Steven A. Cummer | Scholars@Duke

Steven A. Cummer
William H. Younger Distinguished Professor of Engineering

Dr. Steven Cummer received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Stanford University in 1997 and prior to joining Duke University in 1999 he spent two years at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center as an NRC postdoctoral research associate. Awards he has received include a National Science Foundation CAREER award and a Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE) in 2001. His current work is in a variety of theoretical and experimental electromagnetic problems related to geophysical remote sensing and engineered electromagnetic materials.

Current Research Interests

Theoretical and experimental electromagnetic problems related to geophysical remote sensing and engineered electromagnetic materials.

Current Appointments & Affiliations

William H. Younger Distinguished Professor of Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2019
Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2012
Bass Fellow, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2012

Contact Information

3455 CIEMAS, Durham, NC 27708
Box 90291, Durham, NC 27708-0291
cummer@duke.edu (919) 660-5256
http://www.ee.duke.edu/~cummer/

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- Ph.D., Stanford University 1997
- M.S.E.E., Stanford University 1993
- B.S.E.E., Stanford University 1991
Previous Appointments & Affiliations
- Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2007 - 2012
- Jeffrey N. Vinik Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering in the Edmund T. Pratt, Jr. School of Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2007 - 2012
- Assistant Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2000 - 2006
- Assistant Research Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 1999
Recognition
In the News
- AUG 5, 2022 Georgia Tech University
  
  Steve Cummer: New Information on “Gigantic Jet” Lightning Bursts That Reach Toward Space
- AUG 25, 2021 Pratt School of Engineering
  
  Moving Tiny Things ... With Sound
- MAR 1, 2021
  
  Steve Cummer on Studying Waves in Duke Forest
- MAY 14, 2020 Pratt School of Engineering
  
  The Science of Lightning: Steven Cummer Answers Your Questions
- DEC 15, 2019 Duke Research Blog
  
  A Research Tour of Duke's Largest Laboratory
- MAY 7, 2019
  
  Duke Adds 21 Faculty to Distinguished Faculty Rank
- NOV 27, 2018
  
  Duke Faculty Plentiful On ‘Highly Cited’ List
- APR 10, 2018 Pratt School of Engineering
  
  Thin Engineered Material Perfectly Redirects and Reflects Sound
- MAR 26, 2018 Duke Stories
  
  Beyond Materials: From Invisibility Cloaks to Satellite Communications
- MAY 4, 2017 Pratt School of Engineering
  
  3-D Printers Open New Design Space for Wireless Devices
- OCT 14, 2016
  
  Lego-Like Wall Produces Acoustic Holograms
- MAY 23, 2016 Marketplace Tech
  
  Steven Cummer explains auditory invisible cloaks
- DEC 18, 2015 Triangle BizBlog
  
  NCSU, Duke researchers develop material to improve medical diagnostic imaging
- AUG 13, 2015
  
  Helping Siri: New Sensor Helps Computers Separate Overlapping Sounds
- AUG 11, 2015 The Daily Mail
  
  'Hearing aid' picks out voices in a crowd: Device mimics how the brain processes sound using the 'cocktail party effect'
- AUG 11, 2015 Nature
  
  3D-printed device helps computers solve cocktail-party problem
- APR 21, 2015 The News & Observer
  
  Steven Cummer: Is there more to lightning than meets the eye?
- JAN 26, 2015
  
  There's More to Lightning Than Meets the Eye
- SEP 29, 2014 The New York Times
  
  On the hunt for a sprite on a midsummer's night
- MAR 12, 2014 The Huffington Post UK
  
