Scholars@Duke
Eric Trexler

Eric Trexler

Lecturing Fellow in the Department of Health, Wellness & Physical Education
Health, Wellness, and Physical Education
eric.trexler@duke.edu
117 Wilson Center, Durham, NC 27708
117 Wilson Center, Durham, NC 27708

Selected Publications

The Role of Cheat Meals in Dieting: A Scoping Review of Physiological and Psychological Responses.

Journal Article Nutrition reviews · November 2025 "Cheat" meals are characterized as a pause from energy restriction to allow relaxed ad libitum energy intake in a short period of time, usually as a single meal, a single day, or meals that spread across multiple days, such as over the weekend. Incorporati ... Full text Cite

Comparing weight loss rates between males and females: a preliminary analysis

Journal Article Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · September 30, 2025 Full text Cite

Common Errors in Sports Nutrition Meta-Analyses Lead to Distortion of Pooled Effect Estimates. Comment on Viribay et al. Effects of Arginine Supplementation on Athletic Performance Based on Energy Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. <i>Nutrients</i> 2020, <i>12,</i> 1300.

Journal Article Nutrients · July 2025 Viribay and colleagues published a meta-analysis called "Effects of Arginine Supplementation on Athletic Performance Based on Energy Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" in Nutrients in May of 2020. This meta-analysis sought to quantif ... Full text Cite

Dietary Nitrate Supplementation and Exercise Performance: An Umbrella Review of 20 Published Systematic Reviews with Meta-analyses.

Journal Article Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · May 2025 BackgroundDietary nitrate (NO3-) supplementation is purported to benefit exercise performance. However, previous studies have evaluated this nutritional strategy with various performance outcomes, exercise tasks, and dosing r ... Full text Cite

Effect of Dietary Protein on Fat-Free Mass in Energy Restricted, Resistance-Trained Individuals: An Updated Systematic Review with Meta-Regression

Journal Article Strength and Conditioning Journal · January 1, 2025 Individuals often restrict energy intake to lose fat mass (and body mass [BM]) while performing resistance training (RT) to retain fat-free mass (FFM). Therefore, the aim of the present systematic review with meta-regression was to explore (a) the pattern ... Full text Cite

Physical activity and diet pattern do not mitigate C-reactive protein increases associated with oral contraceptive use.

Journal Article PloS one · January 2025 The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of body mass index (BMI), physical activity (PA) level, dietary inflammatory index (DII), and oral contractive (OC) use on C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and to determine if elevated CRP values refle ... Full text Cite

Subsistence Populations Maintain Energy Balance through Adulthood while US Adults Do Not

Conference AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY · 2025 Cite

Improbable data characteristics and extreme effects of apple cider vinegar on weight loss.

Journal Article BMJ nutrition, prevention & health · January 2025 Full text Cite

Inflated effect estimates for vitamin D supplementation are driven by common meta-analytical errors.

Journal Article Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · December 2024 PurposeHan et al. (J Int Soc Sports Nutr 16:55, 2019) sought to quantify the effects of vitamin D supplementation on strength outcomes among athletes in a meta-analysis. The authors reported a pooled effect size (standardized mean difference; SMD) ... Full text Cite

N of 1: Optimizing Methodology for the Detection of Individual Response Variation in Resistance Training.

Journal Article Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · August 2024 Most resistance training research focuses on inference from average intervention effects from observed group-level change scores (i.e., mean change of group A vs group B). However, many practitioners are more interested in training responses (i.e., causal ... Full text Cite

Influence of Resistance Training Proximity-to-Failure on Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis.

Journal Article Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · March 2023 Background and objectiveThis systematic review with meta-analysis investigated the influence of resistance training proximity-to-failure on muscle hypertrophy.MethodsLiterature searches in the PubMed, SCOPUS and SPORTDiscus databases iden ... Full text Cite

The Effects of Intermittent Diet Breaks during 25% Energy Restriction on Body Composition and Resting Metabolic Rate in Resistance-Trained Females: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Journal Article Journal of Human Kinetics · January 1, 2023 The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of intermittent versus continuous energy restriction on body composition, resting metabolic rate, and eating behaviors in resistance-trained females. Thirty-eight resistance-trained females (mean ± stand ... Full text Cite

Sex Differences May Exist for Performance Fatigue but Not Recovery After Single-Joint Upper-Body and Lower-Body Resistance Exercise

