UpToDate
• Publications & Artistic Works
• 

  Selected Publications

  • Academic Articles

    • Dworetz, April R., Girija Natarajan, John Langer, Kathy Kinlaw, Jennifer R. James, Margarita Bidegain, Abhik Das, et al. “Withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment in extremely low gestational age neonates.” Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 106, no. 3 (May 2021): 238–43. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-318855.
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    • Baker, Arthur W., Eileen K. Maziarz, Sarah S. Lewis, Jason E. Stout, Deverick J. Anderson, Peter K. Smith, Jacob N. Schroder, et al. “Invasive Mycobacterium abscessus Complex Infection After Cardiac Surgery: Epidemiology, Management, and Clinical Outcomes.” Clin Infect Dis 72, no. 7 (April 8, 2021): 1232–40. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa215.
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    • Alexander, Barbara D., Frédéric Lamoth, Claus Peter Heussel, Cornelia Schaefer Prokop, Sujal R. Desai, C Orla Morrissey, and John W. Baddley. “Guidance on Imaging for Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis and Mucormycosis: From the Imaging Working Group for the Revision and Update of the Consensus Definitions of Fungal Disease from the EORTC/MSGERC.” Clin Infect Dis 72, no. Suppl 2 (March 12, 2021): S79–88. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1855.
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    • Baker, Arthur W., and Barbara D. Alexander. “Reply to Marinelli and Rotstein.” Clin Infect Dis 72, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 366–67. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa605.
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    • Salmanton-García, Jon, Philipp Koehler, Anupma Kindo, Iker Falces-Romero, Julio García-Rodríguez, Zdeněk Ráčil, Sharon C-A Chen, et al. “Needles in a haystack: Extremely rare invasive fungal infections reported in FungiScopeⓇ-Global Registry for Emerging Fungal Infections.” J Infect 81, no. 5 (November 2020): 802–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.015.
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    • Eichenberger, Emily M., Felicia Ruffin, Michael Dagher, Reginald Lerebours, Sin-Ho Jung, Batu Sharma-Kuinkel, Andrew N. Macintyre, et al. “Bacteremia in solid organ transplant recipients as compared to immunocompetent patients: Acute phase cytokines and outcomes in a prospective, matched cohort study.” Am J Transplant, October 31, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.16388.
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    • Sears, Cynthia L., William G. Powderly, Paul G. Auwaerter, Barbara D. Alexander, and Thomas M. File. “Pathways to Leadership: Reflections of Recent Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) Leaders During Conception and Launch of the Inclusion, Diversity, Access, and Equity Movement Within the IDSA.” J Infect Dis 222, no. Suppl 6 (September 14, 2020): S554–59. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa297.
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    • Donnelly, J Peter, Sharon C. Chen, Carol A. Kauffman, William J. Steinbach, John W. Baddley, Paul E. Verweij, Cornelius J. Clancy, et al. “Revision and Update of the Consensus Definitions of Invasive Fungal Disease From the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium.” Clin Infect Dis 71, no. 6 (September 12, 2020): 1367–76. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz1008.
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    • Miller, Rachel A., and Barbara D. Alexander. “Editorial: Infections of the immunocompromised host: a musing on the changing times.” Curr Opin Infect Dis 33, no. 4 (August 2020): 279–80. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000000660.
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    • Permpalung, Nitipong, Tany Thaniyavarn, Jennifer L. Saullo, Sana Arif, Rachel A. Miller, John M. Reynolds, and Barbara D. Alexander. “Oral and Inhaled Ribavirin Treatment for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Lung Transplant Recipients.” Transplantation 104, no. 6 (June 2020): 1280–86. https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000002985.
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    • Baker, Arthur W., and Barbara D. Alexander. “Reply to Authors (Drs. Marinelli and Rotstein).” Clin Infect Dis, May 23, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa605.
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    • Harmon, Heidi M., Erik A. Jensen, Sylvia Tan, Aasma S. Chaudhary, Jonathan L. Slaughter, Edward F. Bell, Myra H. Wyckoff, et al. “Timing of postnatal steroids for bronchopulmonary dysplasia: association with pulmonary and neurodevelopmental outcomes.” J Perinatol 40, no. 4 (April 2020): 616–27. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-020-0594-4.
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    • Hemmersbach-Miller, Marion, Barbara D. Alexander, Carl F. Pieper, and Kenneth E. Schmader. “Age matters: older age as a risk factor for CMV reactivation in the CMV serostatus-positive kidney transplant recipient.” Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 39, no. 3 (March 2020): 455–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-019-03744-3.
