Feng Gao | Scholars@Duke

Feng Gao
Professor Emeritus in Medicine

Dr. Feng Gao is Professor of Medicine at Duke University. The Gao laboratory has a long-standing interest in elucidating the origins and evolution of human and simian inmmunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV), and in studying HIV/SIV gene function and pathogenic mechanisms from the evolutionary perspective. These studies have led to new strategies to better understand HIV origins, biology, pathogenesis and drug resistance, and to design new AIDS vaccines.

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Professor Emeritus in Medicine, Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Medicine 2020
Member of the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Institutes and Centers 2005

Contact Information

244 Sands Bldg, Box 102359, Durham, NC 27710
Box 102359 Med Ctr, Durham, NC 27710
feng.gao@duke.edu (919) 668-6433

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- M.D., Harbin Medical University (China) 1984
Previous Appointments & Affiliations
- Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Medicine 2016 - 2020
- Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Medicine 2009 - 2016
- Associate Professor of Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Institutes and Centers 2006 - 2009
- Associate Research Professor of Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Institutes and Centers 2002 - 2006
- Associate Research Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Rheumatology and Immunology, Medicine 2001 - 2002
Recognition
In the News
- MAY 29, 2020 Duke Health News
  
  Duke Study: Evolution of COVID-19 Suggests That It Is Likely That More Human Coronaviruses Will Arise
Expertise
Global Scholarship
- Research
Research
Selected Grants
- Nonhuman Primate Core Virology Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research and Development - Base awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2024
- EQAPOL - Years 2017 to 2024 - BASE awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2024
- Dissection of polyreactivity and neutralization activity of HIV-1 Abs (R01) awarded by National Institutes of Health 2016 - 2023
- Nonhuman Primate Core Virology Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research and Development - Option 15 awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2021
- NIAID Virology Quality Assurance - Options 27 Only awarded by National Institutes of Health 2020 - 2021
- Role of neutralizing antibodies in HIV-1-infected and vaccinated mothers in MTCT awarded by National Institutes of Health 2016 - 2021
- Broad neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 from RV217 participants awarded by Henry M. Jackson Foundation 2014 - 2018
- EQAPOL - 2016 to 2017 - Option 6 - VIRUS awarded by National Institutes of Health 2010 - 2017
- EQAPOL Option 5 awarded by National Institutes of Health 2010 - 2017
- Invitro Function of DART Molecules (Base) awarded by MacroGenics, Inc. 2016 - 2017
- Critical domains for HIV-1 entry through atypical coreceptor usage awarded by National Institutes of Health 2013 - 2016
- A Magnetic Microparticle Kit for Cell Removal from Blood awarded by Luna Innovations Inc. 2015 - 2016
- The Role of Virus Recombination in Multiple Drug Resistance awarded by National Institutes of Health 2003 - 2008
- A Universal Env Immunogen for all HIV-1 Subtypes awarded by National Institutes of Health 2003 - 2006
- NCRR FACSAria Cell Sorter awarded by National Center for Research Resources 2004 - 2006
- Immunogenicity of an HIV virus-like particle vaccine awarded by National Institutes of Health 2003 - 2006
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Academic Articles
  - Zhao, Xinwei, Luyao Qin, Xiao Ding, Yudi Zhang, Xuefeng Niu, Feng Gao, Taijiao Jiang, and Ling Chen. “Origin and Reversion of Omicron Core Mutations in the Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Genomes.” Viruses 15, no. 1 (December 21, 2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/v15010030.
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  - Wang, Y., K. Zhao, D. Song, L. Du, X. Wang, F. Gao, H. Lu, and J. Guan. “Evaluation of the Immune Response Afforded by Combined Immunization with Orf Virus DNA and Subunit Vaccine in Mice.” Vaccines 10, no. 9 (September 1, 2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091499.
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  - Wang, Huaiyu, Pingchao Li, Mo Zhang, Jinpeng Bi, Yizi He, Fangshen Li, Rongzhen Yu, et al. “Vaccine with bacterium-like particles displaying HIV-1 gp120 trimer elicits specific mucosal responses and neutralizing antibodies in rhesus macaques.” Microb Biotechnol 15, no. 7 (July 2022): 2022–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.14022.
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  - Tu, Joshua J., Amit Kumar, Elena E. Giorgi, Joshua Eudailey, Celia C. LaBranche, David R. Martinez, Genevieve G. Fouda, et al. “Vertical HIV-1 Transmission in the Setting of Maternal Broad and Potent Antibody Responses.” Journal of Virology 96, no. 11 (June 2022): e0023122. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00231-22.
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  - Lan, Yungang, Wenqi He, Gaili Wang, Zhenzhen Wang, Yuzhu Chen, Feng Gao, and Deguang Song. “Potential Antiviral Strategy Exploiting Dependence of SARS-CoV-2 Replication on Lysosome-Based Pathway.” Int J Mol Sci 23, no. 11 (May 31, 2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116188.