Journal Article Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · June 1, 2022 Lewis, MH, Siedler, MR, Lamadrid, P, Ford, S, Smith, T, SanFilippo, G, Waddell, B, Trexler, ET, Buckner, S, and Campbell, BI. Sex differences may exist for performance fatigue but not recovery after single-joint upper-body and lower-body resistance exercis ... Full text Cite

Influence of acute water ingestion and prolonged standing on raw bioimpedance and subsequent body fluid and composition estimates

Journal Article Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance · January 1, 2022 This study evaluated the influence of acute water ingestion and maintaining an upright posture on raw bioimpedance and subsequent estimates of body fluids and composition. Twenty healthy adults participated in a randomized crossover study. In both conditio ... Full text Cite

A critical review of citrulline malate supplementation and exercise performance.

Journal Article European journal of applied physiology · December 2021 As a nitric oxide (NO) enhancer, citrulline malate (CM) has recently been touted as a potential ergogenic aid to both resistance and high-intensity exercise performance, as well as the recovery of muscular performance. The mechanism has been associated wit ... Full text Cite

Biopsychosocial Effects of Competition Preparation in Natural Bodybuilders

Journal Article Journal of Human Kinetics · July 28, 2021 Bodybuilders are judged on the subjective visual assessment of their muscular size, proportion, and leanness. This case series tracked four drug-free bodybuilders (3 male) during the off-season, pre-competition and recovery phases. This study aimed to comp ... Full text Cite

Provision of ready-to-drink protein following bariatric surgery: An evaluation of tolerability, body composition, and metabolic rate.

Journal Article Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · April 2021 Background & aimsIt is recommended that patients consume at least 60 g of dietary protein per day to attenuate loss of fat-free mass (FFM) following bariatric surgery. To date, research on the effectiveness and tolerability of protein supplementat ... Full text Cite

The Acute Effects of a Multi-Ingredient Herbal Supplement on Performance Fatigability: A Double-Blind, Randomized, and Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Journal Article Journal of dietary supplements · January 2021 The purpose of the present study was to examine the acute effects of an herbal supplement containing a 70:30 blend of Rhaponticum carthamoides extract and Rhodiola rosea extract, respectively, on performance fatigability and the affective responses prior t ... Full text Cite

Post-Exercise Ingestion of Low or High Molecular Weight Glucose Polymer Solution Does Not Improve Cycle Performance in Female Athletes.

Journal Article Journal of strength and conditioning research · January 2021 AbstractMock, MG, Hirsch, KR, Blue, MNM, Trexler, ET, Roelofs, EJ, and Smith-Ryan, AE. Postexercise ingestion of low or high molecular weight glucose polymer solution does not improve cycle performance in female athletes. J Strength Cond Res 35(1) ... Full text Cite

International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance.

Journal Article Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · January 2021 Following critical evaluation of the available literature to date, The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) position regarding caffeine intake is as follows: 1. Supplementation with caffeine has been shown to acutely enhance various aspects of ... Full text Cite

Alterations in Body Composition, Resting Metabolic Rate, Muscular Strength, and Eating Behavior in Response to Natural Bodybuilding Competition Preparation: A Case Study.

Journal Article Journal of strength and conditioning research · November 2020 Schoenfeld, BJ, Alto, A, Grgic, J, Tinsley, G, Haun, CT, Campbell, BI, Escalante, G, Sonmez, GT, Cote, G, Francis, A, and Trexler, ET. Alterations in body composition, resting metabolic rate, muscular strength, and eating behavior in response to natural bo ... Full text Cite

Physiological, psychological and performance-related changes following physique competition: A case-series

Journal Article Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · June 1, 2020 The purpose of this case-series was to evaluate the physiological, psychological and performance-related changes that occur during the postcompetition period. Participants included three male (34.3 ± 6.8 years, 181.6 ± 8.9 cm) and four female (29.3 ± 4.9 y ... Full text Cite

Impact of resistance training program configuration on the circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor response.

Journal Article Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme · June 2020 This study examined the acute and resting changes of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and inteleukin-6 (IL-6) and if changes in these biomarkers were correlated during resistance training (RT). Fifteen men with ≥2 years of RT experience (age: 23 ± ... Full text Cite

Effects of Citrulline Supplementation on Exercise Performance in Humans: A Review of the Current Literature.