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    • Saullo, Jennifer L., Yanhong Li, Julia A. Messina, Jillian Thompson, Tara Dalton, Vinay K. Giri, Shelby D. Reed, et al. “Cytomegalovirus in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Transplantation: Impact on Costs and Clinical Outcomes Using a Preemptive Strategy.” Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 26, no. 3 (March 2020): 568–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2019.11.005.
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    • Stemler, Jannik, Jon Salmanton-García, Danila Seidel, Barbara D. Alexander, Hartmut Bertz, Martin Hoenigl, Raoul Herbrecht, et al. “Risk factors and mortality in invasive Rasamsonia spp. infection: Analysis of cases in the FungiScope® registry and from the literature.” Mycoses 63, no. 3 (March 2020): 265–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.13039.
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    • Baker, Arthur W., Eileen K. Maziarz, Christopher J. Arnold, Melissa D. Johnson, Adrienne D. Workman, John M. Reynolds, John R. Perfect, and Barbara D. Alexander. “Invasive Fungal Infection After Lung Transplantation: Epidemiology in the Setting of Antifungal Prophylaxis.” Clin Infect Dis 70, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 30–39. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz156.
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    • McGowan, Elisabeth C., Abbot R. Laptook, Jean Lowe, Myriam Peralta-Carcelen, Dhuly Chowdhury, Rosemary D. Higgins, Susan R. Hintz, Betty R. Vohr, and Betty R. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. “Developmental Outcomes of Extremely Preterm Infants with a Need for Child Protective Services Supervision.” J Pediatr 215 (December 2019): 41-49.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.07.063.
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    • Sears, Cynthia L., Thomas M. File, Barbara D. Alexander, Daniel P. McQuillen, Ann T. MacIntyre, Upton D. Allen, Jonathan A. Colasanti, et al. “Charting the Path Forward: Development, Goals and Initiatives of the 2019 Infectious Diseases of America Strategic Plan.” Clin Infect Dis 69, no. 12 (November 27, 2019): e1–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz1040.
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    • Foglia, Elizabeth E., Benjamin Carper, Marie Gantz, Sara B. DeMauro, Satyan Lakshminrusimha, Michele Walsh, Barbara Schmidt, and Barbara Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. “Association between Policy Changes for Oxygen Saturation Alarm Settings and Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality in Infants Born Very Preterm.” J Pediatr 209 (June 2019): 17-22.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.01.048.
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    • Ryan, Rita M., Roberta L. Keller, Brenda B. Poindexter, Carl T. D’Angio, Pamela A. Shaw, Scarlett L. Bellamy, Paul E. Moore, Christopher McPherson, James M. Greenberg, and James M. PROP Investigators. “Respiratory Medications in Infants <29 Weeks during the First Year Postdischarge: The Prematurity and Respiratory Outcomes Program (PROP) Consortium.” J Pediatr 208 (May 2019): 148-155.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.12.009.
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    • Hemmersbach-Miller, Marion, Barbara D. Alexander, Debra L. Sudan, Carl Pieper, and Kenneth E. Schmader. “Infections after kidney transplantation. Does age matter?” Clin Transplant 33, no. 4 (April 2019): e13516. https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.13516.
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    • Chung, Shimin Jasmine, Rachel Ann Miller, Nitipong Permpalung, Arthur Wakefield Baker, Louis Frederic Diehl, David Alan Rizzieri, and Barbara Dudley Alexander. “Fluoroquinolone prophylaxis reduces febrile neutropenia, bloodstream infections from mucosal translocations, and intensive care admissions in high risk hematological patients, a single center experience.” Leuk Lymphoma 60, no. 2 (February 2019): 488–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/10428194.2018.1488252.
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    • Mullane, Kathleen M., Drew J. Winston, Ajay Nooka, Michele I. Morris, Patrick Stiff, Michael J. Dugan, Henry Holland, et al. “A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial of Fidaxomicin for Prophylaxis of Clostridium difficile-associated Diarrhea in Adults Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.” Clin Infect Dis 68, no. 2 (January 7, 2019): 196–203. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy484.
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    • Hemmersbach-Miller, Marion, Barbara D. Alexander, Debra L. Sudan, Carl Pieper, and Kenneth E. Schmader. “Single-center analysis of infectious complications in older adults during the first year after kidney transplantation.” Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 38, no. 1 (January 2019): 141–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-018-3405-5.
