Scholars@Duke
Feng Gao

Feng Gao

Professor Emeritus in Medicine
Medicine, Infectious Diseases
feng.gao@duke.edu
Box 102359 Med Ctr, Durham, NC 27710
244 Sands Bldg, Box 102359, Durham, NC 27710

Selected Publications

Longitudinal analysis of viral dynamics in HIV+-to-HIV+ HOPE Act kidney-transplant recipients.

Journal Article J Clin Invest · September 10, 2024 BACKGROUNDThe HIV Organ Policy Equity (HOPE) Act allows individuals living with HIV to accept organs from donors with HIV. This practice widens the pool of available organs, but also presents important virological issues, including the potential for HIV su ... Full text Link to item Cite

Construction of a pathway-level model for preeclampsia based on gene expression data.

Journal Article Hypertens Res · September 2024 Preeclampsia (PE) is a heterogeneous disease that seriously affects the health of mothers and fetuses. Lack of detection assays, its diagnosis and intervention are often delayed when the clinical symptoms are atypical. Using personalized pathway-based anal ... Full text Link to item Cite

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 interacts with porcine coronavirus PHEV spikes and mediates host range expansion.

Journal Article J Virol · July 23, 2024 Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), a neurotropic betacoronavirus, is prevalent in natural reservoir pigs and infects mice. This raises concerns about host jumping or spillover, but little is known about the cause of occurrence. Here, ... Full text Link to item Cite

Recapitulation of HIV-1 Neutralization Breadth in Plasma by the Combination of Two Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies from Different Lineages in the Same SHIV-Infected Rhesus Macaque.

Journal Article Int J Mol Sci · June 29, 2024 Viral infection generally induces polyclonal neutralizing antibody responses. However, how many lineages of antibody responses can fully represent the neutralization activities in sera has not been well studied. Using the newly designed stable HIV-1 Env tr ... Full text Link to item Cite

Enhancement of Neutralization Responses through Sequential Immunization of Stable Env Trimers Based on Consensus Sequences from Select Time Points by Mimicking Natural Infection.

Journal Article Int J Mol Sci · August 10, 2023 HIV-1 vaccines have been challenging to develop, partly due to the high level of genetic variation in its genome. Thus, a vaccine that can induce cross-reactive neutralization activities will be needed. Studies on the co-evolution of antibodies and viruses ... Full text Link to item Cite

Improvement of B Cell Responses by an HIV-1 Amphiphilic Polymer Nanovaccine.

Journal Article Nano Lett · May 10, 2023 The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has infected over 84 million people since its discovery and is a huge threat to human health. While an HIV vaccine is urgently needed to curb this devastating pandemic, it has been notoriously difficult to develop, pa ... Full text Link to item Cite

An Adenovirus-Based Recombinant Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) Therapeutic Vaccine Is Highly Protective against Acute and Recurrent HSV-2 Disease in a Guinea Pig Model.

Journal Article Viruses · January 13, 2023 Genital herpes (GH) has become one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases worldwide, and it is spreading rapidly in developing countries. Approximately 90% of GH cases are caused by HSV-2. Therapeutic HSV-2 vaccines are intended for people alread ... Full text Link to item Cite

Origin and Reversion of Omicron Core Mutations in the Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Genomes.

Journal Article Viruses · December 21, 2022 Genetic analyses showed nearly 30 amino acid mutations occurred in the spike protein of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2. However, how these mutations occurred and changed during the generation and development of Omicron remains unclear. In this study, 6. ... Full text Link to item Cite

Genetic analysis of a SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant from a Chinese traveller returning from overseas.

Journal Article Emerg Microbes Infect · December 2022 Since the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant was first reported from South Africa, it has rapidly spread in over 100 countries. Only two cases infected by the Omicron variant were recently identified in China. The one case in Guangzhou has a relatively long incuba ... Full text Link to item Cite

Evaluation of the Immune Response Afforded by Combined Immunization with Orf Virus DNA and Subunit Vaccine in Mice

Journal Article Vaccines · September 1, 2022 Contagious ecthyma (Orf) is a highly contagious disease caused by Orf virus (ORFV) infection. Orf is prevalent all over the world and, not only affects the healthy development of sheep husbandry, but also threatens human health. However, there are no safe ... Full text Cite

Vaccine with bacterium-like particles displaying HIV-1 gp120 trimer elicits specific mucosal responses and neutralizing antibodies in rhesus macaques.

Journal Article Microb Biotechnol · July 2022 Preclinical studies have shown that the induction of secretory IgA (sIgA) in mucosa and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) in sera is essential for designing vaccines that can effectively block the transmission of HIV-1. We previously showed that a vaccine con ... Full text Link to item Cite

Vertical HIV-1 Transmission in the Setting of Maternal Broad and Potent Antibody Responses.

Journal Article Journal of virology · June 2022 Despite the worldwide availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART), approximately 150,000 pediatric HIV infections continue to occur annually. ART can dramatically reduce HIV mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), but inconsistent drug access and adherence, ... Full text Cite

SAFA facilitates chromatin opening of immune genes through interacting with anti-viral host RNAs.

Journal Article PLoS Pathog · June 2022 Regulation of chromatin structure and accessibility determines the transcription activities of genes, which endows the host with function-specific patterns of gene expression. Upon viral infection, the innate immune responses provide the first line of defe ... Full text Link to item Cite

Potential Antiviral Strategy Exploiting Dependence of SARS-CoV-2 Replication on Lysosome-Based Pathway.

Journal Article Int J Mol Sci · May 31, 2022 The recent novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19) outbreak created a severe public health burden worldwide. Unfortunately, the SARS-CoV-2 variant is still spreading at an unprecedented speed in many countries and regions. There is still a lack o ... Full text Link to item Cite

Development of Neutralization Breadth against Diverse HIV-1 by Increasing Ab-Ag Interface on V2.

Journal Article Adv Sci (Weinh) · May 2022 Understanding maturation pathways of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against HIV-1 can be highly informative for HIV-1 vaccine development. A lineage of J038 bnAbs is now obtained from a long-term SHIV-infected macaque. J038 neutralizes 54% of glob ... Full text Link to item Cite

SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 caused HLA-A2+ CD8+ T cell epitope mutations for impaired cellular immune response

Journal Article iScience · March 18, 2022 Here, we evaluated the immune properties of the HLA-A2 restricted CD8+ T cell epitopes containing mutations from B.1.1.7, and furthermore performed a comprehensive analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 specific CD8+ T cell responses from COVID-19 convalescent patient ... Full text Cite

Autoreactivity and broad neutralization of antibodies against HIV-1 are governed by distinct mutations: Implications for vaccine design strategies.

Journal Article Front Immunol · 2022 Many of the best HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) known have poly-/autoreactive features that disfavor normal B cell development and maturation, posing a major hurdle in developing an effective HIV-1 vaccine. Key to resolving this problem is t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Interferon Inhibition Enhances the Pilot-Scale Production of Rabies Virus in Human Diploid MRC-5 Cells.

Journal Article Viruses · December 29, 2021 Inactivated vaccines based on cell culture are very useful in the prevention and control of many diseases. The most popular strategy for the production of inactivated vaccines is based on monkey-derived Vero cells, which results in high productivity of the ... Full text Link to item Cite

Distinct mechanisms of long-term virologic control in two HIV-infected individuals after treatment interruption of anti-retroviral therapy.

Journal Article Nat Med · November 2021 Certain infected individuals suppress human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the absence of anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Elucidating the underlying mechanism(s) is of high interest. Here we present two contrasting case reports of HIV-infected individuals ... Full text Link to item Cite

Different evolutionary pathways of HIV-1 between fetus and mother perinatal transmission pairs indicate unique immune selection in fetuses.

Journal Article Cell Rep Med · July 20, 2021 Study of evolution and selection pressure on HIV-1 in fetuses will lead to a better understanding of the role of immune responses in shaping virus evolution and vertical transmission. Detailed genetic analyses of HIV-1 env gene from 12 in utero transmissio ... Full text Link to item Cite

Challenges and advances in AIDS vaccine research

Journal Article Chinese Journal of Pathophysiology · June 1, 2021 Compared with the swift approval and mass use of COVID-19 vaccines,a successful AIDS vaccine is still elusive after over 30 years of research. The recent failure of a phase III trial of AIDS vaccine(HVTN 702)in South Africa has overshadowed the moderate ho ... Full text Cite

Mutations that confer resistance to broadly-neutralizing antibodies define HIV-1 variants of transmitting mothers from that of non-transmitting mothers.

Journal Article PLoS Pathog · April 2021 Despite considerable reduction of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV through use of maternal and infant antiretroviral therapy (ART), over 150,000 infants continue to become infected with HIV annually, falling far short of the World Health Organiza ... Full text Link to item Cite

Country Level Diversity of the HIV-1 Pandemic between 1990 and 2015.

Journal Article J Virol · December 22, 2020 The global diversity of HIV forms a major challenge to the development of an HIV vaccine, as well as diagnostic, drug resistance, and viral load assays, which are essential to reaching the UNAIDS 90:90:90 targets. We sought to determine country level HIV-1 ... Full text Link to item Cite

HIV-1 diversity and compartmentalization in urine, semen, and blood.

Journal Article Medicine (Baltimore) · November 13, 2020 HIV-1 persists indefinitely in multiple cellular reservoirs despite antiretroviral therapy. We previously demonstrated HIV-1 compartmentalization in kidney and urine. Here, we further characterized viruses in urine and when available, compared them to thos ... Full text Link to item Cite

Global and regional epidemiology of HIV-1 recombinants in 1990-2015: a systematic review and global survey.

Journal Article The lancet. HIV · November 2020 BackgroundGlobal HIV-1 genetic diversity and evolution form a major challenge to treatment and prevention efforts. An increasing number of distinct HIV-1 recombinants have been identified worldwide, but their contribution to the global epidemic is ... Full text Cite

Streamlined Subpopulation, Subtype, and Recombination Analysis of HIV-1 Half-Genome Sequences Generated by High-Throughput Sequencing.

