Carol Anne Colton | Scholars@Duke

Carol Anne Colton
Professor in Neurology

Dr. Colton's research has centered on the study of chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. These diseases have a neuroinflammatory component involving the innate immune system in the CNS. Dr. Colton was among the first scientists to demonstrate that microglia are CNS macrophages and, like other tissue macrophages, respond to injury in the CNS by "killing" invading organisms. Microglia then help to orchestrate the "repair" process after injury. Recent research has focused on the regulation of microglial reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species production as well as other cytoactive macrophage products that are made during the classical and alternative activation states associated with chronic neurodegeneration. Knowledge gained from the basic research program has been translated to the development of novel and extremely useful mouse models of Alzheimer's disease that enable pre-clinical testing of basic mechanisms and of potential therapeutics.

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Professor in Neurology, Neurology, Behavioral Neurology, Neurology 2013
Faculty Network Member of the Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, University Institutes and Centers 2011

Contact Information

201H Bryan Res Bldg, Durham, NC 27710
Duke Box 2900, Durham, NC 27710
carol.colton@duke.edu (919) 668-2758

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- Ph.D., Rutgers University 1973
Duke Appointment History
- Professor in Medicine, Neurology, Clinical Science Departments 2006 - 2013
- Research Professor in Medicine, Neurology, Clinical Science Departments 2001 - 2006
- Instructor, Temporary in the Department of Medicine, Neurology, Clinical Science Departments 2000 - 2001
Recognition
In the News
- JUN 10, 2015 The Huffington Post
  
  New Alzheimer’s disease study makes connection to cause
- APR 17, 2015 WNYC-PRI’s “The Takeaway"
  
  Carol Colton interviewed: Scientists close in on Alzheimer's cure
- APR 16, 2015 CBS News
  
  New clue about what causes Alzheimer's disease
- APR 15, 2015 The Independent
  
  Alzheimer's breakthrough: Scientists may have found potential cause of the disease in the behavior of immune cells -- giving new hope to millions
- APR 15, 2015 TIME
  
  Alzheimer's may be caused by misfiring immune system, study suggests
- APR 14, 2015
  
  A New Potential Cause for Alzheimers: Arginine Deprivation
- AUG 11, 2014
  
  Duke students present Alzheimers research at Montana conference
Research
Selected Grants
- Neurovascular dysfunction in delirium superimposed on dementia awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2022
- Sex and APOE genotype interact to alter immune regulated metabolism in AD awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2019
- Thermo Lumos Tribrid High-Resolution Accurate-Mass Tandem Mass Spectrometer awarded by National Institutes of Health 2018 - 2019
- Hippocampal Neurovascular Plasticity in CVN-AD Mouse: Fornix-Septal Stimulation awarded by National Institutes of Health 2016 - 2019
- Immune-based nutrient deprivation and neurodegenerative disease awarded by National Institutes of Health 2013 - 2019
- Onset of immune pathlogy in AD awarded by Alzheimer's Association 2016 - 2018
- Quantitative MR Microscopy of Phenotypic Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease awarded by National Institutes of Health 2013 - 2018
- Immune regulated amino acid pathways in Alzheimer's Disease awarded by National Institutes of Health 2016 - 2018
- Immunosuppression in humans with AD awarded by National Institutes of Health 2016 - 2018
- Novel Orally Available Prodrugs for Alzheimer's Disease awarded by RESILIO THERAPEUTICS, LLC 2017 - 2018
- UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS HARRINGTON DISCOVERY INSTITUTE ADDF HARRINGTON SCHOLAR GRANT AGREEMENT awarded by UH Harrington Discovery Institute 2015 - 2017
- Slowing arginine utilization by inhibiting arginase and ornithine decarboxylase with DFMO awarded by Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation 2014 - 2016
- A Mouse Model of Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease awarded by National Institutes of Health 2009 - 2014
- The amyloid cascade in a novel mouse model of Alzheimer's disease awarded by National Institutes of Health 2009 - 2014
- Creating a mouse model for neurodegenerative disease by "humanizing" NOS2 awarded by National Institutes of Health 2009 - 2012
- Increasing sensitivity to enviromental stress by humanizing NOS2 in mouse awarded by National Institutes of Health 2009 - 2012
