David Brett MacLeod | Scholars@Duke

David Brett MacLeod
Associate Professor of Anesthesiology

Clinical Anesthesia
My principal clinical interest is the use of peripheral nerve blocks in primarily orthopedic joint replacement procedures. I am a member of the Regional Division with responsibilities to spine, trauma & plastic surgery.

I was the co-director of the Carolina Cadaver Course, which was run annually in conjunction with Wake Forest University School of Medicine. I have been involved in teaching the use of ultrasound for the placement of peripheral nerve blocks and have lectured on several national courses.

Human Pharmacology & Physiology Lab (HPPL)
I am the Director of the HPPL which is the the Department of Anesthesiology's clinical research lab designed to conduct studies in healthy volunteers. It is designed to collect comprehensive physiological data in a manner similar to the Operating Room (OR), using both non-invasive and invasive techniques. The key areas of interest are:

Early human clinical drug trials (Phase 1 & 2) of drugs related to anesthesia
Conduct of clinical equipment validation studies prior to FDA approval

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Associate Professor of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology, Regional, Anesthesiology 2021

Contact Information

2301 Erwin Road, 5695 Hafs Building, Durham, NC 27708
Box 3094 Med Ctr, Durham, NC 27710
david.macleod@duke.edu (919) 681-6437

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- M.B.B.S., St. Mary's Hospital Medical School (United Kingdom) 1987
Previous Appointments & Affiliations
- Associate Professor of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology, Regional, Anesthesiology 2018 - 2020
- Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology, Regional, Anesthesiology 2006 - 2018
- Assistant Clinical Professor of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology, Regional, Anesthesiology 2002 - 2006
- Associate in the Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology, Neuroanesthesia, Anesthesiology 2000 - 2002
- Visiting Associate in the Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology, Neuroanesthesia, Anesthesiology 1998 - 2000
Research
Selected Grants
- Role of the Splanchnic Vascular Compartment in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction awarded by Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, Inc. 2022 - 2025
- A Phase 1, Double-Blind, Active- and Placebo-Controlled Dose Escalation Study to Evaluate the Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Liposomal Bupivacaine 13.3 Administered via a Single Intrathecal Injection to Healthy Volunteers awarded by Pacira Pharmaceuticals 2023 - 2024
- Prospective study to validate the clinical accuracy of the Norbert Device to measure oxygen saturation awarded by Norbert Health 2023 - 2024
- MDT DIGI2 Study awarded by Medtronic, Inc. 2021 - 2023
- Comparison of Submaximal Exercise Tests with Maximal Exercise Test awarded by Vyaire Medical, Inc. 2021 - 2023
- Phase I Single Ascending Dose and Multiple Ascending Dose Study of 2R,6R-Hydroxynorketamine awarded by National Institutes of Health 2018 - 2023
- Cyban Brain Pulse Oximeter - Bsp02 awarded by Cyban Pty Ltd. 2022 - 2023
- Validation Study of the Noninvasix Optoacoustic Saturation Monitor to Estimate the Left Innominate Vein Oxygen Saturation awarded by Noninvasix, Inc 2022 - 2023
- Medtronic Oliver Study awarded by Medtronic, Inc. 2020 - 2023
- RTOP 18-0006 Option 1 / Protocol Implementation awarded by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 2019 - 2022
- Pacira 402-C-332 STRIDE Ankle awarded by Pacira Pharmaceuticals 2019 - 2022
- Pacira Exparel Intrathecal awarded by Pacira Pharmaceuticals 2019 - 2021
- Bispectral Index and Levels of Sedation with Propofol with/without Remifentanil in Healthy Volunteers (SONORA) awarded by Medtronic, Inc. 2020 - 2021
- RTOP 18-0006 Option 1 / Protocol Implementation awarded by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 2019 - 2021
- Preoperative exercise to improve vagal tone (PREVENT) study awarded by International Anesthesia Research Society 2019 - 2020
- Exparel Hip Fracture awarded by Pacira Pharmaceuticals 2019 - 2020
- Medtronic NG INVOS JB4 NI awarded by Medtronic, Inc. 2018 - 2019
- Venous Pulse Ox Calibration Study awarded by Cyban Pty Ltd. 2018 - 2019
- Phase I Open Label Study to Determine the Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety of IV Ganaxolone in Healthy Adults awarded by Marinus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2016 - 2018
- Dysfunctional Hemoglobin Pulse Oximeter Manufacturability Study awarded by Nonin Medical, Inc. 2016 - 2017
- COVMOPR 0463: Desaturation for the NIRS Technology Calibration awarded by Covidien Ltd. 2014 - 2017
- Comparison of Compensatory Reserve Index to Changes in Stroke Volume and Intravascular Volume During Continuous Rate Blood Draw & Subsequent Resuscitation via Re-infusion awarded by Flashback Technologies, Inc. 2015 - 2016
- Nonin 5: Effect of Induced Hypoxia at Multiple Wavelengths awarded by Nonin Medical, Inc. 2013 - 2015
- Comparison of Compensatory Reserve Index to Intravascular Volume Change and Stroke Volume awarded by Clinimark Laboratories 2013 - 2015
- Phase I Study of Single IV Dose of AR09 in Healthy Subjects awarded by Arbor Pharmaceuticals, Inc 2013 - 2015
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Academic Articles
  - Hoiland, Ryan L., David B. MacLeod, Benjamin S. Stacey, Hannah G. Caldwell, Connor A. Howe, Daniela Nowak-Flück, Jay Mjr Carr, et al. “Hemoglobin and cerebral hypoxic vasodilation in humans: Evidence for nitric oxide-dependent and S-nitrosothiol mediated signal transduction.” J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, April 12, 2023, 271678X231169579. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X231169579.
