Scholars@Duke
Chandler Alexander Long

Chandler Alexander Long

Associate Professor of Surgery
Surgery, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery

Selected Publications

Explantation of fenestrated endograft complicated by complete junctional dissociation and symptomatic type IIIa endoleak.

Journal Article J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech · February 2026 In this report, we present a 67-year-old man who was transferred from an outside facility with complaints of severe back pain. Computed tomography imaging demonstrated a type IIIa endoleak with complete junctional dissociation of his prior fenestrated endo ... Full text Link to item Cite

Leveraging the Transfer Center to Improve Access to Vascular Surgical Care at a Tertiary Academic Medical Center.

Journal Article Ann Vasc Surg · October 15, 2025 BACKGROUND: Vascular surgeons are essential to maintaining a safe operating room environment for all surgical specialties, in addition to managing primary vascular diseases. The value of the vascular surgery service line within a health-care system has bee ... Full text Link to item Cite

Physician-Modified Endograft Total Endovascular vs Open Repair of Degenerative Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysms.

Journal Article Ann Thorac Surg · October 9, 2025 BACKGROUND: Fenestrated-branched endovascular aortic repair (FB-EVAR) is emerging as the preferred option for repair of degenerative thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAAs). This shift has occurred despite limited data comparing open and endovascular tec ... Full text Link to item Cite

Implementation of an acute care vascular surgery "Surgeon of the Week" model improves efficiency of inpatient care delivery.

Journal Article J Vasc Surg · October 2025 OBJECTIVE: Acute care vascular surgery (ACVS) comprises a significant proportion of modern vascular surgery practice. Given the burden of ACVS at our institution, we have transitioned from a traditional "on call" model to a "Surgeon of the Week" (SOW) mode ... Full text Link to item Cite

Two-year outcomes of endovascular repair of isolated thoracic aortic lesions using a single-branch thoracic endograft with left subclavian artery preservation.

Conference JTCVS Open · October 2025 BACKGROUND: Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has become the preferred management strategy for most pathologies involving the descending aorta. When left subclavian artery (LSA) coverage is required during TEVAR to achieve an adequate proximal la ... Full text Link to item Cite

Team Approach: Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty in the Setting of a 4-Part Proximal Humerus Fracture with Vascular Compromise.

Journal Article JBJS Rev · October 1, 2025 BACKGROUND: Proximal humerus fractures (PHFs) are increasingly prevalent, particularly in the geriatric population, where they represent a significant burden both individually and societally. Vascular injury, though rare, can have profound implications for ... Full text Link to item Cite

Ten Year Clinical and Aortic Remodelling Outcomes following Endovascular Repair of Chronic Type B Aortic Dissection.

Conference Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg · September 24, 2025 OBJECTIVE: Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has increasingly replaced open surgery for chronic type B aortic dissection (cTBAD) with aneurysmal degeneration. However, TEVAR may promote less aortic remodelling in the chronic phase owing to persis ... Full text Link to item Cite

Sex Differences in Peripheral Vascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

Journal Article Circulation · April 8, 2025 Sex differences in the risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of patients with cardiovascular disease have been well described; however, the bulk of the literature has focused on heart disease in women. Data on sex differences in peripheral vascu ... Full text Link to item Cite

Understanding the Scope of Acute Care Vascular Surgery at a Tertiary Academic Medical System.

Journal Article Ann Vasc Surg · January 2025 BACKGROUND: The restructuring of nonelective general surgery and nationwide implementation of the acute care surgery paradigm has improved patient outcomes and healthcare resource utilization. Although vascular surgery maintains one of the highest acuity r ... Full text Link to item Cite

Three-year outcomes of a US pivotal trial substudy for conformable endoprosthesis in ≥10 mm nonangulated neck anatomy.