- Dysregulation of the neurovascular unit in Alzheimer's Disease awarded by National Institutes of Health 2007 - 2010
- Immune Responsiveness, APOE/Gender in Neurodegeneration awarded by National Institutes of Health 2004 - 2009
- Regulation of neuronal NO by apolipoprotein E awarded by National Institutes of Health 2002 - 2007
- Regulation of microglial activation awarded by National Institutes of Health 2001 - 2005
- Regulation of microglial function by ApoE awarded by National Institutes of Health 1998 - 2003
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Academic Articles
  - Badea, A, Kane, L, Anderson, RJ, Qi, Y, Foster, M, Cofer, GP, Medvitz, N, Buckley, AF, Badea, AK, Wetsel, WC, and Colton, CA. "The fornix provides multiple biomarkers to characterize circuit disruption in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease." Neuroimage 142 (November 2016): 498-511. Full Text
  - Maharshak, I, Salomon-Zimri, S, Antes, R, Liraz, O, Nisgav, Y, Livnat, T, Weinberger, D, Colton, CA, Solomon, AS, and Michaelson, DM. "The effects of the apoE4 genotype on the developing mouse retina." Experimental eye research 145 (April 2016): 17-25. Full Text
  - Brown, CM, Bushnell, CD, Samsa, GP, Goldstein, LB, and Colton, CA. "Chronic Systemic Immune Dysfunction in African-Americans with Small Vessel-Type Ischemic Stroke." Translational stroke research 6, no. 6 (December 2015): 430-436. Full Text
  - Kan, MJ, Lee, JE, Wilson, JG, Everhart, AL, Brown, CM, Hoofnagle, AN, Jansen, M, Vitek, MP, Gunn, MD, and Colton, CA. "Arginine deprivation and immune suppression in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease." The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 35, no. 15 (April 2015): 5969-5982. Full Text
  - Colton, CA, Wilson, JG, Everhart, A, Wilcock, DM, Puoliväli, J, Heikkinen, T, Oksman, J, Jääskeläinen, O, Lehtimäki, K, Laitinen, T, Vartiainen, N, and Vitek, MP. "mNos2 Deletion and Human NOS2 Replacement in Alzheimer Disease Models." Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology 73, no. 8 (August 2014): 752-769. Full Text
  - Hoos, MD, Vitek, MP, Ridnour, LA, Wilson, J, Jansen, M, Everhart, A, Wink, DA, and Colton, CA. "The impact of human and mouse differences in NOS2 gene expression on the brain's redox and immune environment." Molecular neurodegeneration 9 (January 2014): 50-. Full Text
  - Hoos, MD, Richardson, BM, Foster, MW, Everhart, A, Thompson, JW, Moseley, MA, and Colton, CA. "Longitudinal study of differential protein expression in an Alzheimer's mouse model lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase." Journal of Proteome Research 12, no. 10 (October 2013): 4462-4477. Full Text
  - Bourassa, MW, Leskovjan, AC, Tappero, RV, Farquhar, ER, Colton, CA, Van Nostrand, WE, and Miller, LM. "Elevated copper in the amyloid plaques and iron in the cortex are observed in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease that exhibit neurodegeneration." Biomedical Spectroscopy and Imaging 2, no. 2 (April 2013): 129-139. Full Text
  - Colton, CA. "Immune heterogeneity in neuroinflammation: dendritic cells in the brain." Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology : the Official Journal of the Society on Neuroimmune Pharmacology 8, no. 1 (March 2013): 145-162. (Review) Full Text
  - Colton, CA. "Microglial-neuronal interactions during neurodegenerative diseases." J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 8, no. 1 (March 2013): 4-6. Full Text Link to Item
  - Colton, CA. "Immune heterogeneity in neuroinflammation: Dendritic cells in the brain." Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology 8, no. 1 (2013): 145-162. Full Text
  - Ridnour, LA, Dhanapal, S, Hoos, M, Wilson, J, Lee, J, Cheng, RYS, Brueggemann, EE, Hines, HB, Wilcock, DM, Vitek, MP, Wink, DA, and Colton, CA. "Nitric oxide-mediated regulation of β-amyloid clearance via alterations of MMP-9/TIMP-1." Journal of Neurochemistry 123, no. 5 (December 2012): 736-749. Full Text
  - Sudduth, TL, Wilson, JG, Everhart, A, Colton, CA, and Wilcock, DM. "Lithium treatment of APPSwDI/NOS2-/- mice leads to reduced hyperphosphorylated tau, increased amyloid deposition and altered inflammatory phenotype." PLoS ONE 7, no. 2 (2012). Full Text
  - Vitek, MP, Christensen, DJ, Wilcock, D, Davis, J, Van Nostrand, WE, Li, FQ, and Colton, CA. "APOE-mimetic peptides reduce behavioral deficits, plaques and tangles in Alzheimer's disease transgenics." Neuro Degenerative Diseases 10, no. 1-4 (January 2012): 122-126. Full Text
