Garnett H. Kelsoe | Scholars@Duke

Garnett H. Kelsoe
James B. Duke Distinguished Professor of Immunology

1. Lymphocyte development and antigen-driven diversification of immunoglobulin and T cell antigen receptor genes.
2. The germinal center reaction and mechanisms for clonal selection and self - tolerance. The origins of autoimmunity.
3. Interaction of innate- and adaptive immunity and the role of inflammation in lymphoid organogenesis.
4. The role of secondary V(D)J gene rearrangment in lymphocyte development and malignancies.
5. Mathematical modeling of immune responses, DNA motifs, collaborations in bioinformatics.
6. Humoral immunity to influenza and HIV-1.

Current Appointments & Affiliations

James B. Duke Distinguished Professor of Immunology, Immunology, Basic Science Departments 2001
Professor of Immunology, Immunology, Basic Science Departments 1998
Associate Professor in the Department of Surgery, Surgery, Surgical Sciences, Surgery 2020
Member of the Duke Cancer Institute, Duke Cancer Institute, Institutes and Centers 1998
Member of the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Institutes and Centers 2006

Contact Information

117 Jones Bldg, 207 Research D, Box 3010 DUMC, Durham, NC 27710
Box 3010 DUMC, 117 Jones Building, Durham, NC 27710
ghkelsoe@duke.edu (919) 613-7815