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  - Carr, Jay Mjr, Philip N. Ainslie, David B. MacLeod, Joshua C. Tremblay, Daniela Nowak-Flück, Connor A. Howe, Mike Stembridge, et al. “Cerebral O2 and CO2 transport in isovolumic haemodilution: Compensation of cerebral delivery of O2 and maintenance of cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2.” J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 43, no. 1 (January 2023): 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X221119442.
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  - Bailey, Damian M., Anthony R. Bain, Ryan L. Hoiland, Otto F. Barak, Ivan Drvis, Christophe Hirtz, Sylvain Lehmann, et al. “Hypoxemia increases blood-brain barrier permeability during extreme apnea in humans.” J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 42, no. 6 (June 2022): 1120–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X221075967.
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  - Steele, Andrew R., Philip N. Ainslie, Rachel Stone, Kaitlyn Tymko, Courtney Tymko, Connor A. Howe, David MacLeod, James D. Anholm, Christopher Gasho, and Michael M. Tymko. “Global REACH 2018: Characterizing Acid-Base Balance Over 21 Days at 4,300 m in Lowlanders.” High Alt Med Biol 23, no. 2 (June 2022): 185–91. https://doi.org/10.1089/ham.2021.0115.
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  - Caldwell, Hannah G., Ryan L. Hoiland, Kurt J. Smith, Patrice Brassard, Anthony R. Bain, Michael M. Tymko, Connor A. Howe, et al. “Trans-cerebral HCO3- and PCO2 exchange during acute respiratory acidosis and exercise-induced metabolic acidosis in humans.” J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 42, no. 4 (April 2022): 559–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X211065924.
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  - Hoiland, Ryan L., Hannah G. Caldwell, Jay M. J. R. Carr, Connor A. Howe, Benjamin S. Stacey, Tony Dawkins, Denis J. Wakeham, et al. “Nitric oxide contributes to cerebrovascular shear-mediated dilatation but not steady-state cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide.” The Journal of Physiology 600, no. 6 (March 2022): 1385–1403. https://doi.org/10.1113/jp282427.
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  - Stone, Rachel M., Philip N. Ainslie, Joshua C. Tremblay, John D. Akins, David B. MacLeod, Michael M. Tymko, Christopher A. DeSouza, and Anthony R. Bain. “GLOBAL REACH 2018: intra-arterial vitamin C improves endothelial-dependent vasodilatory function in humans at high altitude.” J Physiol 600, no. 6 (March 2022): 1373–83. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP282281.
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  - Tymko, Michael M., Christopher K. Willie, Connor A. Howe, Ryan L. Hoiland, Rachel M. Stone, Kaitlyn Tymko, Courtney Tymko, et al. “Acid-base balance at high altitude in lowlanders and indigenous highlanders.” J Appl Physiol (1985) 132, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 575–80. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00757.2021.
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  - Niederer, Laura E., Hilary Miller, Krista L. Haines, Jeroen Molinger, John Whittle, David B. MacLeod, Stephen A. McClave, and Paul E. Wischmeyer. “Prolonged progressive hypermetabolism during COVID-19 hospitalization undetected by common predictive energy equations.” Clin Nutr Espen 45 (October 2021): 341–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.07.021.
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  - Stembridge, Mike, Ryan L. Hoiland, Alexandra M. Williams, Connor A. Howe, Joseph Donnelly, Tony G. Dawkins, Aimee Drane, et al. “The influence of hemoconcentration on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in acute, prolonged, and lifelong hypoxemia.” Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 321, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): H738–47. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00357.2021.
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  - Caldwell, Hannah G., Kurt J. Smith, Nia C. S. Lewis, Ryan L. Hoiland, Christopher K. Willie, Samuel J. E. Lucas, Michael Stembridge, Keith R. Burgess, David B. MacLeod, and Philip N. Ainslie. “Regulation of cerebral blood flow by arterial PCO2 independent of metabolic acidosis at 5050 m.” J Physiol 599, no. 14 (July 2021): 3513–30. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP281446.