  3D-acoustic cloaking device can make you invisible -- to dolphins
- MAR 11, 2014
  
  Duke engineers build world’s first 3-D acoustic cloaking device
Awards & Honors
Research
Selected Grants
- CEDAR: Large-scale detection of cloud-to-ionosphere electrical discharges and quantifying their effect on the ionosphere awarded by National Science Foundation 2022 - 2025
- DIODE: Directional Imaging via Orientable Dipole Engineering awarded by Signature Research Inc 2022 - 2024
- Continent-scale low frequency lightning remote sensing awarded by National Science Foundation 2020 - 2023
- Every Airman a Sensor (Providing Joint Operation Capability with Jamming Detection and Mesh Networking) awarded by InstaJam, LLC 2022 - 2023
- AIRWaveS: Atmosphere-Ionosphere Responses to Wave Signals awarded by Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University 2021 - 2023
- Collaborative Research: Engineering exceptional points for sound control with non-Hermitian acoustic metasurfaces awarded by National Science Foundation 2020 - 2023
- Title: Broadband Acoustic Wavefront Transformation and Control with Metamaterials and Metasurfaces awarded by Sony Corporation 2021 - 2022
- EFRI NewLAW: Reconfigurable Nonreciprocal Acoustics and Topological Phases in Spatiotemporally Modulated Media awarded by University of Illinois at Urbana--Champaign 2016 - 2021
- Collaborative Research: Observations of High-Energy Radiation Associated with Thunderstorms awarded by National Science Foundation 2016 - 2020
- Advancing Magnetization and Polarization Low Frequency Imaging (AMPLiFI) awarded by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 2017 - 2020
- Expanding the Limits of Acoustic Metamaterials awarded by Office of Naval Research 2013 - 2019
- Acoustic Metamaterials and Imaging awarded by Intellectual Ventures Management, LLC 2017 - 2018
- Additive Manufacturing of Radio Frequency and Microwave Components from a Highly Conductive 3D Printing Filament awarded by Multi3D LLC 2017 - 2018
- Development of a Modulating RF Reflectarray awarded by Lockheed Martin Corporation 2017
- Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flash (TGF) Research with Fermi GBM awarded by University of Alabama in Huntsville 2014 - 2016
- ADVICE: Advanced Diagnostics for VLF Ionospheric Channel Estimation awarded by University of Florida 2015 - 2016
- Transformation Optical Materials awarded by Army Research Office 2009 - 2016
- Collaborative Research: ADELE Operations on the Hurricane and Severe Storm Sentinel awarded by National Science Foundation 2012 - 2015
- Development and Demonstration of Active Broadband Acoustic Metamaterials awarded by Office of Naval Research 2012 - 2015
- Remote lightning current and charge transfer measurements awarded by National Science Foundation 2011 - 2014
- CEDAR: Global and Local Measurements of Lightning-mesosphere Interactions awarded by National Science Foundation 2010 - 2014
- Physical Origins of Coupling to the Upper Atmosphere from Lightning (PhOCAL) awarded by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 2010 - 2014
- Automated Micromanufacturing for Optical Sensing and Computational Imaging, Metamaterials, and Quantum Computing awarded by Air Force Office of Scientific Research 2012 - 2014
- Large Scale Lower Ionosphere Remote Sensing awarded by National Science Foundation 2007 - 2011
- Magnetospheric Remote Sensing Through IMAGE, WIND, and CLUSTER Radio Tomography Experiments awarded by National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2007 - 2011
- Remote Measurements of Lightning Current and Charge Transfer with Low Frequency EM Sensors awarded by National Science Foundation 2007 - 2011
- CEDAR: Quantitative Measurements of Lightning-Mesosphere Interactions from Remote Electromagnetic Fields awarded by National Science Foundation 2005 - 2009
- A Numerical Simulation Tool for Planetary Subsurface Radar awarded by National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2004 - 2008
- VLF Sensor System Build and Integration awarded by US Geological Survey 2008
- CAREER: A New Approach for Radio Remote Sensing of the Ionosphere awarded by National Science Foundation 2001 - 2007
- Scientific Services and Computer Modeling for Tribocharging of Martian Dust Project awarded by National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2005 - 2006
- Novel Remote Measurements and Analysis of Continuing Lightning Current awarded by National Science Foundation 2002 - 2006
- Scientific Services and Computer Modeling for Tribocharging of Martian Dust Project awarded by National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2004 - 2005
- Quantitative Measurements of Lightning-Mesosphere Interactions from Remote Electromagnetic Fields awarded by National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2004 - 2005
- Magnetospheric Radio Tomography: Observables, Algorithms, and Experimental Analysis awarded by National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2002 - 2005
- Scientific Services and Computer Model Development for ACES UAV Project awarded by National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2003 - 2004
- Scientific Services and Computer Modeling for Tribocharging of Martian Dust Project awarded by National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2003 - 2004
- Well-conditioned Multi-level Fast Multipole Modeling of Military Communication Channels awarded by Army Research Office 2001 - 2004
- Intense Lightening-Generated Electromagnetic Fields awarded by National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2001 - 2004
- Scientific Services and Computer Model Development for Mars'03 MATADOR Mission awarded by National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2001 - 2002
External Relationships
- Birkeland Center for Space Science, University of Bergen, Norway
- Metacept, Inc.
- Susman Godfrey LLP
- Tyrata. Inc.
- Vitec Imaging Solutions
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Academic Articles
  - Huang, A., S. A. Cummer, Y. Pu, O. A. Chanrion, T. Neubert, V. Reglero, and N. Østgaard. “Transition in Optical and Radio Features During the Early Development of Negative Intracloud Leader.” Geophysical Research Letters 49, no. 22 (November 28, 2022). https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL100594.
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  - Huang, L., B. Jia, A. S. Pilipchuk, Y. Chiang, S. Huang, J. Li, C. Shen, et al. “General Framework of Bound States in the Continuum in an Open Acoustic Resonator.” Physical Review Applied 18, no. 5 (November 1, 2022). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.18.054021.
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  - Boggs, Levi D., Doug Mach, Eric Bruning, Ningyu Liu, Oscar A. van der Velde, Joan Montanyá, Steve Cummer, et al. “Upward propagation of gigantic jets revealed by 3D radio and optical mapping.” Science Advances 8, no. 31 (August 2022): eabl8731. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abl8731.
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  - Berge, N., S. Celestin, M. B. Garnung, W. Xu, R. A. Marshall, and S. A. Cummer. “Modeling Low-Frequency Radio Emissions From Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flash Sources.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 127, no. 5 (March 16, 2022). https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD036040.
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  - Pu, Y., N. Liu, and S. A. Cummer. “Quantification of Electric Fields in Fast Breakdown During Lightning Initiation From VHF-UHF Power Spectra.” Geophysical Research Letters 49, no. 5 (March 16, 2022). https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL097374.
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  - Li, J., Y. Jing, and S. A. Cummer. “Nonreciprocal coupling in space-time modulated systems at exceptional points.” Physical Review B 105, no. 10 (March 1, 2022). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.105.L100304.
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  - Granger, Jesse, Steven A. Cummer, Kenneth J. Lohmann, and Sönke Johnsen. “Environmental sources of radio frequency noise: potential impacts on magnetoreception.” Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology 208, no. 1 (January 2022): 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-021-01516-z.
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  - Shen, C., C. Rohde, C. W. Cushing, J. Li, Z. J. Tan, H. Du, X. Peng, et al. “Anisotropic Metallic Microlattice Structures for Underwater Operations.” Advanced Engineering Materials, January 1, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202201294.
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  - Li, J., A. Crivoi, X. Peng, L. Shen, Y. Pu, Z. Fan, and S. A. Cummer. “Three dimensional acoustic tweezers with vortex streaming.” Communications Physics 4, no. 1 (December 1, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-021-00617-0.
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  - Li, Junfei, Chen Shen, Tony Jun Huang, and Steven A. Cummer. “Acoustic tweezer with complex boundary-free trapping and transport channel controlled by shadow waveguides.” Science Advances 7, no. 34 (August 2021): eabi5502. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abi5502.
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  - Lyu, F., S. A. Cummer, P. R. Krehbiel, W. Rison, E. C. Bruning, and S. A. Rutledge. “A Distinct Class of High Peak-Current Lightning Pulses Over Mountainous Terrain in Thunderstorms.” Geophysical Research Letters 48, no. 14 (July 28, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094153.
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  - Huang, A., J. Yang, S. A. Cummer, F. Lyu, and N. Liu. “Examining the Capacity of Hurricane Matthew (2016) in Spawning Halo/Sprite-Producible Lightning Strokes During Its Lifetime.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 126, no. 14 (July 27, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035097.
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  - Lyu, F., S. A. Cummer, M. Briggs, D. M. Smith, B. Mailyan, and S. Lesage. “Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes Can Be Detected With Radio Measurements of Energetic In-Cloud Pulses During Thunderstorms.” Geophysical Research Letters 48, no. 11 (June 16, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093627.
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  - Pu, Y., S. A. Cummer, and N. Liu. “VHF Radio Spectrum of a Positive Leader and Implications for Electric Fields.” Geophysical Research Letters 48, no. 11 (June 16, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093145.
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  - Østgaard, N., S. A. Cummer, A. Mezentsev, A. Luque, J. Dwyer, T. Neubert, V. Reglero, et al. “Simultaneous Observations of EIP, TGF, Elve, and Optical Lightning.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 126, no. 11 (June 1, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033921.
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  - Ren, H., G. Lu, S. A. Cummer, K. M. Peng, W. A. Lyons, F. Liu, X. Li, Y. Wang, S. Zhang, and Z. Cheng. “Comparison Between High-Speed Video Observation of Sprites and Broadband Sferic Measurements.” Geophysical Research Letters 48, no. 10 (May 28, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093094.
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  - Shen, C., S. Lu, Z. Tian, S. Yang, J. A. Cardenas, J. Li, X. Peng, T. J. Huang, A. D. Franklin, and S. A. Cummer. “Electrically Tunable Surface Acoustic Wave Propagation at MHz Frequencies Based on Carbon Nanotube Thin-Film Transistors.” Advanced Functional Materials 31, no. 18 (May 1, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202010744.
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  - Huang, A., S. A. Cummer, and Y. Pu. “Lightning Initiation From Fast Negative Breakdown is Led by Positive Polarity Dominated Streamers.” Geophysical Research Letters 48, no. 8 (April 28, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091553.
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  - Zhang, H., G. Lu, F. Lyu, S. Xiong, M. R. Ahmad, Q. Yi, D. Li, et al. “On the Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes Preceding Narrow Bipolar Events.” Geophysical Research Letters 48, no. 8 (April 28, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL092160.
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  - Cushing, Colby W., Preston S. Wilson, Michael R. Haberman, Chen Shen, Junfei Li, Steven A. Cummer, Zheng Jie Tan, Chu Ma, Huifeng Du, and Nicholas X. Fang. “Characterization of an underwater metamaterial made of aluminum honeycomb panels at low frequencies.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 149, no. 3 (March 2021): 1829. https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0003629.
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  - Lyu, F., S. A. Cummer, M. Chen, Z. Qin, W. Lyu, and J. Sun. “Three-dimensional mapping of two coincident flashes - An upward positive flash triggered by the in-cloud activity of a downward negative flash.” Atmospheric Research 250 (March 1, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105408.
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  - Wang, Y., G. Lu, K. M. Peng, M. Ma, S. A. Cummer, A. B. Chen, and B. Zhu. “Space-Based Observation of a Negative Sprite With an Unusual Signature of Associated Sprite Current.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 126, no. 4 (February 27, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033686.
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  - Peng, X., J. Li, C. Shen, and S. A. Cummer. “Efficient scattering-free wavefront transformation with power flow conformal bianisotropic acoustic metasurfaces.” Applied Physics Letters 118, no. 6 (February 8, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0033422.
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  - Mailyan, B., M. Stanbro, M. S. Briggs, S. Cummer, J. R. Dwyer, O. J. Roberts, and R. Holzworth. “Radio Frequency Emissions Associated With Multi-Pulsed Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 126, no. 2 (February 1, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA027928.
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  - Tian, Z., C. Shen, J. Li, E. Reit, Y. Gu, H. Fu, S. A. Cummer, and T. J. Huang. “Correction: Programmable Acoustic Metasurfaces (Advanced Functional Materials, (2019), 29, (1808489), 10.1002/adfm.201808489).” Advanced Functional Materials 30, no. 50 (December 1, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202006376.
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  - Qin, Z., M. Chen, F. Lyu, S. A. Cummer, Y. Gao, F. Liu, B. Zhu, Y. P. Du, A. Usmani, and Z. Qiu. “Prima Facie Evidence of the Fast Impact of a Lightning Stroke on the Lower Ionosphere.” Geophysical Research Letters 47, no. 21 (November 16, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090274.
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  - Gu, Yuyang, Chuyi Chen, Joseph Rufo, Chen Shen, Zeyu Wang, Po-Hsun Huang, Hai Fu, et al. “Acoustofluidic Holography for Micro- to Nanoscale Particle Manipulation.” Acs Nano 14, no. 11 (November 2020): 14635–45. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c03754.
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  - Tilles, J. N., P. R. Krehbiel, M. A. Stanley, W. Rison, N. Liu, F. Lyu, S. A. Cummer, et al. “Radio Interferometer Observations of an Energetic in-Cloud Pulse Reveal Large Currents Generated by Relativistic Discharges.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 125, no. 20 (October 27, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD032603.
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  - Li, J., A. Song, and S. A. Cummer. “Bianisotropic Acoustic Metasurface for Surface-Wave-Enhanced Wavefront Transformation.” Physical Review Applied 14, no. 4 (October 8, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.14.044012.
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  - Fu, Yangyang, Chen Shen, Xiaohui Zhu, Junfei Li, Youwen Liu, Steven A. Cummer, and Yadong Xu. “Sound vortex diffraction via topological charge in phase gradient metagratings.” Science Advances 6, no. 40 (October 2020): eaba9876. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba9876.
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  - Zhang, H., G. Lu, F. Lyu, M. R. Ahmad, X. Qie, S. A. Cummer, S. Xiong, and M. S. Briggs. “First Measurements of Low-Frequency Sferics Associated With Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes Produced by Equatorial Thunderstorms.” Geophysical Research Letters 47, no. 17 (September 16, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL089005.
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  - Pu, Y., S. A. Cummer, A. Huang, M. Briggs, B. Mailyan, and S. Lesage. “A Satellite-Detected Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flash Produced by a Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Leader.” Geophysical Research Letters 47, no. 15 (August 16, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL089427.
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  - Song, A., J. Li, C. Shen, T. Chen, and S. A. Cummer. “Switchable directional sound emission with improved field confinement based on topological insulators.” Applied Physics Letters 117, no. 4 (July 27, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0012290.
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  - Zhu, X., J. Li, C. Shen, G. Zhang, S. A. Cummer, and L. Li. “Tunable unidirectional compact acoustic amplifier via space-time modulated membranes.” Physical Review B 102, no. 2 (July 1, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.102.024309.