Journal Article mSphere · October 14, 2020 High-throughput sequencing (HTS) has been widely used to characterize HIV-1 genome sequences. There are no algorithms currently that can directly determine genotype and quasispecies population using short HTS reads generated from long genome sequences with ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 through recombination and strong purifying selection.

Journal Article Sci Adv · July 2020 COVID-19 has become a global pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Understanding the origins of SARS-CoV-2 is critical for deterring future zoonosis, discovering new drugs, and developing a vaccine. We show evidence of strong purifying selec ... Full text Link to item Cite

Induction of Neutralizing Responses against Autologous Virus in Maternal HIV Vaccine Trials.

Journal Article mSphere · June 3, 2020 A maternal vaccine capable of boosting neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses directed against circulating viruses in HIV-infected pregnant women could effectively decrease mother-to-child transmission of HIV. However, it is not known if an HIV envelope (En ... Full text Link to item Cite

An HIV-1 vaccine based on bacterium-like particles elicits Env-specific mucosal immune responses.

Journal Article Immunol Lett · June 2020 Although many vaccines have been designed to induce effective mucosal immune responses against HIV-1, designing an effective HIV-1 vaccine remains a challenge. Bacterium-like particles (BLPs) are a new type of vector used to induce mucosal immune responses ... Full text Link to item Cite

External Quality Assessment Program for Next-Generation Sequencing-Based HIV Drug Resistance Testing: Logistical Considerations.

Journal Article Viruses · May 18, 2020 Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is likely to become the new standard method for HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) genotyping. Despite the significant advances in the development of wet-lab protocols and bioinformatic data processing pipelines, one often-missing ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

External Quality Assessment for Next-Generation Sequencing-Based HIV Drug Resistance Testing: Unique Requirements and Challenges.

Journal Article Viruses · May 16, 2020 Over the past decade, there has been an increase in the adoption of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies for HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) testing. NGS far outweighs conventional Sanger sequencing as it has much higher throughput, lower cost when sa ... Full text Link to item Cite

Maternal Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Can Select for Neutralization-Resistant, Infant-Transmitted/Founder HIV Variants.

Journal Article mBio · March 10, 2020 Each year, >180,000 infants become infected via mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV despite the availability of effective maternal antiretroviral treatments, underlining the need for a maternal HIV vaccine. We characterized 224 maternal HIV envelope ... Full text Link to item Cite

Accumulated mutations by 6 months of infection collectively render transmitted/founder HIV-1 significantly less fit.

Journal Article J Infect · February 2020 OBJECTIVE: Viral fitness plays an important role in HIV-1 evolution, transmission and pathogenesis. However, how mutations accumulated during early infection affect viral fitness has not been well studied. METHODS: Paired infectious molecular clones (IMCs) ... Full text Link to item Cite

Development of Antibodies with Broad Neutralization Specificities against HIV-1 after Long Term SHIV Infection in Macaques.

Journal Article Viruses · January 31, 2020 Non-human primates (NHP) are the only animal model suitable to evaluate the protection efficacy of HIV-1 vaccines. It is important to understand how and when neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) with specificities similar to those of human broadly neutralizing a ... Full text Link to item Cite

Reduction of peak viremia by an integration-defective SIV proviral DNA vaccine in rhesus macaques.

Journal Article Microbiol Immunol · January 2020 An integrase-defective SIV (idSIV) vaccine delivered by a DNA prime and viral particle boost approach can suppress viral loads (VLs) during the acute infection stage after intravenous SIVmac239 challenge. This study investigated how idSIV DNA and viral par ... Full text Link to item Cite

HIV-1 did not contribute to the 2019-nCoV genome.

Journal Article Emerg Microbes Infect · 2020 Full text Link to item Cite

Determination of the cleavage site of enterovirus 71 VP0 and the effect of this cleavage on viral infectivity and assembly.

Journal Article Microb Pathog · September 2019 Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a major public health concern, especially among infants and young children. The primary pathogen of HFMD is enterovirus 71 (EV71), whose capsid assembly mechanism including capsid protein processing has been widely s ... Full text Link to item Cite

Determination of neutralization activities by a new versatile assay using an HIV-1 genome carrying the Gaussia luciferase gene.

Journal Article J Virol Methods · May 2019 Characterization of neutralizing activities are critical to evaluation of the neutralization potency and breadth of monoclonal antibodies or anti-HIV-1 sera elicited during natural HIV-1 infection or by vaccines. We have developed a new neutralization meth ... Full text Link to item Cite

Exosome-Mediated Delivery of Inducible miR-423-5p Enhances Resistance of MRC-5 Cells to Rabies Virus Infection.

Journal Article Int J Mol Sci · March 27, 2019 The human diploid cell line Medical Research Council -5 (MRC-5) is commonly utilized for vaccine development. Although a rabies vaccine developed in cultured MRC-5 cells exists, the poor susceptibility of MRC-5 cells to the rabies virus (RABV) infection li ... Full text Link to item Cite

Increased predominance of HIV-1 CRF01_AE and its recombinants in the Philippines.

Journal Article J Gen Virol · March 2019 The growth rate of new HIV infections in the Philippines was the fastest of any countries in the Asia-Pacific region between 2010 and 2016. To date, HIV-1 subtyping results in the Philippines have been determined by characterizing only partial viral genome ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus Activation of the Integrin α5β1-FAK-Cofilin Pathway Causes Cytoskeletal Rearrangement To Promote Its Invasion of N2a Cells.

Journal Article J Virol · March 1, 2019 Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) is a highly neurotropic virus that causes diffuse neuronal infection with neurological damage and high mortality. Virus-induced cytoskeletal dynamics are thought to be closely related to this type of ... Full text Link to item Cite

Global and regional molecular epidemiology of HIV-1, 1990-2015: a systematic review, global survey, and trend analysis.

Journal Article Lancet Infect Dis · February 2019 BACKGROUND: Global genetic diversity of HIV-1 is a major challenge to the development of HIV vaccines. We aimed to estimate the regional and global distribution of HIV-1 subtypes and recombinants during 1990-2015. METHODS: We searched PubMed, EMBASE (Ovid) ... Full text Link to item Cite

Exosomes Released from Rabies Virus-Infected Cells May be Involved in the Infection Process.

Journal Article Virol Sin · February 2019 Exosomes are cell-derived vesicles that are secreted by many eukaryotic cells. It has recently attracted attention as vehicles of intercellular communication. Virus-infected cells release exosomes, which contain viral proteins, RNA, and pathogenic molecule ... Full text Link to item Cite

Completeness of HIV-1 Envelope Glycan Shield at Transmission Determines Neutralization Breadth.

Journal Article Cell Rep · October 23, 2018 Densely arranged N-linked glycans shield the HIV-1 envelope (Env) trimer from antibody recognition. Strain-specific breaches in this shield (glycan holes) can be targets of vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies that lack breadth. To understand the interp ... Full text Link to item Cite

Antisense-Derived HIV-1 Cryptic Epitopes Are Not Major Drivers of Viral Evolution during the Acute Phase of Infection.

Journal Article J Virol · October 1, 2018 While prior studies have demonstrated that CD8 T cell responses to cryptic epitopes (CE) are readily detectable during HIV-1 infection, their ability to drive escape mutations following acute infection is unknown. We predicted 66 CE in a Zambian acute infe ... Full text Link to item Cite

Ulk1 Governs Nerve Growth Factor/TrkA Signaling by Mediating Rab5 GTPase Activation in Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus-Induced Neurodegenerative Disorders.

Journal Article J Virol · August 15, 2018 Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) is a highly neurovirulent coronavirus and causes neurological dysfunction in the central nervous system (CNS), but the neuropathological mechanism of PHEV remains poorly understood. We report that Unc ... Full text Link to item Cite

Comparison of immunogenicity, efficacy and transcriptome changes of inactivated rabies virus vaccine with different adjuvants.

Journal Article Vaccine · August 9, 2018 Adjuvants have been proven to be very effective in enhancement of immune response of many antigens. However, few studies involved head-to-head comparison of their potentials in inactive rabies virus vaccine. In this study, we investigated two types of alum ... Full text Link to item Cite

Antiviral Effect of Retro-2.1 against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 In Vitro.

Journal Article J Microbiol Biotechnol · June 28, 2018 Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection has been a public health concern worldwide. It is the leading cause of genital herpes and a contributing factor to cervical cancer and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. No vaccine is available yet f ... Full text Link to item Cite

Performance of Homologous and Heterologous Prime-Boost Immunization Regimens of Recombinant Adenovirus and Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Expressing an Ag85B-TB10.4 Fusion Protein against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Journal Article J Microbiol Biotechnol · June 28, 2018 Tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious health issue around the word. Adenovirus (Ad)-based vaccine and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-based vaccine have emerged as two of the most promising immunization candidates over the past few years. However, the p ... Full text Link to item Cite

Novel intranasal pertussis vaccine based on bacterium-like particles as a mucosal adjuvant.

Journal Article Immunol Lett · June 2018 Pertussis, or whooping cough, has recently reemerged as a major public health threat despite high levels of vaccination. The development of a novel pertussis vaccine, especially an intranasal (i.n.) vaccine is undoubtedly necessary, and mucosal adjuvants h ... Full text Link to item Cite

Tracking HIV-1 recombination to resolve its contribution to HIV-1 evolution in natural infection.

Journal Article Nat Commun · May 15, 2018 Recombination in HIV-1 is well documented, but its importance in the low-diversity setting of within-host diversification is less understood. Here we develop a novel computational tool (RAPR (Recombination Analysis PRogram)) to enable a detailed view of in ... Full text Link to item Cite

Infant transmitted/founder HIV-1 viruses from peripartum transmission are neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma.

Journal Article PLoS Pathog · April 2018 Despite extensive genetic diversity of HIV-1 in chronic infection, a single or few maternal virus variants become the founders of an infant's infection. These transmitted/founder (T/F) variants are of particular interest, as a maternal or infant HIV vaccin ... Full text Link to item Cite

Development of broad neutralization activity in simian/human immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques after long-term infection.