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  - Kumar, A. H., D. B. MacLeod, K. R. Kumar, N. Ray, and J. Gadsden. “Comparison of perineural catheter fixation methods: a volunteer study.” Anaesthesia 76, no. 5 (May 2021): 714–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.15372.
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  - Willie, Christopher K., Alexander Patrician, Ryan L. Hoiland, Alexandra M. Williams, Christopher Gasho, Prajan Subedi, James Anholm, et al. “Influence of iron manipulation on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary reactivity during ascent and acclimatization to 5050 m.” J Physiol 599, no. 5 (March 2021): 1685–1708. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP281114.
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  - Tymko, Michael M., Ryan L. Hoiland, Joshua C. Tremblay, Mike Stembridge, Tony G. Dawkins, Geoff B. Coombs, Alexander Patrician, et al. “The 2018 Global Research Expedition on Altitude Related Chronic Health (Global REACH) to Cerro de Pasco, Peru: an Experimental Overview.” Exp Physiol 106, no. 1 (January 2021): 86–103. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP088350.
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  - Fudim, Marat, Yawar J. Qadri, Kamrouz Ghadimi, David B. MacLeod, Jeroen Molinger, Jonathan P. Piccini, John Whittle, Paul E. Wischmeyer, Manesh R. Patel, and Luis Ulloa. “Implications for Neuromodulation Therapy to Control Inflammation and Related Organ Dysfunction in COVID-19.” J Cardiovasc Transl Res 13, no. 6 (December 2020): 894–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12265-020-10031-6.
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  - Dooley, Joshua, William Michael Bullock, Amanda H. Kumar, David B. MacLeod, and Jeffrey Gadsden. “Systematic sonographic and evoked motor identification of the nerve to vastus medialis during adductor canal block.” Reg Anesth Pain Med 45, no. 11 (November 2020): 937–38. https://doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2019-101232.
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  - Hoiland, Ryan L., Hannah G. Caldwell, Connor A. Howe, Daniela Nowak-Flück, Benjamin S. Stacey, Damian M. Bailey, Julian F. R. Paton, et al. “Nitric oxide is fundamental to neurovascular coupling in humans.” J Physiol 598, no. 21 (November 2020): 4927–39. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP280162.
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  - Dong, Tiffany W., David B. MacLeod, Antoinette Santoro, Zachary Augustine, Stratton Barth, Mary Cooter, and Richard E. Moon. “Reply to Drs. Wang et al.” J Appl Physiol (1985) 129, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 933. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00729.2020.
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  - Hoiland, Ryan L., Joshua C. Tremblay, Benjamin S. Stacey, Geoff B. Coombs, Daniela Nowak-Flück, Michael M. Tymko, Alexander Patrician, et al. “Acute reductions in haematocrit increase flow-mediated dilatation independent of resting nitric oxide bioavailability in humans.” J Physiol 598, no. 19 (October 2020): 4225–36. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP280141.
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  - Howe, Connor A., David B. MacLeod, Liisa Wainman, Samuel J. Oliver, and Philip N. Ainslie. “Validation of a Noninvasive Assessment of Pulmonary Gas Exchange During Exercise in Hypoxia.” Chest 158, no. 4 (October 2020): 1644–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.04.017.
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  - Whittle, John, Jeroen Molinger, David MacLeod, Krista Haines, Paul E. Wischmeyer, and Paul E. LEEP-COVID Study Group. “Persistent hypermetabolism and longitudinal energy expenditure in critically ill patients with COVID-19.” Crit Care 24, no. 1 (September 28, 2020): 581. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03286-7.
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  - Dong, Tiffany W., David B. MacLeod, Antoinette Santoro, Zachary Augustine, Stratton Barth, Mary Cooter, and Richard E. Moon. “A methodology to explore ventilatory chemosensitivity and opioid-induced respiratory depression risk.” J Appl Physiol (1985) 129, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 500–507. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00460.2020.
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  - Cherry, Anne D., Jhaymie Cappiello, Muath Bishawi, Melanie G. Hollidge, and David B. MacLeod. “Shared Ventilation: Toward Safer Ventilator Splitting in Resource Emergencies.” Anesthesiology 133, no. 3 (September 2020): 681–83. https://doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000003410.
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  - Bishawi, Muath, Michael Kaplan, Simbarashe Chidyagwai, Jhaymie Cappiello, Anne Cherry, David MacLeod, Ken Gall, et al. “Rapid Ventilator Splitting During COVID-19 Pandemic Using 3D Printed Devices and Numerical Modeling of 200 Million Patient Specific Air Flow Scenarios.” Res Sq, August 12, 2020. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-48165/v1.
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  - Dixon, Barry, and David B. MacLeod. “Assessment of a Non Invasive Brain Oximeter in Volunteers Undergoing Acute Hypoxia.” Med Devices (Auckl) 13 (2020): 183–94. https://doi.org/10.2147/MDER.S250102.