  - Xu, F, Vitek, MP, Colton, CA, Previti, ML, Davis, J, and Van Nostrand, WE. "Human apolipoprotein E2 promotes parenchymal amyloid deposition and neuronal loss in vasculotropic mutant amyloid-β protein Tg-SwDI mice." Journal of Alzheimer'S Disease : Jad 31, no. 2 (January 2012): 359-369. Full Text
  - Wilcock, DM, Zhao, Q, Morgan, D, Gordon, MN, Everhart, A, Wilson, JG, Lee, JE, and Colton, CA. "Diverse inflammatory responses in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and the effect of immunotherapy on these responses." Asn Neuro 3, no. 5 (November 30, 2011): 249-258. Full Text
  - Shineman, DW, Basi, GS, Bizon, JL, Colton, CA, Greenberg, BD, Hollister, BA, Lincecum, J, Leblanc, GG, Lee, LBH, Luo, F, Morgan, D, Morse, I, Refolo, LM, Riddell, DR, Scearce-Levie, K, Sweeney, P, Yrjänheikki, J, and Fillit, HM. "Accelerating drug discovery for Alzheimer's disease: best practices for preclinical animal studies. (Published online)" Alzheimers Res Ther 3, no. 5 (September 28, 2011): 28-. Full Text Link to Item
  - Wilcock, DM, Morgan, D, Gordon, MN, Taylor, TL, Ridnour, LA, Wink, DA, and Colton, CA. "Activation of matrix metalloproteinases following anti-Aβ immunotherapy; implications for microhemorrhage occurrence." Journal of Neuroinflammation 8 (September 9, 2011): 115-null. Full Text
  - Wink, DA, Hines, HB, Cheng, RYS, Switzer, CH, Flores-Santana, W, Vitek, MP, Ridnour, LA, and Colton, CA. "Nitric oxide and redox mechanisms in the immune response." Journal of Leukocyte Biology 89, no. 6 (June 2011): 873-891. (Review) Full Text
  - Christensen, DJ, Ohkubo, N, Oddo, J, Van Kanegan, MJ, Neil, J, Li, F, Colton, CA, and Vitek, MP. "Apolipoprotein E and peptide mimetics modulate inflammation by binding the SET protein and activating protein phosphatase 2A." Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 186, no. 4 (February 2011): 2535-2542. Full Text
  - Wilcock, DM, and Colton, CA. "Anti-amyloid-β immunotherapy in Alzheimer's disease: Relevance of transgenic mouse studies to clinical trials." Advances in Alzheimer's Disease 1 (2011): 247-261. Full Text
  - Van Nostrand, WE, Xu, F, Rozemuller, AJM, and Colton, CA. "Enhanced capillary amyloid angiopathy-associated pathology in Tg-SwDI mice with deleted nitric oxide synthase 2." Stroke 41, no. 10 Suppl (October 2010): S135-S138. Full Text
  - Li, F-Q, Fowler, KA, Neil, JE, Colton, CA, and Vitek, MP. "An apolipoprotein E-mimetic stimulates axonal regeneration and remyelination after peripheral nerve injury." The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 334, no. 1 (July 2010): 106-115. Full Text
  - Colton, CA, and Wilcock, DM. "Assessing activation states in microglia." Cns & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets 9, no. 2 (April 2010): 174-191. (Review) Full Text
  - Wu, J, Yoo, S, Wilcock, D, Lytle, JM, Leung, PY, Colton, CA, and Wrathall, JR. "Interaction of NG2(+) glial progenitors and microglia/macrophages from the injured spinal cord." Glia 58, no. 4 (March 2010): 410-422. Full Text Link to Item
  - Wilcock, DM, Gharkholonarehe, N, Nostrand, WEV, Davis, J, Vitek, MP, and Colton, CA. "Amyloid reduction by amyloid-β vaccination also reduces mouse tau pathology and protects from neuron loss in two mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (The Journal of Neuroscience (2009) (7957-7965))." Journal of Neuroscience 30, no. 3 (2010): 1197-1198.
  - Colton, CA. "Heterogeneity of microglial activation in the innate immune response in the brain." Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology : the Official Journal of the Society on Neuroimmune Pharmacology 4, no. 4 (December 2009): 399-418. (Review) Full Text
  - Vitek, MP, Brown, CM, and Colton, CA. "APOE genotype-specific differences in the innate immune response." Neurobiology of Aging 30, no. 9 (September 2009): 1350-1360. Full Text
  - Wilcock, DM, Gharkholonarehe, N, Van Nostrand, WE, Davis, J, Vitek, MP, and Colton, CA. "Amyloid reduction by amyloid-beta vaccination also reduces mouse tau pathology and protects from neuron loss in two mouse models of Alzheimer's disease." The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 29, no. 25 (June 2009): 7957-7965. Full Text
  - Wilcock, DM, Vitek, MP, and Colton, CA. "Vascular amyloid alters astrocytic water and potassium channels in mouse models and humans with Alzheimer's disease." Neuroscience 159, no. 3 (March 2009): 1055-1069. Full Text
  - Wilcock, DM, and Colton, CA. "Immunotherapy, vascular pathology, and microhemorrhages in transgenic mice." CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 8, no. 1 (March 2009): 50-64. (Review) Link to Item
  - Brown, CM, Choi, E, Xu, Q, Vitek, MP, and Colton, CA. "The APOE4 genotype alters the response of microglia and macrophages to 17beta-estradiol." Neurobiology of Aging 29, no. 12 (December 2008): 1783-1794. Full Text
