Feng Gao | Scholars@Duke

Feng Gao
Professor Emeritus in Medicine

Dr. Feng Gao is Professor of Medicine at Duke University. The Gao laboratory has a long-standing interest in elucidating the origins and evolution of human and simian inmmunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV), and in studying HIV/SIV gene function and pathogenic mechanisms from the evolutionary perspective. These studies have led to new strategies to better understand HIV origins, biology, pathogenesis and drug resistance, and to design new AIDS vaccines.

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Professor Emeritus in Medicine, Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Medicine 2020
Member of the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Institutes and Centers 2005

Contact Information

244 Sands Bldg, Box 102359, Durham, NC 27710
Box 102359 Med Ctr, Durham, NC 27710
feng.gao@duke.edu (919) 668-6433

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- M.D., Harbin Medical University (China) 1984
Duke Appointment History
- Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Medicine 2016 - 2020
- Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Medicine 2009 - 2016
- Associate Professor of Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Institutes and Centers 2006 - 2009
- Associate Research Professor of Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Institutes and Centers 2002 - 2006
- Associate Research Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Rheumatology and Immunology, Medicine 2001 - 2002
Recognition
In the News
- MAY 29, 2020 Duke Health News
  
  Duke Study: Evolution of COVID-19 Suggests That It Is Likely That More Human Coronaviruses Will Arise
Expertise
Global Scholarship
- Research
Research
Selected Grants
- Nonhuman Primate Core Virology Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research and Development - Base awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2024
- EQAPOL - Years 2017 to 2024 - BASE awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2024
- Eqapol Opt 3 -2020-2021 awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2021
- Nonhuman Primate Core Virology Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research and Development - Option 15 awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2021
- NIAID Virology Quality Assurance - Option 1 awarded by National Institutes of Health 2019 - 2021
- NIAID Virology Quality Assurance - Options 27 Only awarded by National Institutes of Health 2020 - 2021
- Role of neutralizing antibodies in HIV-1-infected and vaccinated mothers in MTCT awarded by National Institutes of Health 2016 - 2021
- Dissection of polyreactivity and neutralization activity of HIV-1 Abs (R01) awarded by National Institutes of Health 2016 - 2021
- Broad neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 from RV217 participants awarded by Henry M. Jackson Foundation 2014 - 2018
- EQAPOL - 2016 to 2017 - Option 6 - VIRUS awarded by National Institutes of Health 2010 - 2017
- EQAPOL Option 5 awarded by National Institutes of Health 2010 - 2017
- Invitro Function of DART Molecules (Base) awarded by MacroGenics, Inc. 2016 - 2017
- Critical domains for HIV-1 entry through atypical coreceptor usage awarded by National Institutes of Health 2013 - 2016
- A Magnetic Microparticle Kit for Cell Removal from Blood awarded by Luna Innovations Inc. 2015 - 2016
- The Role of Virus Recombination in Multiple Drug Resistance awarded by National Institutes of Health 2003 - 2008
- A Universal Env Immunogen for all HIV-1 Subtypes awarded by National Institutes of Health 2003 - 2006
- NCRR FACSAria Cell Sorter awarded by National Center for Research Resources 2004 - 2006
- Immunogenicity of an HIV virus-like particle vaccine awarded by National Institutes of Health 2003 - 2006
External Relationships
- Jilin University
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Academic Articles
  - Hora, Bhavna, Naila Gulzar, Yue Chen, Konstantinos Karagiannis, Fangping Cai, Chang Su, Krista Smith, et al. “Streamlined Subpopulation, Subtype, and Recombination Analysis of HIV-1 Half-Genome Sequences Generated by High-Throughput Sequencing.” Msphere 5, no. 5 (October 14, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00551-20.
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  - Li, Xiaojun, Elena E. Giorgi, Manukumar Honnayakanahalli Marichannegowda, Brian Foley, Chuan Xiao, Xiang-Peng Kong, Yue Chen, S. Gnanakaran, Bette Korber, and Feng Gao. “Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 through recombination and strong purifying selection.” Sci Adv 6, no. 27 (July 2020). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb9153.
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  - Hompe, Eliza D., Jesse F. Mangold, Amit Kumar, Joshua A. Eudailey, Erin McGuire, Barton F. Haynes, M Anthony Moody, et al. “Induction of Neutralizing Responses against Autologous Virus in Maternal HIV Vaccine Trials.” Msphere 5, no. 3 (June 3, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00254-20.
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  - Bi, Jinpeng, Fangshen Li, Mo Zhang, Huaiyu Wang, Jingcai Lu, Yong Zhang, Hong Ling, et al. “An HIV-1 vaccine based on bacterium-like particles elicits Env-specific mucosal immune responses.” Immunol Lett 222 (June 2020): 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2020.03.002.
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  - Ji, Hezhao, Neil Parkin, Feng Gao, Thomas Denny, Cheryl Jennings, Paul Sandstrom, and Rami Kantor. “External Quality Assessment Program for Next-Generation Sequencing-Based HIV Drug Resistance Testing: Logistical Considerations.” Viruses 12, no. 5 (May 18, 2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/v12050556.
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  - Lee, Emma R., Feng Gao, Paul Sandstrom, and Hezhao Ji. “External Quality Assessment for Next-Generation Sequencing-Based HIV Drug Resistance Testing: Unique Requirements and Challenges.” Viruses 12, no. 5 (May 16, 2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/v12050550.
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  - Martinez, David R., Joshua J. Tu, Amit Kumar, Jesse F. Mangold, Riley J. Mangan, Ria Goswami, Elena E. Giorgi, et al. “Maternal Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Can Select for Neutralization-Resistant, Infant-Transmitted/Founder HIV Variants.” Mbio 11, no. 2 (March 10, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00176-20.
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  - Martinez, David R., Joshua J. Tu, Amit Kumar, Jesse F. Mangold, Riley J. Mangan, Ria Goswami, Elena E. Giorgi, et al. “Maternal Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Can Select for Neutralization-Resistant, Infant-Transmitted/Founder HIV Variants.” Mbio 11, no. 2 (March 1, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00176.20.
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  - Wang, Chu, Donglai Liu, Tao Zuo, Bhavna Hora, Fangping Cai, Haitao Ding, John Kappes, et al. “Accumulated mutations by 6 months of infection collectively render transmitted/founder HIV-1 significantly less fit.” J Infect 80, no. 2 (February 2020): 210–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2019.12.001.