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  - Qin, Z., M. Chen, F. Lyu, S. A. Cummer, B. Zhu, F. Liu, and Y. Du. “A GPU-Based Grid Traverse Algorithm for Accelerating Lightning Geolocation Process.” Ieee Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility 62, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 489–97. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.2019.2907715.
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  - Cummer, S. A. “Indirectly Measured Ambient Electric Fields for Lightning Initiation in Fast Breakdown Regions.” Geophysical Research Letters 47, no. 4 (February 28, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086089.
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  - Zhu, X., J. Li, C. Shen, X. Peng, A. Song, L. Li, and S. A. Cummer. “Non-reciprocal acoustic transmission via space-time modulated membranes.” Applied Physics Letters 116, no. 3 (January 21, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5132699.
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  - Pu, Y., and S. A. Cummer. “Needles and Lightning Leader Dynamics Imaged with 100–200 MHz Broadband VHF Interferometry.” Geophysical Research Letters 46, no. 22 (November 28, 2019): 13556–63. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085635.
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  - Song, A., J. Li, X. Peng, C. Shen, X. Zhu, T. Chen, and S. A. Cummer. “Asymmetric absorption in acoustic metamirror based on surface impedance engineering.” Physical Review Applied 12, no. 5 (November 20, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.12.054048.
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  - Li, J., X. Zhu, C. Shen, X. Peng, and S. A. Cummer. “Transfer matrix method for the analysis of space-time-modulated media and systems.” Physical Review B 100, no. 14 (October 31, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.144311.
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  - Andrews, J. B., P. Ballentine, J. A. Cardenas, C. J. Lim, N. X. Williams, J. B. Summers, M. A. Stangler, D. A. Koester, S. A. Cummer, and A. D. Franklin. “Printed electronic sensor array for mapping tire tread thickness profiles.” Ieee Sensors Journal 19, no. 19 (October 1, 2019): 8913–19. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2019.2918061.
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  - Velde, Oscar A. van der, Joan Montanyà, Jesús A. López, and Steven A. Cummer. “Gigantic jet discharges evolve stepwise through the middle atmosphere.” Nature Communications 10, no. 1 (September 2019): 4350. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12261-y.
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  - Chen, A. B. C., H. Chen, C. W. Chuang, S. A. Cummer, G. Lu, H. K. Fang, H. T. Su, and R. R. Hsu. “On negative Sprites and the Polarity Paradox.” Geophysical Research Letters 46, no. 16 (August 28, 2019): 9370–78. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083804.
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  - Shen, C., X. Zhu, J. Li, and S. A. Cummer. “Nonreciprocal acoustic transmission in space-time modulated coupled resonators.” Physical Review B 100, no. 5 (August 6, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.054302.
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  - Pu, Y., S. A. Cummer, F. Lyu, M. Briggs, B. Mailyan, M. Stanbro, and O. Roberts. “Low Frequency Radio Pulses Produced by Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes.” Geophysical Research Letters 46, no. 12 (June 28, 2019): 6990–97. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082743.
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  - Gerard, N. J., H. Cui, C. Shen, Y. Xie, S. Cummer, X. Zheng, and Y. Jing. “Fabrication and experimental demonstration of a hybrid resonant acoustic gradient index metasurface at 40 kHz.” Applied Physics Letters 114, no. 23 (June 10, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5095963.
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  - Fu, Yangyang, Chen Shen, Yanyan Cao, Lei Gao, Huanyang Chen, C. T. Chan, Steven A. Cummer, and Yadong Xu. “Reversal of transmission and reflection based on acoustic metagratings with integer parity design.” Nature Communications 10, no. 1 (May 2019): 2326. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10377-9.
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  - Li, J., C. Shen, X. Zhu, Y. Xie, and S. A. Cummer. “Nonreciprocal sound propagation in space-time modulated media.” Physical Review B 99, no. 14 (April 25, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.144311.
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  - Shen, C., J. Li, Z. Jia, Y. Xie, and S. A. Cummer. “Nonreciprocal acoustic transmission in cascaded resonators via spatiotemporal modulation.” Physical Review B 99, no. 13 (April 22, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.134306.
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  - Lyu, F., S. A. Cummer, Z. Qin, and M. Chen. “Lightning Initiation Processes Imaged With Very High Frequency Broadband Interferometry.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 124, no. 6 (March 27, 2019): 2994–3004. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029817.
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  - Qin, Z., S. A. Cummer, M. Chen, F. Lyu, and Y. P. Du. “A Comparative Study of the Ray Theory Model With the Finite Difference Time Domain Model for Lightning Sferic Transmission in Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 124, no. 6 (March 27, 2019): 3335–49. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029440.
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  - Song, A., J. Li, C. Shen, X. Peng, X. Zhu, T. Chen, and S. A. Cummer. “Broadband high-index prism for asymmetric acoustic transmission.” Applied Physics Letters 114, no. 12 (March 25, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5092125.
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  - Tian, Zhenhua, Chen Shen, Junfei Li, Eric Reit, Yuyang Gu, Hai Fu, Steven A. Cummer, and Tony Jun Huang. “Programmable Acoustic Metasurfaces.” Advanced Functional Materials 29, no. 13 (March 2019): 1808489. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201808489.
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  - Li, J., A. Díaz-Rubio, C. Shen, Z. Jia, S. Tretyakov, and S. Cummer. “Highly Efficient Generation of Angular Momentum with Cylindrical Bianisotropic Metasurfaces.” Physical Review Applied 11, no. 2 (February 6, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.11.024016.
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  - Lu, G., H. Zhang, S. A. Cummer, Y. Wang, F. Lyu, M. Briggs, S. Xiong, and A. Chen. “A comparative study on the lightning sferics associated with terrestrial gamma-ray flashes observed in Americas and Asia.” Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics 183 (February 1, 2019): 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2019.01.001.
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  - Díaz-Rubio, Ana, Junfei Li, Chen Shen, Steven A. Cummer, and Sergei A. Tretyakov. “Power flow-conformal metamirrors for engineering wave reflections.” Science Advances 5, no. 2 (February 2019): eaau7288. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau7288.
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  - Marisaldi, M., M. Galli, C. Labanti, N. Østgaard, D. Sarria, S. A. Cummer, F. Lyu, et al. “On the High-Energy Spectral Component and Fine Time Structure of Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flashes.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 124, no. 14 (January 1, 2019): 7484–97. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030554.
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  - Shen, C., J. Li, X. Peng, and S. A. Cummer. “Synthetic exceptional points and unidirectional zero reflection in non-Hermitian acoustic systems.” Physical Review Materials 2, no. 12 (December 17, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.2.125203.
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  - Huang, A., G. Lu, J. Yue, W. Lyons, F. Lucena, F. Lyu, S. A. Cummer, et al. “Observations of Red Sprites Above Hurricane Matthew.” Geophysical Research Letters 45, no. 23 (December 16, 2018): 13–165. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079576.
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  - Stanbro, M., M. S. Briggs, O. J. Roberts, E. S. Cramer, S. A. Cummer, and J. E. Grove. “A Study of Consecutive Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes Using the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 123, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 9634–51. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025710.
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  - Xie, Yangbo, Yangyang Fu, Zhetao Jia, Junfei Li, Chen Shen, Yadong Xu, Huanyang Chen, and Steven A. Cummer. “Acoustic Imaging with Metamaterial Luneburg Lenses.” Scientific Reports 8, no. 1 (November 2018): 16188. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34581-7.
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  - Fu, Y., J. Li, Y. Xie, C. Shen, Y. Xu, H. Chen, and S. A. Cummer. “Compact acoustic retroreflector based on a mirrored Luneburg lens.” Physical Review Materials 2, no. 10 (October 18, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.2.105202.
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  - Lu, G., B. Yu, S. A. Cummer, K. M. Peng, A. B. Chen, F. Lyu, X. Xue, F. Liu, R. R. Hsu, and H. T. Su. “On the Causative Strokes of Halos Observed by ISUAL in the Vicinity of North America.” Geophysical Research Letters 45, no. 19 (October 16, 2018): 10–789. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079594.
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  - Lyu, F., and S. A. Cummer. “Energetic Radio Emissions and Possible Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes Associated With Downward Propagating Negative Leaders.” Geophysical Research Letters 45, no. 19 (October 16, 2018): 10–771. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079424.
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  - Lu, G., Y. Fan, H. Zhang, R. Jiang, M. Liu, X. Qie, S. A. Cummer, C. Han, and K. Liu. “Measurement of continuing charge transfer in rocket-triggered lightning with low-frequency magnetic sensor at close range.” Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics 175 (October 1, 2018): 76–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2018.02.010.
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  - McCall, M., J. B. Pendry, V. Galdi, Y. Lai, S. A. R. Horsley, J. Li, J. Zhu, et al. “Roadmap on transformation optics.” Journal of Optics (United Kingdom) 20, no. 6 (June 1, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/aab976.
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  - Bowers, G. S., D. M. Smith, N. A. Kelley, G. F. Martinez-McKinney, S. A. Cummer, J. R. Dwyer, S. Heckman, et al. “A Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flash inside the Eyewall of Hurricane Patricia.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 123, no. 10 (May 27, 2018): 4977–87. https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD027771.
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  - Shen, C., and S. A. Cummer. “Harnessing Multiple Internal Reflections to Design Highly Absorptive Acoustic Metasurfaces.” Physical Review Applied 9, no. 5 (May 8, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.9.054009.
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  - Shen, C., A. Díaz-Rubio, J. Li, and S. A. Cummer. “A surface impedance-based three-channel acoustic metasurface retroreflector.” Applied Physics Letters 112, no. 18 (April 30, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5025481.
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  - Li, Junfei, Chen Shen, Ana Díaz-Rubio, Sergei A. Tretyakov, and Steven A. Cummer. “Systematic design and experimental demonstration of bianisotropic metasurfaces for scattering-free manipulation of acoustic wavefronts.” Nature Communications 9, no. 1 (April 2018): 1342. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03778-9.
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  - Liu, F., B. Zhu, G. Lu, Z. Qin, J. Lei, K. M. Peng, A. B. Chen, et al. “Observations of Blue Discharges Associated With Negative Narrow Bipolar Events in Active Deep Convection.” Geophysical Research Letters 45, no. 6 (March 28, 2018): 2842–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076207.
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  - Shen, C., Y. Xie, J. Li, S. A. Cummer, and Y. Jing. “Acoustic metacages for sound shielding with steady air flow.” Journal of Applied Physics 123, no. 12 (March 28, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5009441.
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  - Lyu, F., S. A. Cummer, P. R. Krehbiel, W. Rison, M. S. Briggs, E. Cramer, O. Roberts, and M. Stanbro. “Very High Frequency Radio Emissions Associated With the Production of Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes.” Geophysical Research Letters 45, no. 4 (February 28, 2018): 2097–2105. https://doi.org/10.1002/2018GL077102.
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  - Jia, Z., J. Li, C. Shen, Y. Xie, and S. A. Cummer. “Systematic design of broadband path-coiling acoustic metamaterials.” Journal of Applied Physics 123, no. 2 (January 14, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5009488.
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  - Fu, Y., Y. Xu, H. Chen, and S. A. Cummer. “Coherent perfect absorption and laser modes in a cylindrical structure of conjugate metamaterials.” New Journal of Physics 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aa9cbd.
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  - Mezentsev, Andrew, Nikolai Lehtinen, Nikolai Østgaard, F. J. Pérez-Invernón, and Steven A. Cummer. “Spectral Characteristics of VLF Sferics Associated With RHESSI TGFs.” Journal of Geophysical Research. Atmospheres : Jgr 123, no. 1 (January 2018): 139–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jd027624.
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  - Singh, Rajesh, Ajeet K. Maurya, Olivier Chanrion, Torsten Neubert, Steven A. Cummer, Janusz Mlynarczyk, Morris B. Cohen, Devendraa Siingh, and Sushil Kumar. “Assessment of Unusual Gigantic Jets observed during the Monsoon season: First observations from Indian Subcontinent.” Scientific Reports 7, no. 1 (November 2017): 16436. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16696-5.
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  - Bowers, G. S., D. M. Smith, G. F. Martinez-McKinney, M. Kamogawa, S. A. Cummer, J. R. Dwyer, D. Wang, M. Stock, and Z. Kawasaki. “Gamma Ray Signatures of Neutrons From a Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flash.” Geophysical Research Letters 44, no. 19 (October 16, 2017): 10–070. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075071.
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  - Fu, Y., Y. Cao, S. A. Cummer, Y. Xu, and H. Chen. “Coherent perfect absorber and laser modes in purely imaginary metamaterials.” Physical Review A 96, no. 4 (October 16, 2017). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.96.043838.
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  - Liu, N., J. R. Dwyer, and S. A. Cummer. “Elves Accompanying Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flashes.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 122, no. 10 (October 1, 2017): 10–576. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024344.
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  - Lu, G., S. A. Cummer, A. B. Chen, F. Lyu, D. Li, F. Liu, R. R. Hsu, and H. T. Su. “Analysis of lightning strokes associated with sprites observed by ISUAL in the vicinity of North America.” Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 28, no. 4 (August 1, 2017): 583–95. https://doi.org/10.3319/TAO.2017.03.31.01.
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  - Li, Yong, Chen Shen, Yangbo Xie, Junfei Li, Wenqi Wang, Steven A. Cummer, and Yun Jing. “Tunable Asymmetric Transmission via Lossy Acoustic Metasurfaces.” Physical Review Letters 119, no. 3 (July 2017): 035501. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.119.035501.
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  - Xie, Y., S. Ye, C. Reyes, P. Sithikong, B. I. Popa, B. J. Wiley, and S. A. Cummer. “Microwave metamaterials made by fused deposition 3D printing of a highly conductive copper-based filament.” Applied Physics Letters 110, no. 18 (May 1, 2017). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4982718.
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  - Carvalho, F. L., M. A. Uman, D. M. Jordan, J. D. Hill, S. A. Cummer, D. A. Kotovsky, and R. C. Moore. “Triggered lightning sky waves, return stroke modeling, and ionosphere effective height.” Journal of Geophysical Research 122, no. 6 (January 1, 2017): 3507–27. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026202.
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  - Wang, W., Y. Xie, B. I. Popa, and S. A. Cummer. “Subwavelength diffractive acoustics and wavefront manipulation with a reflective acoustic metasurface.” Journal of Applied Physics 120, no. 19 (November 21, 2016). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4967738.
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  - Xie, Yangbo, Chen Shen, Wenqi Wang, Junfei Li, Dingjie Suo, Bogdan-Ioan Popa, Yun Jing, and Steven A. Cummer. “Acoustic Holographic Rendering with Two-dimensional Metamaterial-based Passive Phased Array.” Scientific Reports 6 (October 2016): 35437. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep35437.