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    • Messina, Julia A., Cameron R. Wolfe, Marion Hemmersbach-Miller, Carmelo Milano, Jamie L. Todd, John Reynolds, Barbara D. Alexander, Wiley A. Schell, Christina A. Cuomo, and John R. Perfect. “Genomic characterization of recurrent mold infections in thoracic transplant recipients.” Transpl Infect Dis 20, no. 5 (October 2018): e12935. https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.12935.
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    • Messina, Julia A., Rohita Sinha, Kimberly Starr, Mehreen Arshad, Barbara D. Alexander, Nelson J. Chao, and Anthony D. Sung. “Clinical and Genomic Characterization of Recurrent Enterococcal Bloodstream Infection in Patients With Acute Leukemia.” Open Forum Infect Dis 5, no. 6 (June 2018): ofy107. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy107.
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    • Schell, Wiley A., A. M. Jones, Katyna Borroto-Esoda, and Barbara D. Alexander. “Antifungal Activity of SCY-078 and Standard Antifungal Agents against 178 Clinical Isolates of Resistant and Susceptible Candida Species.” Antimicrob Agents Chemother 61, no. 11 (November 2017). https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01102-17.
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    • Lamoth, Frederic, Shimin J. Chung, Lauro Damonti, and Barbara D. Alexander. “Changing Epidemiology of Invasive Mold Infections in Patients Receiving Azole Prophylaxis.” Clin Infect Dis 64, no. 11 (June 1, 2017): 1619–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix130.
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    • Lockhart, Shawn R., Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, and Barbara D. Alexander. “Establishment and Use of Epidemiological Cutoff Values for Molds and Yeasts by Use of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M57 Standard.” J Clin Microbiol 55, no. 5 (May 2017): 1262–68. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02416-16.
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    • Baker, Arthur W., Sarah S. Lewis, Barbara D. Alexander, Luke F. Chen, Richard J. Wallace, Barbara A. Brown-Elliott, Pamela J. Isaacs, et al. “Two-Phase Hospital-Associated Outbreak of Mycobacterium abscessus: Investigation and Mitigation.” Clin Infect Dis 64, no. 7 (April 1, 2017): 902–11. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw877.
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    • Schell, W. A., A. M. Jones, E. P. Garvey, W. J. Hoekstra, R. J. Schotzinger, and B. D. Alexander. “Fungal CYP51 Inhibitors VT-1161 and VT-1129 Exhibit Strong In Vitro Activity against Candida glabrata and C. krusei Isolates Clinically Resistant to Azole and Echinocandin Antifungal Compounds.” Antimicrob Agents Chemother 61, no. 3 (March 2017). https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01817-16.
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    • Hemmersbach-Miller, M., J. Duronville, S. Sethi, S. E. Miller, D. N. Howell, N. Henshaw, B. D. Alexander, and J. K. Roberts. “Hemorrhagic Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Nephritis: An Unusual Cause of Acute Allograft Dysfunction.” Am J Transplant 17, no. 1 (January 2017): 287–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.14022.
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    • Revankar, Sanjay G., John W. Baddley, Sharon C-A Chen, Carol A. Kauffman, Monica Slavin, Jose A. Vazquez, Carlos Seas, et al. “A Mycoses Study Group International Prospective Study of Phaeohyphomycosis: An Analysis of 99 Proven/Probable Cases.” Open Forum Infect Dis 4, no. 4 (2017): ofx200. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx200.
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    • Andes, David R., Nasia Safdar, John W. Baddley, Barbara Alexander, Lisa Brumble, Allison Freifeld, Susan Hadley, et al. “The epidemiology and outcomes of invasive Candida infections among organ transplant recipients in the United States: results of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET).” Transpl Infect Dis 18, no. 6 (December 2016): 921–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.12613.
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    • Abril, Maria K., Adam S. Barnett, Kara Wegermann, Eric Fountain, Andrew Strand, Benjamin M. Heyman, Britton A. Blough, et al. “Diagnosis of Capnocytophaga canimorsus Sepsis by Whole-Genome Next-Generation Sequencing.” Open Forum Infect Dis 3, no. 3 (September 2016): ofw144. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofw144.
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    • Sun, H. Y., B. D. Alexander, and S. Huprikar. “Erratum: Predictors of Immune Reconstitution Syndrome in Organ Transplant Recipients With Cryptococcosis: Implications for the Management of Immunosupression (Clinical Infectious Diseases (2015) 60 (36-44).” Clinical Infectious Diseases 62, no. 12 (June 15, 2016): 1621. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw246.
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    • Lamoth, Frédéric, Lauro Damonti, and Barbara D. Alexander. “Role of Antifungal Susceptibility Testing in Non-Aspergillus Invasive Mold Infections.” J Clin Microbiol 54, no. 6 (June 2016): 1638–40. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00318-16.