  - Colton, CA, Wilcock, DM, Wink, DA, Davis, J, Van Nostrand, WE, and Vitek, MP. "The effects of NOS2 gene deletion on mice expressing mutated human AbetaPP." J Alzheimers Dis 15, no. 4 (December 2008): 571-587. (Review) Link to Item
  - Wilcock, DM, and Colton, CA. "Anti-amyloid-beta immunotherapy in Alzheimer's disease: relevance of transgenic mouse studies to clinical trials." Journal of Alzheimer'S Disease : Jad 15, no. 4 (December 2008): 555-569. (Review)
  - Thomas, DD, Ridnour, LA, Isenberg, JS, Flores-Santana, W, Switzer, CH, Donzelli, S, Hussain, P, Vecoli, C, Paolocci, N, Ambs, S, Colton, CA, Harris, CC, Roberts, DD, and Wink, DA. "The chemical biology of nitric oxide: implications in cellular signaling." Free Radical Biology & Medicine 45, no. 1 (July 2008): 18-31. (Review) Full Text
  - Xu, F, Vitek, MP, Colton, CA, Previti, ML, Gharkholonarehe, N, Davis, J, and Van Nostrand, WE. "Human apolipoprotein E redistributes fibrillar amyloid deposition in Tg-SwDI mice." The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 28, no. 20 (May 2008): 5312-5320. Full Text
  - Wilcock, DM, Lewis, MR, Van Nostrand, WE, Davis, J, Previti, ML, Gharkholonarehe, N, Vitek, MP, and Colton, CA. "Progression of amyloid pathology to Alzheimer's disease pathology in an amyloid precursor protein transgenic mouse model by removal of nitric oxide synthase 2." The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 28, no. 7 (February 2008): 1537-1545. Full Text
  - Hutchinson, D, Ho, V, Dodd, M, Dawson, HN, Zumwalt, AC, Schmitt, D, and Colton, CA. "Quantitative measurement of postural sway in mouse models of human neurodegenerative disease." Neuroscience 148, no. 4 (September 2007): 825-832. Full Text
  - Brown, CM, Xu, Q, Okhubo, N, Vitek, MP, and Colton, CA. "Androgen-mediated immune function is altered by the apolipoprotein E gene." Endocrinology 148, no. 7 (July 2007): 3383-3390. Full Text
  - Colton, CA, Mott, RT, Sharpe, H, Xu, Q, Van Nostrand, WE, and Vitek, MP. "Expression profiles for macrophage alternative activation genes in AD and in mouse models of AD." Journal of Neuroinflammation 3 (September 27, 2006): 27-null. Full Text
  - Bushnell, CD, Hurn, P, Colton, C, Miller, VM, del Zoppo, G, Elkind, MSV, Stern, B, Herrington, D, Ford-Lynch, G, Gorelick, P, James, A, Brown, CM, Choi, E, Bray, P, Newby, LK, Goldstein, LB, and Simpkins, J. "Advancing the study of stroke in women: summary and recommendations for future research from an NINDS-Sponsored Multidisciplinary Working Group." Stroke 37, no. 9 (September 2006): 2387-2399. Full Text
  - Li, F-Q, Sempowski, GD, McKenna, SE, Laskowitz, DT, Colton, CA, and Vitek, MP. "Apolipoprotein E-derived peptides ameliorate clinical disability and inflammatory infiltrates into the spinal cord in a murine model of multiple sclerosis." The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 318, no. 3 (September 2006): 956-965. Full Text
  - Colton, CA, Vitek, MP, Wink, DA, Xu, Q, Cantillana, V, Previti, ML, Van Nostrand, WE, Weinberg, JB, and Dawson, H. "NO synthase 2 (NOS2) deletion promotes multiple pathologies in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, no. 34 (August 14, 2006): 12867-12872. Full Text
  - Vitek, MP, Brown, C, Xu, Q, Dawson, H, Mitsuda, N, and Colton, CA. "Characterization of NO and cytokine production in immune-activated microglia and peritoneal macrophages derived from a mouse model expressing the human NOS2 gene on a mouse NOS2 knockout background." Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 8, no. 5-6 (May 2006): 893-901. Full Text
  - Colton, CA, Vitek, MP, Wink, DA, Xu, Q, Cantillana, V, Previti, ML, Nostrand, WEV, Weinberg, JB, and Dawson, H. "Erratum: NO synthase 2 (NOS2) deletion promotes multiple pathologies in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (August 22, 2006) 103, 34 (12867-1872) DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601075103)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, no. 41 (2006): 15273--. Full Text
  - Colton, CA, and Vitek, MP. "NPY and chronic neurodegenerative disease." EXS , no. 95 (2006): 223-244. (Review) Link to Item
  - Bae, SY, Xu, Q, Hutchinson, D, and Colton, CA. "Y+ and y+ L arginine transporters in neuronal cells expressing tyrosine hydroxylase." Biochim Biophys Acta 1745, no. 1 (August 15, 2005): 65-73. Full Text Link to Item
  - Colton, CA, Brown, CM, and Vitek, MP. "Sex steroids, APOE genotype and the innate immune system." Neurobiol Aging 26, no. 3 (March 2005): 363-372. (Review) Full Text Link to Item