Journal Article Journal of strength and conditioning research · May 2020 Gonzalez, AM and Trexler, ET. Effects of citrulline supplementation on exercise performance in humans: A review of the current literature. J Strength Cond Res 34(5): 1480-1495, 2020-L-citrulline, a nonessential amino acid found primarily in watermelon, has ... Full text Cite

Nutritional Recommendations for Physique Athletes

Journal Article Journal of Human Kinetics · January 31, 2020 The popularity of physique sports is increasing, yet there are currently few comprehensive nutritional guidelines for these athletes. Physique sport now encompasses more than just a short phase before competition and offseason guidelines have recently been ... Full text Cite

Effects of Citrulline Malate and Beetroot Juice Supplementation on Energy Metabolism and Blood Flow During Submaximal Resistance Exercise.

Journal Article Journal of dietary supplements · January 2020 The ergogenic effects of citrulline malate (CitMal) and beetroot juice (BEET) have been widely studied, but their effects on physiological outcomes related to resistance exercise are not fully understood. The purpose of this randomized, double-blind, cross ... Full text Cite

Visceral adipose tissue normative values in adults from the United States using GE Lunar iDXA.

Journal Article Clinical physiology and functional imaging · November 2019 ObjectivesTo create normative data for visceral adipose tissue (VAT) derived from the GE Lunar iDXA specific to sex and age cohorts for adults in the United States (US).MethodsA cross-sectional analysis of 649 adults were evaluated [Mean  ... Full text Cite

Effects of Citrulline Malate and Beetroot Juice Supplementation on Blood Flow, Energy Metabolism, and Performance During Maximum Effort Leg Extension Exercise.

Journal Article Journal of strength and conditioning research · September 2019 Trexler, ET, Keith, DS, Schwartz, TA, Ryan, ED, Stoner, L, Persky, AM, and Smith-Ryan, AE. Effects of citrulline malate and beetroot juice supplementation on blood flow, energy metabolism, and performance during maximum effort leg extension exercise. J Str ... Full text Cite

Normative fat-free mass index values for a diverse sample of collegiate female athletes.

Journal Article Journal of sports sciences · August 2019 The purpose of this study was to establish normative fat-free mass index (FFMI) ranges in collegiate female athletes. A sample of 266 female athletes (Mean±SD; Age: 19.7 ± 1.5 yrs, Height: 166.0 ± 6.4 cm, Weight: 63.2 ± 8.8 kg) were included in analyses. D ... Full text Cite

Influence of a multistrain probiotic on body composition and mood in female occupational shift workers.

Journal Article Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme · July 2019 This study sought to investigate the effects of a multistrain probiotic on body composition, regional adiposity, and a series of associated metabolic health outcomes. Female health care workers employed on a rotating-shift schedule (n = 41) complete ... Full text Cite

Changes in Body Composition and Neuromuscular Performance Through Preparation, 2 Competitions, and a Recovery Period in an Experienced Female Physique Athlete.

Journal Article Journal of strength and conditioning research · July 2019 Tinsley, GM, Trexler, ET, Smith-Ryan, AE, Paoli, A, Graybeal, AJ, Campbell, BI, and Schoenfeld, BJ. Changes in body composition and neuromuscular performance through preparation, two competitions, and a recovery period in an experienced female physique ath ... Full text Cite

Acute Effects of Citrulline Supplementation on High-Intensity Strength and Power Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Journal Article Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · May 2019 BackgroundCitrulline is an increasingly common dietary supplement that is thought to enhance exercise performance by increasing nitric oxide production. In the last 5 years, several studies have investigated the effects of citrulline supplements o ... Full text Cite

High-Fat Breakfast Meal Replacement in Overweight and Obesity: Implications on Body Composition, Metabolic Markers, and Satiety.

Journal Article Nutrients · April 2019 The purpose of this paper was to determine the effect of replacing breakfast with a high-fat drink on fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM), percent body fat (%BF), visceral fat (VAT), resting metabolic rate (RMR), fuel utilization (RER), blood lipids and satiety ... Full text Cite

The effects of nutrient timing on training adaptations in resistance-trained females.

Journal Article Journal of science and medicine in sport · April 2019 ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to determine the effects of pre- vs. post-workout nutrition on strength, body composition, and metabolism in trained females over 6 weeks of high intensity resistance training (HIRT).DesignForty-thr ... Full text Cite

Effects of dietary sports supplements on metabolite accumulation, vasodilation and cellular swelling in relation to muscle hypertrophy: A focus on "secondary" physiological determinants.