Journal Article J Vasc Surg · January 2025 OBJECTIVE: To report the midterm clinical outcomes from the GORE® EXCLUDER® Conformable AAA Endoprosthesis system (EXCC) pivotal regulatory trial in the United States (U.S.). METHODS: This is a prospective, multicenter, investigational device exemption cli ... Full text Link to item Cite

The current status of aortic training among vascular surgery trainees in the United States

Journal Article Jvs Vascular Insights · January 1, 2025 Background: The recent advent of endovascular aneurysm repair has shifted the landscape of abdominal aortic aneurysm treatment from an open to a primarily endovascular approach. Previous studies have reported a decline in open abdominal aortic aneurysm rep ... Full text Cite

Diversity in randomized clinical trials for peripheral artery disease: a systematic review

Journal Article International Journal for Equity in Health · December 1, 2024 Background: Significant race and sex disparities exist in the prevalence, diagnosis, and outcomes of peripheral artery disease (PAD). However, clinical trials evaluating treatments for PAD often lack representative patient populations. This systematic revi ... Full text Cite

Alternatives for exhausted dialysis access.

Journal Article Semin Vasc Surg · December 2024 Hemodialysis (HD) access failure is a frequent problem encountered by vascular surgeons. As treatment of end-stage renal disease improves and patients live longer on HD, eventual exhaustion of traditional upper extremity HD access is common. Efforts to pre ... Full text Link to item Cite

The Diversity of Surgical Trainees Index identifies racial and ethnic disparities among surgical specialties.

Journal Article J Vasc Surg · September 2024 OBJECTIVE: Racial and ethnic disparities have been well-described among surgical specialties; however, variations in underrepresented in medicine (URiM) representation between these specialties have not previously been quantified. METHODS: Data collected f ... Full text Link to item Cite

Five-Year Results for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair with the GORE® EXCLUDER® Device: Insights from the Gore Global Registry for Endovascular Aortic Treatment (GREAT).

Journal Article Ann Vasc Surg · September 2024 BACKGROUND: The early postoperative benefits of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) have been well established but questions remain regarding its durability at mid-term and long-term time points. Long-term results in real-world use of EVAR outside of rando ... Full text Link to item Cite

Endovascular Management of Aortic Stump Blowout by Parallel Grafting and Coil Embolization of Visceral Aorta.

Journal Article Vasc Endovascular Surg · July 2024 Aortic graft and endograft infections remain a significant source of morbidity and mortality after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. With graft excision and extra-anatomic bypass, an infrarenal aortic stump remains which can have suture line dehiscence and ... Full text Link to item Cite

2024 ACC/AHA/AACVPR/APMA/ABC/SCAI/SVM/SVN/SVS/SIR/VESS Guideline for the Management of Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines.

Journal Article Circulation · June 11, 2024 AIM: The "2024 ACC/AHA/AACVPR/APMA/ABC/SCAI/SVM/SVN/SVS/SIR/VESS Guideline for the Management of Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease" provides recommendations to guide clinicians in the treatment of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery dis ... Full text Link to item Cite

Impact of Integrated Vascular Surgery Residency on General Surgery Resident and Vascular Fellow Operative Volume: A National Analysis.

Journal Article Vasc Endovascular Surg · April 2024 BACKGROUND: The impact of integrated vascular surgery (VS) residency (0 + 5) programs on general surgery (GS) resident and VS fellow (5 + 2) operative volume has not been investigated on a national scale. METHODS: Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical ... Full text Link to item Cite

Long-term outcomes for hybrid aortic arch repair.

Journal Article J Vasc Surg · April 2024 OBJECTIVE: Since its inception in the early 2000s, hybrid arch repair (HAR) has evolved from novel approach to well-established treatment modality for aortic arch pathology in appropriately selected patients. Despite this nearly 20-year history of use, lon ... Full text Link to item Cite

Concerning Trends in Vascular Surgery Trainee Operative Experience in Venous Disease.