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  - Gao, Nan, Yanxin Gai, Lina Meng, Chu Wang, Wei Wang, Xiaojun Li, Tiejun Gu, et al. “Development of Neutralization Breadth against Diverse HIV-1 by Increasing Ab-Ag Interface on V2.” Adv Sci (Weinh) 9, no. 15 (May 2022): e2200063. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202200063.
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  - Xiao, C., L. Mao, Z. Wang, L. Gao, G. Zhu, J. Su, X. Chen, et al. “SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 caused HLA-A2⁺ CD8⁺ T cell epitope mutations for impaired cellular immune response.” Iscience 25, no. 3 (March 18, 2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.103934.
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  - Li, Xiaojun, Dongmei Liao, Zhengyang Li, Jixi Li, Marilyn Diaz, Laurent Verkoczy, and Feng Gao. “Autoreactivity and broad neutralization of antibodies against HIV-1 are governed by distinct mutations: Implications for vaccine design strategies.” Front Immunol 13 (2022): 977630. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.977630.
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  - Yang, Xiao, Mingming Wan, Linjun Cai, Ali Hou, Bo Sun, Yan Zhou, Feng Gao, Weiheng Su, and Chunlai Jiang. “Interferon Inhibition Enhances the Pilot-Scale Production of Rabies Virus in Human Diploid MRC-5 Cells.” Viruses 14, no. 1 (December 29, 2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/v14010049.
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  - Blazkova, Jana, Feng Gao, Manukumar Honnayakanahalli Marichannegowda, J Shawn Justement, Victoria Shi, Emily J. Whitehead, Rachel F. Schneck, et al. “Distinct mechanisms of long-term virologic control in two HIV-infected individuals after treatment interruption of anti-retroviral therapy.” Nature Medicine 27, no. 11 (November 2021): 1893–98. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01503-6.
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  - Marichannegowda, Manukumar Honnayakanahalli, Michael Mengual, Amit Kumar, Elena E. Giorgi, Joshua J. Tu, David R. Martinez, Ethan O. Romero-Severson, et al. “Different evolutionary pathways of HIV-1 between fetus and mother perinatal transmission pairs indicate unique immune selection in fetuses.” Cell Rep Med 2, no. 7 (July 20, 2021): 100315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100315.
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  - Kumar, Amit, Elena E. Giorgi, Joshua J. Tu, David R. Martinez, Joshua Eudailey, Michael Mengual, Manukumar Honnayakanahalli Marichannegowda, Russell Van Dyke, Feng Gao, and Sallie R. Permar. “Mutations that confer resistance to broadly-neutralizing antibodies define HIV-1 variants of transmitting mothers from that of non-transmitting mothers.” Plos Pathog 17, no. 4 (April 2021): e1009478. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009478.
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  - Hemelaar, Joris, Shanghavie Loganathan, Ramyiadarsini Elangovan, Jason Yun, Leslie Dickson-Tetteh, Shona Kirtley, and Shona WHO-UNAIDS Network for HIV Isolation and Characterization. “Country Level Diversity of the HIV-1 Pandemic between 1990 and 2015.” J Virol 95, no. 2 (December 22, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01580-20.
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  - Stadtler, Hannah, Elizabeth Wescott, Kelly Hughes, Jerry Chang, Feng Gao, Mary Klotman, and Maria Blasi. “HIV-1 diversity and compartmentalization in urine, semen, and blood.” Medicine (Baltimore) 99, no. 46 (November 13, 2020): e23063. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000023063.
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  - Hemelaar, Joris, Ramyiadarsini Elangovan, Jason Yun, Leslie Dickson-Tetteh, Shona Kirtley, Eleanor Gouws-Williams, Peter D. Ghys, and Peter D. WHO-UNAIDS Network for HIV Isolation and Characterisation. “Global and regional epidemiology of HIV-1 recombinants in 1990-2015: a systematic review and global survey.” Lancet Hiv 7, no. 11 (November 2020): e772–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30252-6.
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  - Hora, Bhavna, Naila Gulzar, Yue Chen, Konstantinos Karagiannis, Fangping Cai, Chang Su, Krista Smith, et al. “Streamlined Subpopulation, Subtype, and Recombination Analysis of HIV-1 Half-Genome Sequences Generated by High-Throughput Sequencing.” Msphere 5, no. 5 (October 14, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00551-20.
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  - Li, Xiaojun, Elena E. Giorgi, Manukumar Honnayakanahalli Marichannegowda, Brian Foley, Chuan Xiao, Xiang-Peng Kong, Yue Chen, S. Gnanakaran, Bette Korber, and Feng Gao. “Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 through recombination and strong purifying selection.” Sci Adv 6, no. 27 (July 2020). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb9153.