Journal Article Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) · April 2019 Increased blood flow via vasodilation, metabolite production, and venous pooling contribute to the hyperemia and cellular swelling experienced during resistance training. It has been suggested that these effects play a role in hypertrophic adaptations. Ove ... Full text Cite

A profile of body composition, omega-3 and vitamin D in National Football League players.

Journal Article The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness · January 2019 BackgroundBody composition (percent body fat [%BF]), omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin D (VitD) status are important components of an athlete's individual physiological profile, as each measure has potential to influence performance, inflammation, ... Full text Cite

Correction to: A mathematical model of the effects of resistance exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy on body composition.

Journal Article European journal of applied physiology · September 2018 There is a typo in the original equation describing lean mass, and it has also been pointed out to the authors that the model is not strictly energy balanced. ... Full text Cite

Validity of the 4-compartment model using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry-derived body volume in overweight individuals.

Journal Article Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme · July 2018 The purpose of the present study was to assess the validity of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to estimate body volume (BV) for use in a 4-compartment (4C) body composition model in an overweight/obese population. Body composition of 61 overweight/o ... Full text Cite

Associations between BMI Change and Cardiometabolic Risk in Retired Football Players.

Journal Article Medicine and science in sports and exercise · April 2018 PurposeElevated rates of cardiometabolic diseases have been observed in former American football players. The current study sought to determine whether change in body mass index (ΔBMI) after retirement influences the prevalence of CHD, diabetes, o ... Full text Cite

Utility of ultrasound for body fat assessment: validity and reliability compared to a multicompartment criterion.

Journal Article Clinical physiology and functional imaging · March 2018 Measurement of body composition to assess health risk and prevention is expanding. Accurate portable techniques are needed to facilitate use in clinical settings. This study evaluated the accuracy and repeatability of a portable ultrasound (US) in comparis ... Full text Cite

The effects of high intensity interval training on muscle size and quality in overweight and obese adults.

Journal Article Journal of science and medicine in sport · February 2018 ObjectivesDespite growing popularity of high intensity interval training (HIIT) for improving health and fitness, limited data exist identifying the effects of HIIT on muscle characteristics. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the ... Full text Cite

A mathematical model of the effects of resistance exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy on body composition.

Journal Article European journal of applied physiology · February 2018 PurposeCurrent diet and exercise methods used to maintain or improve body composition often have poor long-term outcomes. We hypothesize that resistance exercise (RE) should aid in the maintenance of a healthy body composition by preserving lean m ... Full text Cite

Effects of caffeine intake on muscle strength and power: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Journal Article Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · January 2018 BackgroundCaffeine is commonly used as an ergogenic aid. Literature about the effects of caffeine ingestion on muscle strength and power is equivocal. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize results from individual stu ... Full text Cite

The Characterization of Normal Weight Obesity in College Students

Conference MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE · 2018 Cite

The Use of Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry For the Identification of Knee Osteoarthritis

Conference MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE · 2018 Cite

Influence Of Sex On The Relationship Between Two Estimates Of Visceral Adipose Tissue

Conference MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE · 2018 Cite

Case Study: Unfavorable But Transient Physiological Changes During Contest Preparation in a Drug-Free Male Bodybuilder.

Journal Article International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism · December 2017 Extreme body composition demands of competitive bodybuilding have been associated with unfavorable physiological changes, including alterations in metabolic rate and endocrine profile. The current case study evaluated the effects of contest preparation (8 ... Full text Cite

Physiological Changes Following Competition in Male and Female Physique Athletes: A Pilot Study.

Journal Article International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism · October 2017 The purpose of the current study was to evaluate changes in body composition, metabolic rate, and hormones during postcompetition recovery. Data were collected from natural physique athletes (7 male/8 female) within one week before (T1) competition, within ... Full text Cite

Fat-Free Mass Index in NCAA Division I and II Collegiate American Football Players.