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    • Healey, Kelley R., Yanan Zhao, Winder B. Perez, Shawn R. Lockhart, Jack D. Sobel, Dimitrios Farmakiotis, Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis, et al. “Prevalent mutator genotype identified in fungal pathogen Candida glabrata promotes multi-drug resistance.” Nat Commun 7 (March 29, 2016): 11128. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11128.
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    • Husain, Shahid, Amparo Sole, Barbara D. Alexander, Saima Aslam, Robin Avery, Christian Benden, Eliane M. Billaud, et al. “The 2015 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Guidelines for the management of fungal infections in mechanical circulatory support and cardiothoracic organ transplant recipients: Executive summary.” J Heart Lung Transplant 35, no. 3 (March 2016): 261–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2016.01.007.
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    • Swamydas, Muthulekha, Ji-Liang Gao, Timothy J. Break, Melissa D. Johnson, Martin Jaeger, Carlos A. Rodriguez, Jean K. Lim, et al. “CXCR1-mediated neutrophil degranulation and fungal killing promote Candida clearance and host survival.” Sci Transl Med 8, no. 322 (January 20, 2016): 322ra10. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aac7718.
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    • Lamoth, Frédéric, and Barbara D. Alexander. “Comparing Etest and Broth Microdilution for Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of the Most-Relevant Pathogenic Molds.” J Clin Microbiol 53, no. 10 (October 2015): 3176–81. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00925-15.
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    • Lamoth, Frédéric, and Barbara D. Alexander. “Antifungal activities of SCY-078 (MK-3118) and standard antifungal agents against clinical non-Aspergillus mold isolates.” Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59, no. 7 (July 2015): 4308–11. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00234-15.
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    • McCarty, Todd P., John W. Baddley, Thomas J. Walsh, Barbara D. Alexander, Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis, Trish M. Perl, Randall Walker, et al. “Phaeohyphomycosis in transplant recipients: Results from the Transplant Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET).” Med Mycol 53, no. 5 (June 2015): 440–46. https://doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myv018.
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    • Lamoth, Frédéric, Barbara D. Alexander, Praveen R. Juvvadi, and William J. Steinbach. “Antifungal activity of compounds targeting the Hsp90-calcineurin pathway against various mould species.” J Antimicrob Chemother 70, no. 5 (May 2015): 1408–11. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dku549.
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    • Patel, Ravi M., Sarah Kandefer, Michele C. Walsh, Edward F. Bell, Waldemar A. Carlo, Abbot R. Laptook, Pablo J. Sánchez, et al. “Causes and timing of death in extremely premature infants from 2000 through 2011.” N Engl J Med 372, no. 4 (January 22, 2015): 331–40. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1403489.
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    • Brasier, Allan R., Yingxin Zhao, Heidi M. Spratt, John E. Wiktorowicz, Hyunsu Ju, L Joseph Wheat, Lindsey Baden, et al. “Improved Detection of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis Arising during Leukemia Treatment Using a Panel of Host Response Proteins and Fungal Antigens.” Plos One 10, no. 11 (2015): e0143165. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143165.
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    • Sun, Hsin-Yun, Barbara D. Alexander, Shirish Huprikar, Graeme N. Forrest, Didier Bruno, G Marshall Lyon, Dannah Wray, et al. “Predictors of immune reconstitution syndrome in organ transplant recipients with cryptococcosis: implications for the management of immunosuppression.” Clin Infect Dis 60, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu711.
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    • Wheat, L Joseph, M Hong Nguyen, Barbara D. Alexander, David Denning, Angela M. Caliendo, G Marshall Lyon, Lindsey R. Baden, et al. “Reply to "Insufficient demonstration of long-term stability of Aspergillus galactomannan".” J Clin Microbiol 52, no. 11 (November 2014): 4119. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02433-14.
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    • Horan, J. L., J. E. Stout, and B. D. Alexander. “Hepatitis B core antibody-positive donors in cardiac transplantation: a single-center experience.” Transpl Infect Dis 16, no. 5 (October 2014): 859–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.12280.
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    • Barker, Adam P., Jennifer L. Horan, E Susan Slechta, Barbara D. Alexander, and Kimberly E. Hanson. “Complexities associated with the molecular and proteomic identification of Paecilomyces species in the clinical mycology laboratory.” Med Mycol 52, no. 5 (July 2014): 537–45. https://doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myu001.