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  - Hompe, Eliza D., Jesse F. Mangold, Amit Kumar, Joshua A. Eudailey, Erin McGuire, Barton F. Haynes, M Anthony Moody, et al. “Induction of Neutralizing Responses against Autologous Virus in Maternal HIV Vaccine Trials.” Msphere 5, no. 3 (June 3, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00254-20.
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  - Bi, Jinpeng, Fangshen Li, Mo Zhang, Huaiyu Wang, Jingcai Lu, Yong Zhang, Hong Ling, et al. “An HIV-1 vaccine based on bacterium-like particles elicits Env-specific mucosal immune responses.” Immunol Lett 222 (June 2020): 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2020.03.002.
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  - Ji, Hezhao, Neil Parkin, Feng Gao, Thomas Denny, Cheryl Jennings, Paul Sandstrom, and Rami Kantor. “External Quality Assessment Program for Next-Generation Sequencing-Based HIV Drug Resistance Testing: Logistical Considerations.” Viruses 12, no. 5 (May 18, 2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/v12050556.
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  - Lee, Emma R., Feng Gao, Paul Sandstrom, and Hezhao Ji. “External Quality Assessment for Next-Generation Sequencing-Based HIV Drug Resistance Testing: Unique Requirements and Challenges.” Viruses 12, no. 5 (May 16, 2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/v12050550.
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  - Martinez, David R., Joshua J. Tu, Amit Kumar, Jesse F. Mangold, Riley J. Mangan, Ria Goswami, Elena E. Giorgi, et al. “Maternal Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Can Select for Neutralization-Resistant, Infant-Transmitted/Founder HIV Variants.” Mbio 11, no. 2 (March 10, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00176-20.
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  - Martinez, David R., Joshua J. Tu, Amit Kumar, Jesse F. Mangold, Riley J. Mangan, Ria Goswami, Elena E. Giorgi, et al. “Maternal Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Can Select for Neutralization-Resistant, Infant-Transmitted/Founder HIV Variants.” Mbio 11, no. 2 (March 1, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00176.20.
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  - Wang, Chu, Donglai Liu, Tao Zuo, Bhavna Hora, Fangping Cai, Haitao Ding, John Kappes, et al. “Accumulated mutations by 6 months of infection collectively render transmitted/founder HIV-1 significantly less fit.” J Infect 80, no. 2 (February 2020): 210–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2019.12.001.
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  - Gao, Nan, Yanxin Gai, Lina Meng, Chu Wang, Xin Zhang, Wei Wang, Chuan Qin, Xianghui Yu, and Feng Gao. “Development of Antibodies with Broad Neutralization Specificities against HIV-1 after Long Term SHIV Infection in Macaques.” Viruses 12, no. 2 (January 31, 2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/v12020163.
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  - Blasi, Maria, Hannah Stadtler, Jerry Chang, Marion Hemmersbach-Miller, Christina Wyatt, Paul Klotman, Feng Gao, Cameron Wolfe, and Mary Klotman. “Detection of Donor's HIV Strain in HIV-Positive Kidney-Transplant Recipient.” N Engl J Med 382, no. 2 (January 9, 2020): 195–97. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1910189.
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  - Wang, Chu, Nan Gao, Yanan Song, Sizhu Duan, Wei Wang, Zhe Cong, Chuan Qin, Chunlai Jiang, Xianghui Yu, and Feng Gao. “Reduction of peak viremia by an integration-defective SIV proviral DNA vaccine in rhesus macaques.” Microbiol Immunol 64, no. 1 (January 2020): 52–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/1348-0421.12744.
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  - Xiao, Chuan, Xiaojun Li, Shuying Liu, Yongming Sang, Shou-Jiang Gao, and Feng Gao. “HIV-1 did not contribute to the 2019-nCoV genome.” Emerg Microbes Infect 9, no. 1 (2020): 378–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1727299.
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  - Cao, Jiaming, Hongtao Liu, Meng Qu, Ali Hou, Yan Zhou, Bo Sun, Linjun Cai, Feng Gao, Weiheng Su, and Chunlai Jiang. “Determination of the cleavage site of enterovirus 71 VP0 and the effect of this cleavage on viral infectivity and assembly.” Microb Pathog 134 (September 2019): 103568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103568.
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  - Zhang, Yuepeng, Chu Wang, Nan Gao, Xiaoyan Zhang, Xianghui Yu, Jianqing Xu, and Feng Gao. “Determination of neutralization activities by a new versatile assay using an HIV-1 genome carrying the Gaussia luciferase gene.” J Virol Methods 267 (May 2019): 22–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.02.009.
