Carol Anne Colton | Scholars@Duke

Carol Anne Colton
Professor in Neurology

Dr. Colton's research has centered on the study of chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. These diseases have a neuroinflammatory component involving the innate immune system in the CNS. Dr. Colton was among the first scientists to demonstrate that microglia are CNS macrophages and, like other tissue macrophages, respond to injury in the CNS by "killing" invading organisms. Microglia then help to orchestrate the "repair" process after injury. Recent research has focused on the regulation of microglial reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species production as well as other cytoactive macrophage products that are made during the classical and alternative activation states associated with chronic neurodegeneration. Knowledge gained from the basic research program has been translated to the development of novel and extremely useful mouse models of Alzheimer's disease that enable pre-clinical testing of basic mechanisms and of potential therapeutics.

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Professor in Neurology, Neurology, Behavioral Neurology, Neurology 2013
Faculty Network Member of the Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, University Institutes and Centers 2011

Contact Information

201H Bryan Res Bldg, Durham, NC 27710
Duke Box 2900, Durham, NC 27710
carol.colton@duke.edu (919) 668-2758

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- Ph.D., Rutgers University 1973
Duke Appointment History
- Professor in Medicine, Neurology, Clinical Science Departments 2006 - 2013
- Research Professor in Medicine, Neurology, Clinical Science Departments 2001 - 2006
- Instructor, Temporary in the Department of Medicine, Neurology, Clinical Science Departments 2000 - 2001
Recognition
In the News
- JUN 10, 2015 The Huffington Post
  
  New Alzheimer’s disease study makes connection to cause
- APR 17, 2015 WNYC-PRI’s “The Takeaway"
  
  Carol Colton interviewed: Scientists close in on Alzheimer's cure
- APR 16, 2015 CBS News
  
  New clue about what causes Alzheimer's disease
- APR 15, 2015 The Independent
  
  Alzheimer's breakthrough: Scientists may have found potential cause of the disease in the behavior of immune cells -- giving new hope to millions
- APR 15, 2015 TIME
  
  Alzheimer's may be caused by misfiring immune system, study suggests
- APR 14, 2015
  
  A New Potential Cause for Alzheimers: Arginine Deprivation
- AUG 11, 2014
  
  Duke students present Alzheimers research at Montana conference
Research
Selected Grants
- Brain networks in mouse models of aging awarded by National Institutes of Health 2019 - 2024
- Sex and APOE genotype interact to alter immune regulated metabolism in AD awarded by National Institutes of Health 2019 - 2024
- Neurovascular dysfunction in delirium superimposed on dementia awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2022
- The Effect of Exercise Type, Dose, and Intensity on Plasma Amyloid Beta and Tau in Healthy Adults 2019 - 2021
- Enhanced Skeletal Muscle Proteostasis as a Modulator of Alzheimer's Disease awarded by National Institutes of Health 2019 - 2021
- Novel Orally Available Prodrugs for Alzheimer's Disease 2017 - 2020
- Immune-based nutrient deprivation and neurodegenerative disease awarded by National Institutes of Health 2013 - 2020
- Onset of immune pathlogy in AD 2016 - 2019
- Thermo Lumos Tribrid High-Resolution Accurate-Mass Tandem Mass Spectrometer awarded by National Institutes of Health 2018 - 2019
- Sex and APOE genotype interact to alter immune regulated metabolism in AD awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2019
- Hippocampal Neurovascular Plasticity in CVN-AD Mouse: Fornix-Septal Stimulation awarded by National Institutes of Health 2016 - 2019
- Quantitative MR Microscopy of Phenotypic Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease awarded by National Institutes of Health 2013 - 2018
- Immune regulated amino acid pathways in Alzheimer's Disease awarded by National Institutes of Health 2016 - 2018
- Immunosuppression in humans with AD awarded by National Institutes of Health 2016 - 2018
- UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS HARRINGTON DISCOVERY INSTITUTE ADDF HARRINGTON SCHOLAR GRANT AGREEMENT 2015 - 2017
- Slowing arginine utilization by inhibiting arginase and ornithine decarboxylase with DFMO awarded by Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation 2014 - 2016
- Instrumentation for Quantitative Phosphoproteomics and Acetylomics awarded by National Institutes of Health 2014 - 2015
- A Mouse Model of Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease awarded by National Institutes of Health 2009 - 2014
- The amyloid cascade in a novel mouse model of Alzheimer's disease awarded by National Institutes of Health 2009 - 2014
- Creating a mouse model for neurodegenerative disease by "humanizing" NOS2 awarded by National Institutes of Health 2009 - 2012
- Increasing sensitivity to enviromental stress by humanizing NOS2 in mouse awarded by National Institutes of Health 2009 - 2012
- Dysregulation of the neurovascular unit in Alzheimer's Disease awarded by National Institutes of Health 2007 - 2010
- Immune Responsiveness, APOE/Gender in Neurodegeneration awarded by National Institutes of Health 2004 - 2009
- Regulation of neuronal NO by apolipoprotein E awarded by National Institutes of Health 2002 - 2007
- Regulation of microglial activation awarded by National Institutes of Health 2001 - 2005
- Regulation of microglial function by ApoE awarded by National Institutes of Health 1998 - 2003
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Academic Articles
  - Badea, Alexandra, Natalie A. Delpratt, R. J. Anderson, Russell Dibb, Yi Qi, Hongjiang Wei, Chunlei Liu, William C. Wetsel, Brian B. Avants, and Carol Colton. “Multivariate MR biomarkers better predict cognitive dysfunction in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease..” Magn Reson Imaging 60 (July 2019): 52–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2019.03.022.