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  - Li, J., W. Wang, Y. Xie, B. I. Popa, and S. A. Cummer. “A sound absorbing metasurface with coupled resonators.” Applied Physics Letters 109, no. 9 (August 29, 2016). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4961671.
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  - Lyu, F., S. A. Cummer, M. Briggs, M. Marisaldi, R. J. Blakeslee, E. Bruning, J. G. Wilson, et al. “Ground detection of terrestrial gamma ray flashes from distant radio signals.” Geophysical Research Letters 43, no. 16 (August 28, 2016): 8728–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070154.
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  - Barrett, J. P., A. R. Katko, and S. A. Cummer. “Transistor-based metamaterials with dynamically tunable nonlinear susceptibility.” Applied Physics Letters 109, no. 6 (August 8, 2016). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4960767.
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  - Popa, Bogdan-Ioan, Wenqi Wang, Adam Konneker, Steven A. Cummer, Charles A. Rohde, Theodore P. Martin, Gregory J. Orris, and Matthew D. Guild. “Anisotropic acoustic metafluid for underwater operation.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 139, no. 6 (June 2016): 3325. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4950754.
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  - Shen, C., Y. Xie, J. Li, S. A. Cummer, and Y. Jing. “Asymmetric acoustic transmission through near-zero-index and gradient-index metasurfaces.” Applied Physics Letters 108, no. 22 (May 30, 2016). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4953264.
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  - Popa, B. I., and S. A. Cummer. “Preserving omnidirectionality in optimized asymmetric transformation optics designs.” Journal of Optics (United Kingdom) 18, no. 4 (April 1, 2016). https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/18/4/044018.
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  - Liu, N., L. D. Boggs, and S. A. Cummer. “Observation-constrained modeling of the ionospheric impact of negative sprites.” Geophysical Research Letters 43, no. 6 (March 28, 2016): 2365–73. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068256.
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  - Cummer, S. A., J. Christensen, and A. Alù. “Controlling sound with acoustic metamaterials.” Nature Reviews Materials 1 (February 16, 2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2016.1.
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  - Kolmašová, I., O. Santolík, T. Farges, S. A. Cummer, R. Lán, and L. Uhlíř. “Subionospheric propagation and peak currents of preliminary breakdown pulses before negative cloud-to-ground lightning discharges.” Geophysical Research Letters 43, no. 3 (February 16, 2016): 1382–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL067364.
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  - Boggs, L. D., N. Liu, M. Splitt, S. Lazarus, C. Glenn, H. Rassoul, and S. A. Cummer. “An analysis of five negative sprite-parent discharges and their associated thunderstorm charge structures.” Journal of Geophysical Research 121, no. 2 (January 27, 2016): 759–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024188.
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  - Xu, L., H. Chen, T. Tyc, Y. Xie, and S. A. Cummer. “Perfect conformal invisible device with feasible refractive indexes.” Physical Review B 93, no. 4 (January 6, 2016). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.93.041406.
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  - Barrett, J. P., A. R. Katko, and S. A. Cummer. “Bandwidth tuning in transistor embedded metamaterials using variable resistance.” Progress in Electromagnetics Research 157 (January 1, 2016): 49–61. https://doi.org/10.2528/PIER16072005.
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  - Hare, B. M., M. A. Uman, J. R. Dwyer, D. M. Jordan, M. I. Biggerstaff, J. A. Caicedo, F. L. Carvalho, et al. “Ground-level observation of a terrestrial gamma ray flash initiated by a triggered lightning.” Journal of Geophysical Research 121, no. 11 (January 1, 2016): 6511–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024426.
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  - Lang, T. J., W. A. Lyons, S. A. Cummer, B. R. Fuchs, B. Dolan, S. A. Rutledge, P. Krehbiel, W. Rison, M. Stanley, and T. Ashcraft. “Observations of two sprite-producing storms in Colorado.” Journal of Geophysical Research 121, no. 16 (January 1, 2016): 9675–95. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025299.
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  - Lu, G., S. A. Cummer, Y. Tian, H. Zhang, F. Lyu, T. Wang, M. A. Stanley, J. Yang, and W. A. Lyons. “Sprite produced by consecutive impulse charge transfers following a negative stroke: Observation and simulation.” Journal of Geophysical Research 121, no. 8 (January 1, 2016): 4082–92. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024644.
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  - Lyu, F., S. A. Cummer, G. Lu, X. Zhou, and J. Weinert. “Imaging lightning intracloud initial stepped leaders by low-frequency interferometric lightning mapping array.” Geophysical Research Letters 43, no. 10 (January 1, 2016): 5516–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069267.
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  - Mezentsev, A., N. Østgaard, T. Gjesteland, K. Albrechtsen, N. Lehtinen, M. Marisaldi, D. Smith, and S. Cummer. “Radio emissions fromdouble RHESSI TGFs.” Journal of Geophysical Research 121, no. 13 (January 1, 2016): 8006–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025111.
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  - McTague, L. E., S. A. Cummer, M. S. Briggs, V. Connaughton, M. Stanbro, and G. Fitzpatrick. “A lightning-based search for nearby observationally dim terrestrial gamma ray flashes.” Journal of Geophysical Research 120, no. 23 (December 16, 2015): 12–017. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023475.
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  - Barrett, J. P., and S. A. Cummer. “Design and full characterization of planar active magnetic RF metamaterials.” Ieee Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 14 (December 1, 2015): 943–46. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2014.2388431.
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  - Somu, V. B., V. A. Rakov, M. A. Haddad, and S. A. Cummer. “A study of changes in apparent ionospheric reflection height within individual lightning flashes.” Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics 136 (December 1, 2015): 66–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2015.09.007.
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  - Shen, Chen, Yangbo Xie, Ni Sui, Wenqi Wang, Steven A. Cummer, and Yun Jing. “Broadband Acoustic Hyperbolic Metamaterial.” Physical Review Letters 115, no. 25 (December 2015): 254301. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.115.254301.
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  - Cummer, S. A., F. Lyu, M. S. Briggs, G. Fitzpatrick, O. J. Roberts, and J. R. Dwyer. “Lightning leader altitude progression in terrestrial gamma-ray flashes.” Geophysical Research Letters 42, no. 18 (September 28, 2015): 7792–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065228.
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  - Lyu, F., S. A. Cummer, and L. McTague. “Insights into high peak current in-cloud lightning events during thunderstorms.” Geophysical Research Letters 42, no. 16 (August 28, 2015): 6836–43. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065047.
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  - Xie, Yangbo, Tsung-Han Tsai, Adam Konneker, Bogdan-Ioan Popa, David J. Brady, and Steven A. Cummer. “Single-sensor multispeaker listening with acoustic metamaterials.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112, no. 34 (August 2015): 10595–98. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502276112.
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  - Popa, B. I., D. Shinde, A. Konneker, and S. A. Cummer. “Active acoustic metamaterials reconfigurable in real time.” Physical Review B Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 91, no. 22 (June 30, 2015). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.91.220303.
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  - Popa, Bogdan-Ioan, and Steven A. Cummer. “Water-based metamaterials: Negative refraction of sound.” Nature Materials 14, no. 4 (April 2015): 363–64. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4253.
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  - Cummer, S. A. “Active and applied functional rf metamaterials.” Springer Series in Materials Science 200 (January 1, 2015): 21–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08386-5_2.
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  - Lang, T. J., S. A. Cummer, D. Petersen, L. Flores-Rivera, W. A. Lyons, D. MacGorman, and W. Beasley. “Large charge moment change lightning on 31 May to 1 June 2013, including the El Reno tornadic storm.” Journal of Geophysical Research 120, no. 8 (January 1, 2015): 3354–69. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022600.
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  - Liu, Ningyu, Nicholas Spiva, Joseph R. Dwyer, Hamid K. Rassoul, Dwayne Free, and Steven A. Cummer. “Upward electrical discharges observed above Tropical Depression Dorian.” Nature Communications 6 (January 2015): 5995. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6995.
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  - Cummer, S. A., M. S. Briggs, J. R. Dwyer, S. Xiong, V. Connaughton, G. J. Fishman, G. Lu, F. Lyu, and R. Solanki. “The source altitude, electric current, and intrinsic brightness of terrestrial gamma ray flashes.” Geophysical Research Letters 41, no. 23 (December 16, 2014): 8586–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062196.
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  - Lyu, F., S. A. Cummer, R. Solanki, J. Weinert, L. McTague, A. Katko, J. Barrett, L. Zigoneanu, Y. Xie, and W. Wang. “A low-frequency near-field interferometric-TOA 3-D Lightning Mapping Array.” Geophysical Research Letters 41, no. 22 (November 28, 2014): 7777–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061963.
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  - Wang, W., Y. Xie, A. Konneker, B. I. Popa, and S. A. Cummer. “Design and demonstration of broadband thin planar diffractive acoustic lenses.” Applied Physics Letters 105, no. 10 (September 8, 2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4895619.
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  - Liu, L., A. R. Katko, D. Li, and S. A. Cummer. “Broadband electromagnetic metamaterials with reconfigurable fluid channels.” Physical Review B Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 89, no. 24 (June 25, 2014). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.89.245132.
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  - Katko, A. R., J. P. Barrett, and S. A. Cummer. “Time-varying transistor-based metamaterial for tunability, mixing, and efficient phase conjugation.” Journal of Applied Physics 115, no. 14 (April 14, 2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4871195.
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  - Xie, Y., A. Konneker, B. I. Popa, and S. A. Cummer. “Tapered labyrinthine acoustic metamaterials for coherent controlling of acoustic wave.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 135, no. 4 (April 2014): 2222. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4877261.
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  - Xie, Y., T. H. Tsai, D. J. Brady, and S. A. Cummer. “Compressive acoustic imaging with metamaterials.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 135, no. 4 (April 2014): 2394. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4877922.
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  - Zigoneanu, Lucian, Bogdan-Ioan Popa, and Steven A. Cummer. “Three-dimensional broadband omnidirectional acoustic ground cloak.” Nature Materials 13, no. 4 (April 2014): 352–55. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3901.
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  - Beavis, N. K., T. J. Lang, S. A. Rutledge, W. A. Lyons, and S. A. Cummer. “Regional, seasonal, and diurnal variations of cloud-to-ground lightning with large impulse charge moment changes.” Monthly Weather Review 142, no. 10 (January 1, 2014): 3666–82. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00034.1.
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  - Cummer, Steven A. “Applied physics. Selecting the direction of sound transmission.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 343, no. 6170 (January 2014): 495–96. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1249616.
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  - Popa, Bogdan-Ioan, and Steven A. Cummer. “Non-reciprocal and highly nonlinear active acoustic metamaterials.” Nature Communications 5 (January 2014): 3398. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4398.
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  - Xie, Yangbo, Wenqi Wang, Huanyang Chen, Adam Konneker, Bogdan-Ioan Popa, and Steven A. Cummer. “Wavefront modulation and subwavelength diffractive acoustics with an acoustic metasurface.” Nature Communications 5 (January 2014): 5553. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6553.
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  - Yaniv, R., Y. Yair, C. Price, J. Bór, M. Sato, Y. Hobara, S. Cummer, J. Li, and A. Devir. “Ground-based observations of the relations between lightning charge-moment-change and the physical and optical properties of column sprites.” Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics 107 (January 1, 2014): 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2013.10.018.
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  - Katko, A. R., and S. A. Cummer. “Functional metamaterials for wireless phase conjugation.” Cleo: Qels Fundamental Science, Cleo:Qels Fs 2013, November 21, 2013.
  - Xie, Y., A. Konneker, B. I. Popa, and S. A. Cummer. “Tapered labyrinthine acoustic metamaterials for broadband impedance matching.” Applied Physics Letters 103, no. 20 (November 11, 2013). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4831770.
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  - Marshall, T., M. Stolzenburg, S. Karunarathne, S. Cummer, G. Lu, H. D. Betz, M. Briggs, V. Connaughton, and S. Xiong. “Initial breakdown pulses in intracloud lightning flashes and their relation to terrestrial gamma ray flashes.” Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 118, no. 19 (October 16, 2013): 10–925. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50866.
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  - Qin, J., S. Celestin, V. P. Pasko, S. A. Cummer, M. G. McHarg, and H. C. Stenbaek-Nielsen. “Mechanism of column and carrot sprites derived from optical and radio observations.” Geophysical Research Letters 40, no. 17 (September 16, 2013): 4777–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50910.
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  - Lang, T. J., S. A. Cummer, S. A. Rutledge, and W. A. Lyons. “The meteorology of negative cloud-to-ground lightning strokes with large charge moment changes: Implications for negative sprites.” Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 118, no. 14 (July 27, 2013): 7886–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50595.
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  - Popa, B. I., L. Zigoneanu, and S. A. Cummer. “Tunable active acoustic metamaterials.” Physical Review B Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 88, no. 2 (July 16, 2013). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.88.024303.
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  - Lu, G., S. A. Cummer, J. Li, L. Zigoneanu, W. A. Lyons, M. A. Stanley, W. Rison, et al. “Coordinated observations of sprites and in-cloud lightning flash structure.” Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 118, no. 12 (June 27, 2013): 6607–32. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50459.
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  - Cummer, S. A., W. A. Lyons, and M. A. Stanley. “Three years of lightning impulse charge moment change measurements in the United States.” Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 118, no. 11 (June 16, 2013): 5176–89. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50442.
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  - Dwyer, J. R., and S. A. Cummer. “Radio emissions from terrestrial gamma-ray flashes.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 118, no. 6 (June 1, 2013): 3769–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50188.
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  - Østgaard, N., T. Gjesteland, B. E. Carlson, A. B. Collier, S. A. Cummer, G. Lu, and H. J. Christian. “Simultaneous observations of optical lightning and terrestrial gamma ray flash from space.” Geophysical Research Letters 40, no. 10 (May 28, 2013): 2423–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50466.
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  - Meyer, T. C., T. J. Lang, S. A. Rutledge, W. A. Lyons, S. A. Cummer, G. Lu, and D. T. Lindsey. “Radar and lightning analyses of gigantic jet-producing storms.” Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 118, no. 7 (April 16, 2013): 2872–88. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50302.
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  - Xie, Yangbo, Bogdan-Ioan Popa, Lucian Zigoneanu, and Steven A. Cummer. “Measurement of a broadband negative index with space-coiling acoustic metamaterials.” Physical Review Letters 110, no. 17 (April 2013): 175501. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.110.175501.