Journal Article Ann Vasc Surg · March 2024 BACKGROUND: Comprehensive vascular care includes both arterial and venous disease management. However, operative training in venous disease is often significantly overshadowed by arterial procedures, despite the public health burden of acute and chronic ve ... Full text Link to item Cite

Risk factors and consequences of wound complications following sartorius flap reconstruction.

Journal Article J Vasc Surg · February 2024 OBJECTIVE: Groin wound complications are common following vascular surgery and can lead to significant patient morbidity. Sartorius muscle flap coverage may help to prevent vascular graft infection in the setting of wound dehiscence or infection. However, ... Full text Link to item Cite

Surgical Specialty Impacts Quality of Operative Training in Carotid Endarterectomy.

Journal Article Ann Vasc Surg · February 2024 BACKGROUND: Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is currently performed by multiple surgical specialties. The impact of surgical specialty and operative volume on post-CEA outcomes has been well described. However, it is unclear whether trainees of different surgi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Failure-to-Salvage After Femoropopliteal Bypass Surgery is Associated With Nonmodifiable Risk Factors.

Journal Article J Surg Res · January 2024 INTRODUCTION: Bypass graft failure and major amputation are among the worst complications after femoropopliteal bypass surgery. In this large multicenter analysis, we examined our incidence and risk factors for failure-to-salvage (FTS) following either byp ... Full text Link to item Cite

Prosthetic Conduit Use Does Not Adversely Impact Outcomes after Open Repair of Popliteal Artery Aneurysms.

Journal Article Ann Vasc Surg · January 2024 BACKGROUND: Single segment, greater saphenous vein (GSV) conduit is considered the optimal bypass conduit among patients undergoing bypass surgery for peripheral artery disease (PAD). While this data has been extrapolated to patients undergoing bypass for ... Full text Link to item Cite

A national analysis of vascular surgery resident operative experience in peripheral artery disease.

Journal Article J Vasc Surg · December 2023 BACKGROUND: Endovascular and hybrid interventions have played an increasingly prominent role in the treatment of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in the past decade. This shift has prompted concerns about the adequacy of open surgical training for current ... Full text Link to item Cite

Diversity in clinical trial inclusion for peripheral artery disease lower extremity endovascular interventions: a systematic review protocol.

Journal Article J Comp Eff Res · December 2023 Aim: This review provides a study protocol for a systematic review of peripheral artery disease (PAD) clinical trials to examine the eligibility criteria, demographic representation, and enrollment strategies among PAD patients undergoing lower extremity ( ... Full text Link to item Cite

Preoperative Anemia is Associated with Poorer Postoperative Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Infrainguinal Bypass Surgery.

Journal Article Ann Vasc Surg · November 2023 BACKGROUND: Preoperative anemia is an important, modifiable risk factor among surgical patients. However, data are scarce on the impact of preoperative anemia on postoperative outcomes after infrainguinal bypass. METHODS: In this multi-institutional analys ... Full text Link to item Cite

Sex-based differences in outcomes after lower extremity bypass for chronic limb-threatening ischemia.

Journal Article Atherosclerosis · November 2023 BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Lower extremity bypass surgery is an effective treatment option for patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI). Recent studies have suggested that sex-based differences may impact patient outcomes following lower extremity ... Full text Link to item Cite

Tailored approach and outcomes of aortic arch reconstruction after acute type A dissection repair.

Journal Article J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg · October 2023 OBJECTIVE: After limited root/ascending with or without hemiarch repair for acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD), 20% to 30% of patients require distal reintervention, frequently for arch pathology. In this report, we describe an institutional algorithm ... Full text Link to item Cite

Association Between Device Type and Type IIIb Endoleaks Following Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair.

Journal Article Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg · January 2023 OBJECTIVE: Endoleaks following thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) can lead to the need for re-intervention and aortic rupture. Given the recent recall of a specific thoracic stent graft type due to concerns about type IIIb endoleak (T3bE), in whic ... Full text Link to item Cite

Key issues in assessing threats to sea turtles: knowledge gaps and future directions

Journal Article Endangered Species Research · January 1, 2023 Sea turtles are an iconic group of marine megafauna that have been exposed to multiple anthropogenic threats across their different life stages, especially in the past decades. This has resulted in population declines, and consequently many sea turtle popu ... Full text Cite

One-year results of the GORE EXCLUDER Conformable AAA Endoprosthesis system in the United States regulatory trial.