Journal Article AIDS · March 13, 2018 OBJECTIVE: Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are the only animal model that can be used to evaluate protection efficacy of HIV-1 envelope vaccines. However, whether broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) can be elicited in NHPs infected with simian/human immunodef ... Full text Link to item Cite

Antiviral Effects of ABMA against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 In Vitro and In Vivo.

Journal Article Viruses · March 9, 2018 Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is the causative pathogen of genital herpes and is closely associated with the occurrence of cervical cancer and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The absence of an effective vaccine and the emergence of drug ... Full text Link to item Cite

Development of a continuous, axially-resolved, optical monitor of spinal cord blood flow

Conference Optics InfoBase Conference Papers · January 1, 2018 Spinal cord ischemia is a tragic and devastating complication of surgery and trauma. We have developed a catheter-based optical tool to continuously monitor spinal cord hemodynamics and oxygen saturation at multiple sites along the spine. ... Full text Cite

Immunological and virological characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 superinfection: implications in vaccine design.

Journal Article Front Med · December 2017 Superinfection is frequently detected among individuals infected by human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1). Superinfection occurs at similar frequencies at acute and chronic infection stages but less frequently than primary infection. This observation ... Full text Link to item Cite

Initiation of HIV neutralizing B cell lineages with sequential envelope immunizations.

Journal Article Nat Commun · November 23, 2017 A strategy for HIV-1 vaccine development is to define envelope (Env) evolution of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) in infection and to recreate those events by vaccination. Here, we report host tolerance mechanisms that limit the development of CD4- ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

A strongly selected mutation in the HIV-1 genome is independent of T cell responses and neutralizing antibodies.

Journal Article Retrovirology · October 10, 2017 BACKGROUND: Mutations rapidly accumulate in the HIV-1 genome after infection. Some of those mutations are selected by host immune responses and often cause viral fitness losses. This study is to investigate whether strongly selected mutations that are not ... Full text Link to item Cite

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) signal sequence enhances immunogenicity of MVA-based vaccine against tuberculosis.

Journal Article Immunol Lett · October 2017 Tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious health problem worldwide, and the only available vaccine, bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), has shown highly variable efficacy in adults against TB. New vaccines are urgently needed, and the modified vaccinia virus Ankara ... Full text Link to item Cite

Contribution of 3CD Region to the Virulence of Enterovirus 71.

Journal Article Biomed Environ Sci · October 2017 Enterovirus 71 is a neuroinvasive virus that is associated with severe neurological complications. We had earlier suggested that the replication capacity of a severe strain was higher than that of a mild strain. The recombinant 3CRV and 3CDRV virus strains ... Full text Link to item Cite

Correction: Features of Recently Transmitted HIV-1 Clade C Viruses that Impact Antibody Recognition: Implications for Active and Passive Immunization.

Journal Article PLoS Pathog · September 2017 [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005742.]. ... Full text Link to item Cite

Synonymous codon usage analysis of hand, foot and mouth disease viruses: A comparative study on coxsackievirus A6, A10, A16, and enterovirus 71 from 2008 to 2015.

Journal Article Infect Genet Evol · September 2017 Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) have been considered major pathogens of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) throughout the world for decades. In recent years, coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) and coxsackievirus A10 (CVA10) have raised attentio ... Full text Link to item Cite

HIV-1 Consensus Envelope-Induced Broadly Binding Antibodies.

Journal Article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · August 2017 Antibodies that cross-react with multiple HIV-1 envelopes (Envs) are useful reagents for characterizing Env proteins and for soluble Env capture and purification assays. We previously reported 10 murine monoclonal antibodies induced by group M consensus En ... Full text Link to item Cite

Antiviral effects of Retro-2cycl and Retro-2.1 against Enterovirus 71 in vitro and in vivo.

Journal Article Antiviral Res · August 2017 Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the causative pathogens of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), especially the form associated with fatal neurological disorders. Sustained outbreaks of EV71 infections remain a serious health threat worldwide. However, no a ... Full text Link to item Cite

Rare HIV-1 transmitted/founder lineages identified by deep viral sequencing contribute to rapid shifts in dominant quasispecies during acute and early infection.

Journal Article PLoS Pathog · July 2017 In order to inform the rational design of HIV-1 preventive and cure interventions it is critical to understand the events occurring during acute HIV-1 infection (AHI). Using viral deep sequencing on six participants from the early capture acute infection R ... Full text Link to item Cite

Immunologic and Virologic Mechanisms for Partial Protection from Intravenous Challenge by an Integration-Defective SIV Vaccine.

Journal Article Viruses · June 2, 2017 The suppression of viral loads and identification of selection signatures in non-human primates after challenge are indicators for effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccines. To mimic the protective immunity e ... Full text Link to item Cite

Evaluation of recombinant adenovirus vaccines based on glycoprotein D and truncated UL25 against herpes simplex virus type 2 in mice.

Journal Article Microbiol Immunol · May 2017 The high prevalence of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infections in humans necessitates the development of a safe and effective vaccine that will need to induce vigorous T-cell responses to control viral infection and transmission. We designed rAd-gD2, rAd ... Full text Link to item Cite

Staged induction of HIV-1 glycan-dependent broadly neutralizing antibodies.

Journal Article Sci Transl Med · March 15, 2017 A preventive HIV-1 vaccine should induce HIV-1-specific broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). However, bnAbs generally require high levels of somatic hypermutation (SHM) to acquire breadth, and current vaccine strategies have not been successful in indu ... Full text Link to item Cite

Potent and broad HIV-neutralizing antibodies in memory B cells and plasma.

Journal Article Sci Immunol · January 27, 2017 Induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is a goal of HIV-1 vaccine development. Antibody 10E8, reactive with the distal portion of the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of HIV-1 gp41, is broadly neutralizing. However, the ontogeny of di ... Full text Link to item Cite

Antibody-virus co-evolution in HIV infection: paths for HIV vaccine development.

Journal Article Immunol Rev · January 2017 Induction of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to date has only been observed in the setting of HIV-1 infection, and then only years after HIV transmission. Thus, the concept has emerged that one path to induction of bnAbs is to define the vira ... Full text Link to item Cite

Transmission of Multiple HIV-1 Subtype C Transmitted/founder Viruses into the Same Recipients Was not Determined by Modest Phenotypic Differences.

Journal Article Sci Rep · December 2, 2016 A severe bottleneck exists during HIV-1 mucosal transmission. However, viral properties that determine HIV-1 transmissibility are not fully elucidated. We identified multiple transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses in six HIV-1-infected subjects by analyzing who ... Full text Link to item Cite

Amino Acid Changes in the HIV-1 gp41 Membrane Proximal Region Control Virus Neutralization Sensitivity.

Journal Article EBioMedicine · October 2016 Most HIV-1 vaccines elicit neutralizing antibodies that are active against highly sensitive (tier-1) viruses or rare cases of vaccine-matched neutralization-resistant (tier-2) viruses, but no vaccine has induced antibodies that can broadly neutralize heter ... Full text Link to item Cite

Partial Protection from Intravenous Challenge by an Integration-defective SIV Vaccine

Conference AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES · October 1, 2016 Link to item Cite

High-Frequency Illegitimate Strand Transfers of Nascent DNA Fragments During Reverse Transcription Result in Defective Retrovirus Genomes.

Journal Article J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr · August 1, 2016 BACKGROUND: Two strand transfers of nascent DNA fragments during reverse transcription are required for retrovirus replication. However, whether strand transfers occur at illegitimate sites and how this may affect retrovirus replication are not well unders ... Full text Link to item Cite

Immune perturbations in HIV-1-infected individuals who make broadly neutralizing antibodies.

Journal Article Sci Immunol · July 29, 2016 Induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is a goal of HIV-1 vaccine development. bnAbs occur in some HIV-1-infected individuals and frequently have characteristics of autoantibodies. We have studied cohorts of HIV-1-infected individuals who mad ... Full text Link to item Cite

Features of Recently Transmitted HIV-1 Clade C Viruses that Impact Antibody Recognition: Implications for Active and Passive Immunization.

Journal Article PLoS Pathog · July 2016 The development of biomedical interventions to reduce acquisition of HIV-1 infection remains a global priority, however their potential effectiveness is challenged by very high HIV-1 envelope diversity. Two large prophylactic trials in high incidence, clad ... Full text Link to item Cite

Initiation of immune tolerance-controlled HIV gp41 neutralizing B cell lineages.

Journal Article Sci Transl Med · April 27, 2016 Development of an HIV vaccine is a global priority. A major roadblock to a vaccine is an inability to induce protective broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). HIV gp41 bnAbs have characteristics that predispose them to be controlled by tolerance. We used ... Full text Link to item Cite

Maturation Pathway from Germline to Broad HIV-1 Neutralizer of a CD4-Mimic Antibody.

Journal Article Cell · April 7, 2016 Antibodies with ontogenies from VH1-2 or VH1-46-germline genes dominate the broadly neutralizing response against the CD4-binding site (CD4bs) on HIV-1. Here, we define with longitudinal sampling from time-of-infection the development of a VH1-46-derived a ... Full text Link to item Cite

Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection of Tree Shrews Differs from That of Mice in the Severity of Acute Infection and Viral Transcription in the Peripheral Nervous System.

Journal Article J Virol · January 15, 2016 UNLABELLED: Studies of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections of humans are limited by the use of rodent models such as mice, rabbits, and guinea pigs. Tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) are small mammals indigenous to southwest Asia. At behavioral, a ... Full text Link to item Cite

Simultaneous Detection of Major Drug Resistance Mutations of HIV-1 Subtype B Viruses from Dried Blood Spot Specimens by Multiplex Allele-Specific Assay.