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  - Klein, Robyn S., Rhonda Voskuhl, Benjamin M. Segal, Bonnie N. Dittel, Thomas E. Lane, John R. Bethea, Monica J. Carson, et al. “Speaking out about gender imbalance in invited speakers improves diversity..” Nat Immunol 18, no. 5 (April 18, 2017): 475–78. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.3707.
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  - Badea, Alexandra, Lauren Kane, Robert J. Anderson, Yi Qi, Mark Foster, Gary P. Cofer, Neil Medvitz, et al. “The fornix provides multiple biomarkers to characterize circuit disruption in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease..” Neuroimage 142 (November 15, 2016): 498–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.08.014.
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  - Maharshak, Idit, Shiran Salomon-Zimri, Ran Antes, Ori Liraz, Yael Nisgav, Tami Livnat, Dov Weinberger, Carol A. Colton, Arieh S. Solomon, and Daniel M. Michaelson. “The effects of the apoE4 genotype on the developing mouse retina..” Exp Eye Res 145 (April 2016): 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2015.11.001.
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  - Brown, Candice M., Cheryl D. Bushnell, Gregory P. Samsa, Larry B. Goldstein, and Carol A. Colton. “Chronic Systemic Immune Dysfunction in African-Americans with Small Vessel-Type Ischemic Stroke..” Transl Stroke Res 6, no. 6 (December 2015): 430–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12975-015-0424-8.
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  - Kan, Matthew J., Jennifer E. Lee, Joan G. Wilson, Angela L. Everhart, Candice M. Brown, Andrew N. Hoofnagle, Marilyn Jansen, Michael P. Vitek, Michael D. Gunn, and Carol A. Colton. “Arginine deprivation and immune suppression in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease..” J Neurosci 35, no. 15 (April 15, 2015): 5969–82. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4668-14.2015.
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  - Hoos, Michael D., Michael P. Vitek, Lisa A. Ridnour, Joan Wilson, Marilyn Jansen, Angela Everhart, David A. Wink, and Carol A. Colton. “The impact of human and mouse differences in NOS2 gene expression on the brain's redox and immune environment..” Mol Neurodegener 9 (November 17, 2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-1326-9-50.
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  - Colton, Carol A., Joan G. Wilson, Angela Everhart, Donna M. Wilcock, Jukka Puoliväli, Taneli Heikkinen, Juho Oksman, et al. “mNos2 deletion and human NOS2 replacement in Alzheimer disease models..” J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 73, no. 8 (August 2014): 752–69. https://doi.org/10.1097/NEN.0000000000000094.
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  - Hoos, Michael D., Brenna M. Richardson, Matthew W. Foster, Angela Everhart, J Will Thompson, M Arthur Moseley, and Carol A. Colton. “Longitudinal study of differential protein expression in an Alzheimer's mouse model lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase..” J Proteome Res 12, no. 10 (October 4, 2013): 4462–77. https://doi.org/10.1021/pr4005103.
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  - Bourassa, Megan W., Andreana C. Leskovjan, Ryan V. Tappero, Erik R. Farquhar, Carol A. Colton, William E. Van Nostrand, and Lisa M. Miller. “Elevated copper in the amyloid plaques and iron in the cortex are observed in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease that exhibit neurodegeneration..” Biomed Spectrosc Imaging 2, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 129–39. https://doi.org/10.3233/BSI-130041.
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  - Colton, Carol A. “Immune heterogeneity in neuroinflammation: dendritic cells in the brain..” J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 8, no. 1 (March 2013): 145–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-012-9414-8.
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  - Colton, Carol A. “Microglial-neuronal interactions during neurodegenerative diseases..” J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 8, no. 1 (March 2013): 4–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-013-9437-9.
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  - Ridnour, Lisa A., Sneha Dhanapal, Michael Hoos, Joan Wilson, Jennifer Lee, Robert Y. S. Cheng, Ernst E. Brueggemann, et al. “Nitric oxide-mediated regulation of β-amyloid clearance via alterations of MMP-9/TIMP-1..” J Neurochem 123, no. 5 (December 2012): 736–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.12028.
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  - Sudduth, Tiffany L., Joan G. Wilson, Angela Everhart, Carol A. Colton, and Donna M. Wilcock. “Lithium treatment of APPSwDI/NOS2-/- mice leads to reduced hyperphosphorylated tau, increased amyloid deposition and altered inflammatory phenotype..” Plos One 7, no. 2 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031993.
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  - Vitek, M. P., D. J. Christensen, D. Wilcock, J. Davis, W. E. Van Nostrand, F. Q. Li, and C. A. Colton. “APOE-mimetic peptides reduce behavioral deficits, plaques and tangles in Alzheimer's disease transgenics..” Neurodegener Dis 10, no. 1–4 (2012): 122–26. https://doi.org/10.1159/000334914.
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  - Xu, Feng, Michael P. Vitek, Carol A. Colton, Mary Lou Previti, Judianne Davis, and William E. Van Nostrand. “Human apolipoprotein E2 promotes parenchymal amyloid deposition and neuronal loss in vasculotropic mutant amyloid-β protein Tg-SwDI mice..” J Alzheimers Dis 31, no. 2 (2012): 359–69. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2012-120421.
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  - Wilcock, D. M., and C. A. Colton. “Anti-amyloid-β immunotherapy in Alzheimer's disease: Relevance of transgenic mouse studies to clinical trials.” Advances in Alzheimer’S Disease 1 (December 1, 2011): 247–61. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-733-8-247.