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  - Martin, Greg S., David A. Kaufman, Paul E. Marik, Nathan I. Shapiro, Denny Z. H. Levett, John Whittle, David B. MacLeod, et al. “Perioperative Quality Initiative (POQI) consensus statement on fundamental concepts in perioperative fluid management: fluid responsiveness and venous capacitance.” Perioper Med (Lond) 9 (2020): 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13741-020-00142-8.
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  - Howe, Connor A., Philip N. Ainslie, Joshua C. Tremblay, Howard H. Carter, Alex Patrician, Mike Stembridge, Alex Williams, et al. “UBC-Nepal Expedition: Haemoconcentration underlies the reductions in cerebral blood flow observed during acclimatization to high altitude.” Exp Physiol 104, no. 12 (December 2019): 1963–72. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP087663.
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  - Hoiland, Ryan L., Connor A. Howe, Howard H. Carter, Joshua C. Tremblay, Chris K. Willie, Joseph Donnelly, David B. MacLeod, et al. “UBC-Nepal expedition: phenotypical evidence for evolutionary adaptation in the control of cerebral blood flow and oxygen delivery at high altitude.” J Physiol 597, no. 12 (June 2019): 2993–3008. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP277596.
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  - Tremblay, Joshua C., Ryan L. Hoiland, Connor A. Howe, Geoff B. Coombs, Gustavo A. Vizcardo-Galindo, Rómulo J. Figueroa-Mujíca, Daniela Bermudez, et al. “Global REACH 2018: High Blood Viscosity and Hemoglobin Concentration Contribute to Reduced Flow-Mediated Dilation in High-Altitude Excessive Erythrocytosis.” Hypertension 73, no. 6 (June 2019): 1327–35. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.12780.
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  - Sigurdsson, Martin I., Benjamin Brockbank, John C. Haney, Jon Andrews, David B. MacLeod, Steven N. Vaslef, Kelli R. Brooks, Erin L. Manning, and Alina Nicoara. “Abdominal Gunshot Causing Ventricular Septal Injury Without Perforation into the Pericardium.” J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 33, no. 3 (March 2019): 772–75. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2018.02.038.
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  - Tremblay, Joshua C., Ryan L. Hoiland, Howard H. Carter, Connor A. Howe, Mike Stembridge, Christopher K. Willie, Christopher Gasho, David B. MacLeod, Kyra E. Pyke, and Philip N. Ainslie. “UBC-Nepal expedition: upper and lower limb conduit artery shear stress and flow-mediated dilation on ascent to 5,050 m in lowlanders and Sherpa.” Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 315, no. 6 (December 1, 2018): H1532–43. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00345.2018.
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  - Bain, Anthony R., Ivan Drvis, Zeljko Dujic, David B. MacLeod, and Philip N. Ainslie. “Physiology of static breath holding in elite apneists.” Exp Physiol 103, no. 5 (May 1, 2018): 635–51. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP086269.
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  - Bain, Anthony R., Philip N. Ainslie, Ryan L. Hoiland, Otto F. Barak, Ivan Drvis, Mike Stembridge, Douglas M. MacLeod, et al. “Competitive apnea and its effect on the human brain: focus on the redox regulation of blood-brain barrier permeability and neuronal-parenchymal integrity.” Faseb J 32, no. 4 (April 2018): 2305–14. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201701031R.
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  - Benni, Paul B., David MacLeod, Keita Ikeda, and Hung-Mo Lin. “A validation method for near-infrared spectroscopy based tissue oximeters for cerebral and somatic tissue oxygen saturation measurements.” J Clin Monit Comput 32, no. 2 (April 2018): 269–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10877-017-0015-1.
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  - Lord, Rachel, David MacLeod, Keith George, David Oxborough, Rob Shave, and Mike Stembridge. “Reduced left ventricular filling following blood volume extraction does not result in compensatory augmentation of cardiac mechanics.” Exp Physiol 103, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 495–501. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP086761.
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  - Willie, Christopher K., Michael Stembridge, Ryan L. Hoiland, Michael M. Tymko, Joshua C. Tremblay, Alexander Patrician, Craig Steinback, et al. “UBC-Nepal Expedition: An experimental overview of the 2016 University of British Columbia Scientific Expedition to Nepal Himalaya.” Plos One 13, no. 10 (2018): e0204660. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204660.
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  - Stembridge, Mike, Ryan L. Hoiland, Anthony R. Bain, Otto F. Barak, Ivan Drvis, David B. MacLeod, Douglas M. MacLeod, et al. “Influence of lung volume on the interaction between cardiac output and cerebrovascular regulation during extreme apnoea.” Exp Physiol 102, no. 10 (October 1, 2017): 1288–99. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP086429.