Journal Article J Clin Microbiol · January 2016 A multiplex allele-specific (MAS) assay has been developed for the detection of HIV-1 subtype C drug resistance mutations (DRMs). We have optimized the MAS assay to determine subtype B DRMs in dried blood spots (DBS) collected from patients on antiretrovir ... Full text Link to item Cite

Genetic Characterization of a Panel of Diverse HIV-1 Isolates at Seven International Sites.

Journal Article PLoS One · 2016 HIV-1 subtypes and drug resistance are routinely tested by many international surveillance groups. However, results from different sites often vary. A systematic comparison of results from multiple sites is needed to determine whether a standardized protoc ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Fast Dissemination of New HIV-1 CRF02/A1 Recombinants in Pakistan.

Journal Article PLoS One · 2016 A number of HIV-1 subtypes are identified in Pakistan by characterization of partial viral gene sequences. Little is known whether new recombinants are generated and how they disseminate since whole genome sequences for these viruses have not been characte ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

A new EV71 VP3 epitope in norovirus P particle vector displays neutralizing activity and protection in vivo in mice.

Journal Article Vaccine · November 27, 2015 Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16), as the main agents causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), have become a serious public health concern in the Asia-Pacific region. Recently, various neutralizing B cell epitopes of EV71 were identi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Longitudinal Antigenic Sequences and Sites from Intra-Host Evolution (LASSIE) Identifies Immune-Selected HIV Variants.

Journal Article Viruses · October 21, 2015 Within-host genetic sequencing from samples collected over time provides a dynamic view of how viruses evade host immunity. Immune-driven mutations might stimulate neutralization breadth by selecting antibodies adapted to cycles of immune escape that gener ... Full text Link to item Cite

Strain-Specific V3 and CD4 Binding Site Autologous HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Select Neutralization-Resistant Viruses.

Journal Article Cell Host Microbe · September 9, 2015 The third variable (V3) loop and the CD4 binding site (CD4bs) of the HIV-1 envelope are frequently targeted by neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) in infected individuals. In chronic infection, HIV-1 escape mutants repopulate the plasma, and V3 and CD4bs nAbs e ... Full text Link to item Cite

Identification of HIV-1 genitourinary tract compartmentalization by analyzing the env gene sequences in urine.

Journal Article AIDS · August 24, 2015 OBJECTIVE: HIV-1 persists indefinitely in memory CD4 T cells and other long-lived cellular reservoirs despite antiretroviral therapy. Our group had previously demonstrated that HIV-1 can establish a productive infection in renal epithelial cells and that t ... Full text Link to item Cite

HIV-1 VACCINES. Diversion of HIV-1 vaccine-induced immunity by gp41-microbiota cross-reactive antibodies.

Journal Article Science · August 14, 2015 An HIV-1 DNA prime vaccine, with a recombinant adenovirus type 5 (rAd5) boost, failed to protect from HIV-1 acquisition. We studied the nature of the vaccine-induced antibody (Ab) response to HIV-1 envelope (Env). HIV-1-reactive plasma Ab titers were highe ... Full text Link to item Cite

Comprehensive Characterization of the Transmitted/Founder env Genes From a Single MSM Cohort in China.

Journal Article J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr · August 1, 2015 BACKGROUND: The men having sex with men (MSM) population has become one of the major risk groups for HIV-1 infection in China. However, the epidemiological patterns, function of the env genes, and autologous and heterologous neutralization activity in the ... Full text Link to item Cite

Human Non-neutralizing HIV-1 Envelope Monoclonal Antibodies Limit the Number of Founder Viruses during SHIV Mucosal Infection in Rhesus Macaques.

Journal Article PLoS Pathog · August 2015 HIV-1 mucosal transmission begins with virus or virus-infected cells moving through mucus across mucosal epithelium to infect CD4+ T cells. Although broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are the type of HIV-1 antibodies that are most likely protective, t ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Construction and characterization of infectious cDNA clones of enterovirus 71 (EV71).

Journal Article Virol Sin · August 2015 UNLABELLED: [Image: see text] ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: Supplementary material is available for this article at 10.1007/s12250-015-3614-3 and is accessible for authorized users. ... Full text Link to item Cite

Maternal HIV-1 envelope-specific antibody responses and reduced risk of perinatal transmission.

Journal Article J Clin Invest · July 1, 2015 Despite the wide availability of antiretroviral drugs, more than 250,000 infants are vertically infected with HIV-1 annually, emphasizing the need for additional interventions to eliminate pediatric HIV-1 infections. Here, we aimed to define humoral immune ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

HIV-1 subtype C is significantly more infectious than other subtypes

Journal Article JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL AIDS SOCIETY · July 1, 2015 Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Identification of a common epitope between enterovirus 71 and human MED25 proteins which may explain virus-associated neurological disease.

Journal Article Viruses · March 27, 2015 Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major causative pathogen of hand, foot and mouth disease with especially severe neurologic complications, which mainly account for fatalities from this disease. To date, the pathogenesis of EV71 in the central neurons system has ... Full text Link to item Cite

Enhanced Sensitivity for Detection of HIV-1 p24 Antigen by a Novel Nuclease-Linked Fluorescence Oligonucleotide Assay.

Journal Article PLoS One · 2015 The relatively high detection limit of the Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) prevents its application for detection of low concentrations of antigens. To increase the sensitivity for detection of HIV-1 p24 antigen, we developed a highly sensitive n ... Full text Link to item Cite

Preexisting compensatory amino acids compromise fitness costs of a HIV-1 T cell escape mutation.

Journal Article Retrovirology · November 19, 2014 BACKGROUND: Fitness costs and slower disease progression are associated with a cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) escape mutation T242N in Gag in HIV-1-infected individuals carrying HLA-B*57/5801 alleles. However, the impact of different context in diverse HIV-1 ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Impact of clade, geography, and age of the epidemic on HIV-1 neutralization by antibodies.

Journal Article J Virol · November 2014 Featured Publication UNLABELLED: Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are a high priority for vaccines that aim to prevent the acquisition of HIV-1 infection. Vaccine effectiveness will depend on the extent to which induced antibodies neutralize the global diversity of circulating H ... Full text Link to item Cite

Recombination-mediated escape from primary CD8+ T cells in acute HIV-1 infection.

Journal Article Retrovirology · September 12, 2014 BACKGROUND: A major immune evasion mechanism of HIV-1 is the accumulation of non-synonymous mutations in and around T cell epitopes, resulting in loss of T cell recognition and virus escape. RESULTS: Here we analyze primary CD8+ T cell responses and virus ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cooperation of B cell lineages in induction of HIV-1-broadly neutralizing antibodies.

Journal Article Cell · July 31, 2014 Featured Publication Development of strategies for induction of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) by vaccines is a priority. Determining the steps of bnAb induction in HIV-1-infected individuals who make bnAbs is a key strategy for immunogen design. Here, we study ... Full text Link to item Cite

Affinity maturation in an HIV broadly neutralizing B-cell lineage through reorientation of variable domains.

Journal Article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · July 15, 2014 Featured Publication Rapidly evolving pathogens, such as human immunodeficiency and influenza viruses, escape immune defenses provided by most vaccine-induced antibodies. Proposed strategies to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies require a deeper understanding of antibody a ... Full text Link to item Cite

Development of a contemporary globally diverse HIV viral panel by the EQAPOL program.

Journal Article J Immunol Methods · July 2014 Featured Publication The significant diversity among HIV-1 variants poses serious challenges for vaccine development and for developing sensitive assays for screening, surveillance, diagnosis, and clinical management. Recognizing a need to develop a panel of HIV representing t ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Progress in HIV-1 vaccine development.

Journal Article J Allergy Clin Immunol · July 2014 Featured Publication The past 2 years have seen a number of basic and translational science advances in the quest for development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine. These advances include discovery of new envelope targets of potentially protective antibodies, demonstration that CD ... Full text Link to item Cite

Highly pathogenic fowlpox virus in cutaneously infected chickens, China.

Journal Article Emerg Infect Dis · July 2014 We investigated an acute outbreak of the cutaneous form of fowlpox among chickens in China in November 2009. Using pathologic and virologic methods, we identified a novel type of fowlpox virus that carried an integrated genomic sequence of reticuloendothel ... Full text Link to item Cite

An autoreactive antibody from an SLE/HIV-1 individual broadly neutralizes HIV-1.

Journal Article J Clin Invest · April 2014 Featured Publication Broadly HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies (BnAbs) display one or more unusual traits, including a long heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3), polyreactivity, and high levels of somatic mutations. These shared characteristics suggest that BnA ... Full text Link to item Cite

The variable loop 3 in the envelope glycoprotein is critical for the atypical coreceptor usage of an HIV-1 strain.

Journal Article PLoS One · 2014 Featured Publication The majority of HIV-1 strains enter CD4+ T cells using the CCR5 and/or CXCR4 co-receptor. However, we recently identified a transmitted/founder (T/F) virus (ZP6248) that efficiently used an alternative coreceptor GPR15, rather than commonly used CXCR4 and ... Full text Link to item Cite

Reversion and T cell escape mutations compensate the fitness loss of a CD8+ T cell escape mutant in their cognate transmitted/founder virus.

Journal Article PLoS One · 2014 Featured Publication Immune escape mutations that revert back to the consensus sequence frequently occur in newly HIV-1-infected individuals and have been thought to render the viruses more fit. However, their impact on viral fitness and their interaction with other immune esc ... Full text Link to item Cite

Extensive recombination due to heteroduplexes generates large amounts of artificial gene fragments during PCR.

Journal Article PLoS One · 2014 Artificial recombinants can be generated during PCR when more than two genetically distinct templates coexist in a single PCR reaction. These recombinant amplicons can lead to the false interpretation of genetic diversity and incorrect identification of bi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Preexisting compensatory amino acids compromise fitness costs of a HIV-1 T cell escape mutation

Journal Article Retrovirology · 2014 © 2014 Liu et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.Background: Fitness costs and slower disease progression are associated with a cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) escape mutation T242N in Gag in HIV-1-infected individuals carrying HLA-B*57/5801 alleles. However, t ... Full text Cite

Relative resistance of HIV-1 founder viruses to control by interferon-alpha.