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  - Wang, Chu, Nan Gao, Yanan Song, Sizhu Duan, Wei Wang, Zhe Cong, Chuan Qin, Chunlai Jiang, Xianghui Yu, and Feng Gao. “Reduction of peak viremia by an integration-defective SIV proviral DNA vaccine in rhesus macaques.” Microbiology and Immunology 64, no. 1 (January 2020): 52–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/1348-0421.12744.
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  - Zhang, Yuepeng, Chu Wang, Nan Gao, Xiaoyan Zhang, Xianghui Yu, Jianqing Xu, and Feng Gao. “Determination of neutralization activities by a new versatile assay using an HIV-1 genome carrying the Gaussia luciferase gene.” J Virol Methods 267 (May 2019): 22–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.02.009.
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  - Chen, Yue, Bhavna Hora, Todd DeMarco, Regina Berba, Heidi Register, Sylvia Hood, Meredith Carter, et al. “Increased predominance of HIV-1 CRF01_AE and its recombinants in the Philippines.” J Gen Virol 100, no. 3 (March 2019): 511–22. https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001198.
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  - Hemelaar, Joris, Ramyiadarsini Elangovan, Jason Yun, Leslie Dickson-Tetteh, Isabella Fleminger, Shona Kirtley, Brian Williams, Eleanor Gouws-Williams, Peter D. Ghys, and Peter D. WHO–UNAIDS Network for HIV Isolation Characterisation. “Global and regional molecular epidemiology of HIV-1, 1990-2015: a systematic review, global survey, and trend analysis.” Lancet Infect Dis 19, no. 2 (February 2019): 143–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30647-9.
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  - Wang, Chu, Donglai Liu, Tao Zuo, Bhavna Hora, Fangping Cai, Haitao Ding, John Kappes, et al. “Accumulated Mutations Cause Significant Fitness Losses and are Associated with Decreased Viral Loads During Early HIV-1 Infection,” January 19, 2019.
  - Wagh, Kshitij, Edward F. Kreider, Yingying Li, Hannah J. Barbian, Gerald H. Learn, Elena Giorgi, Peter T. Hraber, et al. “Completeness of HIV-1 Envelope Glycan Shield at Transmission Determines Neutralization Breadth.” Cell Rep 25, no. 4 (October 23, 2018): 893-908.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.087.
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  - Peng, Binghao J., Jonathan M. Carlson, Michael K. P. Liu, Feng Gao, Nilu Goonetilleke, Andrew J. McMichael, Persephone Borrow, et al. “Antisense-Derived HIV-1 Cryptic Epitopes Are Not Major Drivers of Viral Evolution during the Acute Phase of Infection.” J Virol 92, no. 19 (October 1, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00711-18.
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  - Shi, Wei, Yiming Kou, Jinghui Xiao, Lijuan Zhang, Feng Gao, Wei Kong, Weiheng Su, Chunlai Jiang, and Yong Zhang. “Comparison of immunogenicity, efficacy and transcriptome changes of inactivated rabies virus vaccine with different adjuvants.” Vaccine 36, no. 33 (August 9, 2018): 5020–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.006.
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  - Dai, Wen, Yu Wu, Jin Bi, Jing Wang, Shuai Wang, Wei Kong, Julien Barbier, et al. “Antiviral Effect of Retro-2.1 against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 In Vitro.” J Microbiol Biotechnol 28, no. 6 (June 28, 2018): 849–59. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1712.12052.
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  - Kou, Yiming, Mingming Wan, Wei Shi, Jie Liu, Zhilei Zhao, Yongqing Xu, Wei Wei, et al. “Performance of Homologous and Heterologous Prime-Boost Immunization Regimens of Recombinant Adenovirus and Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Expressing an Ag85B-TB10.4 Fusion Protein against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.” J Microbiol Biotechnol 28, no. 6 (June 28, 2018): 1022–29. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1712.12064.
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  - Shi, Wei, Yiming Kou, Hao Jiang, Feng Gao, Wei Kong, Weiheng Su, Fei Xu, and Chunlai Jiang. “Novel intranasal pertussis vaccine based on bacterium-like particles as a mucosal adjuvant.” Immunol Lett 198 (June 2018): 26–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2018.03.012.
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  - Song, Hongshuo, Elena E. Giorgi, Vitaly V. Ganusov, Fangping Cai, Gayathri Athreya, Hyejin Yoon, Oana Carja, et al. “Tracking HIV-1 recombination to resolve its contribution to HIV-1 evolution in natural infection.” Nat Commun 9, no. 1 (May 15, 2018): 1928. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04217-5.
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  - Kumar, Amit, Claire E. P. Smith, Elena E. Giorgi, Joshua Eudailey, David R. Martinez, Karina Yusim, Ayooluwa O. Douglas, et al. “Infant transmitted/founder HIV-1 viruses from peripartum transmission are neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma.” Plos Pathog 14, no. 4 (April 2018): e1006944. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006944.
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  - Gao, Nan, Wei Wang, Chu Wang, Tiejun Gu, Rui Guo, Bin Yu, Wei Kong, et al. “Development of broad neutralization activity in simian/human immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques after long-term infection.” Aids 32, no. 5 (March 13, 2018): 555–63. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001724.
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  - Dai, Wenwen, Yu Wu, Jinpeng Bi, Shuai Wang, Fang Li, Wei Kong, Julien Barbier, et al. “Antiviral Effects of ABMA against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 In Vitro and In Vivo.” Viruses 10, no. 3 (March 9, 2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/v10030119.
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  - Gao, Yang, Wen Tian, Xiaoxu Han, and Feng Gao. “Immunological and virological characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 superinfection: implications in vaccine design.” Front Med 11, no. 4 (December 2017): 480–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-017-0594-8.
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  - Williams, Wilton B., Jinsong Zhang, Chuancang Jiang, Nathan I. Nicely, Daniela Fera, Kan Luo, M Anthony Moody, et al. “Initiation of HIV neutralizing B cell lineages with sequential envelope immunizations.” Nat Commun 8, no. 1 (November 23, 2017): 1732. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01336-3.
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  - Liu, Donglai, Chu Wang, Bhavna Hora, Tao Zuo, Nilu Goonetilleke, Michael K. P. Liu, Mark Berrong, et al. “A strongly selected mutation in the HIV-1 genome is independent of T cell responses and neutralizing antibodies.” Retrovirology 14, no. 1 (October 10, 2017): 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12977-017-0371-4.