  - Colton, CA, Xu, Q, Burke, JR, Bae, SY, Wakefield, JK, Nair, A, Strittmatter, WJ, and Vitek, MP. "Disrupted spermine homeostasis: a novel mechanism in polyglutamine-mediated aggregation and cell death." J Neurosci 24, no. 32 (August 11, 2004): 7118-7127. Full Text Link to Item
  - Xu, Q, Wink, DA, and Colton, CA. "Nitric oxide production and regulation of neuronal NOS in tyrosine hydroxylase containing neurons." Exp Neurol 188, no. 2 (August 2004): 341-350. Full Text Link to Item
  - Colton, CA, Needham, LK, Brown, C, Cook, D, Rasheed, K, Burke, JR, Strittmatter, WJ, Schmechel, DE, and Vitek, MP. "APOE genotype-specific differences in human and mouse macrophage nitric oxide production." J Neuroimmunol 147, no. 1-2 (February 2004): 62-67. Link to Item
  - Wink, DA, Miranda, KM, Katori, T, Mancardi, D, Thomas, DD, Ridnour, L, Espey, MG, Feelisch, M, Colton, CA, Fukuto, JM, Pagliaro, P, Kass, DA, and Paolocci, N. "Orthogonal properties of the redox siblings nitroxyl and nitric oxide in the cardiovascular system: a novel redox paradigm." American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 285, no. 6 (December 2003): H2264-H2276. (Review) Full Text
  - Behar, TN, and Colton, CA. "Redox regulation of neuronal migration in a Down Syndrome model." Free Radic Biol Med 35, no. 6 (September 15, 2003): 566-575. Link to Item
  - Ghafourifar, P, and Colton, CA. "Compartmentalized nitrosation and nitration in mitochondria." Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 5, no. 3 (June 2003): 349-354. (Review) Full Text
  - Ghafourifar, P, and Colton, CA. "Mitochondria and nitric oxide." Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 5, no. 3 (June 2003): 249-250. Full Text
  - Thomas, DD, Miranda, KM, Colton, CA, Citrin, D, Espey, MG, and Wink, DA. "Heme proteins and nitric oxide (NO): the neglected, eloquent chemistry in NO redox signaling and regulation." Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 5, no. 3 (June 2003): 307-317. (Review) Full Text
  - Czapiga, M, and Colton, CA. "Microglial function in human APOE3 and APOE4 transgenic mice: altered arginine transport." J Neuroimmunol 134, no. 1-2 (January 2003): 44-51. Link to Item
  - Wink, DA, Miranda, KM, Katori, T, Mancardi, D, Thomas, DD, Ridnour, L, Espey, MG, Feelisch, M, Colton, CA, Fukuto, JM, Pagliaro, P, Kass, DA, and Paolocci, N. "Orthogonal properties of the redox siblings nitroxyl and nitric oxide in the cardiovascular system: A novel redox paradigm." American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology 285, no. 6 54-6 (2003): H2264-H2276.
  - Colton, CA, Brown, CM, Cook, D, Needham, LK, Xu, Q, Czapiga, M, Saunders, AM, Schmechel, DE, Rasheed, K, and Vitek, MP. "APOE and the regulation of microglial nitric oxide production: a link between genetic risk and oxidative stress." Neurobiol Aging 23, no. 5 (September 2002): 777-785. Link to Item
  - Brown, CM, Wright, E, Colton, CA, Sullivan, PM, Laskowitz, DT, and Vitek, MP. "Apolipoprotein E isoform mediated regulation of nitric oxide release." Free Radical Biology & Medicine 32, no. 11 (June 2002): 1071-1075. Full Text
  - Miranda, KM, Yamada, K-I, Espey, MG, Thomas, DD, DeGraff, W, Mitchell, JB, Krishna, MC, Colton, CA, and Wink, DA. "Further evidence for distinct reactive intermediates from nitroxyl and peroxynitrite: effects of buffer composition on the chemistry of Angeli's salt and synthetic peroxynitrite." Arch Biochem Biophys 401, no. 2 (May 15, 2002): 134-144. Full Text Link to Item
  - Colton, CA, Brown, CM, Czapiga, M, and Vitek, MP. "Apolipoprotein-E allele-specific regulation of nitric oxide production." Ann N Y Acad Sci 962 (May 2002): 212-225. (Review) Link to Item
  - Thomas, DD, Miranda, KM, Espey, MG, Citrin, D, Jourd'heuil, D, Paolocci, N, Hewett, SJ, Colton, CA, Grisham, MB, Feelisch, M, and Wink, DA. "Guide for the use of nitric oxide (NO) donors as probes of the chemistry of NO and related redox species in biological systems." Methods in Enzymology 359 (January 2002): 84-105. Full Text
  - Colton, CA, Gbadegesin, M, Wink, DA, Miranda, KM, Espey, MG, and Vicini, S. "Nitroxyl anion regulation of the NMDA receptor." Journal of Neurochemistry 78, no. 5 (September 2001): 1126-1134. Full Text
  - Colton, CA, Czapiga, M, Snell-Callanan, J, Chernyshev, ON, and Vitek, MP. "Apolipoprotein E acts to increase nitric oxide production in macrophages by stimulating arginine transport." Biochim Biophys Acta 1535, no. 2 (February 14, 2001): 134-144. Link to Item
  - Wink, DA, Miranda, KM, Espey, MG, Pluta, RM, Hewett, SJ, Colton, C, Vitek, M, Feelisch, M, and Grisham, MB. "Mechanisms of the antioxidant effects of nitric oxide." Antioxidants and Redox Signaling 3, no. 2 (2001): 203-213.