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  - Wilcock, Donna M., Qun Zhao, Dave Morgan, Marcia N. Gordon, Angela Everhart, Joan G. Wilson, Jennifer E. Lee, and Carol A. Colton. “Diverse inflammatory responses in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and the effect of immunotherapy on these responses..” Asn Neuro 3, no. 5 (November 30, 2011): 249–58. https://doi.org/10.1042/AN20110018.
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  - Shineman, Diana W., Guriqbal S. Basi, Jennifer L. Bizon, Carol A. Colton, Barry D. Greenberg, Beth A. Hollister, John Lincecum, et al. “Accelerating drug discovery for Alzheimer's disease: best practices for preclinical animal studies..” Alzheimers Res Ther 3, no. 5 (September 28, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/alzrt90.
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  - Wilcock, Donna M., Dave Morgan, Marcia N. Gordon, Tiffany L. Taylor, Lisa A. Ridnour, David A. Wink, and Carol A. Colton. “Activation of matrix metalloproteinases following anti-Aβ immunotherapy; implications for microhemorrhage occurrence..” J Neuroinflammation 8 (September 9, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-8-115.
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  - Wink, David A., Harry B. Hines, Robert Y. S. Cheng, Christopher H. Switzer, Wilmarie Flores-Santana, Michael P. Vitek, Lisa A. Ridnour, and Carol A. Colton. “Nitric oxide and redox mechanisms in the immune response..” J Leukoc Biol 89, no. 6 (June 2011): 873–91. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.1010550.
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  - Christensen, Dale J., Nobutaka Ohkubo, Jessica Oddo, Michael J. Van Kanegan, Jessica Neil, Fengqiao Li, Carol A. Colton, and Michael P. Vitek. “Apolipoprotein E and peptide mimetics modulate inflammation by binding the SET protein and activating protein phosphatase 2A..” J Immunol 186, no. 4 (February 15, 2011): 2535–42. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1002847.
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  - Van Nostrand, William E., Feng Xu, Annemieke J. M. Rozemuller, and Carol A. Colton. “Enhanced capillary amyloid angiopathy-associated pathology in Tg-SwDI mice with deleted nitric oxide synthase 2..” Stroke 41, no. 10 Suppl (October 2010): S135–38. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.595272.
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  - Li, Feng-Qiao, Kenneth A. Fowler, Jessica E. Neil, Carol A. Colton, and Michael P. Vitek. “An apolipoprotein E-mimetic stimulates axonal regeneration and remyelination after peripheral nerve injury..” J Pharmacol Exp Ther 334, no. 1 (July 2010): 106–15. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.110.167882.
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  - Colton, Carol A., and Donna M. Wilcock. “Assessing activation states in microglia..” Cns Neurol Disord Drug Targets 9, no. 2 (April 2010): 174–91.
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  - Wu, Junfang, Soonmoon Yoo, Donna Wilcock, Judith M. Lytle, Philberta Y. Leung, Carol A. Colton, and Jean R. Wrathall. “Interaction of NG2(+) glial progenitors and microglia/macrophages from the injured spinal cord..” Glia 58, no. 4 (March 2010): 410–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.20932.
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  - Wilcock, D. M., N. Gharkholonarehe, W. E. Van Nostrand, J. Davis, M. P. Vitek, and C. A. Colton. “Amyloid reduction by amyloid-β vaccination also reduces mouse tau pathology and protects from neuron loss in two mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (The Journal of Neuroscience (2009) (7957-7965)).” Journal of Neuroscience 30, no. 3 (January 20, 2010): 1197–98.
  - Colton, Carol A. “Heterogeneity of microglial activation in the innate immune response in the brain..” J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 4, no. 4 (December 2009): 399–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-009-9164-4.
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  - Vitek, Michael P., Candice M. Brown, and Carol A. Colton. “APOE genotype-specific differences in the innate immune response..” Neurobiol Aging 30, no. 9 (September 2009): 1350–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.11.014.
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  - Wilcock, Donna M., Nastaran Gharkholonarehe, William E. Van Nostrand, Judianne Davis, Michael P. Vitek, and Carol A. Colton. “Amyloid reduction by amyloid-beta vaccination also reduces mouse tau pathology and protects from neuron loss in two mouse models of Alzheimer's disease..” J Neurosci 29, no. 25 (June 24, 2009): 7957–65. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1339-09.2009.
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  - Wilcock, D. M., M. P. Vitek, and C. A. Colton. “Vascular amyloid alters astrocytic water and potassium channels in mouse models and humans with Alzheimer's disease..” Neuroscience 159, no. 3 (March 31, 2009): 1055–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.01.023.
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  - Wilcock, Donna M., and Carol A. Colton. “Immunotherapy, vascular pathology, and microhemorrhages in transgenic mice..” Cns Neurol Disord Drug Targets 8, no. 1 (March 2009): 50–64.
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  - Brown, Candice M., Emily Choi, Qing Xu, Michael P. Vitek, and Carol A. Colton. “The APOE4 genotype alters the response of microglia and macrophages to 17beta-estradiol..” Neurobiol Aging 29, no. 12 (December 2008): 1783–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.04.018.
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  - Colton, Carol A., Donna M. Wilcock, David A. Wink, Judianne Davis, William E. Van Nostrand, and Michael P. Vitek. “The effects of NOS2 gene deletion on mice expressing mutated human AbetaPP..” J Alzheimers Dis 15, no. 4 (December 2008): 571–87.
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  - Wilcock, Donna M., and Carol A. Colton. “Anti-amyloid-beta immunotherapy in Alzheimer's disease: relevance of transgenic mouse studies to clinical trials..” J Alzheimers Dis 15, no. 4 (December 2008): 555–69.