Journal Article Journal of strength and conditioning research · October 2017 Fat-free mass index (FFMI) is a height-adjusted assessment of fat-free mass (FFM), with previous research suggesting a natural upper limit of 25 kg·m in resistance trained male athletes. The current study evaluated upper limits for FFMI in collegiate Ameri ... Full text Cite

Role of Caffeine in Sports Nutrition

Chapter · August 1, 2017 Caffeine is the mostly widely consumed psychoactive drug in the world. Its ingestion (3-9. mg/kg body weight) prior to exercise seems to increases performance during prolonged endurance exercise. The effects of acute caffeine ingestion on strength and powe ... Full text Cite

Influence of segmental body composition and adiposity hormones on resting metabolic rate and substrate utilization in overweight and obese adults.

Journal Article Journal of endocrinological investigation · June 2017 PurposeLow resting metabolic rate (RMR) and high carbohydrate reliance at rest are associated with weight gain, but are highly variable in obese individuals. This study determined the relationship of total and segmental body composition and adipos ... Full text Cite

Validity and reliability of a 4-compartment body composition model using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry-derived body volume.

Journal Article Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · June 2017 BackgroundBody volume (BV), one component of a four-compartment (4C) body composition model, is commonly assessed using air displacement plethysmography (BodPod). However, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) has been proposed as an alternative ... Full text Cite

Dietary macronutrient distribution influences postexercise substrate utilization in women: a cross-sectional evaluation of metabolic flexibility.

Journal Article The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness · May 2017 BackgroundMetabolic flexibility is the ability to alter substrate utilization in response to substrate availability, which may influence health and performance. The current study evaluated the effects of habitual macronutrient distribution on ener ... Full text Cite

Effects of pomegranate extract on blood flow and vessel diameter after high-intensity exercise in young, healthy adults.

Journal Article European journal of sport science · April 2017 The effects of pomegranate extract (PE) supplementation were evaluated on high-intensity exercise performance, blood flow, vessel diameter, oxygen saturation (SPO2), heart rate (HR), and blood pressure (BP). In a randomized, crossover design, ni ... Full text Cite

Seasonal Effects on Body Composition, Muscle Characteristics, and Performance of Collegiate Swimmers and Divers.

Journal Article Journal of athletic training · January 2017 Context Previous researchers have indicated the importance of body composition and muscle quality in athletic performance. However, body composition and muscle-quality measures in swimmers and divers over a training season have yet to be evaluated ... Full text Cite

Cordyceps militaris Improves Tolerance to High-Intensity Exercise After Acute and Chronic Supplementation.

Journal Article Journal of dietary supplements · January 2017 To determine the effects of a mushroom blend containing Cordyceps militaris on high-intensity exercise after 1 and 3 weeks of supplementation. Twenty-eight individuals (Mean ± standard deviation [SD]; Age = 22.7 ± 4.1 yrs; Height = 175.4 ± 8.7 cm; Weight = ... Full text Cite

Longitudinal Body Composition Changes in NCAA Division I College Football Players.

Journal Article Journal of strength and conditioning research · January 2017 Trexler, ET, Smith-Ryan, AE, Mann, JB, Ivey, PA, Hirsch, KR, and Mock, MG. Longitudinal body composition changes in NCAA Division I college football players. J Strength Cond Res 31(1): 1-8, 2017-Many athletes seek to optimize body composition to fit the ph ... Full text Cite

Effects of high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight/obese women.

Journal Article Journal of sports sciences · November 2016 The purpose of this study was to evaluate two practical interval training protocols on cardiorespiratory fitness, lipids and body composition in overweight/obese women. Thirty women (mean ± SD; weight: 88.1 ± 15.9 kg; BMI: 32.0 ± 6.0 kg · m(2)) were random ... Full text Cite

Metabolic characterization of overweight and obese adults.

Journal Article The Physician and sportsmedicine · November 2016 ObjectivesTraditional evaluations of metabolic health may overlook underlying dysfunction in individuals who show no signs of insulin resistance or dyslipidemia. The purpose of this study was to characterize metabolic health in overweight and obes ... Full text Cite

Effects of coffee and caffeine anhydrous on strength and sprint performance.

Journal Article European journal of sport science · September 2016 Caffeine and coffee are widely used among active individuals to enhance performance. The purpose of the current study was to compare the effects of acute coffee (COF) and caffeine anhydrous (CAF) intake on strength and sprint performance. Fifty-four resist ... Full text Cite

Body Composition and Muscle Characteristics of Division I Track and Field Athletes.