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  - Kou, Yiming, Yongqing Xu, Zhilei Zhao, Jie Liu, Yang Wu, Qingrui You, Linli Wang, Feng Gao, Linjun Cai, and Chunlai Jiang. “Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) signal sequence enhances immunogenicity of MVA-based vaccine against tuberculosis.” Immunol Lett 190 (October 2017): 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2017.07.007.
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  - Rademeyer, Cecilia, Bette Korber, Michael S. Seaman, Elena E. Giorgi, Ruwayhida Thebus, Alexander Robles, Daniel J. Sheward, et al. “Correction: Features of Recently Transmitted HIV-1 Clade C Viruses that Impact Antibody Recognition: Implications for Active and Passive Immunization.” Plos Pathog 13, no. 9 (September 2017): e1006641. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006641.
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  - Su, Weiheng, Xue Li, Meili Chen, Wenwen Dai, Shiyang Sun, Shuai Wang, Xin Sheng, et al. “Synonymous codon usage analysis of hand, foot and mouth disease viruses: A comparative study on coxsackievirus A6, A10, A16, and enterovirus 71 from 2008 to 2015.” Infect Genet Evol 53 (September 2017): 212–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2017.06.004.
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  - Dai, Wenwen, Yu Wu, Jinpeng Bi, Xiaotong Lu, Ali Hou, Yan Zhou, Bo Sun, et al. “Antiviral effects of Retro-2cycl and Retro-2.1 against Enterovirus 71 in vitro and in vivo.” Antiviral Res 144 (August 2017): 311–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.07.001.
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  - Meyerhoff, R Ryan, Richard M. Scearce, Damon F. Ogburn, Brad Lockwood, Joy Pickeral, Masa Kuraoka, Kara Anasti, et al. “HIV-1 Consensus Envelope-Induced Broadly Binding Antibodies.” Aids Res Hum Retroviruses 33, no. 8 (August 2017): 859–68. https://doi.org/10.1089/AID.2016.0294.
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  - Kijak, Gustavo H., Eric Sanders-Buell, Agnes-Laurence Chenine, Michael A. Eller, Nilu Goonetilleke, Rasmi Thomas, Sivan Leviyang, et al. “Rare HIV-1 transmitted/founder lineages identified by deep viral sequencing contribute to rapid shifts in dominant quasispecies during acute and early infection.” Plos Pathog 13, no. 7 (July 2017): e1006510. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006510.
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  - Wang, Chu, Chunlai Jiang, Nan Gao, Kaikai Zhang, Donglai Liu, Wei Wang, Zhe Cong, et al. “Immunologic and Virologic Mechanisms for Partial Protection from Intravenous Challenge by an Integration-Defective SIV Vaccine.” Viruses 9, no. 6 (June 2, 2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/v9060135.
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  - Liu, Wei, Yan Zhou, Ziyan Wang, Zeqiang Zhang, Qizhi Wang, Weiheng Su, Yan Chen, et al. “Evaluation of recombinant adenovirus vaccines based on glycoprotein D and truncated UL25 against herpes simplex virus type 2 in mice.” Microbiol Immunol 61, no. 5 (May 2017): 176–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/1348-0421.12482.
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  - Bonsignori, Mattia, Edward F. Kreider, Daniela Fera, R Ryan Meyerhoff, Todd Bradley, Kevin Wiehe, S Munir Alam, et al. “Staged induction of HIV-1 glycan-dependent broadly neutralizing antibodies.” Sci Transl Med 9, no. 381 (March 15, 2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aai7514.
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  - Williams, LaTonya D., Gilad Ofek, Sebastian Schätzle, Jonathan R. McDaniel, Xiaozhi Lu, Nathan I. Nicely, Liming Wu, et al. “Potent and broad HIV-neutralizing antibodies in memory B cells and plasma.” Sci Immunol 2, no. 7 (January 27, 2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aal2200.
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  - Bonsignori, Mattia, Hua-Xin Liao, Feng Gao, Wilton B. Williams, S Munir Alam, David C. Montefiori, and Barton F. Haynes. “Antibody-virus co-evolution in HIV infection: paths for HIV vaccine development.” Immunol Rev 275, no. 1 (January 2017): 145–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12509.
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  - Song, Hongshuo, Bhavna Hora, Elena E. Giorgi, Amit Kumar, Fangping Cai, Tanmoy Bhattacharya, Alan S. Perelson, and Feng Gao. “Transmission of Multiple HIV-1 Subtype C Transmitted/founder Viruses into the Same Recipients Was not Determined by Modest Phenotypic Differences.” Sci Rep 6 (December 2, 2016): 38130. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep38130.
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  - Bradley, Todd, Ashley Trama, Nancy Tumba, Elin Gray, Xiaozhi Lu, Navid Madani, Fatemeh Jahanbakhsh, et al. “Amino Acid Changes in the HIV-1 gp41 Membrane Proximal Region Control Virus Neutralization Sensitivity.” Ebiomedicine 12 (October 2016): 196–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.08.045.
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  - Li, Xiaojun, Peihu Fan, Chunlai Jiang, Tonghui Ma, Xianghui Yu, Wei Kong, and Feng Gao. “High-Frequency Illegitimate Strand Transfers of Nascent DNA Fragments During Reverse Transcription Result in Defective Retrovirus Genomes.” J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 72, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 353–62. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000952.
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  - Moody, M Anthony, Isabela Pedroza-Pacheco, Nathan A. Vandergrift, Cecilia Chui, Krissey E. Lloyd, Robert Parks, Kelly A. Soderberg, et al. “Immune perturbations in HIV-1-infected individuals who make broadly neutralizing antibodies.” Sci Immunol 1, no. 1 (July 29, 2016): aag0851. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aag0851.
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  - Rademeyer, Cecilia, Bette Korber, Michael S. Seaman, Elena E. Giorgi, Ruwayhida Thebus, Alexander Robles, Daniel J. Sheward, et al. “Features of Recently Transmitted HIV-1 Clade C Viruses that Impact Antibody Recognition: Implications for Active and Passive Immunization.” Plos Pathog 12, no. 7 (July 2016): e1005742. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005742.
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  - Zhang, Ruijun, Laurent Verkoczy, Kevin Wiehe, S. Munir Alam, Nathan I. Nicely, Sampa Santra, Todd Bradley, et al. “Initiation of immune tolerance-controlled HIV gp41 neutralizing B cell lineages.” Sci Transl Med 8, no. 336 (April 27, 2016): 336ra62. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf0618.