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  - Thomas, Douglas D., Lisa A. Ridnour, Jeffrey S. Isenberg, Wilmarie Flores-Santana, Christopher H. Switzer, Sonia Donzelli, Perwez Hussain, et al. “The chemical biology of nitric oxide: implications in cellular signaling..” Free Radic Biol Med 45, no. 1 (July 1, 2008): 18–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.03.020.
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  - Xu, Feng, Michael P. Vitek, Carol A. Colton, Mary Lou Previti, Nastaran Gharkholonarehe, Judianne Davis, and William E. Van Nostrand. “Human apolipoprotein E redistributes fibrillar amyloid deposition in Tg-SwDI mice..” J Neurosci 28, no. 20 (May 14, 2008): 5312–20. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1042-08.2008.
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  - Wilcock, Donna M., Matthew R. Lewis, William E. Van Nostrand, Judianne Davis, Mary Lou Previti, Nastaran Gharkholonarehe, Michael P. Vitek, and Carol A. Colton. “Progression of amyloid pathology to Alzheimer's disease pathology in an amyloid precursor protein transgenic mouse model by removal of nitric oxide synthase 2..” J Neurosci 28, no. 7 (February 13, 2008): 1537–45. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5066-07.2008.
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  - Hutchinson, D., V. Ho, M. Dodd, H. N. Dawson, A. C. Zumwalt, D. Schmitt, and C. A. Colton. “Quantitative measurement of postural sway in mouse models of human neurodegenerative disease..” Neuroscience 148, no. 4 (September 21, 2007): 825–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.025.
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  - Brown, Candice M., Qing Xu, Nobutaka Okhubo, Michael P. Vitek, and Carol A. Colton. “Androgen-mediated immune function is altered by the apolipoprotein E gene..” Endocrinology 148, no. 7 (July 2007): 3383–90. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2006-1200.
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  - Colton, C. A., M. P. Vitek, D. A. Wink, Q. Xu, V. Cantillana, M. L. Previti, W. E. Van Nostrand, J. B. Weinberg, and H. Dawson. “Erratum: NO synthase 2 (NOS2) deletion promotes multiple pathologies in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (August 22, 2006) 103, 34 (12867-1872) DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601075103).” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, no. 41 (October 10, 2006). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0607808103.
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  - Colton, Carol A., Ryan T. Mott, Hayley Sharpe, Qing Xu, William E. Van Nostrand, and Michael P. Vitek. “Expression profiles for macrophage alternative activation genes in AD and in mouse models of AD..” J Neuroinflammation 3 (September 27, 2006). https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-3-27.
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  - Bushnell, Cheryl D., Patricia Hurn, Carol Colton, Virginia M. Miller, Gregory del Zoppo, Mitchell S. V. Elkind, Barney Stern, et al. “Advancing the study of stroke in women: summary and recommendations for future research from an NINDS-Sponsored Multidisciplinary Working Group..” Stroke 37, no. 9 (September 2006): 2387–99. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000236053.37695.15.
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  - Li, Feng-Qiao, Gregory D. Sempowski, Suzanne E. McKenna, Daniel T. Laskowitz, Carol A. Colton, and Michael P. Vitek. “Apolipoprotein E-derived peptides ameliorate clinical disability and inflammatory infiltrates into the spinal cord in a murine model of multiple sclerosis..” J Pharmacol Exp Ther 318, no. 3 (September 2006): 956–65. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.106.103671.
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  - Colton, C. A., M. P. Vitek, D. A. Wink, Q. Xu, V. Cantillana, M. L. Previti, W. E. Van Nostrand, J. B. Weinberg, and H. Dawson. “NO synthase 2 (NOS2) deletion promotes multiple pathologies in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease..” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103, no. 34 (August 22, 2006): 12867–72. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0601075103.
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  - Vitek, Michael P., Candice Brown, Qing Xu, Hana Dawson, Noriaki Mitsuda, and Carol A. Colton. “Characterization of NO and cytokine production in immune-activated microglia and peritoneal macrophages derived from a mouse model expressing the human NOS2 gene on a mouse NOS2 knockout background..” Antioxid Redox Signal 8, no. 5–6 (May 2006): 893–901. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2006.8.893.
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  - Colton, Carol A., and Michael P. Vitek. “NPY and chronic neurodegenerative disease..” Exs, no. 95 (2006): 223–44.
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  - Bae, S. Y., Q. Xu, D. Hutchinson, and C. A. Colton. “Y+ and y+ L arginine transporters in neuronal cells expressing tyrosine hydroxylase..” Biochim Biophys Acta 1745, no. 1 (August 15, 2005): 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2004.12.006.
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  - Colton, Carol A., Candice M. Brown, and Michael P. Vitek. “Sex steroids, APOE genotype and the innate immune system..” Neurobiol Aging 26, no. 3 (March 2005): 363–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.08.001.
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  - Colton, C. A., Q. Xu, J. R. Burke, S. Y. Bae, J. K. Wakefield, A. Nair, W. J. Strittmatter, and M. P. Vitek. “Disrupted spermine homeostasis: a novel mechanism in polyglutamine-mediated aggregation and cell death..” J Neurosci 24, no. 32 (August 11, 2004): 7118–27. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1233-04.2004.
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  - Xu, Qing, David A. Wink, and Carol A. Colton. “Nitric oxide production and regulation of neuronal NOS in tyrosine hydroxylase containing neurons..” Exp Neurol 188, no. 2 (August 2004): 341–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.04.016.