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  - Wang, Jingyu, Yawei Teng, Guanshu Zhao, Fang Li, Ali Hou, Bo Sun, Wei Kong, Feng Gao, Linjun Cai, and Chunlai Jiang. “Exosome-Mediated Delivery of Inducible miR-423-5p Enhances Resistance of MRC-5 Cells to Rabies Virus Infection.” Int J Mol Sci 20, no. 7 (March 27, 2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071537.
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  - Chen, Yue, Bhavna Hora, Todd DeMarco, Regina Berba, Heidi Register, Sylvia Hood, Meredith Carter, et al. “Increased predominance of HIV-1 CRF01_AE and its recombinants in the Philippines.” J Gen Virol 100, no. 3 (March 2019): 511–22. https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001198.
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  - Lv, Xiaoling, Zi Li, Jiyu Guan, Shiyu Hu, Jing Zhang, Yungang Lan, Kui Zhao, et al. “Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus Activation of the Integrin α5β1-FAK-Cofilin Pathway Causes Cytoskeletal Rearrangement To Promote Its Invasion of N2a Cells.” J Virol 93, no. 5 (March 1, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01736-18.
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  - Hemelaar, Joris, Ramyiadarsini Elangovan, Jason Yun, Leslie Dickson-Tetteh, Isabella Fleminger, Shona Kirtley, Brian Williams, Eleanor Gouws-Williams, Peter D. Ghys, and Peter D. WHO–UNAIDS Network for HIV Isolation Characterisation. “Global and regional molecular epidemiology of HIV-1, 1990-2015: a systematic review, global survey, and trend analysis.” Lancet Infect Dis 19, no. 2 (February 2019): 143–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30647-9.
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  - Wang, Chu, Donglai Liu, Tao Zuo, Bhavna Hora, Fangping Cai, Haitao Ding, John Kappes, et al. “Accumulated Mutations Cause Significant Fitness Losses and are Associated with Decreased Viral Loads During Early HIV-1 Infection,” January 19, 2019.
  - Wagh, Kshitij, Edward F. Kreider, Yingying Li, Hannah J. Barbian, Gerald H. Learn, Elena Giorgi, Peter T. Hraber, et al. “Completeness of HIV-1 Envelope Glycan Shield at Transmission Determines Neutralization Breadth.” Cell Rep 25, no. 4 (October 23, 2018): 893-908.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.087.
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  - Peng, Binghao J., Jonathan M. Carlson, Michael K. P. Liu, Feng Gao, Nilu Goonetilleke, Andrew J. McMichael, Persephone Borrow, et al. “Antisense-Derived HIV-1 Cryptic Epitopes Are Not Major Drivers of Viral Evolution during the Acute Phase of Infection.” J Virol 92, no. 19 (October 1, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00711-18.
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  - Li, Zi, Kui Zhao, Xiaoling Lv, Yungang Lan, Shiyu Hu, Junchao Shi, Jiyu Guan, et al. “Ulk1 Governs Nerve Growth Factor/TrkA Signaling by Mediating Rab5 GTPase Activation in Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus-Induced Neurodegenerative Disorders.” J Virol 92, no. 16 (August 15, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00325-18.
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  - Shi, Wei, Yiming Kou, Jinghui Xiao, Lijuan Zhang, Feng Gao, Wei Kong, Weiheng Su, Chunlai Jiang, and Yong Zhang. “Comparison of immunogenicity, efficacy and transcriptome changes of inactivated rabies virus vaccine with different adjuvants.” Vaccine 36, no. 33 (August 9, 2018): 5020–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.006.
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  - Dai, Wen, Yu Wu, Jin Bi, Jing Wang, Shuai Wang, Wei Kong, Julien Barbier, et al. “Antiviral Effect of Retro-2.1 against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 In Vitro.” J Microbiol Biotechnol 28, no. 6 (June 28, 2018): 849–59. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1712.12052.
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  - Kou, Yiming, Mingming Wan, Wei Shi, Jie Liu, Zhilei Zhao, Yongqing Xu, Wei Wei, et al. “Performance of Homologous and Heterologous Prime-Boost Immunization Regimens of Recombinant Adenovirus and Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Expressing an Ag85B-TB10.4 Fusion Protein against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.” J Microbiol Biotechnol 28, no. 6 (June 28, 2018): 1022–29. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1712.12064.
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  - Shi, Wei, Yiming Kou, Hao Jiang, Feng Gao, Wei Kong, Weiheng Su, Fei Xu, and Chunlai Jiang. “Novel intranasal pertussis vaccine based on bacterium-like particles as a mucosal adjuvant.” Immunol Lett 198 (June 2018): 26–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2018.03.012.
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  - Song, Hongshuo, Elena E. Giorgi, Vitaly V. Ganusov, Fangping Cai, Gayathri Athreya, Hyejin Yoon, Oana Carja, et al. “Tracking HIV-1 recombination to resolve its contribution to HIV-1 evolution in natural infection.” Nat Commun 9, no. 1 (May 15, 2018): 1928. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04217-5.