Journal Article J Vasc Surg · October 2022 OBJECTIVE: To report the 1-year clinical outcomes from the GORE EXCLUDER Conformable AAA Endoprosthesis system in the US regulatory trial. METHODS: The study is a prospective, multicenter, investigational device exemption clinical trial at 31 US sites with ... Full text Link to item Cite

Impact of risk factor control on peripheral artery disease outcomes and health disparities.

Journal Article Vasc Med · August 2022 BACKGROUND: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is associated with modifiable atherosclerotic risk factors like hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and smoking. However, the effect of risk factor control on outcomes and disparities in achieving control is ... Full text Link to item Cite

Meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials assessing the role of thromboprophylaxis after vascular surgery.

Journal Article J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord · May 2022 BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a well-known complication associated with surgical procedures. The implementation of thromboprophylaxis in this population has become a vital aspect of perioperative care to decrease VTE-associated morbidity and ... Full text Link to item Cite

Contemporary Management of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms.

Journal Article Curr Cardiol Rep · April 2022 PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) can carry extremely high mortality rates and most will only present with symptoms with impending rupture. We present an overview of management of this disease process starting with screening, to medical m ... Full text Link to item Cite

Clinician Specialty, Access to Care, and Outcomes Among Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease.

Journal Article Am J Med · February 2022 BACKGROUND: Understanding the relationship between patterns of peripheral artery disease and outcomes is an essential step toward improving care and outcomes. We hypothesized that clinician specialty would be associated with occurrence of major adverse vas ... Full text Link to item Cite

Etiology and outcomes of amputation in patients with peripheral artery disease in the EUCLID trial.

Journal Article J Vasc Surg · February 2022 OBJECTIVE: Amputation remains a frequent and feared outcome in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). Although typically characterized as major or minor on the extent of tissue loss, the etiologies and outcomes after amputation by extent are not we ... Full text Link to item Cite

Management of chronic type B aortic dissection

Journal Article Vessel Plus · January 1, 2022 The standard of care first-line therapy for uncomplicated acute type B aortic dissection is medical therapy. As a result, many of these dissections progress to become chronic type B aortic dissections (CTBAD). In the following manuscript, we will outline t ... Full text Cite

Younger patients with chronic limb threatening ischemia face more frequent amputations.

Journal Article Am Heart J · December 2021 INTRODUCTION: Amputations among younger patients with chronic limb threatening ischemia (CLTI) may carry higher personal and societal costs, but younger patients are often not included in CLTI research because of dataset limitations. We aimed to characteri ... Full text Link to item Cite

The association of healthcare disparities and patient-specific factors on clinical outcomes in peripheral artery disease.

Journal Article Am Heart J · September 2021 BACKGROUND: PAD increases the risk of cardiovascular mortality and limb loss, and disparities in treatment and outcomes have been described. However, the association of patient-specific characteristics with variation in outcomes is less well known. METHODS ... Full text Link to item Cite

National trends in repair for type B aortic dissection.

Journal Article Clin Cardiol · August 2021 BACKGROUND: Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) first gained in popularity for repair of type B aortic dissections (TBADs) in the early 2000's. We aimed to describe patients undergoing open repair, TEVAR, and no repair and analyze factors associate ... Full text Link to item Cite

Retrograde Transamputation Revascularization: A Case Report.

Journal Article Ann Vasc Surg · July 2021 Below-knee amputation remains the most common level of amputation in patients with lower extremity gangrene and critical limb ischemia. Failure to heal, requiring additional operative debridement or conversion to an above-knee amputation remains a signific ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cerebral monitoring during transcarotid artery revascularization with flow reversal via transcranial doppler ultrasound examination.