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  - Bonsignori, Mattia, Tongqing Zhou, Zizhang Sheng, Lei Chen, Feng Gao, M Gordon Joyce, Gabriel Ozorowski, et al. “Maturation Pathway from Germline to Broad HIV-1 Neutralizer of a CD4-Mimic Antibody.” Cell 165, no. 2 (April 7, 2016): 449–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.022.
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  - Chen, Yue, Bhavna Hora, Todd DeMarco, Sharaf Ali Shah, Manzoor Ahmed, Ana M. Sanchez, Chang Su, et al. “Fast Dissemination of New HIV-1 CRF02/A1 Recombinants in Pakistan.” Plos One 11, no. 12 (2016): e0167839. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167839.
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  - Hora, Bhavna, Sheila M. Keating, Yue Chen, Ana M. Sanchez, Ester Sabino, Gillian Hunt, Johanna Ledwaba, et al. “Genetic Characterization of a Panel of Diverse HIV-1 Isolates at Seven International Sites.” Plos One 11, no. 6 (2016): e0157340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157340.
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  - Zhang, Guoqing, Fangping Cai, Ivette Lorenzana de Rivera, Zhiyong Zhou, Jing Zhang, John Nkengasong, Feng Gao, and Chunfu Yang. “Simultaneous Detection of Major Drug Resistance Mutations of HIV-1 Subtype B Viruses from Dried Blood Spot Specimens by Multiplex Allele-Specific Assay.” J Clin Microbiol 54, no. 1 (January 2016): 220–22. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02833-15.
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  - Jiang, Liping, Rongjun Fan, Shiyang Sun, Peihu Fan, Weiheng Su, Yan Zhou, Feng Gao, Fei Xu, Wei Kong, and Chunlai Jiang. “A new EV71 VP3 epitope in norovirus P particle vector displays neutralizing activity and protection in vivo in mice.” Vaccine 33, no. 48 (November 27, 2015): 6596–6603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.104.
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  - Hraber, Peter, Bette Korber, Kshitij Wagh, Elena E. Giorgi, Tanmoy Bhattacharya, S. Gnanakaran, Alan S. Lapedes, et al. “Longitudinal Antigenic Sequences and Sites from Intra-Host Evolution (LASSIE) Identifies Immune-Selected HIV Variants.” Viruses 7, no. 10 (October 21, 2015): 5443–75. https://doi.org/10.3390/v7102881.
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  - Moody, M Anthony, Feng Gao, Thaddeus C. Gurley, Joshua D. Amos, Amit Kumar, Bhavna Hora, Dawn J. Marshall, et al. “Strain-Specific V3 and CD4 Binding Site Autologous HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Select Neutralization-Resistant Viruses.” Cell Host Microbe 18, no. 3 (September 9, 2015): 354–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2015.08.006.
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  - Blasi, Maria, J Harris Carpenter, Bala Balakumaran, Andrea Cara, Feng Gao, and Mary E. Klotman. “Identification of HIV-1 genitourinary tract compartmentalization by analyzing the env gene sequences in urine.” Aids 29, no. 13 (August 24, 2015): 1651–57. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000000757.
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  - Williams, Wilton B., Hua-Xin Liao, M Anthony Moody, Thomas B. Kepler, S Munir Alam, Feng Gao, Kevin Wiehe, et al. “HIV-1 VACCINES. Diversion of HIV-1 vaccine-induced immunity by gp41-microbiota cross-reactive antibodies.” Science 349, no. 6249 (August 14, 2015): aab1253. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab1253.
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  - Chen, Yue, Ning Li, Tong Zhang, Xiaojie Huang, Fangping Cai, Nathan Vandergrift, Ruolei Xin, et al. “Comprehensive Characterization of the Transmitted/Founder env Genes From a Single MSM Cohort in China.” J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 69, no. 4 (August 1, 2015): 403–12. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000649.
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  - Ma, Ying-Wei, Shu-Bin Hao, Le-le Sun, Jing Li, Qiao Qiao, Feng Gao, Li Zhao, Xue-Jie Yu, Zhi-Yu Wang, and Hong-Ling Wen. “Construction and characterization of infectious cDNA clones of enterovirus 71 (EV71).” Virologica Sinica 30, no. 4 (August 2015): 305–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12250-015-3614-3.
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  - Santra, Sampa, Georgia D. Tomaras, Ranjit Warrier, Nathan I. Nicely, Hua-Xin Liao, Justin Pollara, Pinghuang Liu, et al. “Human Non-neutralizing HIV-1 Envelope Monoclonal Antibodies Limit the Number of Founder Viruses during SHIV Mucosal Infection in Rhesus Macaques.” Plos Pathog 11, no. 8 (August 2015): e1005042. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005042.
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  - Demarco, Todd, Wes Rountree, Bhavna Hora, Yue Chen, Sarah Keinonen, Laura Racz, Lily Daniell, et al. “HIV-1 subtype C is significantly more infectious than other subtypes.” Journal of the International Aids Society 18 (July 1, 2015). https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.18.5.20462.
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  - Permar, Sallie R., Youyi Fong, Nathan Vandergrift, Genevieve G. Fouda, Peter Gilbert, Robert Parks, Frederick H. Jaeger, et al. “Maternal HIV-1 envelope-specific antibody responses and reduced risk of perinatal transmission.” J Clin Invest 125, no. 7 (July 1, 2015): 2702–6. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI81593.
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  - Fan, Peihu, Xiaojun Li, Shiyang Sun, Weiheng Su, Dong An, Feng Gao, Wei Kong, and Chunlai Jiang. “Identification of a common epitope between enterovirus 71 and human MED25 proteins which may explain virus-associated neurological disease.” Viruses 7, no. 4 (March 27, 2015): 1558–77. https://doi.org/10.3390/v7041558.
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  - Fan, Peihu, Xiaojun Li, Weiheng Su, Wei Kong, Xianggui Kong, Zhenxin Wang, Youchun Wang, Chunlai Jiang, and Feng Gao. “Enhanced Sensitivity for Detection of HIV-1 p24 Antigen by a Novel Nuclease-Linked Fluorescence Oligonucleotide Assay.” Plos One 10, no. 4 (2015): e0125701. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125701.
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  - Liu, Donglai, Tao Zuo, Bhavna Hora, Hongshuo Song, Wei Kong, Xianghui Yu, Nilu Goonetilleke, et al. “Preexisting compensatory amino acids compromise fitness costs of a HIV-1 T cell escape mutation.” Retrovirology 11 (November 19, 2014): 101. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12977-014-0101-0.