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  - Kumar, Amit, Claire E. P. Smith, Elena E. Giorgi, Joshua Eudailey, David R. Martinez, Karina Yusim, Ayooluwa O. Douglas, et al. “Infant transmitted/founder HIV-1 viruses from peripartum transmission are neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma.” Plos Pathog 14, no. 4 (April 2018): e1006944. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006944.
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  - Gao, Nan, Wei Wang, Chu Wang, Tiejun Gu, Rui Guo, Bin Yu, Wei Kong, et al. “Development of broad neutralization activity in simian/human immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques after long-term infection.” Aids 32, no. 5 (March 13, 2018): 555–63. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001724.
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  - Dai, Wenwen, Yu Wu, Jinpeng Bi, Shuai Wang, Fang Li, Wei Kong, Julien Barbier, et al. “Antiviral Effects of ABMA against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 In Vitro and In Vivo.” Viruses 10, no. 3 (March 9, 2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/v10030119.
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  - Gao, Yang, Wen Tian, Xiaoxu Han, and Feng Gao. “Immunological and virological characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 superinfection: implications in vaccine design.” Front Med 11, no. 4 (December 2017): 480–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-017-0594-8.
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  - Williams, Wilton B., Jinsong Zhang, Chuancang Jiang, Nathan I. Nicely, Daniela Fera, Kan Luo, M Anthony Moody, et al. “Initiation of HIV neutralizing B cell lineages with sequential envelope immunizations.” Nat Commun 8, no. 1 (November 23, 2017): 1732. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01336-3.
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  - Liu, Donglai, Chu Wang, Bhavna Hora, Tao Zuo, Nilu Goonetilleke, Michael K. P. Liu, Mark Berrong, et al. “A strongly selected mutation in the HIV-1 genome is independent of T cell responses and neutralizing antibodies.” Retrovirology 14, no. 1 (October 10, 2017): 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12977-017-0371-4.
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  - Li, Jing, Feng Gao, Shu Bin Hao, Dong Cheng, Wen Qiang Zhang, Bin Lin, Li Zhao, Xue Jie Yu, Zhi Yu Wang, and Hong Ling Wen. “Contribution of 3CD Region to the Virulence of Enterovirus 71.” Biomed Environ Sci 30, no. 10 (October 2017): 767–71. https://doi.org/10.3967/bes2017.103.
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  - Kou, Yiming, Yongqing Xu, Zhilei Zhao, Jie Liu, Yang Wu, Qingrui You, Linli Wang, Feng Gao, Linjun Cai, and Chunlai Jiang. “Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) signal sequence enhances immunogenicity of MVA-based vaccine against tuberculosis.” Immunol Lett 190 (October 2017): 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2017.07.007.
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  - Rademeyer, Cecilia, Bette Korber, Michael S. Seaman, Elena E. Giorgi, Ruwayhida Thebus, Alexander Robles, Daniel J. Sheward, et al. “Correction: Features of Recently Transmitted HIV-1 Clade C Viruses that Impact Antibody Recognition: Implications for Active and Passive Immunization.” Plos Pathog 13, no. 9 (September 2017): e1006641. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006641.
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  - Su, Weiheng, Xue Li, Meili Chen, Wenwen Dai, Shiyang Sun, Shuai Wang, Xin Sheng, et al. “Synonymous codon usage analysis of hand, foot and mouth disease viruses: A comparative study on coxsackievirus A6, A10, A16, and enterovirus 71 from 2008 to 2015.” Infect Genet Evol 53 (September 2017): 212–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2017.06.004.
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  - Meyerhoff, R Ryan, Richard M. Scearce, Damon F. Ogburn, Brad Lockwood, Joy Pickeral, Masa Kuraoka, Kara Anasti, et al. “HIV-1 Consensus Envelope-Induced Broadly Binding Antibodies.” Aids Res Hum Retroviruses 33, no. 8 (August 2017): 859–68. https://doi.org/10.1089/AID.2016.0294.
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  - Dai, Wenwen, Yu Wu, Jinpeng Bi, Xiaotong Lu, Ali Hou, Yan Zhou, Bo Sun, et al. “Antiviral effects of Retro-2cycl and Retro-2.1 against Enterovirus 71 in vitro and in vivo.” Antiviral Res 144 (August 2017): 311–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.07.001.
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  - Kijak, Gustavo H., Eric Sanders-Buell, Agnes-Laurence Chenine, Michael A. Eller, Nilu Goonetilleke, Rasmi Thomas, Sivan Leviyang, et al. “Rare HIV-1 transmitted/founder lineages identified by deep viral sequencing contribute to rapid shifts in dominant quasispecies during acute and early infection.” Plos Pathog 13, no. 7 (July 2017): e1006510. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006510.