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  - Colton, Carol A., Leila K. Needham, Candice Brown, Danielle Cook, Karima Rasheed, James R. Burke, Warren J. Strittmatter, Donald E. Schmechel, and Michael P. Vitek. “APOE genotype-specific differences in human and mouse macrophage nitric oxide production..” J Neuroimmunol 147, no. 1–2 (February 2004): 62–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.10.015.
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  - Wink, D. A., K. M. Miranda, T. Katori, D. Mancardi, D. D. Thomas, L. Ridnour, M. G. Espey, et al. “Orthogonal properties of the redox siblings nitroxyl and nitric oxide in the cardiovascular system: A novel redox paradigm.” American Journal of Physiology Heart and Circulatory Physiology 285, no. 6 54-6 (December 1, 2003).
  - Wink, David A., Katrina M. Miranda, Tatsuo Katori, Daniele Mancardi, Douglas D. Thomas, Lisa Ridnour, Michael G. Espey, et al. “Orthogonal properties of the redox siblings nitroxyl and nitric oxide in the cardiovascular system: a novel redox paradigm..” Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 285, no. 6 (December 2003): H2264–76. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00531.2003.
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  - Behar, Toby N., and Carol A. Colton. “Redox regulation of neuronal migration in a Down Syndrome model..” Free Radic Biol Med 35, no. 6 (September 15, 2003): 566–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5849(03)00329-0.
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  - Ghafourifar, Pedram, and Carol A. Colton. “Compartmentalized nitrosation and nitration in mitochondria..” Antioxid Redox Signal 5, no. 3 (June 2003): 349–54. https://doi.org/10.1089/152308603322110913.
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  - Ghafourifar, Pedram, and Carol A. Colton. “Mitochondria and nitric oxide..” Antioxid Redox Signal 5, no. 3 (June 2003): 249–50. https://doi.org/10.1089/152308603322110823.
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  - Thomas, Douglas D., Katrina M. Miranda, Carol A. Colton, Deborah Citrin, Michael Graham Espey, and David A. Wink. “Heme proteins and nitric oxide (NO): the neglected, eloquent chemistry in NO redox signaling and regulation..” Antioxid Redox Signal 5, no. 3 (June 2003): 307–17. https://doi.org/10.1089/152308603322110887.
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  - Czapiga, M., and C. A. Colton. “Microglial function in human APOE3 and APOE4 transgenic mice: altered arginine transport..” J Neuroimmunol 134, no. 1–2 (January 2003): 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00394-6.
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  - Colton, Carol A., Candice M. Brown, Danielle Cook, Leila K. Needham, Qing Xu, Meggan Czapiga, Ann M. Saunders, Donald E. Schmechel, Karima Rasheed, and Michael P. Vitek. “APOE and the regulation of microglial nitric oxide production: a link between genetic risk and oxidative stress..” Neurobiol Aging 23, no. 5 (September 2002): 777–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0197-4580(02)00016-7.
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  - Brown, C. M., C. A. Colton, P. M. Sullivan, and M. P. Vitek. “Sexual dimorphism in apolipoprotein E isoform specific regulation of nitric oxide release in targeted replacement mice.” Neurobiology of Aging 23, no. 1 (July 1, 2002): S404–S404.
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  - Brown, Candice M., Elizabeth Wright, Carol A. Colton, Patrick M. Sullivan, Daniel T. Laskowitz, and Michael P. Vitek. “Apolipoprotein E isoform mediated regulation of nitric oxide release..” Free Radic Biol Med 32, no. 11 (June 1, 2002): 1071–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00803-1.
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  - Miranda, Katrina M., Ken-ichi Yamada, Michael G. Espey, Douglas D. Thomas, William DeGraff, James B. Mitchell, Murali C. Krishna, Carol A. Colton, and David A. Wink. “Further evidence for distinct reactive intermediates from nitroxyl and peroxynitrite: effects of buffer composition on the chemistry of Angeli's salt and synthetic peroxynitrite..” Arch Biochem Biophys 401, no. 2 (May 15, 2002): 134–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9861(02)00031-0.
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  - Colton, Carola A., Candice M. Brown, Meggan Czapiga, and Michael P. Vitek. “Apolipoprotein-E allele-specific regulation of nitric oxide production..” Ann N Y Acad Sci 962 (May 2002): 212–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04070.x.
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  - Thomas, Douglas D., Katrina M. Miranda, Michael Graham Espey, Deborah Citrin, David Jourd’heuil, Nazareno Paolocci, Sandra J. Hewett, et al. “Guide for the use of nitric oxide (NO) donors as probes of the chemistry of NO and related redox species in biological systems..” Methods Enzymol 359 (2002): 84–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(02)59174-6.
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  - Colton, C. A., M. Gbadegesin, D. A. Wink, K. M. Miranda, M. G. Espey, and S. Vicini. “Nitroxyl anion regulation of the NMDA receptor..” J Neurochem 78, no. 5 (September 2001): 1126–34.
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  - Wink, D. A., K. M. Miranda, M. G. Espey, R. M. Pluta, S. J. Hewett, C. Colton, M. Vitek, M. Feelisch, and M. B. Grisham. “Mechanisms of the antioxidant effects of nitric oxide..” Antioxid Redox Signal 3, no. 2 (April 2001): 203–13. https://doi.org/10.1089/152308601300185179.
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  - Colton, C. A., M. Czapiga, J. Snell-Callanan, O. N. Chernyshev, and M. P. Vitek. “Apolipoprotein E acts to increase nitric oxide production in macrophages by stimulating arginine transport..” Biochim Biophys Acta 1535, no. 2 (February 14, 2001): 134–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4439(00)00092-2.