Journal Article J Vasc Surg · January 2021 OBJECTIVE: Transcarotid artery revascularization (TCAR) is a hybrid technique for carotid artery revascularization that relies on proximal carotid occlusion with flow reversal for distal embolic protection. The hemodynamic response of the intracranial circ ... Full text Link to item Cite

Algorithmic Approach to Treatment of Aortic Coarctation in Adults

Conference JOURNAL OF VASCULAR SURGERY · 2021 Cite

Model-Based Algorithms for Detecting Peripheral Artery Disease Using Administrative Data From an Electronic Health Record Data System: Algorithm Development Study.

Journal Article JMIR Med Inform · August 19, 2020 BACKGROUND: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) affects 8 to 10 million Americans, who face significantly elevated risks of both mortality and major limb events such as amputation. Unfortunately, PAD is relatively underdiagnosed, undertreated, and underresearc ... Full text Link to item Cite

Safety and Feasibility of Simultaneous Transcarotid Revascularization With Flow Reversal and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting for Concomitant Carotid Artery Stenosis and Coronary Artery Disease.

Journal Article Vasc Endovascular Surg · July 2020 OBJECTIVE: The management of patients with combined severe carotid artery and coronary artery disease (CAD) is controversial. Transcarotid stenting with flow reversal (TCAR) is a novel hybrid technique for carotid revascularization. We sought to investigat ... Full text Link to item Cite

Incidence and Factors Associated With Major Amputation in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease: Insights From the EUCLID Trial.

Journal Article Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes · July 2020 BACKGROUND: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is associated with increased risk of mortality, cardiovascular morbidity, and major amputation. Data on major amputation from a large randomized trial that included a substantial cohort of patients without critic ... Full text Link to item Cite

Percutaneous Intervention for Left Ventricular Assist Device Outflow Obstruction.

Journal Article Heart Lung Circ · March 2020 Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are used to support patients with advanced systolic heart failure (HF). These patients might develop LVAD dysfunction and consequent HF symptoms. Occasionally, outflow graft obstruction is responsible for LVAD dysfun ... Full text Link to item Cite

Simultaneous transcarotid artery revascularization with flow reversal and coronary artery bypass grafting: A novel hybrid technique.

Conference J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech · December 2019 Optimal management of concomitant coronary artery disease and carotid artery stenosis remains unknown. Current treatment strategies for patients with significant dual disease burden include simultaneous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass gra ... Full text Link to item Cite

Use and 1-year outcomes with conventional and drug-coated balloon angioplasty in patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease.

Journal Article Am Heart J · November 2019 BACKGROUND: With the growing use of drug-coated balloons for the treatment of peripheral artery disease, information regarding the safety and effectiveness of drug-coated balloons in current practice is needed. We examined patient, physician, and procedura ... Full text Link to item Cite

An analysis of the vascular injuries and attempted resuscitation surrounding the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.

Journal Article J Vasc Surg · November 2019 Martin Luther King Jr was the most prominent civil rights leader in the United States in the 1960s. He was shot by an assassin in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1968. After the shooting he was taken to a local hospital where he had an unsuccessful resusci ... Full text Link to item Cite

Poor glycemic control is a strong predictor of postoperative morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing vascular surgery.

Journal Article J Vasc Surg · April 2019 OBJECTIVE: Hyperglycemia is a common occurrence in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery. It has been identified in several surgical cohorts that improved perioperative glycemic control reduced postoperative morbidity and mortality. A significant port ... Full text Link to item Cite

Endovascular treatment of femoro-popliteal lesions.

Journal Article Clin Cardiol · January 2019 Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a major health concern affecting more than 200 million people worldwide and studies have shown PAD to be a strong predictor of mortality, morbidity, and disability. The management of PAD is multi-tiered and advancements i ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cytokines as biomarkers of inflammatory response after open versus endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms: a systematic review.