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  - Katko, A. R., and S. A. Cummer. “Functional metamaterials for wireless phase conjugation.” 2013 Conference on Lasers and Electro Optics, Cleo 2013, January 1, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1364/cleo_qels.2013.qm1a.8.
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  - Hawkes, Allen M., Alexander R. Katko, and Steven A. Cummer. “A microwave metamaterial with integrated power harvesting functionality.” Applied Physics Letters 103, no. 16 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4824473.
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  - Zigoneanu, L., B. I. Popa, and S. A. Cummer. “Sound manipulation with acoustic metamaterials.” 41st International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering 2012, Inter Noise 2012 2 (December 1, 2012): 1555–62.
  - Dwyer, J. R., D. M. Smith, and S. A. Cummer. “High-energy atmospheric physics: Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes and related phenomena.” Space Science Reviews 173, no. 1–4 (November 1, 2012): 133–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-012-9894-0.
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  - Li, Dennis, Lucian Zigoneanu, Bogdan-Ioan Popa, and Steven A. Cummer. “Design of an acoustic metamaterial lens using genetic algorithms.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 132, no. 4 (October 2012): 2823–33. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4744942.
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  - Popa, B. I., and S. A. Cummer. “Nonreciprocal active metamaterials.” Physical Review B Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 85, no. 20 (May 2, 2012). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.85.205101.
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  - Haddad, M. A., V. A. Rakov, and S. A. Cummer. “New measurements of lightning electric fields in Florida: Waveform characteristics, interaction with the ionosphere, and peak current estimates.” Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 117, no. 10 (January 1, 2012). https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD017196.
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  - Hager, W. W., R. G. Sonnenfeld, W. Feng, T. Kanmae, H. C. Stenbaek-Nielsen, M. G. McHarg, R. K. Haaland, S. A. Cummer, G. Lu, and J. L. Lapierre. “Charge rearrangement by sprites over a north Texas mesoscale convective system.” Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 117, no. 22 (January 1, 2012). https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018309.
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  - Katko, A. R., G. Shvets, and S. A. Cummer. “Phase conjugation metamaterials: Particle design and imaging experiments.” Journal of Optics (United Kingdom) 14, no. 11 (January 1, 2012). https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/14/11/114003.
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  - Li, J., S. Cummer, G. Lu, and L. Zigoneanu. “Charge moment change and lightning-driven electric fields associated with negative sprites and halos.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 117, no. 9 (January 1, 2012). https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA017731.
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  - Lu, G., S. A. Cummer, R. J. Blakeslee, S. Weiss, and W. H. Beasley. “Lightning morphology and impulse charge moment change of high peak current negative strokes.” Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 117, no. 4 (January 1, 2012). https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016890.
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  - Thompson, R. T., and S. A. Cummer. “Transformation optics” 171 (January 1, 2012): 195–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394297-5.00005-2.
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  - Li, J., and S. Cummer. “Relationship between sprite streamer behavior and lightning-driven electric fields.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 117, no. 1 (January 1, 2012). https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA016843.
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  - Popa, B. I., and S. A. Cummer. “Complex coordinates in transformation optics.” Physical Review a Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics 84, no. 6 (December 16, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.84.063837.
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  - Katko, A. R., A. M. Hawkes, J. P. Barrett, and S. A. Cummer. “RF limiter metamaterial using p-i-n diodes.” Ieee Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 10 (December 1, 2011): 1571–74. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2011.2182490.
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  - Cummer, S. A., B. I. Popa, and A. Katko. “Powered and active RF metamaterials.” 2011 30th Ursi General Assembly and Scientific Symposium, Ursigass 2011, November 21, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/URSIGASS.2011.6050640.
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  - Cummer, S. A., G. Lu, J. Li, R. J. Blakeslee, D. M. Smith, J. R. Dwyer, M. S. Briggs, V. Connaughton, and G. J. Fishman. “Detailed observations of lightning flashes and processes associated with terrestrial gamma ray flashes.” 2011 30th Ursi General Assembly and Scientific Symposium, Ursigass 2011, November 21, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/URSIGASS.2011.6050934.
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  - Cummer, S. A., G. Lu, J. Li, W. A. Lyons, W. H. Beasley, D. R. MacGorman, P. R. Krehbiel, et al. “Observations of lightning flash development associated with gigantic jets.” 2011 30th Ursi General Assembly and Scientific Symposium, Ursigass 2011, November 21, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/URSIGASS.2011.6050942.
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  - Katko, A. R., B. I. Popa, J. P. Barrett, A. M. Hawkes, and S. A. Cummer. “Powered and nonlinear RF metamaterials.” Proceedings of Spie the International Society for Optical Engineering 8093 (October 14, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.894657.
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  - Zigoneanu, L., B. I. Popa, and S. A. Cummer. “Design and measurements of a broadband two-dimensional acoustic lens.” Physical Review B Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 84, no. 2 (July 26, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.84.024305.
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  - Cummer, S. A., G. Lu, M. S. Briggs, V. Connaughton, S. Xiong, G. J. Fishman, and J. R. Dwyer. “The lightning-TGF relationship on microsecond timescales.” Geophysical Research Letters 38, no. 14 (July 1, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048099.
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  - Popa, B. I., and S. A. Cummer. “Homogeneous and compact acoustic ground cloaks.” Physical Review B Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 83, no. 22 (June 24, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.83.224304.
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  - Lu, G., S. A. Cummer, W. A. Lyons, P. R. Krehbiel, J. Li, W. Rison, R. J. Thomas, et al. “Lightning development associated with two negative gigantic jets.” Geophysical Research Letters 38, no. 12 (June 1, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047662.
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  - Popa, Bogdan-Ioan, Lucian Zigoneanu, and Steven A. Cummer. “Experimental acoustic ground cloak in air.” Physical Review Letters 106, no. 25 (June 2011): 253901. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.106.253901.
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  - Smith, D. M., J. R. Dwyer, B. J. Hazelton, B. W. Grefenstette, G. F. M. Martinez-Mckinney, Z. Y. Zhang, A. W. Lowell, et al. “The rarity of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes.” Geophysical Research Letters 38, no. 8 (April 28, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL046875.
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  - Zigoneanu, L., B. I. Popa, A. F. Starr, and S. A. Cummer. “Design and measurements of a broadband two-dimensional acoustic metamaterial with anisotropic effective mass density.” Journal of Applied Physics 109, no. 5 (March 1, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3552990.
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  - Cummer, S. A., and R. T. Thompson. “Frequency conversion by exploiting time in transformation optics.” Journal of Optics 13, no. 2 (January 1, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/13/2/024007.
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  - Gamerota, W. R., S. A. Cummer, J. Li, H. C. Stenbaek-Nielsen, R. K. Haaland, and M. G. McHarg. “Comparison of sprite initiation altitudes between observations and models.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 116, no. 2 (January 1, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA016095.
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  - Han, F., S. A. Cummer, J. Li, and G. Lu. “Daytime ionospheric D region sharpness derived from VLF radio atmospherics.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 116, no. 5 (January 1, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA016299.
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  - Lang, T. J., J. Li, W. A. Lyons, S. A. Cummer, S. A. Rutledge, and D. R. MacGorman. “Transient luminous events above two mesoscale convective systems: Charge moment change analysis.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 116, no. 10 (January 1, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA016758.
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  - Li, J., and S. Cummer. “Estimation of electric charge in sprites from optical and radio observations.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 116, no. 1 (January 1, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015391.
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  - Lu, G., S. A. Cummer, J. Li, F. Han, D. M. Smith, and B. W. Grefenstette. “Characteristics of broadband lightning emissions associated with terrestrial gamma ray flashes.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 116, no. 3 (January 1, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA016141.
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  - Neubert, T., O. Chanrion, E. Arnone, F. Zanotti, S. Cummer, J. Li, M. Füllekrug, S. Soula, and O. Van Der Velde. “The properties of a gigantic jet reflected in a simultaneous sprite: Observations interpreted by a model.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 116, no. 12 (January 1, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA016928.
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  - Smith, D. M., J. R. Dwyer, B. J. Hazelton, B. W. Grefenstette, G. F. M. Martinez-Mckinney, Z. Y. Zhang, A. W. Lowell, et al. “A terrestrial gamma ray flash observed from an aircraft.” Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 116, no. 20 (January 1, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016252.
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  - Thompson, R. T., S. A. Cummer, and J. Frauendiener. “Generalized transformation optics of linear materials.” Journal of Optics 13, no. 5 (January 1, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/13/5/055105.
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  - Thompson, R. T., S. A. Cummer, and J. Frauendiener. “A completely covariant approach to transformation optics.” Journal of Optics 13, no. 2 (January 1, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/13/2/024008.
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  - Zhai, Y., S. A. Cummer, J. L. Green, B. W. Reinisch, M. L. Kaiser, M. J. Reiner, and K. Goetz. “Magnetospheric radio tomographic imaging with IMAGE and Wind.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 116, no. 12 (January 1, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA016743.
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  - Cummer, S. A. “Transformation acoustics.” 17th International Congress on Sound and Vibration 2010, Icsv 2010 1 (December 1, 2010): 197–202.
  - Popa, B. I., and S. A. Cummer. “Design of layered transformation-optics devices of arbitrary shape.” Physical Review a Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics 82, no. 3 (September 30, 2010). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.82.033837.
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  - Gu, S., J. P. Barrett, T. H. Hand, B. I. Popa, and S. A. Cummer. “A broadband low-reflection metamaterial absorber.” Journal of Applied Physics 108, no. 6 (September 15, 2010). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3485808.
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  - Cohen, M. B., U. S. Inan, R. K. Said, M. S. Briggs, G. J. Fishman, V. Connaughton, and S. A. Cummer. “A lightning discharge producing a beam of relativistic electrons into space.” Geophysical Research Letters 37, no. 18 (September 1, 2010). https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044481.
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  - Katko, Alexander R., Shi Gu, John P. Barrett, Bogdan-Ioan Popa, Gennady Shvets, and Steven A. Cummer. “Phase conjugation and negative refraction using nonlinear active metamaterials.” Physical Review Letters 105, no. 12 (September 2010): 123905. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.105.123905.
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  - Sajuyigbe, S., M. Ross, P. Geren, S. A. Cummer, M. H. Tanielian, and D. R. Smith. “Wide angle impedance matching metamaterials for waveguide-fed phased-array antennas.” Iet Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation 4, no. 8 (August 1, 2010): 1063–72. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2009.0543.
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  - Chou, J. K., C. L. Kuo, L. Y. Tsai, A. B. Chen, H. T. Su, R. R. Hsu, S. A. Cummer, et al. “Gigantic jets with negative and positive polarity streamers.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 115, no. A7 (July 2010). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009ja014831.
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  - Lu, G., R. J. Blakeslee, J. Li, D. M. Smith, X. M. Shao, E. W. McCaul, D. E. Buechler, H. J. Christian, J. M. Hall, and S. A. Cummer. “Lightning mapping observation of a terrestrial gamma-ray flash.” Geophysical Research Letters 37, no. 11 (June 1, 2010). https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043494.
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  - Hand, T. H., and S. A. Cummer. “Reconfigurable reflectarray using addressable metamaterials.” Ieee Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 9 (March 19, 2010): 70–74. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2010.2043211.
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  - Thomas, Jeremy N., Natalia N. Solorzano, Steven A. Cummer, and Robert H. Holzworth. “Polarity and energetics of inner core lightning in three intense North Atlantic hurricanes.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 115, no. A3 (March 2010): n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009ja014777.
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  - Han, F., and S. A. Cummer. “Midlatitude daytime D region ionosphere variations measured from radio atmospherics.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 115, no. 10 (January 1, 2010). https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015715.
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  - Han, F., and S. A. Cummer. “Midlatitude nighttime D region ionosphere variability on hourly to monthly time scales.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 115, no. 9 (January 1, 2010). https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015437.
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  - Inan, U. S., S. A. Cummer, and R. A. Marshall. “A survey of ELF and VLF research on lightning-ionosphere interactions and causative discharges.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 115, no. 6 (January 1, 2010). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA014775.
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  - Lang, T. J., W. A. Lyons, S. A. Rutledge, J. D. Meyer, D. R. MacGorman, and S. A. Cummer. “Transient luminous events above two mesoscale convective systems: Storm structure and evolution.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 115, no. 5 (January 1, 2010). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA014500.
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  - Popa, B. L., and S. A. Cummer. “Theory and design of practical metamaterials for acoustic cloaking.” Asme International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Proceedings 15 (January 1, 2010): 113–14. https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2009-11254.
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  - Rodger, C. J., B. R. Carson, S. A. Cummer, R. J. Gamble, M. A. Clilverd, J. C. Green, J. A. Sauvaud, M. Parrot, and J. J. Berthelier. “Contrasting the efficiency of radiation belt losses caused by ducted and nonducted whistler-mode waves from ground-based transmitters.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 115, no. 12 (January 1, 2010). https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015880.
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  - São Sabbas, F. T., M. J. Taylor, P. D. Pautet, M. Bailey, S. Cummer, R. R. Azambuja, J. P. C. Santiago, et al. “Observations of prolific transient luminous event production above a mesoscale convective system in Argentina during the Sprite2006 Campaign in Brazil.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 115, no. 11 (January 1, 2010). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA014857.