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  - Colton, C. A. “In Memory of Daniel L. Gilbert – A Radical Spirit.” Antioxidants and Redox Signaling 3, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1089/152308601750100407.
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  - Colton, C. A., O. N. Chernyshev, D. L. Gilbert, and M. P. Vitek. “Microglial contribution to oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease..” Ann N Y Acad Sci 899 (2000): 292–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06195.x.
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  - Gbadegesin, M., S. Vicini, S. J. Hewett, D. A. Wink, M. Espey, R. M. Pluta, and C. A. Colton. “Hypoxia modulates nitric oxide-induced regulation of NMDA receptor currents and neuronal cell death.” American Journal of Physiology Cell Physiology 277, no. 4 46-4 (November 19, 1999).
  - Gbadegesin, M., S. Vicini, S. J. Hewett, D. A. Wink, M. Espey, R. M. Pluta, and C. A. Colton. “Hypoxia modulates nitric oxide-induced regulation of NMDA receptor currents and neuronal cell death..” Am J Physiol 277, no. 4 (October 1999): C673–83. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1999.277.4.C673.
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  - Czapiga, M., and C. A. Colton. “Function of microglia in organotypic slice cultures.” Journal of Neuroscience Research 56, no. 6 (June 15, 1999): 644–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19990615)56:6<644::AID-JNR10>3.0.CO;2-9.
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  - Czapiga, M., and C. A. Colton. “Function of microglia in organotypic slice cultures..” J Neurosci Res 56, no. 6 (June 15, 1999): 644–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19990615)56:6<644::AID-JNR10>3.0.CO;2-9.
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  - Behar, T. N., C. A. Scott, C. L. Greene, X. Wen, S. V. Smith, D. Maric, Q. Y. Liu, C. A. Colton, and J. L. Barker. “Glutamate acting at NMDA receptors stimulates embryonic cortical neuronal migration..” J Neurosci 19, no. 11 (June 1, 1999): 4449–61.
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  - Colton, C. A., J. Snell-Callanan, and O. N. Chernyshev. “Ethanol induced changes in superoxide anion and nitric oxide in cultured microglia..” Alcohol Clin Exp Res 22, no. 3 (May 1998): 710–16.
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  - Amini, T., and C. Colton. “Phagocytosis of rod outer membrane segments by human retinal pigment epithelial cells increases nitric oxide production.” Faseb Journal 12, no. 4 (1998).
  - Snell, J., O. Chernyshev, and C. Colton. “Apolipoprotein E enhances nitric oxide production in Poly I:Poly C-treated RAW (264.7) cells.” Faseb Journal 12, no. 4 (1998).
  - Vitek, M. P., J. Snell, H. Dawson, and C. A. Colton. “Modulation of nitric oxide production in human macrophages by apolipoprotein-E and amyloid-beta peptide..” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 240, no. 2 (November 17, 1997): 391–94. https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1997.7408.
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  - Snell, J. C., O. Chernyshev, D. L. Gilbert, and C. A. Colton. “Polyribonucleotides induce nitric oxide production by human monocyte-derived macrophages..” J Leukoc Biol 62, no. 3 (September 1997): 369–73. https://doi.org/10.1002/jlb.62.3.369.
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  - Zocchia, C., G. Spiga, S. J. Rabin, M. Grekova, J. Richert, O. Chernyshev, C. Colton, and I. Mocchetti. “Biological activity of interleukin-10 in the central nervous system..” Neurochem Int 30, no. 4–5 (April 1997): 433–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0197-0186(96)00079-4.
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  - Espey, M. G., O. N. Chernyshev, J. F. Reinhard, M. A. Namboodiri, and C. A. Colton. “Activated human microglia produce the excitotoxin quinolinic acid..” Neuroreport 8, no. 2 (January 20, 1997): 431–34. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199701200-00011.
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  - Snell, J., O. Chemvshev, D. Gilbert, and C. Colton. “The induction of nitric oxide by polyribonucleotides in hamster and human glia.” Faseb Journal 10, no. 3 (December 1, 1996).
  - Colton, C. A., and O. N. Chernyshev. “Inhibition of microglial superoxide anion production by isoproterenol and dexamethasone..” Neurochem Int 29, no. 1 (July 1996): 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-0186(95)00139-5.
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  - Colton, C., S. Wilt, D. Gilbert, O. Chernyshev, J. Snell, and M. Dubois-Dalcq. “Species differences in the generation of reactive oxygen species by microglia..” Mol Chem Neuropathol 28, no. 1–3 (May 1996): 15–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02815200.
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  - Snell, J. C., C. A. Colton, O. N. Chernyshev, and D. L. Gilbert. “Location-dependent artifact for no measurement using multiwell plates..” Free Radic Biol Med 20, no. 3 (1996): 361–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(96)02083-7.
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  - Streit, W. J., and C. A. Kincaid-Colton. “The brain's immune system..” Sci Am 273, no. 5 (November 1995): 54–61. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1195-54.
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  - Colton, C. A., F. Pagan, J. Snell, J. S. Colton, A. Cummins, and D. L. Gilbert. “Protection from oxidation enhances the survival of cultured mesencephalic neurons..” Exp Neurol 132, no. 1 (March 1995): 54–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4886(95)90058-6.
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  - Colton, C. A. “Induction of nitric oxide in cultured microglia: evidence for a cytoprotective role..” Adv Neuroimmunol 5, no. 4 (1995): 491–503.