  - Colton, CA, Chernyshev, ON, Gilbert, DL, and Vitek, MP. "Microglial contribution to oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 899 (January 2000): 292-307.
  - Gbadegesin, M, Vicini, S, Hewett, SJ, Wink, DA, Espey, M, Pluta, RM, and Colton, CA. "Hypoxia modulates nitric oxide-induced regulation of NMDA receptor currents and neuronal cell death." The American Journal of Physiology 277, no. 4 (October 1999): C673-C683. Full Text
  - Czapiga, M, and Colton, CA. "Function of microglia in organotypic slice cultures." Journal of Neuroscience Research 56, no. 6 (June 15, 1999): 644-651. Full Text
  - Behar, TN, Scott, CA, Greene, CL, Wen, X, Smith, SV, Maric, D, Liu, QY, Colton, CA, and Barker, JL. "Glutamate acting at NMDA receptors stimulates embryonic cortical neuronal migration." The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 19, no. 11 (June 1999): 4449-4461. Full Text
  - Czapiga, M, and Colton, CA. "Function of microglia in organotypic slice cultures." Journal of Neuroscience Research 56, no. 6 (June 1999): 644-651. Full Text
  - Gbadegesin, M, Vicini, S, Hewett, SJ, Wink, DA, Espey, M, Pluta, RM, and Colton, CA. "Hypoxia modulates nitric oxide-induced regulation of NMDA receptor currents and neuronal cell death." American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology 277, no. 4 46-4 (1999): C673-C683.
  - Colton, CA, Snell-Callanan, J, and Chernyshev, ON. "Ethanol induced changes in superoxide anion and nitric oxide in cultured microglia." Alcohol Clin Exp Res 22, no. 3 (May 1998): 710-716. Link to Item
  - Amini, T, and Colton, C. "Phagocytosis of rod outer membrane segments by human retinal pigment epithelial cells increases nitric oxide production." FASEB Journal 12, no. 4 (1998): A81-.
  - Snell, J, Chernyshev, O, and Colton, C. "Apolipoprotein E enhances nitric oxide production in Poly I:Poly C-treated RAW (264.7) cells." FASEB Journal 12, no. 4 (1998): A128-.
  - Vitek, MP, Snell, J, Dawson, H, and Colton, CA. "Modulation of nitric oxide production in human macrophages by apolipoprotein-E and amyloid-beta peptide." Biochem Biophys Res Commun 240, no. 2 (November 17, 1997): 391-394. Full Text Link to Item
  - Snell, JC, Chernyshev, O, Gilbert, DL, and Colton, CA. "Polyribonucleotides induce nitric oxide production by human monocyte-derived macrophages." Journal of Leukocyte Biology 62, no. 3 (September 1997): 369-373. Full Text
  - Espey, MG, Chernyshev, ON, Reinhard, JF, Namboodiri, MA, and Colton, CA. "Activated human microglia produce the excitotoxin quinolinic acid." Neuroreport 8, no. 2 (January 20, 1997): 431-434. Link to Item
  - Zocchia, C, Spiga, G, Rabin, SJ, Grekova, M, Richert, J, Chernyshev, O, Colton, C, and Mocchetti, I. "Biological activity of interleukin-10 in the central nervous system." Neurochemistry International 30, no. 4-5 (1997): 433-439. Full Text
  - Colton, CA, and Chernyshev, ON. "Inhibition of microglial superoxide anion production by isoproterenol and dexamethasone." Neurochemistry International 29, no. 1 (July 1996): 43-53. Full Text
  - Colton, C, Wilt, S, Gilbert, D, Chernyshev, O, Snell, J, and Dubois-Dalcq, M. "Species differences in the generation of reactive oxygen species by microglia." Molecular and Chemical Neuropathology 28, no. 1-3 (1996): 15-20. Full Text
  - Snell, J, Chemvshev, O, Gilbert, D, and Colton, C. "The induction of nitric oxide by polyribonucleotides in hamster and human glia." FASEB Journal 10, no. 3 (1996): A438-.
  - Snell, JC, Colton, CA, Chernyshev, ON, and Gilbert, DL. "Location-dependent artifact for no measurement using multiwell plates." Free Radic Biol Med 20, no. 3 (1996): 361-363. Link to Item
  - Colton, CA, Pagan, F, Snell, J, Colton, JS, Cummins, A, and Gilbert, DL. "Protection from oxidation enhances the survival of cultured mesencephalic neurons." Experimental Neurology 132, no. 1 (March 1995): 54-61. Full Text
  - Colton, CA. "Induction of nitric oxide in cultured microglia: evidence for a cytoprotective role." Adv Neuroimmunol 5, no. 4 (1995): 491-503. (Review) Link to Item
  - Streit, WJ, and Kincaid-Colton, CA. "The brain's immune system." Scientific American 273, no. 5 (1995): 54-5561.