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  - Hraber, Peter, Bette T. Korber, Alan S. Lapedes, Robert T. Bailer, Michael S. Seaman, Hongmei Gao, Kelli M. Greene, et al. “Impact of clade, geography, and age of the epidemic on HIV-1 neutralization by antibodies.” J Virol 88, no. 21 (November 2014): 12623–43. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01705-14.
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  - Ritchie, Adam John, Fangping Cai, Nicola M. G. Smith, Sheri Chen, Hongshuo Song, Simon Brackenridge, Salim S. Abdool Karim, et al. “Recombination-mediated escape from primary CD8+ T cells in acute HIV-1 infection.” Retrovirology 11 (September 12, 2014): 69. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12977-014-0069-9.
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  - Gao, Feng, Mattia Bonsignori, Hua-Xin Liao, Amit Kumar, Shi-Mao Xia, Xiaozhi Lu, Fangping Cai, et al. “Cooperation of B cell lineages in induction of HIV-1-broadly neutralizing antibodies.” Cell 158, no. 3 (July 31, 2014): 481–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.022.
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  - Gao, Feng, Eric A. Weaver, Zhongjing Lu, Yingying Li, Hua-Xin Liao, Benjiang Ma, S Munir Alam, et al. “Antigenicity and immunogenicity of a synthetic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group m consensus envelope glycoprotein.” J Virol 79, no. 2 (January 2005): 1154–63. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.79.2.1154-1163.2005.
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  - Gao, Feng. “Detection of HIV-2 by PCR.” Methods Mol Biol 304 (2005): 191–200. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-907-9:191.
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  - Gao, Feng. “Amplification and cloning of near full-length HIV-2 genomes.” Methods Mol Biol 304 (2005): 399–407. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-907-9:399.
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  - Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic, Feng Gao, Elizabeth Bailes, Sentob Saragosti, Eric Delaporte, Martine Peeters, George M. Shaw, Beatrice H. Hahn, and Paul M. Sharp. “Complete genome analysis of one of the earliest SIVcpzPtt strains from Gabon (SIVcpzGAB2).” Aids Res Hum Retroviruses 20, no. 12 (December 2004): 1377–81. https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.2004.20.1377.
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  - Gaddis, Nathan C., Ann M. Sheehy, K Muneer Ahmad, Chad M. Swanson, Kate N. Bishop, Brigitte E. Beer, Preston A. Marx, et al. “Further investigation of simian immunodeficiency virus Vif function in human cells.” J Virol 78, no. 21 (November 2004): 12041–46. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.78.21.12041-12046.2004.
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  - Meissner, Eric G., Karen M. Duus, Feng Gao, Xiao-Fang Yu, and Lishan Su. “Characterization of a thymus-tropic HIV-1 isolate from a rapid progressor: role of the envelope.” Virology 328, no. 1 (October 10, 2004): 74–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2004.07.019.
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  - Gao, Feng, Bette T. Korber, Eric Weaver, Hua-Xin Liao, Beatrice H. Hahn, and Barton F. Haynes. “Centralized immunogens as a vaccine strategy to overcome HIV-1 diversity.” Expert Rev Vaccines 3, no. 4 Suppl (August 2004): S161–68. https://doi.org/10.1586/14760584.3.4.s161.
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  - Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic, Elizabeth Bailes, Feng Gao, Xavier Pourrut, Katrina L. Barlow, Jonathan P. Clewley, Jason M. Mwenda, et al. “New simian immunodeficiency virus infecting De Brazza's monkeys (Cercopithecus neglectus): evidence for a cercopithecus monkey virus clade.” J Virol 78, no. 14 (July 2004): 7748–62. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.78.14.7748-7762.2004.
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  - Gao, Feng, Yalu Chen, David N. Levy, Joan A. Conway, Thomas B. Kepler, and Huxiong Hui. “Unselected mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genome are mostly nonsynonymous and often deleterious.” J Virol 78, no. 5 (March 2004): 2426–33. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.5.2426-2433.2004.
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  - Gao, Feng, Yingying Li, Julie M. Decker, Fred W. Peyerl, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Cynthia M. Rodenburg, Yalu Chen, et al. “Codon usage optimization of HIV type 1 subtype C gag, pol, env, and nef genes: in vitro expression and immune responses in DNA-vaccinated mice.” Aids Res Hum Retroviruses 19, no. 9 (September 2003): 817–23. https://doi.org/10.1089/088922203769232610.
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  - Bailes, Elizabeth, Feng Gao, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Valerie Courgnaud, Martine Peeters, Preston A. Marx, Beatrice H. Hahn, and Paul M. Sharp. “Hybrid origin of SIV in chimpanzees.” Science 300, no. 5626 (June 13, 2003): 1713. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1080657.
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  - Montefiori, David C., Marcus Altfeld, Paul K. Lee, Miroslawa Bilska, Jintao Zhou, Mary N. Johnston, Feng Gao, Bruce D. Walker, and Eric S. Rosenberg. “Viremia control despite escape from a rapid and potent autologous neutralizing antibody response after therapy cessation in an HIV-1-infected individual.” J Immunol 170, no. 7 (April 1, 2003): 3906–14. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.170.7.3906.
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  - Allen, Susan, Jareen Meinzen-Derr, Michele Kautzman, Isaac Zulu, Stanley Trask, Ulgen Fideli, Rosemary Musonda, Francis Kasolo, Feng Gao, and Alan Haworth. “Sexual behavior of HIV discordant couples after HIV counseling and testing.” Aids 17, no. 5 (March 28, 2003): 733–40. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002030-200303280-00012.
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  - Gao, F., T. Bhattacharya, B. Gaschen, J. Taylor, J. P. Moore, V. Novitsky, K. Yusim, et al. “Consensus and ancestral state HIV vaccines - Response.” Science 299, no. 5612 (March 7, 2003): 1517–18.
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  - Nickle, David C., Mark A. Jensen, Geoffrey S. Gottlieb, Daniel Shriner, Gerald H. Learn, Allen G. Rodrigo, and James I. Mullins. “Consensus and ancestral state HIV vaccines.” Science 299, no. 5612 (March 7, 2003): 1515–18. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.299.5612.1515c.