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  - Colton, C. A., J. Snell, O. Chernyshev, and D. L. Gilbert. “Induction of superoxide anion and nitric oxide production in cultured microglia..” Ann N Y Acad Sci 738 (November 17, 1994): 54–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb21789.x.
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  - Colton, C. A., M. Jia, M. X. Li, and D. L. Gilbert. “K+ modulation of microglial superoxide production: involvement of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels..” Am J Physiol 266, no. 6 Pt 1 (June 1994): C1650–55. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1994.266.6.C1650.
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  - Colton, C. A. “Microglial oxyradical production: causes and consequences..” Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 20, no. 2 (April 1994): 208–9.
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  - Behar, T. N., A. E. Schaffner, C. A. Colton, R. Somogyi, Z. Olah, C. Lehel, and J. L. Barker. “GABA-induced chemokinesis and NGF-induced chemotaxis of embryonic spinal cord neurons..” J Neurosci 14, no. 1 (January 1994): 29–38.
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  - Chiueh, C. C., D. L. Gilbert, and C. A. Colton. “Preface: Second International Symposium on Reactive Oxygen Species, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA, November 7, 1993. The Neurobiology of NO. and .OH^a.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 738 (January 1, 1994).
  - Colton, C. A., C. A. Jia Min, X. Li Min, and D. L. Gilbert. “K+ modulation of microglial superoxide production: Involvement of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.” Am.J.Physiol. 266, no. 6 part 1 (January 1, 1994).
  - Colton, C. A., J. E. Keri, W. T. Chen, and W. L. Monsky. “Protease production by cultured microglia: substrate gel analysis and immobilized matrix degradation..” J Neurosci Res 35, no. 3 (June 15, 1993): 297–304. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.490350309.
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  - Zukowska-Grojec, Z., P. Pruszczyk, C. Colton, J. Yao, G. H. Shen, A. K. Myers, and C. Wahlestedt. “Mitogenic effect of neuropeptide Y in rat vascular smooth muscle cells..” Peptides 14, no. 2 (March 1993): 263–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/0196-9781(93)90040-n.
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  - Colton, C. A., and D. L. Gilbert. “Microglia, an in vivo source of reactive oxygen species in the brain..” Adv Neurol 59 (1993): 321–26.
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  - Yao, J., J. E. Keri, R. E. Taffs, and C. A. Colton. “Characterization of interleukin-1 production by microglia in culture..” Brain Res 591, no. 1 (September 18, 1992): 88–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(92)90981-e.
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  - Colton, C. A., J. Yao, J. E. Keri, and D. Gilbert. “Regulation of microglial function by interferons..” J Neuroimmunol 40, no. 1 (September 1992): 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-5728(92)90216-8.
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  - Colton, C. A., J. S. Colton, and D. L. Gilbert. “Oxygen dependency of synaptic transmission at the squid Loligo pealei giant synapse..” Comp Biochem Physiol Comp Physiol 102, no. 2 (June 1992): 279–83.
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  - Colton, C. A., C. Abel, J. Patchett, J. Keri, and J. Yao. “Lectin staining of cultured CNS microglia..” J Histochem Cytochem 40, no. 4 (April 1992): 505–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/40.4.1372634.
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  - Colton, C. A., J. Yao, R. E. Taffs, J. E. Keri, and M. L. Oster-Granite. “Abnormal production of interleukin-1 by microglia from trisomy 16 mice..” Neurosci Lett 132, no. 2 (November 11, 1991): 270–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(91)90318-n.
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  - Colton, C., J. Yao, Y. Grossman, and D. Gilbert. “The effect of xanthine/xanthine oxidase generated reactive oxygen species on synaptic transmission..” Free Radic Res Commun 14, no. 5–6 (1991): 385–93.
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  - Yao, J., L. Harvath, D. L. Gilbert, and C. A. Colton. “Chemotaxis by a CNS macrophage, the microglia..” J Neurosci Res 27, no. 1 (September 1990): 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.490270106.
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  - Colton, J. S., S. C. Gilman, P. Chang, and C. A. Colton. “Effect of helium and heliox on glutamate decarboxylase activity..” Undersea Biomed Res 17, no. 4 (July 1990): 297–303.
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  - Colton, C. A., J. B. Yao, D. Gilbert, and M. L. Oster-Granite. “Enhanced production of superoxide anion by microglia from trisomy 16 mice..” Brain Res 519, no. 1–2 (June 11, 1990): 236–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(90)90083-n.
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  - Colton, C. A., L. Fagni, and D. Gilbert. “The action of hydrogen peroxide on paired pulse and long-term potentiation in the hippocampus..” Free Radic Biol Med 7, no. 1 (1989): 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(89)90093-2.
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  - Colton, C. A., and D. L. Gilbert. “An endogenous source of the superoxide anion in the central nervous system..” Basic Life Sci 49 (1988): 1005–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5568-7_165.
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  - Colton, C. A., and D. L. Gilbert. “Production of superoxide anions by a CNS macrophage, the microglia..” Febs Lett 223, no. 2 (November 2, 1987): 284–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(87)80305-8.
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  - Dickman, J. D., J. S. Colton, D. Chiszar, and C. A. Colton. “Trigeminal responses to thermal stimulation of the oral cavity in rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis) before and after bilateral anesthetization of the facial pit organs..” Brain Res 400, no. 2 (January 6, 1987): 365–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(87)90636-6.
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  - Colton, C. A., and J. S. Colton. “The action of oxygen and oxygen at high pressure on inhibitory transmission..” Brain Res 364, no. 1 (January 29, 1986): 151–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(86)90995-9.