Journal Article Journal of strength and conditioning research · May 2016 The purpose of this study was to evaluate event-specific body composition and muscle characteristics of track and field athletes and to assess body composition changes after 1 year. Sixty collegiate track and field athletes (mean ± SD; age = 19.2 ± 1.4 yea ... Full text Cite

Effects of Coffee and Caffeine Anhydrous Intake During Creatine Loading.

Journal Article Journal of strength and conditioning research · May 2016 The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 5 days of creatine (CRE) loading alone or in combination with caffeine anhydrous (CAF) or coffee (COF) on upper-body and lower-body strength and sprint performance. Physically active males (n = 54; m ... Full text Cite

Regional Distribution of Body Composition

Conference Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · May 2016 Full text Cite

Creatine and Caffeine: Considerations for Concurrent Supplementation.

Journal Article International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism · December 2015 Nutritional supplementation is a common practice among athletes, with creatine and caffeine among the most commonly used ergogenic aids. Hundreds of studies have investigated the ergogenic potential of creatine supplementation, with consistent improvements ... Full text Cite

The acute effect of exercise modality and nutrition manipulations on post-exercise resting energy expenditure and respiratory exchange ratio in women: a randomized trial

Journal Article Sports Medicine Open · December 1, 2015 Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of exercise modality and pre-exercise carbohydrate (CHO) or protein (PRO) ingestion on post-exercise resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) in women. Methods: Tw ... Full text Cite

Body Composition, Muscle Quality and Scoliosis in Female Collegiate Gymnasts: A Pilot Study.

Journal Article International journal of sports medicine · November 2015 Research has demonstrated an elevated prevalence of body weight concerns and scoliosis among female gymnasts. The purpose of the current pilot study was to evaluate the utility of ultrasonography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as practical imag ... Full text Cite

Muscle size, quality, and body composition: characteristics of division I cross-country runners.

Journal Article Journal of strength and conditioning research · February 2015 The primary purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA), echo intensity (EI), and body composition of Division I cross-country runners. The secondary purpose was to examine differences in these variable ... Full text Cite

International society of sports nutrition position stand: Beta-Alanine.

Journal Article Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · January 2015 The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) provides an objective and critical review of the mechanisms and use of beta-alanine supplementation. Based on the current available literature, the conclusions of the ISSN are as follows: 1) Four weeks o ... Full text Cite

Effects of dietary macronutrient distribution on resting and post-exercise metabolism

Journal Article Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · December 1, 2014 Previous research has demonstrated that habitual dietary macronutrient distribution affects energy substrate utilization at rest and during exercise. The primary purpose of the current study was to examine the relationships between habitual baseline macron ... Full text Cite

The effects of pomegranate extract on blood flow, vessel diameter, and exercise tolerance

Journal Article Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · December 1, 2014 During exercise, the demand for oxygen and energy substrates is elevated in active skeletal muscle. Supplements with high nitrate and polyphenol content have been shown to increase nitric oxide production and enhance exercise efficiency. The current random ... Full text Cite

The acute effect of exercise and nutrition on respiratory exchange ratio in women

Journal Article Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · December 1, 2014 Few studies exist evaluating metabolic responses to exercise and nutrition in women. Understanding sex-specific fuel differences may improve exercise prescription. PURPOSE: To examine the effect of exercise modality and pre-exercise carbohydrate (CHO) or p ... Full text Cite

Muscle characteristics and body composition of NCAA division I football players.

Journal Article Journal of strength and conditioning research · December 2014 The purpose of this study was to examine muscle characteristics of the vastus lateralis (VL) and body composition of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I football players. Sixty-nine Division I football players (mean ± SD; age: 20.0 ± ... Full text Cite

Effects of pomegranate extract on blood flow and running time to exhaustion.

Journal Article Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme · September 2014 Recent research has shown that dietary nitrate has favorable effects on blood flow and exercise performance. The purpose of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study was to investigate the acute effects of pomegranate extract on blo ... Full text Cite

Field-based Body Composition Assessments In Overweight Individuals

Conference Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · May 2014 Full text Cite

Metabolic adaptation to weight loss: Implications for the athlete

Journal Article Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · February 27, 2014 Optimized body composition provides a competitive advantage in a variety of sports. Weight reduction is common among athletes aiming to improve their strength-to-mass ratio, locomotive efficiency, or aesthetic appearance. Energy restriction is accompanied ... Full text Cite