Journal Article Retrovirology · December 3, 2013 Featured Publication BACKGROUND: Following mucosal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission, type 1 interferons (IFNs) are rapidly induced at sites of initial virus replication in the mucosa and draining lymph nodes. However, the role played by IFN-stimulated a ... Full text Link to item Cite

Simultaneous detection of major drug resistance mutations in the protease and reverse transcriptase genes for HIV-1 subtype C by use of a multiplex allele-specific assay.

Journal Article J Clin Microbiol · November 2013 Featured Publication High-throughput, sensitive, and cost-effective HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) detection assays are needed for large-scale monitoring of the emergence and transmission of HIVDR in resource-limited settings. Using suspension array technology, we have developed ... Full text Link to item Cite

Clonal amplification and maternal-infant transmission of nevirapine-resistant HIV-1 variants in breast milk following single-dose nevirapine prophylaxis.

Journal Article Retrovirology · August 14, 2013 Featured Publication BACKGROUND: Intrapartum administration of single-dose nevirapine (sdNVP) reduces perinatal HIV-1 transmission in resource-limiting settings by half. Yet this strategy has limited effect on subsequent breast milk transmission, making the case for new treatm ... Full text Link to item Cite

Establishment of cell lines with increased susceptibility to EV71/CA16 by stable overexpression of SCARB2.

Journal Article Virol J · August 6, 2013 Featured Publication BACKGROUND: Human enterovirus type 71 (EV71) and Coxsackievirus A group type 16 (CA16) belong to human Enterovirus species A of the family Picornaviridae. These viruses are recognized as the major pathogens responsible for epidemics of hand-foot-mouth dise ... Full text Link to item Cite

[Etiologic characteristics of adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia in Beijing].

Journal Article Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi · July 9, 2013 OBJECTIVE: To explore the etiologic characteristics of adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Beijing. METHODS: A multicenter cohort of 510 adult CAP patients were enrolled from Beijing during the period of November 2010 to May 2012. Mul ... Link to item Cite

Comparison of viral Env proteins from acute and chronic infections with subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1 identifies differences in glycosylation and CCR5 utilization and suggests a new strategy for immunogen design.

Journal Article J Virol · July 2013 Featured Publication Understanding human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission is central to developing effective prevention strategies, including a vaccine. We compared phenotypic and genetic variation in HIV-1 env genes from subjects in acute/early infection and ... Full text Link to item Cite

Co-evolution of a broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibody and founder virus.

Journal Article Nature · April 25, 2013 Featured Publication Current human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) vaccines elicit strain-specific neutralizing antibodies. However, cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies arise in approximately 20% of HIV-1-infected individuals, and details of their generation could provide ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Phenotypic properties of transmitted founder HIV-1.

Journal Article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · April 23, 2013 Featured Publication Defining the virus-host interactions responsible for HIV-1 transmission, including the phenotypic requirements of viruses capable of establishing de novo infections, could be important for AIDS vaccine development. Previous analyses have failed to identify ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Complete genome sequencing and analysis of six enterovirus 71 strains with different clinical phenotypes.

Journal Article Virol J · April 11, 2013 BACKGROUND: Hand, foot and mouth diseases (HFMD) caused by enterovirus 71(EV71) presents a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from mild febrile disease to fatal neurolocal disease. However, the mechanism of virulence is unknown. METHODS: We ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Antigenicity and immunogenicity of transmitted/founder, consensus, and chronic envelope glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

Journal Article J Virol · April 2013 Featured Publication Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine development requires selection of appropriate envelope (Env) immunogens. Twenty HIV-1 Env glycoproteins were examined for their ability to bind human anti-HIV-1 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and then used ... Full text Link to item Cite

Postnatally-transmitted HIV-1 Envelope variants have similar neutralization-sensitivity and function to that of nontransmitted breast milk variants.

Journal Article Retrovirology · January 10, 2013 Featured Publication BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding is a leading cause of infant HIV-1 infection in the developing world, yet only a minority of infants exposed to HIV-1 via breastfeeding become infected. As a genetic bottleneck severely restricts the number of postnatally-transmit ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Vertical T cell immunodominance and epitope entropy determine HIV-1 escape.

Journal Article J Clin Invest · January 2013 Featured Publication HIV-1 accumulates mutations in and around reactive epitopes to escape recognition and killing by CD8+ T cells. Measurements of HIV-1 time to escape should therefore provide information on which parameters are most important for T cell-mediated in vivo cont ... Full text Link to item Cite

Association of preexisting drug-resistance mutations and treatment failure in hepatitis B patients.

Journal Article PLoS One · 2013 Featured Publication The role of preexisting minority drug-resistance mutations in treatment failure has not been fully understood in chronic hepatitis B patients. To understand mechanisms of drug resistance, we analyzed drug-resistance mutations in 46 treatment-failure patien ... Full text Link to item Cite

Impact of immune escape mutations on HIV-1 fitness in the context of the cognate transmitted/founder genome.

Journal Article Retrovirology · October 30, 2012 Featured Publication BACKGROUND: A modest change in HIV-1 fitness can have a significant impact on viral quasispecies evolution and viral pathogenesis, transmission and disease progression. To determine the impact of immune escape mutations selected by cytotoxic T lymphocytes ... Full text Link to item Cite

A laboratory-adapted HCV JFH-1 strain is sensitive to neutralization and can gradually escape under the selection pressure of neutralizing human plasma.

Journal Article Virus Res · October 2012 Featured Publication Viral replication and neutralization of hepatitis C viruses (HCV) have been studied using the infectious molecular clone JFH-1. By passaging JFH-1 in hepatoma cells in the absence or presence of HCV neutralizing antibodies (nAbs), we investigated the molec ... Full text Link to item Cite

116 Autologous and Heterologous Neutralizing Antibody Responses in HIV-1 Infection

Journal Article JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · April 2012 Full text Cite

Transmitted/founder and chronic subtype C HIV-1 use CD4 and CCR5 receptors with equal efficiency and are not inhibited by blocking the integrin α4β7.

Journal Article PLoS Pathog · 2012 Featured Publication Sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) most often results from productive infection by a single transmitted/founder (T/F) virus, indicating a stringent mucosal bottleneck. Understanding the viral traits that overcome this bottle ... Full text Link to item Cite

Early low-titer neutralizing antibodies impede HIV-1 replication and select for virus escape.

Journal Article PLoS Pathog · 2012 Featured Publication Single genome sequencing of early HIV-1 genomes provides a sensitive, dynamic assessment of virus evolution and insight into the earliest anti-viral immune responses in vivo. By using this approach, together with deep sequencing, site-directed mutagenesis, ... Full text Link to item Cite

Polyclonal B cell responses to conserved neutralization epitopes in a subset of HIV-1-infected individuals.

Journal Article J Virol · November 2011 Featured Publication A small proportion of HIV-infected individuals generate a neutralizing antibody (NAb) response of exceptional magnitude and breadth. A detailed analysis of the critical epitopes targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies should help to define optimal targ ... Full text Link to item Cite

Dynamic antibody specificities and virion concentrations in circulating immune complexes in acute to chronic HIV-1 infection.

Journal Article J Virol · November 2011 Featured Publication Understanding the interactions between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions and antibodies (Ab) produced during acute HIV-1 infection (AHI) is critical for defining antibody antiviral capabilities. Antibodies that bind virions may prevent tr ... Full text Link to item Cite

Initial antibodies binding to HIV-1 gp41 in acutely infected subjects are polyreactive and highly mutated.

Journal Article J Exp Med · October 24, 2011 Featured Publication The initial antibody response to HIV-1 is targeted to envelope (Env) gp41, and is nonneutralizing and ineffective in controlling viremia. To understand the origins and characteristics of gp41-binding antibodies produced shortly after HIV-1 transmission, we ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Primary infection by a human immunodeficiency virus with atypical coreceptor tropism.

Journal Article J Virol · October 2011 Featured Publication The great majority of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains enter CD4+ target cells by interacting with one of two coreceptors, CCR5 or CXCR4. Here we describe a transmitted/founder (T/F) virus (ZP6248) that was profoundly impaired in its abi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Recurrent signature patterns in HIV-1 B clade envelope glycoproteins associated with either early or chronic infections.

Journal Article PLoS Pathog · September 2011 Featured Publication Here we have identified HIV-1 B clade Envelope (Env) amino acid signatures from early in infection that may be favored at transmission, as well as patterns of recurrent mutation in chronic infection that may reflect common pathways of immune evasion. To ac ... Full text Link to item Cite

Drug resistance and HCV coinfection in former blood donors infected with HIV type 1 in China.

Journal Article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · August 2011 Featured Publication Unhygienic blood collection caused an outbreak of HIV-1 and HCV infections among blood donors in rural areas in Henan province, China. Partial HIV-1 pol and HCV NS5b gene sequences were obtained from 97 persons infected with HIV-1 to determine the efficacy ... Full text Link to item Cite

Sequence analysis for full length genomes of human enterovirus 71 strains isolated in Linyi, Shandong Province

Journal Article Chinese Journal of Microbiology and Immunology (China) · July 1, 2011 Objective: To isolate enterovirus 71 from a death children, and analyze whether the neurovirulence was related to the variation of nucleotide and amino acid. Methods: Enterovirus 71 was isolated from throat swabs which were colleted from Shandong Linyi Peo ... Full text Cite

Evolution of drug-resistant viral populations during interruption of antiretroviral therapy.

Journal Article J Virol · July 2011 Featured Publication Analysis of a large number of HIV-1 genomes at multiple time points after antiretroviral treatment (ART) interruption allows determination of the evolution of drug-resistant viruses and viral fitness in vivo in the absence of drug selection pressure. Using ... Full text Link to item Cite

Analysis of low-frequency mutations associated with drug resistance to raltegravir before antiretroviral treatment.