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  - Burt, T., D. MacLeod, K. Lee, A. Santoro, D. K. DeMasi, T. Hawk, M. Feinglos, M. Rowland, and R. J. Noveck. “Intra-Target Microdosing - A Novel Drug Development Approach: Proof of Concept, Safety, and Feasibility Study in Humans.” Clin Transl Sci 10, no. 5 (September 2017): 351–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.12477.
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  - Bain, Anthony R., Philip N. Ainslie, Otto F. Barak, Ryan L. Hoiland, Ivan Drvis, Tanja Mijacika, Damian M. Bailey, et al. “Hypercapnia is essential to reduce the cerebral oxidative metabolism during extreme apnea in humans.” J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 37, no. 9 (September 2017): 3231–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X16686093.
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  - Burt, T., R. J. Noveck, D. B. MacLeod, A. T. Layton, M. Rowland, and G. Lappin. “Intra-Target Microdosing (ITM): A Novel Drug Development Approach Aimed at Enabling Safer and Earlier Translation of Biological Insights Into Human Testing.” Clin Transl Sci 10, no. 5 (September 2017): 337–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.12464.
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  - Krucoff, Max O., Katie Zhuang, David MacLeod, Allen Yin, Yoon Woo Byun, Roberto Jose Manson, Dennis A. Turner, Laura Oliveira, and Mikhail A. Lebedev. “A novel paraplegia model in awake behaving macaques.” J Neurophysiol 118, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 1800–1808. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00327.2017.
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  - Bain, Anthony R., Otto F. Barak, Ryan L. Hoiland, Ivan Drvis, Damian M. Bailey, Zeljko Dujic, Tanja Mijacika, et al. “Forced vital capacity and not central chemoreflex predicts maximal hyperoxic breath-hold duration in elite apneists.” Respir Physiol Neurobiol 242 (August 2017): 8–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2017.02.015.
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  - Moulton, Steven L., Jane Mulligan, Maria Antoinette Santoro, Khanh Bui, Gregory Z. Grudic, and David MacLeod. “Validation of a noninvasive monitor to continuously trend individual responses to hypovolemia.” J Trauma Acute Care Surg 83, no. 1 Suppl 1 (July 2017): S104–11. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001511.
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  - Hoiland, Ryan L., Philip N. Ainslie, Anthony R. Bain, David B. MacLeod, Mike Stembridge, Ivan Drvis, Dennis Madden, Otto Barak, Douglas M. MacLeod, and Zeljko Dujic. “β1-Blockade increases maximal apnea duration in elite breath-hold divers.” J Appl Physiol (1985) 122, no. 4 (April 1, 2017): 899–906. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00127.2016.
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  - Bailey, Damian M., Christopher K. Willie, Ryan L. Hoiland, Anthony R. Bain, David B. MacLeod, Maria A. Santoro, Daniel K. DeMasi, et al. “Surviving Without Oxygen: How Low Can the Human Brain Go?” High Alt Med Biol 18, no. 1 (March 2017): 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1089/ham.2016.0081.
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  - Bickler, Philip E., John R. Feiner, Michael S. Lipnick, Paul Batchelder, David B. MacLeod, and John W. Severinghaus. “Effects of Acute, Profound Hypoxia on Healthy Humans: Implications for Safety of Tests Evaluating Pulse Oximetry or Tissue Oximetry Performance.” Anesth Analg 124, no. 1 (January 2017): 146–53. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000001421.
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  - Bain, Anthony R., Philip N. Ainslie, Ryan L. Hoiland, Otto F. Barak, Marija Cavar, Ivan Drvis, Mike Stembridge, et al. “Cerebral oxidative metabolism is decreased with extreme apnoea in humans; impact of hypercapnia.” J Physiol 594, no. 18 (September 15, 2016): 5317–28. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP272404.
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  - Stembridge, Mike, Ryan L. Hoiland, Anthony R. Bain, Otto F. Barak, Ivan Drvis, David B. MacLeod, Douglas M. MacLeod, et al. “Influence Of Lung Volume On Circulatory Function And Arterial Blood Gases During Prolonged Breath Holding In Elite Apnea Divers: 2443 June 3, 11: 00 AM - 11: 15 AM.” Med Sci Sports Exerc 48, no. 5 Suppl 1 (May 2016): 670–71. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000487012.45951.fd.
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  - Bain, Anthony R., Philip N. Ainslie, Ryan L. Hoiland, Chris K. Willie, David B. MacLeod, Dennis Madden, Petra Zubin Maslov, Ivan Drviš, and Željko Dujić. “Role of cerebral blood flow in extreme breath holding.” Transl Neurosci 7, no. 1 (2016): 12–16. https://doi.org/10.1515/tnsci-2016-0003.