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  - McClutchan, F. E., J. K. Carr, D. Murphy, S. Piyasirisilp, F. Gao, B. Hahn, X. -. F. Yu, C. Beyrer, and D. L. Birx. “Precise mapping of recombination breakpoints suggests a common parent of two BC recombinant HIV type 1 strains circulating in China.” Aids Res Hum Retroviruses 18, no. 15 (October 10, 2002): 1135–40. https://doi.org/10.1089/088922202320567879.
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  - Pandrea, Ivona, David L. Robertson, Richard Onanga, Feng Gao, Maria Makuwa, Paul Ngari, Issa Bedjabaga, Pierre Roques, François Simon, and Cristian Apetrei. “Analysis of partial pol and env sequences indicates a high prevalence of HIV type 1 recombinant strains circulating in Gabon.” Aids Res Hum Retroviruses 18, no. 15 (October 10, 2002): 1103–16. https://doi.org/10.1089/088922202320567842.
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  - Hoesley, Craig J., Susan A. Allen, James L. Raper, R. Musonda, Yafen Niu, Feng Gao, Kathleen E. Squires, and Grace M. Aldrovandi. “Comparative analysis of commercial assays for the detection and quantification of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) RNA in plasma from patients infected with HIV-1 subtype C.” Clin Infect Dis 35, no. 3 (August 1, 2002): 323–25. https://doi.org/10.1086/341490.
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  - Tang, Jianming, Shenghui Tang, Elena Lobashevsky, Angela D. Myracle, Ulgen Fideli, Grace Aldrovandi, Susan Allen, Rosemary Musonda, Richard A. Kaslow, and Richard A. Zambia-UAB HIV Research Project. “Favorable and unfavorable HLA class I alleles and haplotypes in Zambians predominantly infected with clade C human immunodeficiency virus type 1.” J Virol 76, no. 16 (August 2002): 8276–84. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.16.8276-8284.2002.
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  - Gaschen, Brian, Jesse Taylor, Karina Yusim, Brian Foley, Feng Gao, Dorothy Lang, Vladimir Novitsky, et al. “Diversity considerations in HIV-1 vaccine selection.” Science 296, no. 5577 (June 28, 2002): 2354–60. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1070441.
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  - Agwale, S. M., C. Zeh, K. E. Robbins, L. Odama, A. Saekhou, A. Edubio, M. Njoku, et al. “Molecular surveillance of HIV-1 field strains in Nigeria in preparation for vaccine trials.” Vaccine 20, no. 16 (May 15, 2002): 2131–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00059-2.
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  - Marras, Daniele, Leslie A. Bruggeman, Feng Gao, Nozomu Tanji, Mahesh M. Mansukhani, Andrea Cara, Michael D. Ross, et al. “Replication and compartmentalization of HIV-1 in kidney epithelium of patients with HIV-associated nephropathy.” Nat Med 8, no. 5 (May 2002): 522–26. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0502-522.
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  - Osmanov, Saladin, Claire Pattou, Neff Walker, Bernhard Schwardländer, Jose Esparza, and Jose WHO-UNAIDS Network for HIV Isolation and Characterization. “Estimated global distribution and regional spread of HIV-1 genetic subtypes in the year 2000.” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999) 29, no. 2 (February 2002): 184–90. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042560-200202010-00013.
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  - Santiago, Mario L., Cynthia M. Rodenburg, Shadrack Kamenya, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Feng Gao, Elizabeth Bailes, Sreelatha Meleth, et al. “SIVcpz in wild chimpanzees.” Science 295, no. 5554 (January 18, 2002): 465. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.295.5554.465.
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  - Trask, Stanley A., Cynthia A. Derdeyn, Ulgen Fideli, Yalu Chen, Sreelatha Meleth, Francis Kasolo, Rosemary Musonda, et al. “Molecular epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission in a heterosexual cohort of discordant couples in Zambia.” J Virol 76, no. 1 (January 2002): 397–405. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.1.397-405.2002.
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  - Gao, F., S. A. Trask, H. Hui, O. Mamaeva, Y. Chen, T. S. Theodore, B. T. Foley, B. T. Korber, G. M. Shaw, and B. H. Hahn. “Molecular characterization of a highly divergent HIV type 1 isolate obtained early in the AIDS epidemic from the Democratic Republic of Congo.” Aids Res Hum Retroviruses 17, no. 12 (August 10, 2001): 1217–22. https://doi.org/10.1089/088922201316912826.
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  - Souquière, S., F. Bibollet-Ruche, D. L. Robertson, M. Makuwa, C. Apetrei, R. Onanga, C. Kornfeld, et al. “Wild Mandrillus sphinx are carriers of two types of lentivirus.” J Virol 75, no. 15 (August 2001): 7086–96. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.75.15.7086-7096.2001.
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  - Agwale, S. M., K. E. Robbins, L. Odama, A. Saekhou, C. Zeh, A. Edubio, O. M. Njoku, et al. “Development of an env gp41-based heteroduplex mobility assay for rapid human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtyping.” Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39, no. 6 (June 2001): 2110–14. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.39.6.2110-2114.2001.
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  - Gao, F., N. Vidal, Y. Li, S. A. Trask, Y. Chen, L. G. Kostrikis, D. D. Ho, et al. “Evidence of two distinct subsubtypes within the HIV-1 subtype A radiation.” Aids Research and Human Retroviruses 17, no. 8 (May 2001): 675–88. https://doi.org/10.1089/088922201750236951.
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  - Mahalingam, S., B. Van Tine, M. L. Santiago, F. Gao, G. M. Shaw, and B. H. Hahn. “Functional analysis of the simian immunodeficiency virus Vpx protein: identification of packaging determinants and a novel nuclear targeting domain.” Journal of Virology 75, no. 1 (January 2001): 362–74. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.1.362-374.2001.
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  - Fonjungo, P. N., E. N. Mpoudi, J. N. Torimiro, G. A. Alemnji, L. T. Eno, J. N. Nkengasong, F. Gao, et al. “Presence of diverse human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral variants in Cameroon.” Aids Res Hum Retroviruses 16, no. 13 (September 1, 2000): 1319–24. https://doi.org/10.1089/08892220050117087.
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  - Hooper, E. “Search for the origin of HIV and AIDS.” Science 289, no. 5482 (August 18, 2000): 1140–41. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5482.1140.
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  - Yang, C., F. Gao, P. N. Fonjungo, L. Zekeng, G. van der Groen, D. Pieniazek, C. Schable, and R. B. Lal. “Phylogenetic analysis of protease and transmembrane region of HIV type 1 group O.” Aids Res Hum Retroviruses 16, no. 11 (July 20, 2000): 1075–81. https://doi.org/10.1089/08892220050075345.