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  - Wang, Chu, Chunlai Jiang, Nan Gao, Kaikai Zhang, Donglai Liu, Wei Wang, Zhe Cong, et al. “Immunologic and Virologic Mechanisms for Partial Protection from Intravenous Challenge by an Integration-Defective SIV Vaccine.” Viruses 9, no. 6 (June 2, 2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/v9060135.
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  - Liu, Wei, Yan Zhou, Ziyan Wang, Zeqiang Zhang, Qizhi Wang, Weiheng Su, Yan Chen, et al. “Evaluation of recombinant adenovirus vaccines based on glycoprotein D and truncated UL25 against herpes simplex virus type 2 in mice.” Microbiol Immunol 61, no. 5 (May 2017): 176–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/1348-0421.12482.
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  - Bonsignori, Mattia, Edward F. Kreider, Daniela Fera, R Ryan Meyerhoff, Todd Bradley, Kevin Wiehe, S Munir Alam, et al. “Staged induction of HIV-1 glycan-dependent broadly neutralizing antibodies.” Sci Transl Med 9, no. 381 (March 15, 2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aai7514.
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  - Williams, LaTonya D., Gilad Ofek, Sebastian Schätzle, Jonathan R. McDaniel, Xiaozhi Lu, Nathan I. Nicely, Liming Wu, et al. “Potent and broad HIV-neutralizing antibodies in memory B cells and plasma.” Sci Immunol 2, no. 7 (January 27, 2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aal2200.
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  - Bonsignori, Mattia, Hua-Xin Liao, Feng Gao, Wilton B. Williams, S Munir Alam, David C. Montefiori, and Barton F. Haynes. “Antibody-virus co-evolution in HIV infection: paths for HIV vaccine development.” Immunol Rev 275, no. 1 (January 2017): 145–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12509.
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  - Song, Hongshuo, Bhavna Hora, Elena E. Giorgi, Amit Kumar, Fangping Cai, Tanmoy Bhattacharya, Alan S. Perelson, and Feng Gao. “Transmission of Multiple HIV-1 Subtype C Transmitted/founder Viruses into the Same Recipients Was not Determined by Modest Phenotypic Differences.” Sci Rep 6 (December 2, 2016): 38130. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep38130.
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  - Bradley, Todd, Ashley Trama, Nancy Tumba, Elin Gray, Xiaozhi Lu, Navid Madani, Fatemeh Jahanbakhsh, et al. “Amino Acid Changes in the HIV-1 gp41 Membrane Proximal Region Control Virus Neutralization Sensitivity.” Ebiomedicine 12 (October 2016): 196–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.08.045.
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  - Li, Xiaojun, Peihu Fan, Chunlai Jiang, Tonghui Ma, Xianghui Yu, Wei Kong, and Feng Gao. “High-Frequency Illegitimate Strand Transfers of Nascent DNA Fragments During Reverse Transcription Result in Defective Retrovirus Genomes.” J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 72, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 353–62. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000952.
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  - Georges-Courbot, M. C., C. Y. Lu, M. Makuwa, P. Telfer, R. Onanga, G. Dubreuil, Z. Chen, et al. “Natural infection of a household pet red-capped mangabey (Cercocebus torquatus torquatus) with a new simian immunodeficiency virus.” J Virol 72, no. 1 (January 1998): 600–608. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.72.1.600-608.1998.
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  - Betts, M. R., J. Krowka, C. Santamaria, K. Balsamo, F. Gao, G. Mulundu, C. Luo, et al. “Cross-clade human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in HIV-infected Zambians.” J Virol 71, no. 11 (November 1997): 8908–11. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.71.11.8908-8911.1997.
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  - Salminen, M. O., J. K. Carr, D. L. Robertson, P. Hegerich, D. Gotte, C. Koch, E. Sanders-Buell, et al. “Evolution and probable transmission of intersubtype recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in a Zambian couple.” J Virol 71, no. 4 (April 1997): 2647–55. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.71.4.2647-2655.1997.
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  - Wilson, C. C., S. A. Kalams, B. M. Wilkes, D. J. Ruhl, F. Gao, B. H. Hahn, I. C. Hanson, et al. “Overlapping epitopes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 presented by HLA A, B, and C molecules: effects of viral variation on cytotoxic T-lymphocyte recognition.” J Virol 71, no. 2 (February 1997): 1256–64. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.71.2.1256-1264.1997.
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  - Gao, F., D. L. Robertson, S. G. Morrison, H. Hui, S. Craig, J. Decker, P. N. Fultz, et al. “The heterosexual human immunodeficiency virus type 1 epidemic in Thailand is caused by an intersubtype (A/E) recombinant of African origin.” J Virol 70, no. 10 (October 1996): 7013–29. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.70.10.7013-7029.1996.