Journal Article Antimicrob Agents Chemother · March 2011 Featured Publication Raltegravir is highly efficacious in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. The prevalence and impact on virologic outcome of low-frequency resistant mutations among HIV-1-infected patients not previously treated with raltegravir have not been fully established ... Full text Link to item Cite

Identification of amino acid substitutions associated with neutralization phenotype in the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 subtype C gp120.

Journal Article Virology · January 20, 2011 Featured Publication Neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) are thought to play an important role in prevention and control of HIV-1 infection and should be targeted by an AIDS vaccine. It is critical to understand how HIV-1 induces Nabs by analyzing viral sequences in both tested vir ... Full text Link to item Cite

Genetic signatures in the envelope glycoproteins of HIV-1 that associate with broadly neutralizing antibodies.

Journal Article PLoS Comput Biol · October 7, 2010 A steady increase in knowledge of the molecular and antigenic structure of the gp120 and gp41 HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) is yielding important new insights for vaccine design, but it has been difficult to translate this information to an immunogen ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Limited introductions and genetic variation of HIV-1 in a MSM cohort in China

Conference AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES · October 1, 2010 Link to item Cite

Evolution of the Same HIV-1 Transmitted/Founder Virus in Two Hosts

Conference AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES · October 1, 2010 Link to item Cite

Intracellular CMTM2 negatively regulates human immunodeficiency virus type-1 transcription through targeting the transcription factors AP-1 and CREB.

Journal Article Chin Med J (Engl) · September 2010 BACKGROUND: The CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family (CMTM) is a novel family of proteins linking chemokines and TM4SF. Different members exhibit diverse biological functions. In this study, the effect of intracellular CMTM2 on regulatin ... Link to item Cite

Generation of random mutant libraries with multiple primers in a single reaction.

Journal Article J Virol Methods · August 2010 Characterization of multiple sites in a single gene that are important in biological phenotypes is challenging due to the difficulty to generate many mutants representing all or a majority of combinations of mutations in the gene. Using the HIV-1 env and p ... Full text Link to item Cite

Similar T-cell immune responses induced by group M consensus env immunogens with wild-type or minimum consensus variable regions.

Journal Article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · May 2010 Consensus HIV-1 genes can decrease the genetic distances between candidate immunogens and field virus strains. To ensure the functionality and optimal presentation of immunologic epitopes, we generated two group-M consensus env genes that contain variable ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Prolonged exposure of the HIV-1 gp41 membrane proximal region with L669S substitution.

Journal Article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · March 30, 2010 The conserved membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of HIV-1 envelope is a target for the rare broadly neutralizing 2F5, Z13, and 4E10 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). One strategy to elicit such antibodies is to design an immunogen with increased exposure ... Full text Link to item Cite

Neutralization of genetically diverse HIV-1 strains by IgA antibodies to the gp120-CD4-binding site from long-term survivors of HIV infection.

Journal Article AIDS · March 27, 2010 OBJECTIVE: To identify an HIV epitope suitable for vaccine development. DESIGN: Diverse HIV-1 strains express few structurally constant regions on their surface vulnerable to neutralizing antibodies. The mostly conserved CD4-binding site (CD4BS) of gp120 i ... Full text Link to item Cite

The Role of T Cell Immunity in the Control of HIV Infection

Journal Article International Journal of Infectious Diseases · March 2010 Full text Cite

Cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies to multiple HIV-1 subtype and SIVcpz envelope glycoproteins.

Journal Article Virology · November 10, 2009 The extraordinarily high level of genetic variation of HIV-1 env genes poses a challenge to obtain antibodies that cross-react with multiple subtype Env glycoproteins. To determine if cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to highly conserved epitopes ... Full text Link to item Cite

High-throughput isolation of immunoglobulin genes from single human B cells and expression as monoclonal antibodies.

Journal Article J Virol Methods · June 2009 Defining human B cell repertoires to viral pathogens is critical for design of vaccines that induce broadly protective antibodies to infections such as HIV-1 and influenza. Single B cell sorting and cloning of immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy- and light-chain var ... Full text Link to item Cite

In vivo gp41 antibodies targeting the 2F5 monoclonal antibody epitope mediate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 neutralization breadth.

Journal Article J Virol · April 2009 The broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) 2F5 and 4E10, both targeting the highly conserved human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope membrane proximal external region (MPER), are among the MAbs with the broadest heterologous n ... Full text Link to item Cite

Molecular cloning and recombinant expression of a gene encoding a fungal immunomodulatory protein from Ganoderma lucidum in Pichia pastoris

Journal Article World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · March 1, 2009 The fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs) are a new protein family identified from several edible and medical mushrooms and play an important role in anti-tumor, anti-allergy and immunomodulating activities. A gene encoding the FIP was cloned from the my ... Full text Cite

A centralized gene-based HIV-1 vaccine elicits broad cross-clade cellular immune responses in rhesus monkeys.

Journal Article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · July 29, 2008 One of the major challenges that must be met in developing an HIV-1 vaccine is devising a strategy to generate cellular immunity with sufficient breadth to deal with the extraordinary genetic diversity of the virus. Amino acids in the envelopes of viruses ... Full text Link to item Cite

Identification and characterization of transmitted and early founder virus envelopes in primary HIV-1 infection.

Journal Article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · May 27, 2008 The precise identification of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) responsible for productive clinical infection could be instrumental in elucidating the molecular basis of HIV-1 transmission and in designing effective vaccines. Here, we developed a mathe ... Full text Link to item Cite

Predictors of incomplete adherence, virologic failure, and antiviral drug resistance among HIV-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy in Tanzania.

Journal Article Clin Infect Dis · December 1, 2007 BACKGROUND: Access to antiretroviral therapy is rapidly expanding in sub-Saharan Africa. Identifying the predictors of incomplete adherence, virologic failure, and antiviral drug resistance is essential to achieving long-term success. METHODS: A total of 1 ... Full text Link to item Cite

Centralized HIV-1 envelope immunogens and neutralizing antibodies.

Journal Article Curr HIV Res · November 2007 Centralized HIV-1 genes (consensus, most recent common ancestor and center of the tree) have recently been explored for induction of broadly reactive immune responses to overcome the extraordinary genetic diversity among HIV-1 strains. Although all of thes ... Full text Link to item Cite

In vitro selection and characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 with decreased susceptibility to lopinavir.

Journal Article Antimicrob Agents Chemother · September 2007 Lopinavir (LPV)-ritonavir has demonstrated durable antiviral activity in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected antiretroviral-naïve and protease inhibitor (PI)-experienced patients. However, information on LPV activity against HIV-2 and the ... Full text Link to item Cite

High throughput functional analysis of HIV-1 env genes without cloning.

Journal Article J Virol Methods · July 2007 Functional human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) env genes have been widely used for vaccine design, neutralization assays, and pathogenesis studies. However, obtaining bona fide functional env clones is a time consuming and labor intensive process. ... Full text Link to item Cite

Minor-drug-resistant HIV populations and treatment failure

Journal Article Future Virology · May 1, 2007 Treatment efficacy in those infected with HIV is eventually compromised by the development of resistance to antiretroviral drugs. To delay resistance in patients it is critical to better understand drug-resistance mechanisms and to accurately detect drug-r ... Full text Cite

The role of antibody polyspecificity and lipid reactivity in binding of broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 envelope human monoclonal antibodies 2F5 and 4E10 to glycoprotein 41 membrane proximal envelope epitopes.

Journal Article J Immunol · April 1, 2007 Two neutralizing human mAbs, 2F5 and 4E10, that react with the HIV-1 envelope gp41 membrane proximal region are also polyspecific autoantibodies that bind to anionic phospholipids. To determine the autoantibody nature of these Abs, we have compared their r ... Full text Link to item Cite

Antigenicity and immunogenicity of HIV-1 consensus subtype B envelope glycoproteins.

Journal Article Virology · March 30, 2007 "Centralized" (ancestral and consensus) HIV-1 envelope immunogens induce broadly cross-reactive T cell responses in laboratory animals; however, their potential to elicit cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies has not been fully explored. Here, we report t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Detection of minor drug-resistant populations by parallel allele-specific sequencing.

Journal Article Nat Methods · February 2007 We developed a highly sensitive parallel allele-specific sequencing (PASS) assay to simultaneously analyze a large number of viral genomes and detect minor drug-resistant populations at approximately 0.1-0.01% levels. Using this assay on samples from indiv ... Full text Link to item Cite

Genetic and neutralization properties of subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1 molecular env clones from acute and early heterosexually acquired infections in Southern Africa.

Journal Article J Virol · December 2006 A standard panel of subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Env-pseudotyped viruses was created by cloning, sequencing, and characterizing functional gp160 genes from 18 acute and early heterosexually acquired infections in South Africa and Z ... Full text Link to item Cite

A group M consensus envelope glycoprotein induces antibodies that neutralize subsets of subtype B and C HIV-1 primary viruses.

Journal Article Virology · September 30, 2006 HIV-1 subtype C is the most common HIV-1 group M subtype in Africa and many parts of Asia. However, to date HIV-1 vaccine candidate immunogens have not induced potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies against subtype C primary isolates. We have used a ce ... Full text Link to item Cite

Ancestral and consensus envelope immunogens for HIV-1 subtype C.

Journal Article Virology · September 1, 2006 Immunogens based on "centralized" (ancestral or consensus) HIV-1 sequences minimize the genetic distance between vaccine strains and contemporary viruses and should thus elicit immune responses that recognize a broader spectrum of viral variants. However, ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cross-subtype T-cell immune responses induced by a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group m consensus env immunogen.

Journal Article J Virol · July 2006 The genetic diversity among globally circulating human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains is a serious challenge for HIV-1 vaccine design. We have generated a synthetic group M consensus env gene (CON6) for induction of cross-subtype immune resp ... Full text Link to item Cite

An alternative and effective HIV vaccination approach based on inhibition of antigen presentation attenuators in dendritic cells.