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  - Korber, B., M. Muldoon, J. Theiler, F. Gao, R. Gupta, A. Lapedes, B. H. Hahn, S. Wolinsky, and T. Bhattacharya. “Timing the ancestor of the HIV-1 pandemic strains.” Science 288, no. 5472 (June 9, 2000): 1789–96. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5472.1789.
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  - Yang, C., B. C. Dash, F. Simon, G. van der Groen, D. Pieniazek, F. Gao, B. H. Hahn, and R. B. Lal. “Detection of diverse variants of human immunodeficiency virus-1 groups M, N, and O and simian immunodeficiency viruses from chimpanzees by using generic pol and env primer pairs.” J Infect Dis 181, no. 5 (May 2000): 1791–95. https://doi.org/10.1086/315439.
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  - Robertson, D. L., J. P. Anderson, J. A. Bradac, J. K. Carr, B. Foley, R. K. Funkhouser, F. Gao, et al. “HIV-1 nomenclature proposal.” Science 288, no. 5463 (April 7, 2000): 55–56. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5463.55d.
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  - Sharp, P. M., E. Bailes, F. Gao, B. E. Beer, V. M. Hirsch, and B. H. Hahn. “Origins and evolution of AIDS viruses: estimating the time-scale.” Biochem Soc Trans 28, no. 2 (February 2000): 275–82. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0280275.
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  - Yang, C., D. Pieniazek, S. M. Owen, C. Fridlund, J. Nkengasong, T. D. Mastro, M. A. Rayfield, et al. “Detection of phylogenetically diverse human immunodeficiency virus type 1 groups M and O from plasma by using highly sensitive and specific generic primers.” J Clin Microbiol 37, no. 8 (August 1999): 2581–86. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.37.8.2581-2586.1999.
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  - Sharp, P. M., E. Bailes, D. L. Robertson, F. Gao, and B. H. Hahn. “Origins and evolution of AIDS viruses.” Biol Bull 196, no. 3 (June 1999): 338–42. https://doi.org/10.2307/1542965.
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  - Gao, F., E. Bailes, D. L. Robertson, Y. Chen, C. M. Rodenburg, S. F. Michael, L. B. Cummins, et al. “Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes.” Nature 397, no. 6718 (February 4, 1999): 436–41. https://doi.org/10.1038/17130.
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  - Gao, F., D. L. Robertson, C. D. Carruthers, Y. Li, E. Bailes, L. G. Kostrikis, M. O. Salminen, et al. “An isolate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 originally classified as subtype I represents a complex mosaic comprising three different group M subtypes (A, G, and I).” J Virol 72, no. 12 (December 1998): 10234–41. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.72.12.10234-10241.1998.
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  - Gao, F., D. L. Robertson, C. D. Carruthers, S. G. Morrison, B. Jian, Y. Chen, F. Barré-Sinoussi, et al. “A comprehensive panel of near-full-length clones and reference sequences for non-subtype B isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.” Journal of Virology 72, no. 7 (July 1998): 5680–98. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.7.5680-5698.1998.
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  - Owen, S. M., D. Ellenberger, M. Rayfield, S. Wiktor, P. Michel, M. H. Grieco, F. Gao, B. H. Hahn, and R. B. Lal. “Genetically divergent strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 use multiple coreceptors for viral entry.” J Virol 72, no. 7 (July 1998): 5425–32. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.72.7.5425-5432.1998.
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  - Connor, R. I., B. T. Korber, B. S. Graham, B. H. Hahn, D. D. Ho, B. D. Walker, A. U. Neumann, et al. “Immunological and virological analyses of persons infected by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 while participating in trials of recombinant gp120 subunit vaccines.” J Virol 72, no. 2 (February 1998): 1552–76. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.72.2.1552-1576.1998.
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  - Georges-Courbot, M. C., C. Y. Lu, M. Makuwa, P. Telfer, R. Onanga, G. Dubreuil, Z. Chen, et al. “Natural infection of a household pet red-capped mangabey (Cercocebus torquatus torquatus) with a new simian immunodeficiency virus.” J Virol 72, no. 1 (January 1998): 600–608. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.72.1.600-608.1998.
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  - Betts, M. R., J. Krowka, C. Santamaria, K. Balsamo, F. Gao, G. Mulundu, C. Luo, et al. “Cross-clade human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in HIV-infected Zambians.” J Virol 71, no. 11 (November 1997): 8908–11. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.71.11.8908-8911.1997.
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  - Salminen, M. O., J. K. Carr, D. L. Robertson, P. Hegerich, D. Gotte, C. Koch, E. Sanders-Buell, et al. “Evolution and probable transmission of intersubtype recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in a Zambian couple.” J Virol 71, no. 4 (April 1997): 2647–55. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.71.4.2647-2655.1997.
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  - Wilson, C. C., S. A. Kalams, B. M. Wilkes, D. J. Ruhl, F. Gao, B. H. Hahn, I. C. Hanson, et al. “Overlapping epitopes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 presented by HLA A, B, and C molecules: effects of viral variation on cytotoxic T-lymphocyte recognition.” J Virol 71, no. 2 (February 1997): 1256–64. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.71.2.1256-1264.1997.
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  - Gao, F., D. L. Robertson, S. G. Morrison, H. Hui, S. Craig, J. Decker, P. N. Fultz, et al. “The heterosexual human immunodeficiency virus type 1 epidemic in Thailand is caused by an intersubtype (A/E) recombinant of African origin.” J Virol 70, no. 10 (October 1996): 7013–29. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.70.10.7013-7029.1996.
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  - Karlsson, G. B., F. Gao, J. Robinson, B. Hahn, and J. Sodroski. “Increased envelope spike density and stability are not required for the neutralization resistance of primary human immunodeficiency viruses.” J Virol 70, no. 9 (September 1996): 6136–42. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.70.9.6136-6142.1996.
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  - Gao, F., S. G. Morrison, D. L. Robertson, C. L. Thornton, S. Craig, G. Karlsson, J. Sodroski, et al. “Molecular cloning and analysis of functional envelope genes from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 sequence subtypes A through G. The WHO and NIAID Networks for HIV Isolation and Characterization.” J Virol 70, no. 3 (March 1996): 1651–67. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.70.3.1651-1667.1996.
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  - Sharp, P. M., D. L. Robertson, F. Gao, and B. H. Hahn. “Origins and diversity of human immunodeficiency viruses.” Aids 8, no. SUPPL. 1 (December 1, 1994).