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  - Colton, C. A., J. S. Colton, and D. L. Gilbert. “Changes in synaptic transmission produced by hydrogen peroxide..” J Free Radic Biol Med 2, no. 2 (1986): 141–48.
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  - Colton, C. A., and J. S. Colton. “Blockade of hyperbaric oxygen induced seizures by excitatory amino acid antagonists..” Can J Physiol Pharmacol 63, no. 5 (May 1985): 519–21. https://doi.org/10.1139/y85-090.
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  - Colton, C., and D. Gilbert. “Effect of H2O2on excitatory transmission in the lobster neuromuscular junction.” Federation Proceedings 44, no. 4 (January 1, 1985).
  - Colton, C. A., and J. S. Colton. “An electrophysiological analysis of oxygen and pressure on synaptic transmission..” Brain Res 251, no. 2 (November 18, 1982): 221–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(82)90740-5.
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  - Colton, C. A., and J. S. Colton. “Effects of a thioreactive agent, diamide, on neuromuscular transmission in lobster..” Am J Physiol 242, no. 1 (January 1982): C59–64. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1982.242.1.C59.
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  - Colton, J. S., D. E. Pickering, and C. A. Colton. “Evaluation of a life support module used for air transport of critically ill infants..” Aviat Space Environ Med 50, no. 2 (February 1979): 177–81.
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  - Colton, C. A., and J. S. Colton. “The action of dantrolene sodium on the lobster neuromuscular junction.” Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part C, Comparative 64, no. 1 (1979): 153–56.
  - Colton, J. S., and C. A. Colton. “Effect of oxygen at high pressure on spontaneous transmitter release..” Am J Physiol 235, no. 5 (November 1978): C233–37. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1978.235.5.C233.
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  - Colton, C. A., and J. S. Colton. “Depression of glutamate-mediated synaptic transmission by benzyl alcohol..” Can J Physiol Pharmacol 55, no. 4 (August 1977): 917–22. https://doi.org/10.1139/y77-122.
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  - Colton, J. S., J. A. Michael, and C. A. Colton. “Oxygen microelectrode response to oxygen pressures up to 15 ATA..” Aviat Space Environ Med 47, no. 8 (August 1976): 831–33.
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  - Schauf, C. L., C. A. Colton, J. S. Colton, and F. A. Davis. “Aminopyridines and sparteine as inhibitors of membrane potassium conductance: effects on Myxicola giant axons and the lobster neuromuscular junction..” J Pharmacol Exp Ther 197, no. 2 (May 1976): 414–25.
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  - Colton, C. A. “Postsynaptic effect of La3+ at the frog neuromuscular junction..” J Neurobiol 7, no. 1 (January 1976): 87–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/neu.480070109.
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  - Colton, J. S., C. L. Schauf, and C. A. Colton. “Effects of the aminopyridines and sparteine on Myxicola axons and the lobster neuromuscular junction.” Biophysical Journal 16, no. 2 II (January 1, 1976).
  - Colton, C. K., and A. R. Freeman. “Dual response of lobster muscle fibers to L-glutamate..” Comp Biochem Physiol C 51, no. 2 (August 1, 1975): 275–84.
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  - Colton, C. K., and A. R. Freeman. “La3+ blockage of glutamate action at the lobster neuromuscular junction..” Comp Biochem Physiol C 51, no. 2 (August 1, 1975): 285–89.
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- Book Sections
  - Colton, C., and S. Zakhari. “Role of free radicals in alcohol-induced tissue injury.” In Oxidants, Antioxidants, and Free Radicals, 259–72, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203744673.
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- Conference Papers
  - Colton, C. A., and M. P. Vitek. “NOS2 in chronic neurodegeneration: Protection not damage.” In Journal of Neurochemistry, 102:12–12. BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, 2007.
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  - Plant, Sheila Renee, and Carol A. Colton. “Oxidation and CBS in neural derived cells.” In Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 41:S167–S167. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, 2006.
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  - Mott, R. T., C. M. Hulette, M. P. Vitek, and C. A. Colton. “A beta 42 suppresses the anti-inflammatory alternative activation state in microglia: A potential role for Alzheimer's disease..” In Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 64:442–442. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, 2005.
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  - Brown, C. M., C. A. Colton, and M. P. Vitek. “Apolipoprotein E isoforms differentially regulate iNOS activity in male targeted replacement mice.” In Faseb Journal, 17:A1257–A1257. FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL, 2003.
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  - Brown, C. M., C. A. Colton, and M. P. Vitek. “17 beta-estradiol modulates apolipoprotein E allele-specific regulation of microglial nitric oxide release.” In Faseb Journal, 17:A456–A456. FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL, 2003.
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  - Brown, C. M., N. Mitsuda, H. N. Dawson, C. A. Colton, and M. P. Vitek. “A humanized NOS2 transgenic mouse.” In Faseb Journal, 17:A495–A495. FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL, 2003.
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  - Brown, C. M., C. A. Colton, and M. P. Vitek. “Sex steroids differentially regulate apolipoprotein E4 isoform specific increases in nitric oxide production observed in targeted replacement mice.” In Neurobiology of Aging, 23:S404–S404. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, 2002.
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  - Miranda, K. M., M. G. Espey, N. Paolocci, M. D. Bartberger, C. A. Colton, and D. A. Wink. “The chemistry of nitroxyl (HNO) and implications in various therapeutic applications..” In Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 31:S72–S72. PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2001.
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  - Czapiga, M., M. P. Vitek, and C. A. Colton. “ApoE isoform specific modulation of arginine transport.” In Faseb Journal, 14:A636–A636. FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL, 2000.
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