Journal Article PLoS Med · January 2006 BACKGROUND: Current efforts to develop HIV vaccines that seek to stimulate immune responses have been disappointing, underscoring the inability of natural immune responses to control HIV-1 infection. Here we tested an alternative strategy to induce anti-HI ... Full text Link to item Cite

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 env clones from acute and early subtype B infections for standardized assessments of vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibodies.

Journal Article J Virol · August 2005 Induction of broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies is a high priority for AIDS vaccine development but one that has proven difficult to be achieved. While most immunogens generate antibodies that neutralize a subset of T-cell-line-adapted strains ... Full text Link to item Cite

Characterization of functional and phenotypic changes in anti-Gag vaccine-induced T cell responses and their role in protection after HIV-1 infection.

Journal Article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · March 22, 2005 Worldwide HIV-1 vaccine efforts are guided by the principle that HIV-specific T cell responses may provide protection from infection or delay overt disease. However, no clear correlates of T cell-mediated immune protection have been identified. Here, we ex ... Full text Link to item Cite

Ancient co-speciation of simian foamy viruses and primates.

Journal Article Nature · March 17, 2005 Although parasite-host co-speciation is a long-held hypothesis, convincing evidence for long-term co-speciation remains elusive, largely because of small numbers of hosts and parasites studied and uncertainty over rates of evolutionary change. Co-speciatio ... Full text Link to item Cite

[Protective effect of SNMC on mice with fulminant liver failure].

Journal Article Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi · March 2005 OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effect of stronger neo-minophagen C (SNMC) on fulminant liver failure (FLF). METHODS: D-Gal N and LPS were injected once into the abdominal cavity of rats to establish an experimental model of FLF. The level of plas ... Link to item Cite

Detection of HIV-2 by PCR.

Journal Article Methods Mol Biol · 2005 Genomes of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), like those of HIV-1 or other retroviruses, are highly variable. These genetic variants have been classified into seven genetic subtypes. The average genetic divergence between different subtypes is ab ... Full text Link to item Cite

Antigenicity and immunogenicity of a synthetic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group m consensus envelope glycoprotein.

Journal Article J Virol · January 2005 Genetic variation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) represents a major obstacle for AIDS vaccine development. To decrease the genetic distances between candidate immunogens and field virus strains, we have designed and synthesized an artificial group ... Full text Link to item Cite

Amplification and cloning of near full-length HIV-2 genomes.

Journal Article Methods Mol Biol · 2005 The genomes of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), like those of HIV-1, are not only extremely variable but are also highly recombinogenic. Determination of subtypes based on partial genomes cannot predict the subtype classification of other regio ... Full text Link to item Cite

Effect of SNMC on inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis induced by Fas/FasL in mice with fulminant hepatic failure

Journal Article World Chinese Journal of Digestology · January 1, 2005 AIM: To study the effect of Stronger Neo-Minophagen C (SNMC) on inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis in mice with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) and its mechanism. METHODS: Seventy mice were divided randomly into three groups: A (normal control group, n = 5), ... Full text Cite

Complete genome analysis of one of the earliest SIVcpzPtt strains from Gabon (SIVcpzGAB2).

Journal Article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · December 2004 Chimpanzees in west central Africa (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) are known to harbor simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVcpzPtt) that represent the closest relatives of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1); however, the number of SIVcpzPtt strains t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Further investigation of simian immunodeficiency virus Vif function in human cells.

Journal Article J Virol · November 2004 Primate lentivirus Vif proteins function by suppressing the antiviral activity of the cell-encoded apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme-catalytic polypeptide-like (APOBEC) proteins APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F. It has been hypothesized that species-specific susce ... Full text Link to item Cite

Characterization of a thymus-tropic HIV-1 isolate from a rapid progressor: role of the envelope.

Journal Article Virology · October 10, 2004 Loss of T cell homeostasis usually precedes the onset of AIDS. We hypothesized that rapid progressors may be transmitted with HIV-1 that is particularly able to perturb T cell homeostasis. To this end, we have tested two transmitted, syncytium-inducing (SI ... Full text Link to item Cite

Centralized immunogens as a vaccine strategy to overcome HIV-1 diversity.

Journal Article Expert Rev Vaccines · August 2004 Genetic variation of HIV-1 represents a major obstacle for AIDS vaccine development. With the amino acid sequence divergence as high as 30% in envelopes between different subtypes among HIV-1 group M viruses, it is unlikely that cross-subtype protection wi ... Full text Link to item Cite

New simian immunodeficiency virus infecting De Brazza's monkeys (Cercopithecus neglectus): evidence for a cercopithecus monkey virus clade.

Journal Article J Virol · July 2004 Nearly complete sequences of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) infecting 18 different nonhuman primate species in sub-Saharan Africa have now been reported; yet, our understanding of the origins, evolutionary history, and geographic distribution of th ... Full text Link to item Cite

Unselected mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genome are mostly nonsynonymous and often deleterious.

Journal Article J Virol · March 2004 Mutation rates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genomes have been estimated using purified reverse transcriptase or single-round infection system. Since small sequences were used as templates, the overall mutation rates could only be extrapol ... Full text Link to item Cite

Codon usage optimization of HIV type 1 subtype C gag, pol, env, and nef genes: in vitro expression and immune responses in DNA-vaccinated mice.

Journal Article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · September 2003 Codon usage optimization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) structural genes has been shown to increase protein expression in vitro as well as in the context of DNA vaccines in vivo; however, all optimized genes reported thus far are derived fr ... Full text Link to item Cite

Hybrid origin of SIV in chimpanzees.

Journal Article Science · June 13, 2003 Full text Link to item Cite

Viremia control despite escape from a rapid and potent autologous neutralizing antibody response after therapy cessation in an HIV-1-infected individual.

Journal Article J Immunol · April 1, 2003 The neutralizing Ab response after primary HIV-1 infection is delayed relative to the virus-specific CD8(+) T cell response and the initial decline in plasma viremia. Because nearly all HIV-1 infections result in AIDS, it would be instructive to study case ... Full text Link to item Cite

Sexual behavior of HIV discordant couples after HIV counseling and testing.

Journal Article AIDS · March 28, 2003 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Sexual behavior following voluntary HIV counseling and testing (VCT) is described in 963 cohabiting heterosexual couples with one HIV positive and one HIV negative partner ('discordant couples'). Biological markers were used to a ... Full text Link to item Cite

Precise mapping of recombination breakpoints suggests a common parent of two BC recombinant HIV type 1 strains circulating in China.

Journal Article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · October 10, 2002 Two different BC recombinant HIV-1 strains have arisen and begun to circulate among intravenous drug users in China. The recombinants are mostly subtype C with a few small subtype B segments. Additional full-genome sequences of the two recombinants, termed ... Full text Link to item Cite

Analysis of partial pol and env sequences indicates a high prevalence of HIV type 1 recombinant strains circulating in Gabon.

Journal Article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · October 10, 2002 Forty-one HIV-1 strains from Gabonese patients were studied according to the following strategy: nested polymerase chain reaction were performed to obtain an approximately 1,100-bp fragment containing the protease gene and the 5' half of the reverse transc ... Full text Link to item Cite

Comparative analysis of commercial assays for the detection and quantification of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) RNA in plasma from patients infected with HIV-1 subtype C.

Journal Article Clin Infect Dis · August 1, 2002 The commercial assays commonly used to quantify plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA in clinical settings were designed to assess HIV-1 subtype B. We compared the performance of 4 commercial assays (Amplicor versions 1.0 and 1.5 [Roche]; ... Full text Link to item Cite

Favorable and unfavorable HLA class I alleles and haplotypes in Zambians predominantly infected with clade C human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

Journal Article J Virol · August 2002 The setpoint of viral RNA concentration (viral load [VL]) during chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection reflects a virus-host equilibration closely related to CD8(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses, which rely heavily on antig ... Full text Link to item Cite

Diversity considerations in HIV-1 vaccine selection.

Journal Article Science · June 28, 2002 Globally, human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) is extraordinarily variable, and this diversity poses a major obstacle to AIDS vaccine development. Currently, candidate vaccines are derived from isolates, with the hope that they will be sufficiently ... Full text Link to item Cite

Molecular surveillance of HIV-1 field strains in Nigeria in preparation for vaccine trials.

Journal Article Vaccine · May 15, 2002 We conducted a national molecular epidemiologic survey of HIV-1 strains in Nigeria to determine the most prevalent subtype(s) for use in developing candidate vaccines. A total of 230 HIV-1-positive blood samples collected from 34 of the 36 Nigerian states ... Full text Link to item Cite

Replication and compartmentalization of HIV-1 in kidney epithelium of patients with HIV-associated nephropathy.

Journal Article Nat Med · May 2002 HIV-associated nephropathy is a clinicopathologic entity that includes proteinuria, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis often of the collapsing variant, and microcystic tubulointerstitial disease. Increasing evidence supports a role for HIV-1 infection of r ... Full text Link to item Cite

Estimated global distribution and regional spread of HIV-1 genetic subtypes in the year 2000.

Journal Article J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr · February 1, 2002 The objective of this study was to estimate the global distribution and regional spread of different HIV-1 genetic subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) in the year 2000. These estimates were made based on data derived from global HIV/AIDS surv ... Full text Link to item Cite

SIVcpz in wild chimpanzees.

Journal Article Science · January 18, 2002 Full text Link to item Cite

Molecular epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission in a heterosexual cohort of discordant couples in Zambia.

Journal Article J Virol · January 2002 Most human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmissions in sub-Saharan Africa are believed to occur between married adults who are discordant for their HIV-1 infection status; however, no studies to date have investigated the molecular epidemiology ... Full text Link to item Cite

Molecular characterization of a highly divergent HIV type 1 isolate obtained early in the AIDS epidemic from the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Journal Article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · August 10, 2001 Numerous complete human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genomes have been characterized for contemporary viruses, but few isolates obtained early in the HIV-1 epidemic have been studied. In this article, we describe the molecular characterization of ... Full text Link to item Cite

Wild Mandrillus sphinx are carriers of two types of lentivirus.