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  - Buchheit, Thomas, Thomas Van de Ven, Hung-Lun John Hsia, Mary McDuffie, David B. MacLeod, William White, Alexander Chamessian, Francis J. Keefe, Chester Trip Buckenmaier, and Andrew D. Shaw. “Pain Phenotypes and Associated Clinical Risk Factors Following Traumatic Amputation: Results from Veterans Integrated Pain Evaluation Research (VIPER).” Pain Med 17, no. 1 (January 2016): 149–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/pme.12848.
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  - Bain, Anthony R., Zeljko Dujic, Ryan L. Hoiland, Otto F. Barak, Dennis Madden, Ivan Drvis, Mike Stembridge, David B. MacLeod, Douglas M. MacLeod, and Philip N. Ainslie. “Peripheral chemoreflex inhibition with low-dose dopamine: new insight into mechanisms of extreme apnea.” Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 309, no. 9 (November 1, 2015): R1162–71. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00271.2015.
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  - Convertino, Victor A., Jeffrey T. Howard, Carmen Hinojosa-Laborde, Sylvain Cardin, Paul Batchelder, Jane Mulligan, Gregory Z. Grudic, Steven L. Moulton, and David B. MacLeod. “Individual-Specific, Beat-to-beat Trending of Significant Human Blood Loss: The Compensatory Reserve.” Shock 44 Suppl 1 (August 2015): 27–32. https://doi.org/10.1097/SHK.0000000000000323.
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  - Tymko, Michael M., Philip N. Ainslie, David B. MacLeod, Chris K. Willie, and Glen E. Foster. “End tidal-to-arterial CO2 and O2 gas gradients at low- and high-altitude during dynamic end-tidal forcing.” Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 308, no. 11 (June 1, 2015): R895–906. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00425.2014.
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  - Willie, Christopher K., David B. MacLeod, Kurt J. Smith, Nia C. Lewis, Glen E. Foster, Keita Ikeda, Ryan L. Hoiland, and Philip N. Ainslie. “The contribution of arterial blood gases in cerebral blood flow regulation and fuel utilization in man at high altitude.” J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 35, no. 5 (May 2015): 873–81. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2015.4.
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  - Willie, Christopher K., Philip N. Ainslie, Ivan Drvis, David B. MacLeod, Anthony R. Bain, Dennis Madden, Petra Zubin Maslov, and Zeljko Dujic. “Regulation of brain blood flow and oxygen delivery in elite breath-hold divers.” J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 35, no. 1 (January 2015): 66–73. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2014.170.
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  - Smith, K. J., D. MacLeod, C. K. Willie, N. C. S. Lewis, R. L. Hoiland, K. Ikeda, M. M. Tymko, et al. “Influence of high altitude on cerebral blood flow and fuel utilization during exercise and recovery.” J Physiol 592, no. 24 (December 15, 2014): 5507–27. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2014.281212.
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  - Ikeda, Keita, David B. MacLeod, Hilary P. Grocott, Eugene W. Moretti, Warwick Ames, and Charles Vacchiano. “The accuracy of a near-infrared spectroscopy cerebral oximetry device and its potential value for estimating jugular venous oxygen saturation.” Anesth Analg 119, no. 6 (December 2014): 1381–92. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000000463.
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  - Lewis, Nia C. S., Anthony R. Bain, David B. MacLeod, Kevin W. Wildfong, Kurt J. Smith, Christopher K. Willie, Marit L. Sanders, et al. “Impact of hypocapnia and cerebral perfusion on orthostatic tolerance.” J Physiol 592, no. 23 (December 1, 2014): 5203–19. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2014.280586.
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  - Gill, Matthew, Michael J. Natoli, Charles Vacchiano, David B. MacLeod, Keita Ikeda, Michael Qin, Neal W. Pollock, Richard E. Moon, Carl Pieper, and Richard D. Vann. “Effects of elevated oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressures on respiratory function and cognitive performance.” J Appl Physiol (1985) 117, no. 4 (August 15, 2014): 406–12. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00995.2013.
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  - Ainslie, Philip N., Andrew D. Shaw, Kurt J. Smith, Christopher K. Willie, Keita Ikeda, Joseph Graham, and David B. Macleod. “Stability of cerebral metabolism and substrate availability in humans during hypoxia and hyperoxia.” Clin Sci (Lond) 126, no. 9 (May 2014): 661–70. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20130343.
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  - Willie, C. K., K. J. Smith, T. A. Day, L. A. Ray, N. C. S. Lewis, A. Bakker, D. B. Macleod, and P. N. Ainslie. “Regional cerebral blood flow in humans at high altitude: gradual ascent and 2 wk at 5,050 m.” J Appl Physiol (1985) 116, no. 7 (April 1, 2014): 905–10. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00594.2013.
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  - Foster, Glen E., Philip N. Ainslie, Mike Stembridge, Trevor A. Day, Akke Bakker, Samuel J. E. Lucas, Nia C. S. Lewis, David B. MacLeod, and Andrew T. Lovering. “Resting pulmonary haemodynamics and shunting: a comparison of sea-level inhabitants to high altitude Sherpas.” J Physiol 592, no. 6 (March 15, 2014): 1397–1409. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2013.266593.