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  - Van Der Velde, O. A., J. Bór, J. Li, S. A. Cummer, E. Arnone, F. Zanotti, M. Füllekrug, C. Haldoupis, S. Naitamor, and T. Farges. “Multi-instrumental observations of a positive gigantic jet produced by a winter thunderstorm in Europe.” Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 115, no. 24 (January 1, 2010). https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014442.
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  - Williams, E. R., W. A. Lyons, Y. Hobara, V. C. Mushtak, N. Asencio, R. Boldi, J. Bór, et al. “Ground-based detection of sprites and their parent lightning flashes over Africa during the 2006 AMMA campaign.” Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 136, no. SUPPL. 1 (January 1, 2010): 257–71. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.489.
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  - Ybarra, G. A., L. M. Collins, L. G. Huettel, K. D. Coonley, H. Z. Massoud, J. A. Board, S. A. Cummer, et al. “Integrated sensing and information processing theme-based redesign of the undergraduate electrical and computer engineering curriculum at Duke University.” Advances in Engineering Education 2, no. 4 (2010).
  - Hand, T. H., and S. A. Cummer. “Controllable magnetic metamaterial using digitally addressable split-ring resonators.” Ieee Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 8 (December 1, 2009): 262–65. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2009.2012879.
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  - Lyons, W. A., M. A. Stanley, J. D. Meyer, T. E. Nelson, S. A. Rutledge, T. L. Lang, and S. A. Cummer. “The meteorological and electrical structure of TLE-producing convective storms,” December 1, 2009, 387–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9079-0_17.
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  - Popa, B. I., and S. A. Cummer. “Design and characterization of broadband acoustic composite metamaterials.” Physical Review B Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 80, no. 17 (November 25, 2009). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.80.174303.
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  - Hand, T. H., and S. A. Cummer. “A dynamic frequency selective surface using addressable metamaterials.” Ieee Antennas and Propagation Society, Ap S International Symposium (Digest), November 16, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1109/APS.2009.5171934.
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  - Sajuyigbe, S., S. A. Cummer, and D. R. Smith. “Utilization of metamaterials for wide angle impedance matching (WAIM) in phased array antennas.” Ieee Antennas and Propagation Society, Ap S International Symposium (Digest), November 16, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1109/APS.2009.5172272.
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  - Cummer, S. A., N. Kundtz, and B. I. Popa. “Electromagnetic surface and line sources under coordinate transformations.” Physical Review a Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics 80, no. 3 (September 14, 2009). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.80.033820.
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  - Adachi, T., S. A. Cummer, J. Li, Y. Takahashi, R. R. Hsu, H. T. Su, A. B. Chen, S. B. Mende, and H. U. Frey. “Estimating lightning current moment waveforms from satellite optical measurements.” Geophysical Research Letters 36, no. 18 (September 1, 2009). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039911.
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  - Cummer, S. A., J. Li, F. Han, G. Lu, N. Jaugey, W. A. Lyons, and T. E. Nelson. “Quantification of the troposphere-to-ionosphere charge transfer in a gigantic jet.” Nature Geoscience 2, no. 9 (September 1, 2009): 617–20. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo607.
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  - Farrell, W. M., J. J. Plaut, S. A. Cummer, D. A. Gurnett, G. Picardi, T. R. Watters, and A. Safaeinili. “Is the Martian water table hidden from radar view?” Geophysical Research Letters 36, no. 15 (August 16, 2009). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038945.
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  - Lu, G., S. A. Cummer, J. Li, F. Han, R. J. Blakeslee, and H. J. Christian. “Charge transfer and in-cloud structure of large-charge-moment positive lightning strokes in a mesoscale convective system.” Geophysical Research Letters 36, no. 15 (August 16, 2009). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038880.
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  - Yuan, Yu, Bogdan-Ioan Popa, and Steven A. Cummer. “Zero loss magnetic metamaterials using powered active unit cells.” Optics Express 17, no. 18 (August 2009): 16135–43. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.17.016135.
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  - Popa, B. I., J. Allen, and S. A. Cummer. “Conformal array design with transformation electromagnetics.” Applied Physics Letters 94, no. 24 (June 29, 2009). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3158614.
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  - Allen, J., N. Kundtz, D. A. Roberts, S. A. Cummer, and D. R. Smith. “Electromagnetic source transformations using superellipse equations.” Applied Physics Letters 94, no. 19 (June 18, 2009). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3130182.
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  - Li, J., and S. A. Cummer. “Measurement of sprite streamer acceleration and deceleration.” Geophysical Research Letters 36, no. 10 (May 28, 2009). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL037581.
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  - Cummer, S. A., R. Liu, and T. J. Cui. “A rigorous and nonsingular two dimensional cloaking coordinate transformation.” Journal of Applied Physics 105, no. 5 (March 24, 2009). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3080155.
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  - Zhai, Yuhu, and Steven A. Cummer. “Fast tomographic reconstruction strategy for diffuse optical tomography.” Optics Express 17, no. 7 (March 2009): 5285–97. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.17.005285.
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  - Popa, B. I., and S. A. Cummer. “Cloaking with optimized homogeneous anisotropic layers.” Physical Review a Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics 79, no. 2 (February 2, 2009). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.79.023806.
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  - Hazelton, B. J., B. W. Grefenstette, D. M. Smith, J. R. Dwyer, X. M. Shao, S. A. Cummer, T. Chronis, E. H. Lay, and R. H. Holzworth. “Spectral dependence of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes on source distance.” Geophysical Research Letters 36, no. 1 (January 16, 2009). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035906.
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  - Cummer, S. A., and B. I. Popa. “Electromagnetic source transformations and applications.” Ieee Antennas and Propagation Society, Ap S International Symposium (Digest), January 1, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1109/APS.2009.5172321.
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  - Kuo, C. L., J. K. Chou, L. Y. Tsai, A. B. Chen, H. T. Su, R. R. Hsu, S. A. Cummer, et al. “Discharge processes, electric field, and electron energy in ISUAL recorded gigantic jets.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 114, no. 4 (January 1, 2009). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013791.
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  - Hand, T. H., J. Gollub, S. Sajuyigbe, D. R. Smith, and S. A. Cummer. “Characterization of complementary electric field coupled resonant surfaces.” Applied Physics Letters 93, no. 21 (December 8, 2008). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3037215.
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  - Kundtz, N., D. A. Roberts, J. Allen, S. Cummer, and D. R. Smith. “Optical source transformations.” Optics Express 16, no. 26 (December 2008): 21215–22. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.16.021215.
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  - Cummer, S. A., M. Rahm, and D. Schurig. “Material parameters and vector scaling in transformation acoustics.” New Journal of Physics 10 (November 27, 2008). https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/10/11/115025.
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  - Yuan, Y., C. Bingham, T. Tyler, S. Palit, T. H. Hand, W. J. Padilla, N. M. Jokerst, and S. A. Cummer. “A dual-resonant terahertz metamaterial based on single-particle electric-field-coupled resonators.” Applied Physics Letters 93, no. 19 (November 21, 2008). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3026171.
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  - Li, J., S. A. Cummer, W. A. Lyons, and T. E. Nelson. “Coordinated analysis of delayed sprites with high-speed images and remote electromagnetic fields.” Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 113, no. 20 (October 27, 2008). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010008.
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  - Ross, M., S. A. Cummer, T. K. Nielsen, and Y. Zhang. “Simultaneous remote electric and magnetic field measurements of lightning continuing currents.” Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 113, no. 20 (October 27, 2008). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010294.
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  - Hand, T. H., Y. Yu, S. Palit, C. Bingham, M. Rahm, D. R. Smith, W. J. Padilla, N. Jokerst, and S. A. Cummer. “Dual-band planar electric THz metamaterial with resonator yield analysis.” 2008 Conference on Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference on Lasers and Electro Optics, Cleo/Qels, September 15, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1109/CLEO.2008.4552339.
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  - Hand, T. H., Y. Yuan, S. Palit, C. Bingham, M. Rahm, D. R. Smith, W. J. Padilla, N. Jokerst, and S. A. Cummer. “Dual-band planar electric THz metamaterial with resonator yield analysis.” Conference on Quantum Electronics and Laser Science (Qels) Technical Digest Series, September 15, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1109/QELS.2008.4552848.
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  - Erentok, A., R. W. Ziolkowski, J. A. Nielsen, R. B. Greegor, C. G. Parazzoli, M. H. Tanielian, S. A. Cummer, et al. “Lumped element-based, highly sub-wavelength, negative index metamaterials at UHF frequencies.” Journal of Applied Physics 104, no. 3 (August 25, 2008). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2959377.
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  - Lyons, W. A., S. A. Cummer, M. A. Stanley, G. R. Huffines, K. C. Wiens, and T. E. Nelson. “Supercelles and sprites.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 89, no. 8 (August 1, 2008): 1165–74. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008BAMS2439.1.
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  - Taylor, M. J., M. A. Bailey, P. D. Pautet, S. A. Cummer, N. Jaugey, J. N. Thomas, N. N. Solorzano, et al. “Rare measurements of a sprite with halo event driven by a negative lightning discharge over Argentina.” Geophysical Research Letters 35, no. 14 (July 28, 2008). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033984.
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  - Yuan, Yu, Christopher Bingham, Talmage Tyler, Sabarni Palit, Thomas H. Hand, Willie J. Padilla, David R. Smith, Nan Marie Jokerst, and Steven A. Cummer. “Dual-band planar electric metamaterial in the terahertz regime.” Optics Express 16, no. 13 (June 2008): 9746–52. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.16.009746.
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  - Popa, Bogdan-Ioan, and Steven A. Cummer. “Compact dielectric particles as a building block for low-loss magnetic metamaterials.” Physical Review Letters 100, no. 20 (May 2008): 207401. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.100.207401.
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  - Farrell, W. M., S. M. Clifford, S. M. Milkovich, J. J. Plaut, C. J. Leuschen, G. Picardi, D. A. Gurnett, et al. “MARSIS subsurface radar investigations of the South Polar reentrant Chasma Australe.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 113, no. 4 (April 20, 2008). https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JE002974.
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  - Hand, T. H., and S. A. Cummer. “Frequency tunable electromagnetic metamaterial using ferroelectric loaded split rings.” Journal of Applied Physics 103, no. 6 (April 8, 2008). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2898575.
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  - Rahm, M., D. Schurig, D. A. Roberts, S. A. Cummer, D. R. Smith, and J. B. Pendry. “Design of electromagnetic cloaks and concentrators using form-invariant coordinate transformations of Maxwell's equations.” Photonics and Nanostructures Fundamentals and Applications 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2008): 87–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2007.07.013.
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  - Rahm, Marco, Steven A. Cummer, David Schurig, John B. Pendry, and David R. Smith. “Optical design of reflectionless complex media by finite embedded coordinate transformations.” Physical Review Letters 100, no. 6 (February 2008): 063903. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.100.063903.
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  - Cummer, S. A., B. I. Popa, D. Schurig, D. R. Smith, J. Pendry, M. Rahm, and A. Starr. “Scattering theory derivation of a 3D acoustic cloaking shell.” Physical Review Letters 1, no. 2 (January 2008).
  - Cummer, S. A., B. I. Popa, and T. H. Hand. “Q-based design equations and loss limits for resonant metamaterials and experimental validation.” Ieee Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 56, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 127–32. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2007.912959.
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  - Hand, T. H., Y. Yuan, S. Palit, C. Bingham, M. Rahm, D. R. Smith, W. J. Padilla, N. Jokerst, and S. A. Cummer. “Dual-band planar electric THz metamaterial with resonator yield analysis.” Optics Infobase Conference Papers, January 1, 2008.
  - Hand, T. H., Y. Yuan, S. Palit, C. Bingham, M. Rahm, D. R. Smith, W. J. Padilla, N. Jokerst, and S. A. Cummer. “Dual-band planar electric THz metamaterial with resonator yield analysis.” Optics Infobase Conference Papers, January 1, 2008.
  - Liu, R., Q. Cheng, T. Hand, J. J. Mock, T. J. Cui, S. A. Cummer, and D. R. Smith. “Experimental demonstration of electromagnetic tunneling through an epsilon-near-zero metamaterial at microwave frequencies.” Physical Review Letters 1, no. 2 (January 2008).
  - Cummer, Steven A., Bogdan-Ioan Popa, David Schurig, David R. Smith, John Pendry, Marco Rahm, and Anthony Starr. “Scattering theory derivation of a 3D acoustic cloaking shell.” Physical Review Letters 100, no. 2 (January 2008): 024301. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.100.024301.
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  - Liu, Ruopeng, Qiang Cheng, Thomas Hand, Jack J. Mock, Tie Jun Cui, Steven A. Cummer, and David R. Smith. “Experimental demonstration of electromagnetic tunneling through an epsilon-near-zero metamaterial at microwave frequencies.” Physical Review Letters 100, no. 2 (January 2008): 023903. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.100.023903.
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  - Hand, T., and S. Cummer. “Characterization of tunable metamaterial elements using MEMS switches.” Ieee Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 6 (December 1, 2007): 401–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2007.902807.
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  - Parazzoli, C. G., R. B. Greegor, M. H. Tanielian, D. R. Smith, S. Cummer, D. Schurig, and R. Ziolkowski. “Applications of metamaterials in the GHz frequency domain.” Ieee Antennas and Propagation Society, Ap S International Symposium (Digest), December 1, 2007, 1152–55. https://doi.org/10.1109/APS.2007.4395703.
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  - Popa, B. I., and S. A. Cummer. “Design and experimental demonstration of active RF metamaterials.” Ieee Antennas and Propagation Society, Ap S International Symposium (Digest), December 1, 2007, 2546–49. https://doi.org/10.1109/APS.2007.4396053.
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  - Erentok, A., R. W. Ziolkowski, J. A. Nielsen, R. B. Greegor, C. G. Parazzoli, M. H. Tanielian, S. A. Cummer, et al. “Low frequency lumped element-based negative index metamaterial.” Applied Physics Letters 91, no. 18 (November 7, 2007). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2803771.
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  - Kuo, C. L., A. B. Chen, Y. J. Lee, L. Y. Tsai, R. K. Chou, R. R. Hsu, H. T. Su, et al. “Modeling elves observed by FORMOSAT-2 satellite.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 112, no. 11 (November 1, 2007). https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JA012407.