Journal Article J Virol · August 2001 Mandrillus sphinx, a large primate living in Cameroon and Gabon and belonging to the Papionini tribe, was reported to be infected by a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) (SIVmndGB1) as early as 1988. Here, we have identified a second, highly divergent SIV ... Full text Link to item Cite

Development of an env gp41-based heteroduplex mobility assay for rapid human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtyping.

Journal Article J Clin Microbiol · June 2001 The gp120 region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope (env) gene exhibits a high level of genetic heterogeneity across the group M subtypes. The heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) has successfully been used to assign subtype classific ... Full text Link to item Cite

Evidence of two distinct subsubtypes within the HIV-1 subtype A radiation.

Journal Article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · May 20, 2001 Members of HIV-1 group M are responsible for the vast majority of AIDS cases worldwide and have been classified on the basis of their phylogenetic relationships into nine roughly equidistant clades, termed subtypes. Although there are no known phenotypic c ... Full text Link to item Cite

Near full-length clones and reference sequences for subtype C isolates of HIV type 1 from three different continents.

Other AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · January 20, 2001 Among the major circulating HIV-1 subtypes, subtype C is the most prevalent. To generate full-length subtype C clones and sequences, we selected 13 primary (PBMC-derived) isolates from Zambia, India, Tanzania, South Africa, Brazil, and China, which were id ... Full text Link to item Cite

Functional analysis of the simian immunodeficiency virus Vpx protein: identification of packaging determinants and a novel nuclear targeting domain.

Journal Article J Virol · January 2001 The vpx gene products of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) and of the closely related simian immunodeficiency viruses from sooty mangabeys (SIVsm) and macaques (SIVmac) comprise a 112-amino-acid virion-associated protein that is critical for effi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Presence of diverse human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral variants in Cameroon.

Journal Article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · September 1, 2000 Phylogenetic analysis of the gp41 region of 123 HIV-1-seropositive specimens from Cameroon showed that 89 were subtype A (71% of these sequences were IbNg-like), 12 (10%) were subtype D, 11 (9%) were subtype G, 5 (4%; closely related to subtype F2) were su ... Full text Link to item Cite

Search for the origin of HIV and AIDS.

Journal Article Science · August 18, 2000 Full text Link to item Cite

Phylogenetic analysis of protease and transmembrane region of HIV type 1 group O.

Journal Article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · July 20, 2000 The molecular diversity and phylogenetic relationship of 22 HIV-1 group O strains were examined on the basis of the protease gene and the N-terminal region of gp41env. Analysis of the newly characterized protease sequences with 12 reference sequences revea ... Full text Link to item Cite

Timing the ancestor of the HIV-1 pandemic strains.

Journal Article Science · June 9, 2000 HIV-1 sequences were analyzed to estimate the timing of the ancestral sequence of the main group of HIV-1, the strains responsible for the AIDS pandemic. Using parallel supercomputers and assuming a constant rate of evolution, we applied maximum-likelihood ... Full text Link to item Cite

Detection of diverse variants of human immunodeficiency virus-1 groups M, N, and O and simian immunodeficiency viruses from chimpanzees by using generic pol and env primer pairs.

Journal Article J Infect Dis · May 2000 Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of humans is the result of independent cross-species transmissions of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVcpz) from naturally infected chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) to man. To develop a poly ... Full text Link to item Cite

HIV-1 nomenclature proposal.

Journal Article Science · April 7, 2000 Full text Link to item Cite

Origins and evolution of AIDS viruses: estimating the time-scale.

Journal Article Biochem Soc Trans · February 2000 The primate lentiviruses comprise SIV strains from various host species, as well as two viruses, HIV-1 and HIV-2, that cause AIDS in humans. The origins of HIV-1 and HIV-2 have been traced to cross-species transmissions from chimpanzees and sooty mangabey ... Full text Link to item Cite

Detection of phylogenetically diverse human immunodeficiency virus type 1 groups M and O from plasma by using highly sensitive and specific generic primers.

Journal Article J Clin Microbiol · August 1999 The high degree of genetic diversity within human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), which includes two major groups, M (major) and O (outlier), and various env subtypes within group M (subtypes A to J), has made designing assays that will detect all k ... Full text Link to item Cite

Origins and evolution of AIDS viruses.

Journal Article Biol Bull · June 1999 Full text Link to item Cite

Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes.

Journal Article Nature · February 4, 1999 The human AIDS viruses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) represent cross-species (zoonotic) infections. Although the primate reservoir of HIV-2 has been clearly identified as the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys), the origin of ... Full text Link to item Cite

An isolate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 originally classified as subtype I represents a complex mosaic comprising three different group M subtypes (A, G, and I).

Journal Article J Virol · December 1998 Full-length reference clones and sequences are currently available for eight human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) group M subtypes (A through H), but none have been reported for subtypes I and J, which have only been identified in a few individuals. ... Full text Link to item Cite

A comprehensive panel of near-full-length clones and reference sequences for non-subtype B isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

Journal Article J Virol · July 1998 Non-subtype B viruses cause the vast majority of new human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections worldwide and are thus the major focus of international vaccine efforts. Although their geographic dissemination is carefully monitored, their immun ... Full text Link to item Cite

Genetically divergent strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 use multiple coreceptors for viral entry.

Journal Article J Virol · July 1998 Several members of the seven-transmembrane chemokine receptor family have been shown to serve, with CD4, as coreceptors for entry by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). While coreceptor usage by HIV-1 primary isolates has been studied by several g ... Full text Link to item Cite

Immunological and virological analyses of persons infected by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 while participating in trials of recombinant gp120 subunit vaccines.

Journal Article J Virol · February 1998 We have studied 18 participants in phase I/II clinical trials of recombinant gp120 (rgp120) subunit vaccines (MN and SF-2) who became infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) during the course of the trials. Of the 18 individuals, 2 had re ... Full text Link to item Cite

Natural infection of a household pet red-capped mangabey (Cercocebus torquatus torquatus) with a new simian immunodeficiency virus.

Journal Article J Virol · January 1998 A seroprevalence survey was conducted for simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) antibody in household pet monkeys in Gabon. Twenty-nine monkeys representing seven species were analyzed. By using human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2)/SIVsm, SIVmnd, and ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cross-clade human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in HIV-infected Zambians.

Journal Article J Virol · November 1997 We have examined cross-clade HIV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity in peripheral blood of eight Zambian individuals infected with non-B-clade human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Heteroduplex mobility assay and partial sequence analysi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Evolution and probable transmission of intersubtype recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in a Zambian couple.

Journal Article J Virol · April 1997 The extraordinary genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) results from the introduction of mutations by an error-prone reverse transcriptase and from recombination of the two RNA genomes packaged in the virion during the synthesis ... Full text Link to item Cite

Overlapping epitopes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 presented by HLA A, B, and C molecules: effects of viral variation on cytotoxic T-lymphocyte recognition.

Journal Article J Virol · February 1997 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are thought to exert immunologic selection pressure in infected persons, yet few data regarding the effects of this constraint on viral sequence variation in vivo, particularly in th ... Full text Link to item Cite

The heterosexual human immunodeficiency virus type 1 epidemic in Thailand is caused by an intersubtype (A/E) recombinant of African origin.

Journal Article J Virol · October 1996 Since 1989, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has spread explosively through the heterosexual population in Thailand. This epidemic is caused primarily by viruses classified as "subtype E", which, on the basis of limited sequence comparisons, app ... Full text Link to item Cite

Increased envelope spike density and stability are not required for the neutralization resistance of primary human immunodeficiency viruses.

Journal Article J Virol · September 1996 Previous observations that the gp120 envelope glycoprotein contents of some primary, clade B human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates were higher than those of laboratory-passaged HIV-1 isolates suggested the hypothesis that increased envelope ... Full text Link to item Cite

Molecular cloning and analysis of functional envelope genes from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 sequence subtypes A through G. The WHO and NIAID Networks for HIV Isolation and Characterization.

Journal Article J Virol · March 1996 Present knowledge of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope immunobiology has been derived almost exclusively from analyses of subtype B viruses, yet such viruses represent only a minority of strains currently spreading worldwide. To generate ... Full text Link to item Cite

Genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type 2: evidence for distinct sequence subtypes with differences in virus biology.

Journal Article J Virol · November 1994 The virulence properties of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) are known to vary significantly and to range from relative attenuation in certain individuals to high-level pathogenicity in others. These differences in clinical manifestations may, a ... Full text Link to item Cite

Genetic variation of HIV type 1 in four World Health Organization-sponsored vaccine evaluation sites: generation of functional envelope (glycoprotein 160) clones representative of sequence subtypes A, B, C, and E. WHO Network for HIV Isolation and Characterization.

Journal Article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · November 1994 As part of the WHO Network for HIV Isolation and Characterization, we PCR amplified, cloned, and sequenced gp120 and gp160 genes from 12 HIV-1 isolates collected in four WHO-sponsored vaccine evaluation sites (Brazil, Rwanda, Thailand, Uganda). Envelope cl ... Full text Link to item Cite

HIV-1 sequence subtype D in the United States.

Journal Article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · May 1994 Full text Link to item Cite

Origins and diversity of human immunodeficiency viruses

Journal Article AIDS · January 1, 1994 Cite

Origin of HIV-2 in West Africa

Journal Article Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy · January 1, 1993 Full text Cite

Human infection by genetically diverse SIVSM-related HIV-2 in west Africa.

Journal Article Nature · August 6, 1992 Our understanding of the biology and origins of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) derives from studies of cultured isolates from urban populations experiencing epidemic infection and disease. To test the hypothesis that such isolates might repres ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cytoplasmic domain truncation enhances fusion activity by the exterior glycoprotein complex of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in selected cell types.

Journal Article J Virol · June 1992 To investigate the glycoprotein determinants of viral cytopathology, we constructed chimeric env genes between a noncytopathic strain of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), designated HIV-2/ST, and a highly fusogenic and cytopathic variant derived ... Full text Link to item Cite