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    • Doligalski, C. T., K. Benedict, A. A. Cleveland, B. Park, G. Derado, P. G. Pappas, J. W. Baddley, D. W. Zaas, M. T. Harris, and B. D. Alexander. “Epidemiology of invasive mold infections in lung transplant recipients.” Am J Transplant 14, no. 6 (June 2014): 1328–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12691.
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    • Lamoth, Frédéric, and Barbara D. Alexander. “Nonmolecular methods for the diagnosis of respiratory fungal infections.” Clin Lab Med 34, no. 2 (June 2014): 315–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cll.2014.02.006.
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    • Wheat, L Joseph, M Hong Nguyen, Barbara D. Alexander, David Denning, Angela M. Caliendo, G Marshall Lyon, Lindsey R. Baden, et al. “Long-term stability at -20 °C of Aspergillus galactomannan in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage specimens.” J Clin Microbiol 52, no. 6 (June 2014): 2108–11. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.03500-13.
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    • Rosentul, Diana C., Theo S. Plantinga, Marius Farcas, Marije Oosting, Omar J. M. Hamza, William K. Scott, Barbara D. Alexander, et al. “Role of autophagy genetic variants for the risk of Candida infections.” Med Mycol 52, no. 4 (May 2014): 333–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myt035.
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    • Kauffman, C. A., A. G. Freifeld, D. R. Andes, J. W. Baddley, L. Herwaldt, R. C. Walker, B. D. Alexander, et al. “Endemic fungal infections in solid organ and hematopoietic cell transplant recipients enrolled in the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET).” Transpl Infect Dis 16, no. 2 (April 2014): 213–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.12186.
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    • Alexander, B. D., M. D. Johnson, C. D. Pfeiffer, C. Jiménez-Ortigosa, J. Catania, and R. Booker. “Erratum: Increasing echinocandin resistance in Candida glabrata: Clinical failure correlates with presence of FKS mutations and elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations (Clinical Infectious Diseases (2013) 56 (1724-32)).” Clinical Infectious Diseases 58, no. 5 (March 1, 2014): 754. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit956.
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    • Lionakis, Michail S., Muthulekha Swamydas, Brett G. Fischer, Theo S. Plantinga, Melissa D. Johnson, Martin Jaeger, Nathaniel M. Green, et al. “CX3CR1-dependent renal macrophage survival promotes Candida control and host survival.” J Clin Invest 123, no. 12 (December 2013): 5035–51. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI71307.
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    • Lyon, G Marshall, Deborah Abdul-Ali, Juergen Loeffler, P Lewis White, Brian Wickes, Monica L. Herrera, Barbara D. Alexander, et al. “Development and evaluation of a calibrator material for nucleic acid-based assays for diagnosing aspergillosis.” J Clin Microbiol 51, no. 7 (July 2013): 2403–5. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00744-13.
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    • Alexander, Barbara D., Melissa D. Johnson, Christopher D. Pfeiffer, Cristina Jiménez-Ortigosa, Jelena Catania, Rachel Booker, Mariana Castanheira, Shawn A. Messer, David S. Perlin, and Michael A. Pfaller. “Increasing echinocandin resistance in Candida glabrata: clinical failure correlates with presence of FKS mutations and elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations.” Clin Infect Dis 56, no. 12 (June 2013): 1724–32. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit136.
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    • Alexander, Barbara D., Wiley A. Schell, Jackie L. Miller, Gwynn D. Long, and John R. Perfect. “Candida glabrata fungemia in transplant patients receiving voriconazole after fluconazole.” Transplantation 80, no. 6 (September 27, 2005): 868–71. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000173771.47698.7b.
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    • Ostrosky-Zeichner, Luis, Barbara D. Alexander, Daniel H. Kett, Jose Vazquez, Peter G. Pappas, Fumihiro Saeki, Paul A. Ketchum, et al. “Multicenter clinical evaluation of the (1-->3) beta-D-glucan assay as an aid to diagnosis of fungal infections in humans.” Clin Infect Dis 41, no. 5 (September 1, 2005): 654–59. https://doi.org/10.1086/432470.
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    • Upton, Arlo, Anja Gugel, Wendy Leisenring, Ajit Limaye, Barbara Alexander, Randall Hayden, and Kieren A. Marr. “Reproducibility of low galactomannan enzyme immunoassay index values tested in multiple laboratories.” J Clin Microbiol 43, no. 9 (September 2005): 4796–4800. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.43.9.4796-4800.2005.
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    • Zaas, Aimee K., and Barbara D. Alexander. “Echinocandins: role in antifungal therapy, 2005.” Expert Opin Pharmacother 6, no. 10 (August 2005): 1657–68. https://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.6.10.1657.