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  - Raghunathan, Karthik, Atilio Barbeito, and David MacLeod. “Goal-directed advanced cardiac life support: coronary perfusion pressure as a target during resuscitation.” Crit Care Med 41, no. 12 (December 2013): 2817–18. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e31829cb381.
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  - Dubowitz, G., K. Breyer, M. Lipnick, J. W. Sall, J. Feiner, K. Ikeda, D. B. MacLeod, and P. E. Bickler. “Accuracy of the Lifebox pulse oximeter during hypoxia in healthy volunteers.” Anaesthesia 68, no. 12 (December 2013): 1220–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.12382.
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  - Balaban, Dahlia Y., James Duffin, David Preiss, Alexandra Mardimae, Alex Vesely, Marat Slessarev, G. R. Zubieta-Calleja, Ernest R. Greene, David B. Macleod, and Joseph A. Fisher. “The in-vivo oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve at sea level and high altitude.” Respir Physiol Neurobiol 186, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2012.12.011.
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  - MacLeod, David B., Keita Ikeda, Charles Vacchiano, Aaron Lobbestael, Joyce A. Wahr, and Andrew D. Shaw. “Development and validation of a cerebral oximeter capable of absolute accuracy.” J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 26, no. 6 (December 2012): 1007–14. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2012.06.010.
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  - Macleod, David B., Ashraf S. Habib, Keita Ikeda, Daniel A. Spyker, James V. Cassella, Kok Yuen Ho, and Tong J. Gan. “Inhaled fentanyl aerosol in healthy volunteers: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.” Anesth Analg 115, no. 5 (November 2012): 1071–77. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182691898.
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  - Willie, C. K., D. B. Macleod, A. D. Shaw, K. J. Smith, Y. C. Tzeng, N. D. Eves, K. Ikeda, et al. “Regional brain blood flow in man during acute changes in arterial blood gases.” J Physiol 590, no. 14 (July 15, 2012): 3261–75. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.228551.
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  - Haglund, Michael M., Joel Kiryabwire, Stephen Parker, Ali Zomorodi, David MacLeod, Rebecca Schroeder, Michael Muhumuza, and Michael Merson. “Surgical capacity building in Uganda through twinning, technology, and training camps.” World J Surg 35, no. 6 (June 2011): 1175–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-011-1080-0.
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  - Rotemberg, Veronica, Mark Palmeri, Stephen Rosenzweig, Stuart Grant, David Macleod, and Kathryn Nightingale. “Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) imaging-based needle visualization.” Ultrason Imaging 33, no. 1 (January 2011): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173461103300101.
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  - Palmeri, Mark L., Jeremy J. Dahl, David B. MacLeod, Stuart A. Grant, and Kathryn R. Nightingale. “On the feasibility of imaging peripheral nerves using acoustic radiation force impulse imaging.” Ultrason Imaging 31, no. 3 (July 2009): 172–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/016173460903100303.
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  - Ames, Warwick A., David B. Macleod, Allison K. Ross, Jeffrey Marcus, and Srinivasan Mukundan. “The novel use of computer-generated virtual imaging to assess the difficult pediatric airway.” Anesth Analg 104, no. 5 (May 2007): 1154–56. https://doi.org/10.1213/01.ane.0000260285.27004.de.
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  - Cortinez, Luis I., Jacques Somma, Kerri M. Robertson, John C. Keifer, David R. Wright, Yung-Wei Hsu, David B. MacLeod, and Eugene W. Moretti. “Changes in hematocrit based on incremental blood sampling: mathematical models perform poorly.” Can J Anaesth 52, no. 4 (April 2005): 374–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03016279.
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  - MacLeod, D. B., L. I. Cortinez, J. C. Keifer, D. Cameron, D. R. Wright, W. D. White, E. W. Moretti, L. R. Radulescu, and J. Somma. “The desaturation response time of finger pulse oximeters during mild hypothermia.” Anaesthesia 60, no. 1 (January 2005): 65–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2004.04033.x.
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  - Cortinez, Luis I., Yung-Wei Hsu, Sam T. Sum-Ping, Christopher Young, John C. Keifer, David Macleod, Kerri M. Robertson, David R. Wright, Eugene W. Moretti, and Jacques Somma. “Dexmedetomidine pharmacodynamics: Part II: Crossover comparison of the analgesic effect of dexmedetomidine and remifentanil in healthy volunteers.” Anesthesiology 101, no. 5 (November 2004): 1077–83. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200411000-00006.