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  - Gollub, J., T. Hand, S. Sajuyigbe, S. Mendonca, S. Cummer, and D. R. Smith. “Characterizing the effects of disorder in metamaterial structures.” Applied Physics Letters 91, no. 16 (October 31, 2007). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2801391.
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  - Velde, O. A. van der, W. A. Lyons, T. E. Nelson, S. A. Cummer, J. Li, and J. Bunnell. “Analysis of the first gigantic jet recorded over continental North America.” Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112, no. 20 (October 27, 2007). https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008575.
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  - Popa, B. I., and S. A. Cummer. “An architecture for active metamaterial particles and experimental validation at RF.” Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 49, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 2574–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.22789.
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  - Frey, H. U., S. B. Mende, S. A. Cummer, J. Li, T. Adachi, H. Fukunishi, Y. Takahashi, et al. “Halos generated by negative cloud-to-ground lightning.” Geophysical Research Letters 34, no. 18 (September 28, 2007). https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030908.
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  - Hu, W., S. A. Cummer, and W. A. Lyons. “Testing sprite initiation theory using lightning measurements and modeled electromagnetic fields.” Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112, no. 13 (July 16, 2007). https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007939.
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  - Cheng, Z., S. A. Cummer, H. T. Su, and R. R. Hsu. “Broadband very low frequency measurement of D region ionospheric perturbations caused by lightning electromagnetic pulses.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 112, no. 6 (June 1, 2007). https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JA011840.
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  - Hand, T., S. A. Cummer, and N. Engheta. “The measured electric field spatial distribution within a metamaterial subwavelength cavity resonator.” Ieee Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 55, no. 6 II (June 1, 2007): 1781–88. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2007.898630.
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  - Thomas, J. N., M. J. Taylor, D. Pautet, M. Bailey, N. N. Solorzano, R. H. Holzworth, M. P. McCarthy, et al. “A very active sprite-producing storm observed over Argentina.” Eos 88, no. 10 (March 6, 2007). https://doi.org/10.1029/2007EO100001.
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  - Cummer, S. A., and D. Schurig. “One path to acoustic cloaking.” New Journal of Physics 9 (March 2, 2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/9/3/045.
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  - Farrell, W. M., J. R. Marshall, S. A. Cummer, G. T. Delory, and M. D. Desch. “A model of the ULF magnetic and electric field generated from a dust devil.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 111, no. 11 (November 20, 2006). https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JE002689.
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  - Schurig, D., J. J. Mock, B. J. Justice, S. A. Cummer, J. B. Pendry, A. F. Starr, and D. R. Smith. “Metamaterial electromagnetic cloak at microwave frequencies.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 314, no. 5801 (November 2006): 977–80. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1133628.
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  - Cummer, S. A., H. U. Frey, S. B. Mende, R. R. Hsu, H. T. Su, A. B. Chen, H. Fukunishi, and Y. Takahashi. “Simultaneous radio and satellite optical measurements of high-altitude sprite current and lightning continuing current.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 111, no. 10 (October 1, 2006). https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JA011809.
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  - Popa, Bogdan-Ioan, and Steven A. Cummer. “Derivation of effective parameters of magnetic metamaterials composed of passive resonant LC inclusions,” September 28, 2006.
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  - Cummer, Steven A., Bogdan-Ioan Popa, David Schurig, David R. Smith, and John Pendry. “Full-wave simulations of electromagnetic cloaking structures.” Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics 74, no. 3 Pt 2 (September 2006): 036621. https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.74.036621.
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  - Xu, Y., S. A. Cummer, and W. M. Farrell. “Application of an orbital radar sounder model to detecting Martian polar subsurface features.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 111, no. 6 (June 20, 2006). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002547.
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  - Zhai, Y., S. A. Cummer, and W. M. Farrell. “Quasi-electrostatic field analysis and simulation of Martian and terrestrial dust devils.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 111, no. 6 (June 20, 2006). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002618.
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  - Atreya, Sushil K., Ah-San Wong, Nilton O. Renno, William M. Farrell, Gregory T. Delory, Davis D. Sentman, Steven A. Cummer, John R. Marshall, Scot C. R. Rafkin, and David C. Catling. “Oxidant enhancement in martian dust devils and storms: implications for life and habitability.” Astrobiology 6, no. 3 (June 2006): 439–50. https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2006.6.439.
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  - Delory, Gregory T., William M. Farrell, Sushil K. Atreya, Nilton O. Renno, Ah-San Wong, Steven A. Cummer, Davis D. Sentman, John R. Marshall, Scot C. R. Rafkin, and David C. Catling. “Oxidant enhancement in martian dust devils and storms: storm electric fields and electron dissociative attachment.” Astrobiology 6, no. 3 (June 2006): 451–62. https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2006.6.451.
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  - Cheng, Z., S. A. Cummer, D. N. Baker, and S. G. Kanekal. “Nighttime D region electron density profiles and variabilities inferred from broadband measurements using VLF radio emissions from lightning.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 111, no. 5 (May 1, 2006). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011308.
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  - Hu, W., and S. A. Cummer. “An FDTD model for low and high altitude lightning-generated EM fields.” Ieee Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 54, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 1513–22. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2006.874336.
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  - Zhai, Y., and S. A. Cummer. “An orthogonal projection and regularization technique for magnetospheric radio tomography.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 111, no. 3 (March 1, 2006). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011039.
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  - Farrell, W. M., N. Renno, G. T. Delory, S. A. Cummer, and J. R. Marshall. “Integration of electrostatic and fluid dynamics within a dust devil.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 111, no. 1 (January 20, 2006). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002527.
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  - Cummer, Steven A., Nicolas Jaugey, Jingbo Li, Walter A. Lyons, Thomas E. Nelson, and Elizabeth A. Gerken. “Submillisecond imaging of sprite development and structure.” Geophysical Research Letters 33, no. 4 (2006): 04104. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024969.
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  - Popa, Bogdan-Ioan, and Steven A. Cummer. “Direct measurement of evanescent wave enhancement inside passive metamaterials.” Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics 73, no. 1 Pt 2 (January 2006): 016617. https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.73.016617.
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  - Lyons, W. A., and S. A. Cummer. “Lightning characteristics of the aurora, NE record hailstone-producing supercell of 22-23 June 2003 during BAMEX.” 85th Ams Annual Meeting, American Meteorological Society Combined Preprints, December 1, 2005, 5685–90.
  - Popa, B. I., and S. A. Cummer. “Determining the effective electromagnetic properties of negative-refractive-index metamaterials from internal fields.” Physical Review B Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 72, no. 16 (October 15, 2005). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.72.165102.
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  - Frey, H. U., S. B. Mende, S. A. Cummer, A. B. Chen, R. R. Hsu, H. T. Su, Y. S. Chang, T. Adachi, H. Fukunishi, and Y. Takahashi. “Beta-type stepped leader of elve-producing lightning.” Geophysical Research Letters 32, no. 13 (July 16, 2005): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023080.
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  - Zhai, Y., and S. A. Cummer. “A flexible and robust direct reconstruction method for magnetospheric radio tomography.” Radio Science 40, no. 3 (May 1, 2005). https://doi.org/10.1029/2004RS003100.
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  - Cheng, Z., and S. A. Cummer. “Broadband VLF measurements of lightning-induced ionospheric perturbations.” Geophysical Research Letters 32, no. 8 (April 28, 2005): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL022187.
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  - Cummer, S. A., Y. Zhai, W. Hu, D. M. Smith, L. I. Lopez, and M. A. Stanley. “Measurements and implications of the relationship between lightning and terrestrial gamma ray flashes.” Geophysical Research Letters 32, no. 8 (April 28, 2005): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022778.
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  - Cummer, S. A., and W. A. Lyons. “Implications of lightning charge moment changes for sprite initiation.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 110, no. A4 (January 1, 2005). https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010812.
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  - Cummer, S. A. “Perfectly matched layer behavior in negative refractive index materials.” Ieee Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 3, no. 1 (December 1, 2004): 172–75. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2004.833710.
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  - Hu, W., and S. A. Cummer. “The nearly perfectly matched layer is a perfectly matched layer.” Ieee Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 3, no. 1 (December 1, 2004): 137–40. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2004.831077.
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  - Antunovic, M., and S. A. Cummer. “Event driven adaptive filtering.” Proceedings of the Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference Melecon 1 (November 29, 2004): 251–54.
  - Cummer, S. A., and B. L. Popa. “Wave fields measured inside a negative refractive index metamaterial.” Applied Physics Letters 85, no. 20 (November 15, 2004): 4564–66. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1823595.
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  - Farrell, W. M., P. H. Smith, G. T. Delory, G. B. Hillard, J. R. Marshall, D. Catling, M. Hecht, et al. “Electric and magnetic signatures of dust devils from the 2000-2001 MATADOR desert tests.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 109, no. 3 (March 25, 2004). https://doi.org/10.1029/2003je002088.
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  - Cummer, S. A., and W. A. Lyons. “Lightning charge moment changes in U.S. High Plains thunderstorms.” Geophysical Research Letters 31, no. 5 (March 16, 2004). https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl019043.
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  - Antunovic, M., and S. A. Cummer. “Adaptive filter for event-based signal extraction.” Automatika (Croatia) 45, no. 3–4 (2004): 129–35.
  - Farrell, W. M., G. T. Delory, S. A. Cummer, and J. R. Marshall. “A simple electrodynamic model of a dust devil.” Geophysical Research Letters 30, no. 20 (October 15, 2003). https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017606.
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  - Lyons, W. A., T. E. Nelson, E. R. Williams, S. A. Cummer, and M. A. Stanley. “Characteristics of sprite-producing positive cloud-to-ground lightning during the 19 July 2000 STEPS mesoscale convective systems.” Monthly Weather Review 131, no. 10 (October 1, 2003): 2417–27. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2417:COSPCL>2.0.CO;2.
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  - Hu, W., and S. A. Cummer. “A new FDTD model for lightning generated EM wave simulation.” Ieee Antennas and Propagation Society, Ap S International Symposium (Digest) 3 (September 1, 2003): 1061–64.
  - Xu, Y., and S. A. Cummer. “Applying the nonuniform FFT to the parabolic equation split-step algorithm for high frequency propagation modeling.” Ieee Antennas and Propagation Society, Ap S International Symposium (Digest) 2 (September 1, 2003): 598–601.
  - Cummer, S. A. “Dynamics of causal beam refraction in negative refractive index materials.” Applied Physics Letters 82, no. 13 (March 31, 2003): 2008–10. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1564289.
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  - Cummer, S. A. “Simulated causal subwavelength focusing by a negative refractive index slab.” Applied Physics Letters 82, no. 10 (March 10, 2003): 1503–5. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1554778.
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  - Cummer, S. A. “A simple, nearly perfectly matched layer for general electromagnetic media.” Ieee Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 13, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 128–30. https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWC.2003.810124.
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  - Barros Ana, P., and J. Lang Timothy. “Monitoring the monsoon in the Himalayas: Observations in Central Nepal, June 2001.” Monthly Weather Review 131, no. 7 (2003): 1408–27. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2003)1312.0.CO;2.
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  - Cummer, S. A. “Current moment in sprite-producing lightning.” Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics 65, no. 5 (January 1, 2003): 499–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6826(02)00318-8.
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  - Cummer, S. A., J. L. Green, B. W. Reinisch, S. F. Fung, M. L. Kaiser, J. S. Pickett, I. Christopher, R. Mutel, D. A. Gurnett, and C. P. Escoubet. “Advances in magnetospheric radio wave analysis and tomography.” Advances in Space Research 32, no. 3 (January 1, 2003): 329–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(03)90271-7.
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  - Hu, W., S. A. Cummer, W. A. Lyons, and T. E. Nelson. “Lightning charge moment changes for the initiation of sprites.” Geophysical Research Letters 29, no. 8 (April 15, 2002): 120-1-120–24.
  - Hu, W., S. A. Cummer, W. A. Lyons, and T. E. Nelson. “Lightning charge moment changes for the initiation of sprites.” Geophysical Research Letters 29, no. 8 (April 15, 2002). https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014593.
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  - Østgaard, N., J. Stadsnes, J. Bjordal, G. A. Germany, R. R. Vondrak, G. K. Parks, S. A. Cummer, D. L. Chenette, and J. G. Pronko. “Auroral electron distributions derived from combined UV and X-ray emissions.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 106, no. A11 (November 1, 2001): 26081–89. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001ja000031.
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  - Cummer, S. A., M. J. Reiner, B. W. Reinisch, M. L. Kaiser, J. L. Green, R. F. Benson, R. Manning, and K. Goetz. “A test magnetospheric radio tomographic imaging with IMAGE and WIND.” Geophysical Research Letters 28, no. 6 (March 15, 2001): 1131–34. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012683.
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  - Cummer, S. A., and M. Füllekrug. “Unusually intense continuing current in lightning produces delayed mesospheric breakdown.” Geophysical Research Letters 28, no. 3 (February 1, 2001): 495–98. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012214.
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  - Cummer, S. A., and U. S. Inan. “Ionospheric E region remote sensing with ELF radio atmospherics.” Radio Science 35, no. 6 (November 1, 2000): 1437–44. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000RS002335.
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  - Cummer, S. A. “Modeling electromagnetic propagation in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide.” Ieee Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 48, no. 9 (September 1, 2000): 1420–29. https://doi.org/10.1109/8.898776.
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  - Østgaard, N., J. Stadsnes, J. Bjordal, R. R. Vondrak, S. A. Cummer, D. L. Chenette, M. Schulz, and J. G. Pronko. “Cause of the localized maximum of X-ray emission in the morning sector: A comparison with electron measurements.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 105, no. A9 (September 1, 2000): 20869–83. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999ja000354.