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    • Singh, Nina, Olivier Lortholary, Barbara D. Alexander, Krishan L. Gupta, George T. John, Kenneth Pursell, Patricia Munoz, et al. “An immune reconstitution syndrome-like illness associated with Cryptococcus neoformans infection in organ transplant recipients.” Clin Infect Dis 40, no. 12 (June 15, 2005): 1756–61. https://doi.org/10.1086/430606.
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    • Wiltshire, Hugh, Carlos V. Paya, Mark D. Pescovitz, Atul Humar, Edward Dominguez, Kenneth Washburn, Emily Blumberg, et al. “Pharmacodynamics of oral ganciclovir and valganciclovir in solid organ transplant recipients.” Transplantation 79, no. 11 (June 15, 2005): 1477–83. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000164512.99703.ad.
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    • Dodds Ashley, Elizabeth S., and Barbara D. Alexander. “Posaconazole.” Drugs Today (Barc) 41, no. 6 (June 2005): 393–400. https://doi.org/10.1358/dot.2005.41.6.898145.
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    • Wilson, D. A., M. J. Joyce, L. S. Hall, L. B. Reller, G. D. Roberts, G. S. Hall, B. D. Alexander, and G. W. Procop. “Multicenter evaluation of a Candida albicans peptide nucleic acid fluorescent in situ hybridization probe for characterization of yeast isolates from blood cultures.” J Clin Microbiol 43, no. 6 (June 2005): 2909–12. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.43.6.2909-2912.2005.
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    • Alexander, Barbara D., and John R. Wingard. “Study of renal safety in amphotericin B lipid complex-treated patients.” Clin Infect Dis 40 Suppl 6 (May 1, 2005): S414–21. https://doi.org/10.1086/429335.
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    • Alexander, Bruce D., and Trevor J. Dines. “Chemical interactions in the surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering of ruthenium polypyridyl complexes.” J Phys Chem B 109, no. 8 (March 3, 2005): 3310–18. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0485690.
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    • Alexander, Barbara D. “Cryptococcosis after solid organ transplantation.” Transpl Infect Dis 7, no. 1 (March 2005): 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3062.2005.00079.x.
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    • Blankenship, Jill R., Nina Singh, Barbara D. Alexander, and Joseph Heitman. “Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from transplant recipients are not selected for resistance to calcineurin inhibitors by current immunosuppressive regimens.” J Clin Microbiol 43, no. 1 (January 2005): 464–67. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.43.1.464-467.2005.
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    • Husain, Shahid, Patricia Muñoz, Graeme Forrest, Barbara D. Alexander, Jyoti Somani, Kathleen Brennan, Marilyn M. Wagener, and Nina Singh. “Infections due to Scedosporium apiospermum and Scedosporium prolificans in transplant recipients: clinical characteristics and impact of antifungal agent therapy on outcome.” Clin Infect Dis 40, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1086/426445.
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    • Wiltshire, Hugh, Sarapee Hirankarn, Colm Farrell, Carlos Paya, Mark D. Pescovitz, Atul Humar, Edward Dominguez, et al. “Pharmacokinetic profile of ganciclovir after its oral administration and from its prodrug, valganciclovir, in solid organ transplant recipients.” Clin Pharmacokinet 44, no. 5 (2005): 495–507. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200544050-00003.
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    • Freeman, Richard B., Carlos Paya, Mark D. Pescovitz, Atul Humar, Ed Dominguez, Kenneth Washburn, Emily Blumberg, Barbara Alexander, Nigel Heaton, and Nigel Valganciclovir Solid Organ Transplant Study Group. “Risk factors for cytomegalovirus viremia and disease developing after prophylaxis in high-risk solid-organ transplant recipients.” Transplantation 78, no. 12 (December 27, 2004): 1765–73. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000142619.01510.a5.
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    • Zaas, Aimee K., and Barbara D. Alexander. “New developments in the diagnosis and treatment of infections in lung transplant recipients.” Respir Care Clin N Am 10, no. 4 (December 2004): 531–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcc.2004.06.001.
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    • Boivin, Guy, Nathalie Goyette, Christian Gilbert, Noel Roberts, Katherine Macey, Carlos Paya, Mark D. Pescovitz, et al. “Absence of cytomegalovirus-resistance mutations after valganciclovir prophylaxis, in a prospective multicenter study of solid-organ transplant recipients.” J Infect Dis 189, no. 9 (May 1, 2004): 1615–18. https://doi.org/10.1086/382753.