  - Colton, CA, Snell, J, Chernyshev, O, and Gilbert, DL. "Induction of superoxide anion and nitric oxide production in cultured microglia." Ann N Y Acad Sci 738 (November 17, 1994): 54-63. (Review) Link to Item
  - CHIUEH, CC, GILBERT, DL, and COLTON, CA. "Preface." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 738, no. 1 (November 1994): xi-xii. Full Text
  - Colton, CA, Jia, M, Li, MX, and Gilbert, DL. "K⁺modulation of microglial superoxide production: Involvement of voltage-gated Ca²⁺channels." American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology 266, no. 6 35-6 (July 20, 1994).
  - Colton, CA, Jia, M, Li, MX, and Gilbert, DL. "K+ modulation of microglial superoxide production: involvement of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels." The American Journal of Physiology 266, no. 6 Pt 1 (June 1994): C1650-C1655. Full Text
  - Colton, CA. "Microglial oxyradical production: causes and consequences." Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 20, no. 2 (April 1994): 208-209. Link to Item
  - Behar, TN, Schaffner, AE, Colton, CA, Somogyi, R, Olah, Z, Lehel, C, and Barker, JL. "GABA-induced chemokinesis and NGF-induced chemotaxis of embryonic spinal cord neurons." J Neurosci 14, no. 1 (January 1994): 29-38. Link to Item
  - Chiueh, CC, Gilbert, DL, and Colton, CA. "Preface: Second International Symposium on Reactive Oxygen Species, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA, November 7, 1993. The Neurobiology of NO. and .OH^a." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 738 (1994): XI-XII.
  - Colton, CA, Jia, M, Li, MX, and Gilbert, DL. "K⁺ modulation of microglial superoxide production: Involvement of voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels." American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology 266, no. 6 35-6 (1994): C1650-C1655.
  - Colton, CA, Min, J, Min, XL, and Gilbert, DL. "K+ modulation of microglial superoxide production: Involvement of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels." AM.J.PHYSIOL. 266, no. 6 part 1 (1994): C1650-C1655.
  - Colton, CA, Keri, JE, Chen, WT, and Monsky, WL. "Protease production by cultured microglia: substrate gel analysis and immobilized matrix degradation." J Neurosci Res 35, no. 3 (June 15, 1993): 297-304. Full Text Link to Item
  - Colton, CA, and Gilbert, DL. "Microglia, an in vivo source of reactive oxygen species in the brain." Adv Neurol 59 (1993): 321-326. Link to Item
  - Zukowska-Grojec, Z, Pruszczyk, P, Colton, C, Yao, J, Shen, GH, Myers, AK, and Wahlestedt, C. "Mitogenic effect of neuropeptide Y in rat vascular smooth muscle cells." Peptides 14, no. 2 (1993): 263-268. Full Text
  - Yao, J, Keri, JE, Taffs, RE, and Colton, CA. "Characterization of interleukin-1 production by microglia in culture." Brain Res 591, no. 1 (September 18, 1992): 88-93. Link to Item
  - Colton, CA, Yao, J, Keri, JE, and Gilbert, D. "Regulation of microglial function by interferons." J Neuroimmunol 40, no. 1 (September 1992): 89-98. Link to Item
  - Colton, CA, Colton, JS, and Gilbert, DL. "Oxygen dependency of synaptic transmission at the squid Loligo pealei giant synapse." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Comparative Physiology 102, no. 2 (June 1992): 279-283.
  - Colton, CA, Abel, C, Patchett, J, Keri, J, and Yao, J. "Lectin staining of cultured CNS microglia." J Histochem Cytochem 40, no. 4 (April 1992): 505-512. Full Text Link to Item
  - Colton, CA, Yao, J, Taffs, RE, Keri, JE, and Oster-Granite, ML. "Abnormal production of interleukin-1 by microglia from trisomy 16 mice." Neurosci Lett 132, no. 2 (November 11, 1991): 270-274. Link to Item
  - Colton, C, Yao, J, Grossman, Y, and Gilbert, D. "The effect of xanthine/xanthine oxidase generated reactive oxygen species on synaptic transmission." Free Radical Research Communications 14, no. 5-6 (1991): 385-393.
  - Yao, J, Harvath, L, Gilbert, DL, and Colton, CA. "Chemotaxis by a CNS macrophage, the microglia." J Neurosci Res 27, no. 1 (September 1990): 36-42. Full Text Link to Item
  - Colton, JS, Gilman, SC, Chang, P, and Colton, CA. "Effect of helium and heliox on glutamate decarboxylase activity." Undersea Biomed Res 17, no. 4 (July 1990): 297-303. Link to Item
  - Colton, CA, Yao, JB, Gilbert, D, and Oster-Granite, ML. "Enhanced production of superoxide anion by microglia from trisomy 16 mice." Brain Res 519, no. 1-2 (June 11, 1990): 236-242. Link to Item
  - Colton, CA, Fagni, L, and Gilbert, D. "The action of hydrogen peroxide on paired pulse and long-term potentiation in the hippocampus." Free Radic Biol Med 7, no. 1 (1989): 3-8. Link to Item
  - Colton, CA, and Gilbert, DL. "An endogenous source of the superoxide anion in the central nervous system." Basic Life Sciences 49 (January 1988): 1005-1010.