  - Gao, F., L. Yue, D. L. Robertson, S. C. Hill, H. Hui, R. J. Biggar, A. E. Neequaye, T. M. Whelan, D. D. Ho, and G. M. Shaw. “Genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type 2: evidence for distinct sequence subtypes with differences in virus biology.” J Virol 68, no. 11 (November 1994): 7433–47. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.68.11.7433-7447.1994.
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  - Gao, F., L. Yue, S. Craig, C. L. Thornton, D. L. Robertson, F. E. McCutchan, J. A. Bradac, P. M. Sharp, and B. H. Hahn. “Genetic variation of HIV type 1 in four World Health Organization-sponsored vaccine evaluation sites: generation of functional envelope (glycoprotein 160) clones representative of sequence subtypes A, B, C, and E. WHO Network for HIV Isolation and Characterization.” Aids Res Hum Retroviruses 10, no. 11 (November 1994): 1359–68. https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.1994.10.1359.
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  - Gao, F., L. Yue, S. C. Hill, D. L. Robertson, A. H. Graves, M. S. Saag, G. M. Shaw, P. M. Sharp, and B. H. Hahn. “HIV-1 sequence subtype D in the United States.” Aids Res Hum Retroviruses 10, no. 5 (May 1994): 625–27. https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.1994.10.625.
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  - Gao, F., L. Yue, P. M. Sharp, and B. H. Hahn. “Genetic typing of HIV-2 from a Senegalese/German heterosexual transmission.” Aids Res Hum Retroviruses 9, no. 7 (July 1993): 703–4. https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.1993.9.703.
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  - Gao, F. “Origin of HIV-2 in West Africa.” Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 47, no. 2–3 (January 1, 1993): 111. https://doi.org/10.1016/0753-3322(93)90302-2.
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  - Gao, F., L. Yue, A. T. White, P. G. Pappas, J. Barchue, A. P. Hanson, B. M. Greene, P. M. Sharp, G. M. Shaw, and B. H. Hahn. “Human infection by genetically diverse SIVSM-related HIV-2 in west Africa.” Nature 358, no. 6386 (August 6, 1992): 495–99. https://doi.org/10.1038/358495a0.
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  - Mulligan, M. J., G. V. Yamshchikov, G. D. Ritter, F. Gao, M. J. Jin, C. D. Nail, C. P. Spies, B. H. Hahn, and R. W. Compans. “Cytoplasmic domain truncation enhances fusion activity by the exterior glycoprotein complex of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in selected cell types.” J Virol 66, no. 6 (June 1992): 3971–75. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.66.6.3971-3975.1992.
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- Other Articles
  - Rodenburg, C. M., Y. Li, S. A. Trask, Y. Chen, J. Decker, D. L. Robertson, M. L. Kalish, et al. “Near full-length clones and reference sequences for subtype C isolates of HIV type 1 from three different continents.” Aids Res Hum Retroviruses, January 20, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1089/08892220150217247.
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- Conference Papers
  - Hompe, Eliza D., Amit Kumar, Elena E. Giorgi, Erin McGuire, Genevieve G. Fouda, Feng Gao, and Sallie R. Permar. “Induction of Neutralizing Antibodies Against Autologous Viruses in HIV-1 Infected Pregnant Women Immunized With a gp120/160 Vaccine.” In Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 34:393–393. MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC, 2018.
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  - Martinez, David R., David Martinez, Riley J. Mangan, Elena Georgi, Juilin Chen, Michael Mengual, Jesse Mangold, et al. “Characterizing Env-specific Monoclonal Antibodies Isolated From US and Malawian HIV-infected Non-transmitting and Transmitting Women.” In Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 34:390–390. MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC, 2018.
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  - Smith, Claire E. P., Josh Eudailey, Amit Kumar, Lisa Stamper, Elena Giorgi, Genevieve Fouda, Erin Mcguire, Feng Gao, and Sallie Permar. “Infant Peripartum Transmitted-founder HIV-1 Variants are Resistant to Autologous Maternal Plasma Neutralization.” In Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 32:87–87. MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC, 2016.
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  - Wang, Chu, Chunlai Jiang, Nan Gao, Kaikai Zhang, Donglai Liu, Wei Wang, Zhe Cong, et al. “Partial Protection from Intravenous Challenge by an Integration-defective SIV Vaccine.” In Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 32:325–325. MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC, 2016.
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  - Hora, B., N. Gulzar, Y. Chen, F. Cai, C. Su, K. Karagiannis, K. Smith, et al. “Streamlined quasispecies and subtype analysis of HIV-1 sequences generated by high-throughput sequencing using the high-performance integrated virtual environment (HIVE).” In Journal of the International Aids Society, Vol. 19. JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD, 2016.
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  - Gao, F., M. Bonsignori, H. Liao, A. Kumar, S. Xia, F. Cai, X. Lu, et al. “Multiple Pathways of HIV-1 Autologous Neutralizing Antibodies Cooperate to Drive CD4 Binding Site Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Responses.” In Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 29:A186–A186. MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC, 2013.
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  - Zhang, R., M. Moody, M. Alam, J. Yu, S. Santra, G. Kelsoe, S. Sekaran, et al. “Isolation of mAbs from Sorted Single B Cells by RT/PCR for Analysis of B Cell Responses to HIV-1 MPER Epitope in Vaccinated Rhesus Macaques.” In Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 29:A30–A30. MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC, 2013.
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  - Bar, K. J., J. M. Decker, V. V. Ganusov, H. Li, J. S. McLellan, Y. Yang, J. W. Pavlicek, et al. “Molecular targets and potency of HIV-1 neutralization revealed by dynamic assessment of transmitted/founder virus antibody recognition and escape.” In Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 26:A11–12. MARY ANN LIEBERT INC, 2010.
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  - Chen, Y., H. Yang, T. Zhang, X. Huang, X. Xu, B. Korber, D. Montefiori, F. Gao, and H. Wu. “Limited introductions and genetic variation of HIV-1 in a MSM cohort in China.” In Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 26:A144–A144. MARY ANN LIEBERT INC, 2010.
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  - Pavlicek, J. W., J. L. Kirchherr, J. Hopper, S. Chen, B. F. Keele, H. Li, M. K. Liu, et al. “Evolution of the Same HIV-1 Transmitted/Founder Virus in Two Hosts.” In Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 26:A144–A144. MARY ANN LIEBERT INC, 2010.
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