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  - Karlsson, G. B., F. Gao, J. Robinson, B. Hahn, and J. Sodroski. “Increased envelope spike density and stability are not required for the neutralization resistance of primary human immunodeficiency viruses.” J Virol 70, no. 9 (September 1996): 6136–42. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.70.9.6136-6142.1996.
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  - Gao, F., S. G. Morrison, D. L. Robertson, C. L. Thornton, S. Craig, G. Karlsson, J. Sodroski, et al. “Molecular cloning and analysis of functional envelope genes from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 sequence subtypes A through G. The WHO and NIAID Networks for HIV Isolation and Characterization.” J Virol 70, no. 3 (March 1996): 1651–67. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.70.3.1651-1667.1996.
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  - Sharp, P. M., D. L. Robertson, F. Gao, and B. H. Hahn. “Origins and diversity of human immunodeficiency viruses.” Aids 8, no. SUPPL. 1 (December 1, 1994).
  - Gao, F., L. Yue, D. L. Robertson, S. C. Hill, H. Hui, R. J. Biggar, A. E. Neequaye, T. M. Whelan, D. D. Ho, and G. M. Shaw. “Genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type 2: evidence for distinct sequence subtypes with differences in virus biology.” J Virol 68, no. 11 (November 1994): 7433–47. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.68.11.7433-7447.1994.
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  - Gao, F., L. Yue, S. Craig, C. L. Thornton, D. L. Robertson, F. E. McCutchan, J. A. Bradac, P. M. Sharp, and B. H. Hahn. “Genetic variation of HIV type 1 in four World Health Organization-sponsored vaccine evaluation sites: generation of functional envelope (glycoprotein 160) clones representative of sequence subtypes A, B, C, and E. WHO Network for HIV Isolation and Characterization.” Aids Res Hum Retroviruses 10, no. 11 (November 1994): 1359–68. https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.1994.10.1359.
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  - Gao, F., L. Yue, S. C. Hill, D. L. Robertson, A. H. Graves, M. S. Saag, G. M. Shaw, P. M. Sharp, and B. H. Hahn. “HIV-1 sequence subtype D in the United States.” Aids Res Hum Retroviruses 10, no. 5 (May 1994): 625–27. https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.1994.10.625.
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  - Gao, F., L. Yue, P. M. Sharp, and B. H. Hahn. “Genetic typing of HIV-2 from a Senegalese/German heterosexual transmission.” Aids Res Hum Retroviruses 9, no. 7 (July 1993): 703–4. https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.1993.9.703.
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  - Gao, F. “Origin of HIV-2 in West Africa.” Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 47, no. 2–3 (January 1, 1993): 111. https://doi.org/10.1016/0753-3322(93)90302-2.
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  - Gao, F., L. Yue, A. T. White, P. G. Pappas, J. Barchue, A. P. Hanson, B. M. Greene, P. M. Sharp, G. M. Shaw, and B. H. Hahn. “Human infection by genetically diverse SIVSM-related HIV-2 in west Africa.” Nature 358, no. 6386 (August 6, 1992): 495–99. https://doi.org/10.1038/358495a0.
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  - Mulligan, M. J., G. V. Yamshchikov, G. D. Ritter, F. Gao, M. J. Jin, C. D. Nail, C. P. Spies, B. H. Hahn, and R. W. Compans. “Cytoplasmic domain truncation enhances fusion activity by the exterior glycoprotein complex of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in selected cell types.” J Virol 66, no. 6 (June 1992): 3971–75. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.66.6.3971-3975.1992.
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- Other Articles
  - Rodenburg, C. M., Y. Li, S. A. Trask, Y. Chen, J. Decker, D. L. Robertson, M. L. Kalish, et al. “Near full-length clones and reference sequences for subtype C isolates of HIV type 1 from three different continents.” Aids Res Hum Retroviruses, January 20, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1089/08892220150217247.
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- Conference Papers
  - Hompe, Eliza D., Amit Kumar, Elena E. Giorgi, Erin McGuire, Genevieve G. Fouda, Feng Gao, and Sallie R. Permar. “Induction of Neutralizing Antibodies Against Autologous Viruses in HIV-1 Infected Pregnant Women Immunized With a gp120/160 Vaccine.” In Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 34:393–393. MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC, 2018.
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  - Martinez, David R., David Martinez, Riley J. Mangan, Elena Georgi, Juilin Chen, Michael Mengual, Jesse Mangold, et al. “Characterizing Env-specific Monoclonal Antibodies Isolated From US and Malawian HIV-infected Non-transmitting and Transmitting Women.” In Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 34:390–390. MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC, 2018.