Journal Article Acta Pharmacol Sin · July 2018 The repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a high-risk surgical procedure related to hormonal and metabolic stress-related response with an ensuing activation of the inflammatory cascade. In contrast to open repair (OR), endovascular aortic aneury ... Full text Link to item Cite

Systemic hypersensitivity reaction to endovascular stainless steel stent.

Journal Article J Vasc Surg · February 2018 Endovascular intervention has become the mainstay for treatment of most patients suffering from peripheral vascular disease. We describe a patient with a known nickel allergy who underwent placement of a stainless steel stent for aortoiliac occlusive disea ... Full text Link to item Cite

High hemoglobin A1c associated with increased adverse limb events in peripheral arterial disease patients undergoing revascularization.

Journal Article J Vasc Surg · January 2018 OBJECTIVE: Diabetes and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) are independently associated with increased risk of amputation. However, the effect of poor glycemic control on adverse limb events has not been studied. We examined the effects of poor glycemic con ... Full text Link to item Cite

Antithrombotic therapy in peripheral artery disease: A review of the EUCLID trial results and current ongoing trials.

Journal Article Clin Cardiol · January 2018 In addition to risk-factor modification, antithrombotic therapy is the hallmark of management to reduce cardiovascular ischemic events in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). Currently, the guidelines recommend long-term antiplatelet therapy with ... Full text Link to item Cite

An endovascular model of ischemic myopathy from peripheral arterial disease.

Journal Article J Vasc Surg · September 2017 OBJECTIVE: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a significant age-related medical condition with limited pharmacologic options. Severe PAD, termed critical limb ischemia, can lead to amputation. Skeletal muscle is the end organ most affected by PAD, leadin ... Full text Link to item Cite

Preoperative Frailty Increases Risk of Nonhome Discharge after Elective Vascular Surgery in Home-Dwelling Patients.

Journal Article Ann Vasc Surg · August 2016 BACKGROUND: Patient-centered quality outcomes such as disposition after surgery are increasingly being scrutinized. Preoperative factors predictive of nonhome discharge (DC) may identify at-risk patients for targeted interventions. This study examines the ... Full text Link to item Cite

Women undergoing aortic surgery are at higher risk for unplanned readmissions compared with men especially when discharged home.

Journal Article J Vasc Surg · June 2016 OBJECTIVE: Women undergoing vascular surgery have higher morbidity and mortality. Our study explores gender-based differences in patient-centered outcomes such as readmission, length of stay (LOS), and discharge destination (home vs nonhome facility) in ao ... Full text Link to item Cite

A Novel Large-Animal Model of Peripheral Arterial Disease

Conference Journal of Vascular Surgery · January 2016 Full text Cite

Introduction to metabolism

Chapter · January 1, 2014 Metabolism is defined as “1. The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life. 2. The processing of a specific substance within the living body.” This definition simplifies a process that occu ... Full text Cite

Lower-extremity arterial bypass graft interventions

Chapter · January 1, 2014 Considering the increasing incidences of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), the need for vascular intervention will expand and the number of repeat interventions will grow. As endovascular techniques and tools advance, this less-invasive approach will cont ... Full text Cite

Poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase inhibition ameliorates hind limb ischemia reperfusion injury in a murine model of type 2 diabetes.

Journal Article Ann Surg · December 2013 INTRODUCTION: Diabetes is known to increase poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase (PARP) activity and posttranslational poly-ADP-ribosylation of several regulatory proteins involved in inflammation and energy metabolism. These experiments test the hypothesis that PAR ... Full text Link to item Cite

Vascular Trauma

Chapter · January 1, 2013 Full text Cite

Pathogenesis of varicose veins.

Journal Article J Vasc Interv Radiol · January 2012 Despite the high prevalence of varicose veins and the recent surge in research on the condition, the precise mechanisms underlying their development remain uncertain. In the past decade, there has been a shift from initial theories based on purely mechanic ... Full text Link to item Cite