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  - Stanley, M., M. Brook, P. Krehbiel, and S. A. Cummer. “Detection of daytime sprites via a unique sprite ELF signature.” Geophysical Research Letters 27, no. 6 (March 15, 2000): 871–74. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL010769.
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  - Cummer, S. A., R. R. Vondrak, N. Ostgaard, J. Stadsnes, J. Bjordal, D. L. Chenette, M. J. Brittnacher, G. K. Parks, J. B. Sigwarth, and L. A. Frank. “Global multispectral auroral imaging of an isolated substorm.” Geophysical Research Letters 27, no. 5 (March 1, 2000): 637–40. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL011200.
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  - Cummer, S. A., R. R. Vondrak, N. Østgaard, J. Stadsnes, J. Bjordal, D. L. Chenette, M. J. Brittnacher, G. K. Parks, J. B. Sigwarth, and L. A. Frank. “Global multispectral auroral imaging of an isolated substorm.” Geophysical Research Letters 27, no. 5 (March 1, 2000): 637–40. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL003678.
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  - Cummer, S. A., and U. S. Inan. “Modeling ELF radio atmospheric propagation and extracting lightning currents from ELF observations.” Radio Science 35, no. 2 (March 1, 2000): 385–94. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999RS002184.
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  - Østgaard, N., J. Stadsnes, J. Bjordal, R. R. Vondrak, S. A. Cummer, D. L. Chenette, M. Schulz, et al. “Global X-ray emission during an isolated substorm - A case study.” Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics 62, no. 10 (January 1, 2000): 889–900. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6826(00)00034-1.
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  - Barrington-Leigh, C. P., U. S. Inan, M. Stanley, and S. A. Cummer. “Sprites triggered by negative lightning discharges.” Geophysical Research Letters 26, no. 24 (December 15, 1999): 3605–8. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL010692.
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  - Cummer, S. A., and M. Stanley. “Submillisecond resolution lightning currents and sprite development: Observations and implications.” Geophysical Research Letters 26, no. 20 (October 15, 1999): 3205–8. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL003635.
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  - Cummer, S. A., and W. M. Farrell. “Radio atmospheric propagation on Mars and potential remote sensing applications.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 104, no. E6 (June 25, 1999): 14149–57. https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JE000622.
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  - Østgaard, N., J. Stadsnes, J. Bjordal, R. R. Vondrak, S. A. Cummer, D. L. Chenette, G. K. Parks, M. J. Brittnacher, and D. L. McKenzie. “Global-scale electron precipitation features seen in UV and X rays during substorms.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 104, no. A5 (May 1, 1999): 10191–204. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999ja900004.
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  - Farrell, W. M., M. L. Kaiser, M. D. Desch, J. G. Houser, S. A. Cummer, D. M. Wilt, and G. A. Landis. “Detecting electrical activity from Martian dust storms.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 104, no. E2 (February 25, 1999): 3795–3801. https://doi.org/10.1029/98JE02821.
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  - Cummer, S. A., U. S. Inan, T. F. Bell, and C. P. Barrington-Leigh. “ELF radiation produced by electrical currents in sprites.” Geophysical Research Letters 25, no. 8 (April 15, 1998): 1281–84. https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL50937.
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  - Cummer, S. A., and U. S. Inan. “Erratum: Measurement of charge transfer in spriteproducing lightning using ELF radio atmospherics (Geophysical Research Letters (1998) 24:14 (1731-1734)).” Geophysical Research Letters 25, no. 6 (March 15, 1998): 901. https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL00475.
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  - Cummer, S. A., U. S. Inan, and T. F. Bell. “Ionospheric D region remote sensing using VLF radio atmospherics.” Radio Science 33, no. 6 (January 1, 1998): 1781–92. https://doi.org/10.1029/98RS02381.
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  - Foster, J. C., S. Cummer, and U. S. Inan. “Midlatitude particle and electric field effects at the onset of the November 1993 geomagnetic storm.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 103, no. A11 (January 1, 1998): 26359–66. https://doi.org/10.1029/98ja00018.
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  - Cummer, S. A. “An Analysis of New and Existing FDTD methods for isotropie cold plasma and a method for improving their accuracy.” Ieee Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 45, no. 3 (December 1, 1997): 392–400. https://doi.org/10.1109/8.558654.
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  - Cummer, S. A., and U. S. Inan. “Measurement of charge transfer in sprite-producing lightning using ELF radio atmospherics.” Geophysical Research Letters 24, no. 14 (January 1, 1997): 1731–34. https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL51791.
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  - Kelley, M. C., S. D. Baker, R. H. Holzworth, P. Argo, and S. A. Cummer. “LF and MF observations of the lightning electromagnetic pulse at ionospheric altitudes.” Geophysical Research Letters 24, no. 9 (January 1, 1997): 1111–14. https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00991.
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  - Cummer, S. A. “VLF remote sensing of high-energy auroral particle precipitation.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 102, no. A4 (January 1, 1997): 7477–84. https://doi.org/10.1029/96JA03721.
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  - Cummer, S. A., T. F. Bell, U. S. Inan, and L. J. Zanetti. “VLF remote sensing of the auroral electrojet.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 101, no. A3 (March 1, 1996): 5381–89. https://doi.org/10.1029/95ja03409.
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  - Bell, T. F., U. S. Inan, M. T. Danielson, and S. A. Cummer. “VLF signatures of ionospheric heating by HIPAS.” Radio Science 30, no. 6 (January 1, 1995): 1855–67. https://doi.org/10.1029/95RS02191.
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  - Cummer, S. A. “Another new FDTD method for linear dispersive media - but this one's the best yet.” Ieee Antennas and Propagation Society, Ap S International Symposium (Digest) 1 (January 1, 1995): 208–11.
  - Tian, Zhenhua, Chen Shen, Junfei Li, Eric Reit, Hunter Bachman, Joshua Socolar, Steven Cummer, and Tony Huang. “Dispersion Tuning and Route Reconfiguration of Acoustic Waves in Valley Topological Phononic Crystals (Accepted).” Nature Communications, n.d.
- Book Sections
  - Cummer, S. A. “Design for simplified materials in transformation electromagnetics.” In Transformation Electromagnetics and Metamaterials: Fundamental Principles and Applications, 9781447149965:117–37, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4996-5_4.
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- Conference Papers
  - Cuesta, F., J. Li, A. Diaz-Rubio, V. Asadchy, S. Cummer, and S. Tretyakov. “Advanced control of invisible cavity resonators with bianisotropic metasurfaces.” In 2019 13th International Congress on Artificial Materials for Novel Wave Phenomena, Metamaterials 2019, X098-X100, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/MetaMaterials.2019.8900813.
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  - Qin, Z., S. A. Cummer, Y. Du, M. Chen, B. Zhu, F. Lyu, and F. Liu. “Potential of GPU-based grid traverse algorithm for lightning geolocation.” In 2019 11th Asia Pacific International Conference on Lightning, Apl 2019, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/APL.2019.8815955.
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  - Diaz-Rubio, A., J. Li, C. Shen, S. A. Cummer, and S. A. Tretyakov. “High-effcient Acoustic Anomalous Reflector Based on Power-flow Conformal Metamirror.” In 2018 12th International Congress on Artificial Materials for Novel Wave Phenomena, Metamaterials 2018, 477–79, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/MetaMaterials.2018.8534152.
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  - Li, J., C. Shen, A. Diaz-Rubio, S. A. Tretyakov, and S. A. Cummer. “Bianisotropic Acoustic Metasurface for Highly Efficient Wavefront Transformation.” In 2018 12th International Congress on Artificial Materials for Novel Wave Phenomena, Metamaterials 2018, 254–56, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/MetaMaterials.2018.8534079.
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  - Lu, G., Y. Fan, H. Zhang, R. Jiang, M. Liu, X. Qie, and S. A. Cummer. “Reconstructing initial continuous current waveform in rocket-triggered lightning with close magnetic measurement.” In 2016 Asia Pacific International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Apemc 2016, 15–18, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/APEMC.2016.7522999.
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  - Kolmasova, I., O. Santolik, T. Farges, S. Cummer, R. Lan, and L. Uhlir. “Propagation of preliminary breakdown pulses preceding cloud-to-ground lightning discharges.” In 2015 1st Ursi Atlantic Radio Science Conference, Ursi at Rasc 2015, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/URSI-AT-RASC.2015.7303055.
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  - Lu, G., and S. A. Cummer. “Implications of lightning emissions for terrestrial gamma-ray flashes and associated lightning discharges.” In 2014 International Conference on Lightning Protection, Iclp 2014, 1496–1502, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP.2014.6973365.
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  - Popa, B. I., and S. A. Cummer. “Unified approach to design linear and nonlinear acoustic metamaterials.” In 2014 8th International Congress on Advanced Electromagnetic Materials in Microwaves and Optics, Metamaterials 2014, 241–43, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/MetaMaterials.2014.6948661.
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  - Cummer, S. A., M. S. Briggs, V. Connaughton, S. Xiong, G. J. Fishman, and J. R. Dwyer. “Charge motion and altitude of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes.” In 2014 31th Ursi General Assembly and Scientific Symposium, Ursi Gass 2014, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/URSIGASS.2014.6929977.
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  - Lu, G., and S. A. Cummer. “Negative sprites produced by consecutive impulse charge transfers in negative strokes.” In 2014 31th Ursi General Assembly and Scientific Symposium, Ursi Gass 2014, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/URSIGASS.2014.6929970.
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  - Qin, J., S. Celestin, V. P. Pasko, S. A. Cummer, M. G. McHarg, and H. C. Stenbaek-Nielsen. “Mechanisms of sprite initiation, morphology, and lightning polarity asymmetry.” In 2014 31th Ursi General Assembly and Scientific Symposium, Ursi Gass 2014, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/URSIGASS.2014.6929972.
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  - Barrett, J. P., and S. A. Cummer. “Design and realization of transistor-embedded active RF metamaterials.” In 2014 United States National Committee of Ursi National Radio Science Meeting, Usnc Ursi Nrsm 2014, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/USNC-URSI-NRSM.2014.6927963.
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  - Katko, A. R., and S. A. Cummer. “Transistor-embedded acousto-optic and nonlinear metamaterials.” In 2014 United States National Committee of Ursi National Radio Science Meeting, Usnc Ursi Nrsm 2014, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/USNC-URSI-NRSM.2014.6927966.
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  - Weinert, J. L., and S. A. Cummer. “Measurement of sensitive current and charge motion using coherent averaging of remote low frequency magnetic field observations.” In 2014 United States National Committee of Ursi National Radio Science Meeting, Usnc Ursi Nrsm 2014, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/USNC-URSI-NRSM.2014.6928015.
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  - Barrett, J. P., and S. A. Cummer. “Roadmap to electrically self-tuning metamaterials: Design and experimental validation.” In Proceedings 2014 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, Iceaa 2014, 341–42, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEAA.2014.6903874.
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  - Cummins, K. L., M. G. Quick, W. Rison, P. Krehbiel, R. Thomas, D. Rodeheffer, T. A. Warner, et al. “Overview of the Kansas Windfarm 2013 field program.” In International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, Icae 2014, 2014.
  - Lang, T. J., S. Cummer, D. Petersen, L. Flores-Rivera, W. Lyons, D. MacGorman, and W. Beasley. “Large charge moment change lightning in an Oklahoma mesoscale convective system.” In International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, Icae 2014, 2014.
  - Cummins, K. L., M. G. Quick, W. Rison, P. Krehbiel, R. Thomas, D. Rodeheffer, T. A. Warner, et al. “Overview of the Kansas Windfarm 2013 field program.” In International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, Icae 2014, 2014.
  - Lang, T. J., S. Cummer, D. Petersen, L. Flores-Rivera, W. Lyons, D. MacGorman, and W. Beasley. “Large charge moment change lightning in an Oklahoma mesoscale convective system.” In International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, Icae 2014, 2014.
  - Barrett, J. P., and S. A. Cummer. “Active nonlinear metamaterials loaded with negative differential resistance elements and circuits.” In Proceedings of Spie the International Society for Optical Engineering, Vol. 8455, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.928991.
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  - Katko, A. R., A. M. Hawkes, and S. A. Cummer. “Nonlinear and active RF metamaterial applications using embedded devices.” In Proceedings of Spie the International Society for Optical Engineering, Vol. 8455, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.928987.
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  - Zigoneanu, L., B. I. Popa, and S. A. Cummer. “Sound manipulation with acoustic metamaterials.” In American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Noise Control and Acoustics Division (Publication) Ncad, 521–28, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1115/NCAD2012-1277.
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  - Cummer, Steven A. “Active and Tunable RF Metamaterials.” In Proceedings of the 2008 International Workshop on Metamaterials, edited by T. J. Cui and D. R. Smith, 9–9. IEEE, 2008.
    Link to Item
  - Popa, Bogdan-Ioan, and Steven A. Cummer. “Design and experimental demonstration of active RE metamaterials.” In 2007 Ieee Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Vols 1 12, 2339–42. IEEE, 2007.
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  - Brown, A., G. Ybarra, H. Massoud, J. Board, J. Holmes, K. Coonley, L. Collins, L. Huettel, M. Gustafson, and S. Cummer. “Redesign of the core curriculum at Duke University.” In Asee Annual Conference and Exposition, Conference Proceedings, 2006.
  - Brown, A., G. Ybarra, H. Massoud, J. Board, J. Holmes, K. Coonley, L. Collins, L. Huettel, M. Gustafson, and S. Cummer. “Redesign of the core curriculum at Duke University.” In Asee Annual Conference and Exposition, Conference Proceedings, 2006.
  - Cummer, Steven A. “Measurements of lightning parameters from remote electromagnetic fields.” In Sprites, Elves and Intense Lightning Discharges, edited by M. Fullekrug, E. A. Mareev, and M. J. Rycroft, 225:191-+. SPRINGER, 2006.
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  - Collins, L. M., L. G. Huettel, A. S. Brown, G. A. Ybarra, J. S. Holmes, J. A. Board, S. A. Cummer, M. R. Gustafson, J. Kim, and H. Z. Massoud. “Theme-based redesign of the duke university ECE curriculum: The first steps.” In Asee Annual Conference and Exposition, Conference Proceedings, 14313–26, 2005.
  - Cummer, S. A., R. R. Vondrak, R. F. Pfaff, J. W. Gierloev, C. W. Carlson, R. E. Ergun, W. J. Peria, et al. “Auroral surge currents and electrodynamics with FAST and VIS,” 118:191–97, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1029/GM118p0191.
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  - Gjerloev, J. W., E. Friis-Christensen, R. A. Hoffman, and S. A. Cummer. “The Harang discontinuity in auroral substorms,” 118:209–16, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1029/GM118p0209.
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- Datasets
  - Cummer, Steven. “Data from: Indirectly measured ambient electric fields for lightning initiation in fast breakdown regions,” January 8, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7924/r4g44p43t.
    Data Access
Teaching & Mentoring
Recent Courses
Scholarly, Clinical, & Service Activities
Presentations & Appearances
- Acoustic Metamaterials. Metamaterials 2015 - Plenary Lecture. September 7, 2015 - September 10, 2015 2015
- Cloaking Sound and Light. Department of Mechanical Engineering Seminar. University of Washington . May 12, 2015 2015
Service to Duke
- Pratt Appointment, Promotion, and Tenure Committee. 2015 2015
- Executive Committee of the Graduate Faculty. 2014 2014

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