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    • Woods, Christopher W., Adam M. Bressler, John J. LiPuma, Barbara D. Alexander, Dennis A. Clements, David J. Weber, Christopher M. Moore, L Barth Reller, and Keith S. Kaye. “Virulence associated with outbreak-related strains of Burkholderia cepacia complex among a cohort of patients with bacteremia.” Clin Infect Dis 38, no. 9 (May 1, 2004): 1243–50. https://doi.org/10.1086/383313.
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    • Humar, Atul, Carlos Paya, Mark D. Pescovitz, Ed Dominguez, Kenneth Washburn, Emily Blumberg, Barbara Alexander, Richard Freeman, Nigel Heaton, and Barbara Mueller. “Clinical utility of cytomegalovirus viral load testing for predicting CMV disease in D+/R- solid organ transplant recipients.” Am J Transplant 4, no. 4 (April 2004): 644–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2004.00391.x.
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    • Paya, Carlos, Atul Humar, Ed Dominguez, Kenneth Washburn, Emily Blumberg, Barbara Alexander, Richard Freeman, Nigel Heaton, Mark D. Pescovitz, and Mark D. Valganciclovir Solid Organ Transplant Study Group. “Efficacy and safety of valganciclovir vs. oral ganciclovir for prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients.” Am J Transplant 4, no. 4 (April 2004): 611–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2004.00382.x.
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    • Lodge, Barbara Alexander, Elizabeth Dodds Ashley, Mark P. Steele, and John R. Perfect. “Aspergillus fumigatus empyema, arthritis, and calcaneal osteomyelitis in a lung transplant patient successfully treated with posaconazole.” J Clin Microbiol 42, no. 3 (March 2004): 1376–78. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.42.3.1376-1378.2004.
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    • Alexander, Bruce D., and Trevor J. Dines. “Ab initio calculations and normal coordinate analysis of ruthenium tris-alpha-diimine complexes.” Inorg Chem 43, no. 1 (January 12, 2004): 342–50. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic034721l.
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    • Friedman, N Deborah, Neeraja B. Peterson, William T. Sumner, and Barbara D. Alexander. “Spontaneous dermal abscesses and ulcers as a result of Serratia marcescens.” J Am Acad Dermatol 49, no. 2 Suppl Case Reports (August 2003): S193–94. https://doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2003.312.
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    • Husain, Shahid, Barbara D. Alexander, Patricia Munoz, Robin K. Avery, Sally Houston, Timothy Pruett, Richard Jacobs, et al. “Opportunistic mycelial fungal infections in organ transplant recipients: emerging importance of non-Aspergillus mycelial fungi.” Clin Infect Dis 37, no. 2 (July 15, 2003): 221–29. https://doi.org/10.1086/375822.
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    • Stryjewski, Martin E., John J. LiPuma, Robert H. Messier, L Barth Reller, and Barbara D. Alexander. “Sepsis, multiple organ failure, and death due to Pandoraea pnomenusa infection after lung transplantation.” J Clin Microbiol 41, no. 5 (May 2003): 2255–57. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.41.5.2255-2257.2003.
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    • Singh, Nina, Robin K. Avery, Patricia Munoz, Timothy L. Pruett, Barbara Alexander, Richard Jacobs, Jan G. Tollemar, et al. “Trends in risk profiles for and mortality associated with invasive aspergillosis among liver transplant recipients.” Clin Infect Dis 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 46–52. https://doi.org/10.1086/345441.
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    • Alexander, Barbara D. “Prophylaxis of invasive mycoses in solid organ transplantation.” Curr Opin Infect Dis 15, no. 6 (December 2002): 583–89. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001432-200212000-00005.
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    • Alexander, B. D. “Diagnosis of fungal infection: new technologies for the mycology laboratory.” Transpl Infect Dis 4 Suppl 3 (2002): 32–37. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3062.4.s3.5.x.
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    • Alexander, B. D., J. E. Stout, L. B. Reller, and C. D. Hamilton. “Hospital management of tuberculosis in a region with a low incidence of tuberculosis and a high prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacteria.” Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 22, no. 11 (November 2001): 715–17. https://doi.org/10.1086/501851.
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    • Alexander, B. D., and V. F. Tapson. “Infectious complications of lung transplantation.” Transpl Infect Dis 3, no. 3 (September 2001): 128–37. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3062.2001.003003128.x.
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    • Smith, S. R., D. W. Butterly, B. D. Alexander, and A. Greenberg. “Viral infections after renal transplantation.” Am J Kidney Dis 37, no. 4 (April 2001): 659–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0272-6386(01)80114-1.