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  - Smith, Claire E. P., Josh Eudailey, Amit Kumar, Lisa Stamper, Elena Giorgi, Genevieve Fouda, Erin Mcguire, Feng Gao, and Sallie Permar. “Infant Peripartum Transmitted-founder HIV-1 Variants are Resistant to Autologous Maternal Plasma Neutralization.” In Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 32:87–87. MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC, 2016.
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  - Wang, Chu, Chunlai Jiang, Nan Gao, Kaikai Zhang, Donglai Liu, Wei Wang, Zhe Cong, et al. “Partial Protection from Intravenous Challenge by an Integration-defective SIV Vaccine.” In Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 32:325–325. MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC, 2016.
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  - Hora, B., N. Gulzar, Y. Chen, F. Cai, C. Su, K. Karagiannis, K. Smith, et al. “Streamlined quasispecies and subtype analysis of HIV-1 sequences generated by high-throughput sequencing using the high-performance integrated virtual environment (HIVE).” In Journal of the International Aids Society, Vol. 19. JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD, 2016.
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  - Gao, F., M. Bonsignori, H. Liao, A. Kumar, S. Xia, F. Cai, X. Lu, et al. “Multiple Pathways of HIV-1 Autologous Neutralizing Antibodies Cooperate to Drive CD4 Binding Site Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Responses.” In Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 29:A186–A186. MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC, 2013.
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  - Zhang, R., M. Moody, M. Alam, J. Yu, S. Santra, G. Kelsoe, S. Sekaran, et al. “Isolation of mAbs from Sorted Single B Cells by RT/PCR for Analysis of B Cell Responses to HIV-1 MPER Epitope in Vaccinated Rhesus Macaques.” In Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 29:A30–A30. MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC, 2013.
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  - Bar, K. J., J. M. Decker, V. V. Ganusov, H. Li, J. S. McLellan, Y. Yang, J. W. Pavlicek, et al. “Molecular targets and potency of HIV-1 neutralization revealed by dynamic assessment of transmitted/founder virus antibody recognition and escape.” In Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 26:A11–12. MARY ANN LIEBERT INC, 2010.
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  - Chen, Y., H. Yang, T. Zhang, X. Huang, X. Xu, B. Korber, D. Montefiori, F. Gao, and H. Wu. “Limited introductions and genetic variation of HIV-1 in a MSM cohort in China.” In Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 26:A144–A144. MARY ANN LIEBERT INC, 2010.
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  - Pavlicek, J. W., J. L. Kirchherr, J. Hopper, S. Chen, B. F. Keele, H. Li, M. K. Liu, et al. “Evolution of the Same HIV-1 Transmitted/Founder Virus in Two Hosts.” In Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 26:A144–A144. MARY ANN LIEBERT INC, 2010.
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  - Gnanakaran, G., T. Bhattacharya, M. Daniels, A. Lapedes, F. Gao, A. Kumar, M. Li, et al. “P04-54 LB. Genetic signature analysis identifies the CD4i region of gp120 as a determinant of broadly NAb responses in HIV-1-infected individuals.” In Retrovirology, Vol. 6, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4690-6-S3-P394.
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  - Liao, L., X. Chen, A. Dixon, S. Munshaw, M. Moody, R. Zhang, A. Nagel, et al. “P04-45. Characterization of the plasma cell repertoire in acute HIV-1 infection (AHI).” In Retrovirology, Vol. 6, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4690-6-S3-P73.
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  - Munshaw, S., H. Liao, A. Dixon, X. Chen, A. Nagel, K. Derosa, R. Parks, et al. “S021-04 OA. A large-scale analysis of immunoglobulin sequences derived from plasmablasts/plasma cells in acute HIV-1 infection subjects.” In Retrovirology, Vol. 6, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4690-6-S3-O4.
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  - Shen, X., M. Dennison, F. Gao, D. C. Montefiori, L. Verkoczy, B. Haynes, M. Alam, and G. Tomaras. “OA021-04. HIV-1 gp41 envelope MPER mutation altered epitope conformation in lipid and increased sensitivity to 2F5 and 4E10 neutralizing antibodies.” In Retrovirology, Vol. 6, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4690-6-S3-O16.
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  - Jiang, C., S. Chen, J. Eron, P. Menezes, D. Montefiori, B. Haynes, and F. Gao. “Functional Comparison of HIV-1 env Gene Quasispecies Populations from Acutely and Chronically Infected Individuals.” In Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 24:37–38. MARY ANN LIEBERT INC, 2008.
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  - Kirchherr, J. L., J. Hamilton, X. Lu, W. Kasongo, V. Chalwe, L. Mwanayanda, R. M. Musonda, et al. “Functional Analysis of the Quasispecies env Population in Individuals Infected with HIV-1 Subtype C Viruses.” In Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, 24:158–158. MARY ANN LIEBERT INC, 2008.
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