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  - Hsu, Yung-Wei, Luis I. Cortinez, Kerri M. Robertson, John C. Keifer, Sam T. Sum-Ping, Eugene W. Moretti, Christopher C. Young, David R. Wright, David B. Macleod, and Jacques Somma. “Dexmedetomidine pharmacodynamics: part I: crossover comparison of the respiratory effects of dexmedetomidine and remifentanil in healthy volunteers.” Anesthesiology 101, no. 5 (November 2004): 1066–76. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200411000-00005.
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  - Grant, Stuart A., Dara S. Breslin, David B. MacLeod, David Gleason, and Gavin Martin. “Dexmedetomidine infusion for sedation during fiberoptic intubation: a report of three cases.” J Clin Anesth 16, no. 2 (March 2004): 124–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinane.2003.05.010.
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  - Grant, Stuart A., Dara S. Breslin, Gavin Martin, and David B. Macleod. “Infectious complications.” Reg Anesth Pain Med 29, no. 1 (2004): 70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rapm.2003.10.020.
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  - Grant, S. A., D. S. Breslin, D. B. MacLeod, D. Demeyts, G. Martin, F. D’Ercole, and D. Hardman. “Variability in determination of point of needle insertion in peripheral nerve blocks: a comparison of experienced and inexperienced anaesthetists.” Anaesthesia 58, no. 7 (July 2003): 688–92. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.2003.03189_2.x.
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  - MacLeod, D., S. Grant, D. Breslin, and G. Martin. “Lower limb blocks following general anaesthesia.” Anaesthesia 58, no. 6 (June 2003): 612–13. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.2003.03207_17.x.
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  - Martin, Gavin, Peter S. A. Glass, Dara S. Breslin, David B. MacLeod, Ian C. Sanderson, David A. Lubarsky, J. G. Reves, and Tong J. Gan. “A study of anesthetic drug utilization in different age groups.” J Clin Anesth 15, no. 3 (May 2003): 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0952-8180(03)00030-8.
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  - Breslin, Dara S., Gavin Martin, David B. Macleod, Francine D’ercole, and Stuart A. Grant. “Central nervous system toxicity following the administration of levobupivacaine for lumbar plexus block: A report of two cases.” Reg Anesth Pain Med 28, no. 2 (2003): 144–47. https://doi.org/10.1053/rapm.2003.50127.
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  - David, MacLeod. “Knotted peripheral nerve catheter.” Reg Anesth Pain Med 28, no. 5 (2003): 487–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rapm.2003.08.006.
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  - Macleod, David B., Stuart A. Grant, Gavin Martin, and Dara S. Breslin. “Identification of coracoid process for infraclavicular blocks.” Reg Anesth Pain Med 28, no. 5 (2003): 485. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1098-7339(03)00229-3.
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  - Martin, Gavin, Stuart A. Grant, David B. Macleod, Dara S. Breslin, and Randall P. Brewer. “Severe phantom leg pain in an amputee after lumbar plexus block.” Reg Anesth Pain Med 28, no. 5 (2003): 475–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1098-7339(03)00228-1.
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  - Martin, Gavin, Catherine K. Lineberger, David B. MacLeod, Habib E. El-Moalem, Dara S. Breslin, David Hardman, and Francine D’Ercole. “A new teaching model for resident training in regional anesthesia.” Anesth Analg 95, no. 5 (November 2002): 1423–27. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000539-200211000-00059.
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  - MacLeod, D., J. MacLeod, and W. J. Fawcett. “Magnesium: Physiology and pharmacology (multiple letters) [10].” British Journal of Anaesthesia 83, no. 6 (December 9, 1999): 972–73.
  - MacLeod, D., and J. MacLeod. “Magnesium: physiology and pharmacology.” Br J Anaesth 83, no. 6 (December 1999): 972–73.
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  - MacLeod, D., G. Martin, F. D’Ercole, W. Richardson, and H. Benveniste. “Three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging of thoracic and lumbar paravertebral space in human cadavers.” Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 24, no. 3 SUPPL. (January 1, 1999): 13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1098-7339(99)90190-6.
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- Conference Papers
  - Whittle, John, Dabheoc Coleman, Jeroen Molinger, Brant Inman, and David B. MacLeod. “Metabolic flexibility in patients undergoing Radical Cystectomy.” In Anesthesia and Analgesia, 134:971–72, 2022.
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  - Burt, T., D. B. MacLeod, L. Kihak, T. Hawk, T. Turkington, A. Santoro, D. K. DeMasi, M. Feinglos, R. J. Noveck, and M. Rowland. “INTRA-TARGET MICRODOSING (ITM), A NOVEL DRUG DEVELOPMENT APPROACH: PROOF-OF-CONCEPT IN HUMANS.” In Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 101:S23–S23. WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2017.
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  - Tsai, Julia, Jeffrey T. Guptill, David B. MacLeod, Aatif Husain, and Albena Patroneva. “Phase I Study to Determine the Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety of IV Ganaxolone in Healthy Adults.” In Annals of Neurology, 80:S77–78, 2016.
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