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    • Stout, J. E., J. R. McDonald, J. J. Engemann, B. D. Alexander, and C. D. Hamilton. “Conditions associated with pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in a tertiary care hospital in the Southeastern US.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 31, no. 1 (July 1, 2000): 311–311.
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    • Palmer, S. M., B. D. Alexander, L. L. Sanders, L. J. Edwards, L. B. Reller, R. D. Davis, and V. F. Tapson. “Significance of blood stream infection after lung transplantation: analysis in 176 consecutive patients.” Transplantation 69, no. 11 (June 15, 2000): 2360–66. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-200006150-00025.
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    • Dictar, M. O., E. Maiolo, B. Alexander, N. Jacob, and M. T. Verón. “Mycoses in the transplanted patient.” Med Mycol 38 Suppl 1 (2000): 251–58.
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    • Alexander, B. D., J. E. Stout, L. B. Reller, and C. D. Hamilton. “Hospital management of patients suspected of pulmonary TB in a high incidence area for MOTT.” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 159, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): A304–A304.
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    • Alexander, B. D., S. M. Palmer, V. F. Tapson, R. D. Davis, and L. B. Reller. “Bacteremia and fungemia in lung transplant recipients at Duke University Medical Center.” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 159, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): A738–A738.
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    • Alexander, B. D., and J. R. Perfect. “Antifungal resistance trends towards the year 2000. Implications for therapy and new approaches.” Drugs 54, no. 5 (November 1997): 657–78. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199754050-00002.
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  • Book Sections

    • Fishman, J. A., S. F. Costa, and B. D. Alexander. “Infection in kidney transplant recipients.” In Kidney Transplantation - Principles and Practice, 517–38, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-53186-3.00031-0.
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    • Perfect, J. R., B. D. Alexander, and W. A. Schell. “Phaeohyphomycoses (brown-black moulds).” In Essentials of Clinical Mycology: Second Edition, 305–17, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6640-7_17.
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  • Conference Papers

    • Heldman, M. R., O. S. Kates, A. Multani, J. M. Steinbrink, A. V. Lewis, B. D. Alexander, O. E. Beaird, et al. “A Multicenter Prospective Registry Study of Lung Transplant Recipients Hospitalized with COVID-19.” In Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 40:S141–S141, 2021.
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    • Steinbrink, Julie Marie, Rachel Myers, Melissa D. Johnson, Barbara D. Alexander, and Micah T. McClain. “Transcriptomic approaches elucidate novel aspects of the host immune response to candidemia.” In Journal of Immunology, Vol. 204, 2020.
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    • Permpalung, N., T. Thaniyavarn, J. H. Saullo, S. Arif, R. A. Miller, J. M. Reynolds, and B. D. Alexander. “Impact of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection on Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome in Lung Transplant Recipients.” In The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 38:S312–13. Elsevier BV, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2019.01.788.
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    • Lamoth, F., and B. D. Alexander. “Antifungal Susceptibility Testing to Predict Appropriate Initial Antifungal Therapy and Outcome in non-Aspergillus Invasive Mold Infections.” In Mycoses, 58:171–171. WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2015.
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    • Sun, H. Y., B. D. Alexander, and Nina Singh. “Early-Onset Cryptococcosis in Solid Organ Transplant (SOT) Recipients.” In American Journal of Transplantation, 10:96–96. WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC, 2010.
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    • Pal, J. D., B. D. Alexander, A. J. Lodge, L. Blue, and C. A. Milano. “51: Successful Management of Pump Pocket Infections in Patients with Implanted Left Ventricular Assist Devices.” In The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 28:S82–83. Elsevier BV, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2008.11.728.
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    • Singh, Nina, O. Lortholary, B. D. Alexander, and S. Husain. “CNS cryptococcal lesions in solid organ transplant recipients with cryptococcosis.” In American Journal of Transplantation, 8:183–183. BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, 2008.
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    • Gellad, Ziad F., Barbara D. Alexander, Jesse K. Liu, Brian C. Griffith, Angela M. Meyer, Jeff L. Johnson, and Andrew J. Muir. “Severity of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea in solid-organ transplant patients.” In American Journal of Gastroenterology, 101:S198–S198, 2006. https://doi.org/10.14309/00000434-200609001-00458.
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    • Ashley, E. S. D., B. D. Alexander, J. R. Perfect, and R. H. Drew. “Cost-avoidance associated with infectious diseases clinical research.” In Pharmacotherapy, 23:415–415. PHARMACOTHERAPY PUBLICATIONS INC, 2003.
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