  - Colton, CA, and Gilbert, DL. "Production of superoxide anions by a CNS macrophage, the microglia." FEBS Lett 223, no. 2 (November 2, 1987): 284-288. Link to Item
  - Dickman, JD, Colton, JS, Chiszar, D, and Colton, CA. "Trigeminal responses to thermal stimulation of the oral cavity in rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis) before and after bilateral anesthetization of the facial pit organs." Brain Res 400, no. 2 (January 6, 1987): 365-370. Link to Item
  - Colton, CA, and Colton, JS. "The action of oxygen and oxygen at high pressure on inhibitory transmission." Brain Res 364, no. 1 (January 29, 1986): 151-158. Link to Item
  - Colton, CA, Colton, JS, and Gilbert, DL. "Changes in synaptic transmission produced by hydrogen peroxide." J Free Radic Biol Med 2, no. 2 (1986): 141-148. Link to Item
  - Colton, CA, and Colton, JS. "Blockade of hyperbaric oxygen induced seizures by excitatory amino acid antagonists." Can J Physiol Pharmacol 63, no. 5 (May 1985): 519-521. Link to Item
  - Colton, C, and Gilbert, D. "Effect of H₂O₂ on excitatory transmission in the lobster neuromuscular junction." Federation Proceedings 44, no. 4 (1985): No.-5042.
  - Colton, CA, and Colton, JS. "An electrophysiological analysis of oxygen and pressure on synaptic transmission." Brain Res 251, no. 2 (November 18, 1982): 221-227. Link to Item
  - Colton, CA, and Colton, JS. "Effects of a thioreactive agent, diamide, on neuromuscular transmission in lobster." The American Journal of Physiology 242, no. 1 (January 1982): C59-C64. Full Text
  - Colton, CA, and Colton, JS. "Effects of a thioreactive agent, diamide, on neuromuscular transmission in lobster." American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology 11, no. 1 (1982): C59-C64.
  - Colton, JS, Pickering, DE, and Colton, CA. "Evaluation of a life support module used for air transport of critically ill infants." Aviat Space Environ Med 50, no. 2 (February 1979): 177-181. Link to Item
  - Colton, CA, and Colton, JS. "The action of dantrolene sodium on the lobster neuromuscular junction." Comp Biochem Physiol C 64, no. 1 (1979): 153-156. Link to Item
  - Colton, CA, and Colton, JS. "The action of dantrolene sodium on the lobster neuromuscular junction." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part C, Comparative 64, no. 1 (1979): 153-156.
  - Colton, JS, and Colton, CA. "Effect of oxygen at high pressure on spontaneous transmitter release." The American Journal of Physiology 235, no. 5 (November 1978): C233-C237. Full Text
  - Colton, JS, and Colton, CA. "Effect of oxygen at high pressure on spontaneous transmitter release." American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology 4, no. 3 (1978): C233-C237.
  - Colton, CA, and Colton, JS. "Depression of glutamate-mediated synaptic transmission by benzyl alcohol." Can J Physiol Pharmacol 55, no. 4 (August 1977): 917-922. Link to Item
  - Colton, JS, Michael, JA, and Colton, CA. "Oxygen microelectrode response to oxygen pressures up to 15 ATA." Aviat Space Environ Med 47, no. 8 (August 1976): 831-833. Link to Item
  - Schauf, CL, Colton, CA, Colton, JS, and Davis, FA. "Aminopyridines and sparteine as inhibitors of membrane potassium conductance: effects on Myxicola giant axons and the lobster neuromuscular junction." J Pharmacol Exp Ther 197, no. 2 (May 1976): 414-425. Link to Item
  - Colton, CA. "Postsynaptic effect of La3+ at the frog neuromuscular junction." J Neurobiol 7, no. 1 (January 1976): 87-91. Full Text Link to Item
  - Colton, JS, Schauf, CL, and Colton, CA. "Effects of the aminopyridines and sparteine on Myxicola axons and the lobster neuromuscular junction." Biophysical Journal 16, no. 2 II (1976): 188a-.
  - Colton, CK, and Freeman, AR. "Dual response of lobster muscle fibers to L-glutamate." Comparative biochemistry and physiology. C: Comparative pharmacology 51, no. 2 (August 1975): 275-284. Full Text
  - Colton, CK, and Freeman, AR. "La3+ blockage of glutamate action at the lobster neuromuscular junction." Comparative biochemistry and physiology. C: Comparative pharmacology 51, no. 2 (August 1975): 285-289. Full Text
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