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- Professor, Microbiology And Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine 1994 - 1998
- AssociateProfessor, Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine 1989 - 1994
- Associate Professor, Microbiology, University of Texas, Medical Branch at Galveston 1988 - 1989
- Assistant Professor, Microbiology, University of Texas, Medical Branch at Galveston 1982 - 1988
- D.Sc., Harvard University 1979
Duke Appointment History
- Instructor, Temporary of Immunology, Immunology, Basic Science Departments 1998
Expertise
Subject Headings
Research
Selected Grants
- Identifying protective antigens and antibody effector functions during Naegleria fowleri infection awarded by National Institutes of Health 2021 - 2026
- Basic Immunology Training Program awarded by National Institutes of Health 2002 - 2025
- Advanced Immunobiology Traning Program for Surgeons awarded by National Institutes of Health 2019 - 2024
- Duke CTSA (TL1) awarded by National Institutes of Health 2018 - 2023
- Duke Resident Physician-Scientist Program - NIAID awarded by National Institutes of Health 2018 - 2022
- Immunity to novel T/F SHIVs: variability in the co-evolution of virus and host immunity awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2022
- SHIV/HIV Env-Antibody Coevolution as a Guide to Iterative Vaccine Design awarded by University of Pennsylvania 2017 - 2022
- Complement and CR2/CD21 in the Immune Pathogenesis of HIT(R01) awarded by National Institutes of Health 2018 - 2021
- Structure-function analysis of infection- and vaccine-induced B-cell repertoires awarded by Boston Children's Hospital 2014 - 2021
- Epitope focusing by molecular grafting of subdominant epitopes to achieve a universal-influenza vaccine. awarded by Massachusetts General Hospital 2020 - 2021
- Transmission electron microscope (TEM) awarded by National Institutes of Health 2019 - 2020
- Modeling affinity maturation at molecular resolution awarded by Boston University 2015 - 2020
- Attenuated HSV Vaccines That Induce Protective Mucosal Antibodies awarded by Albert Einstein College of Medicine 2016 - 2020
- High-throughput analysis of human memory B cells and antibodies against flavivirus E protein in Asia-Pacific regions. awarded by CRDF Global 2019 - 2020
- Serial Block Face Scanning Electron Microscope awarded by National Institutes of Health 2016 - 2018
- Testing the Nearest Neighbor Approach to Active Vaccination for HIV-1 awarded by University of Washington 2014 - 2017
- Training Program in Inflammatory and Immunological Diseases awarded by National Institutes of Health 1980 - 2017
- Quantifying poly- and autoreactivity in therapeutic chimeric proteins awarded by Scripps Research Institute 2017
- Immunity to novel T/F SHIVs: variability in the co-evolution of virus and host immunity awarded by Quality Biological, Inc. 2016 - 2017
- Culturing and isolating human B-cells using Athena technology awarded by Immune Tolerance Network 2015 - 2016
- Multiscale Systems Immunology awarded by National Institutes of Health 2010 - 2015
- Eliciting B cells to produce anti-HIV gp41 MPER-specific neutralizing antibodies, Identifying Critical Stages in Vaccine Indcued HIV-1 Immunity - Project 4 awarded by Dana-Farber Cancer Institute 2010 - 2015
- BAFF Pathology: Novel Therapeutic Targets in Chronic Graft versus Host Disease awarded by National Institutes of Health 2011 - 2015
- T cell function in asthma depends on a novel signaling pathway awarded by National Institutes of Health 2008 - 2014
- Microsimulation of anthracis-immune system interaction awarded by National Institutes of Health 2004 - 2007
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Academic Articles
  - Williams, Wilton B., R Ryan Meyerhoff, R. J. Edwards, Hui Li, Kartik Manne, Nathan I. Nicely, Rory Henderson, et al. “Fab-dimerized glycan-reactive antibodies are a structural category of natural antibodies.” Cell 184, no. 11 (May 27, 2021): 2955-2972.e25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.042.
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  - Roark, Ryan S., Hui Li, Wilton B. Williams, Hema Chug, Rosemarie D. Mason, Jason Gorman, Shuyi Wang, et al. “Recapitulation of HIV-1 Env-antibody coevolution in macaques leading to neutralization breadth.” Science 371, no. 6525 (January 8, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd2638.
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  - Tambur, Anat R., Patricia Campbell, Anita S. Chong, Sandy Feng, Mandy L. Ford, Howard Gebel, Ronald G. Gill, et al. “Sensitization in transplantation: Assessment of risk (STAR) 2019 Working Group Meeting Report.” Am J Transplant 20, no. 10 (October 2020): 2652–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15937.
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  - Finney, Joel, and Garnett Kelsoe. “Ideal Vaccines: Balancing B Cell Recruitment and Differentiation.” Immunity 53, no. 3 (September 15, 2020): 473–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2020.08.008.
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  - Nojima, Takuya, Alexander E. Reynolds, Daisuke Kitamura, Garnett Kelsoe, and Masayuki Kuraoka. “Tracing Self-Reactive B Cells in Normal Mice.” J Immunol 205, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 90–101. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1901015.
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  - Bajic, Goran, Max J. Maron, Timothy M. Caradonna, Ming Tian, Adam Mermelstein, Daniela Fera, Garnett Kelsoe, Masayuki Kuraoka, and Aaron G. Schmidt. “Structure-Guided Molecular Grafting of a Complex Broadly Neutralizing Viral Epitope.” Acs Infect Dis 6, no. 5 (May 8, 2020): 1182–91. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00008.
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  - Bradley, Todd, Masayuki Kuraoka, Chen-Hao Yeh, Ming Tian, Huan Chen, Derek W. Cain, Xuejun Chen, et al. “Immune checkpoint modulation enhances HIV-1 antibody induction.” Nat Commun 11, no. 1 (February 19, 2020): 948. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14670-w.
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  - Finney, Joel, Guang Yang, Masayuki Kuraoka, Shengli Song, Takuya Nojima, Laurent Verkoczy, Daisuke Kitamura, Barton F. Haynes, and Garnett Kelsoe. “Cross-Reactivity to Kynureninase Tolerizes B Cells That Express the HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody 2F5.” J Immunol 203, no. 12 (December 15, 2019): 3268–81. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1900069.
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  - Onodera, Taishi, Kana Hashi, Rajni Kant Shukla, Motohiro Miki, Reiko Takai-Todaka, Akira Fujimoto, Masayuki Kuraoka, et al. “Immune-Focusing Properties of Virus-like Particles Improve Protective IgA Responses.” J Immunol 203, no. 12 (December 15, 2019): 3282–92. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1900481.
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  - Finney, Joel, Akiko Watanabe, Garnett Kelsoe, and Masayuki Kuraoka. “Minding the gap: The impact of B-cell tolerance on the microbial antibody repertoire.” Immunol Rev 292, no. 1 (November 2019): 24–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12805.
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  - Adachi, Yu, Keisuke Tonouchi, Arnone Nithichanon, Masayuki Kuraoka, Akiko Watanabe, Ryo Shinnakasu, Hideki Asanuma, et al. “Exposure of an occluded hemagglutinin epitope drives selection of a class of cross-protective influenza antibodies.” Nat Commun 10, no. 1 (August 28, 2019): 3883. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11821-6.
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  - Bajic, Goran, Max J. Maron, Yu Adachi, Taishi Onodera, Kevin R. McCarthy, Charles E. McGee, Gregory D. Sempowski, et al. “Influenza Antigen Engineering Focuses Immune Responses to a Subdominant but Broadly Protective Viral Epitope.” Cell Host Microbe 25, no. 6 (June 12, 2019): 827-835.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2019.04.003.
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  - Watanabe, Akiko, Kevin R. McCarthy, Masayuki Kuraoka, Aaron G. Schmidt, Yu Adachi, Taishi Onodera, Keisuke Tonouchi, et al. “Antibodies to a Conserved Influenza Head Interface Epitope Protect by an IgG Subtype-Dependent Mechanism.” Cell 177, no. 5 (May 16, 2019): 1124-1135.e16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.048.
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  - Watanabe, Akiko, Kuei-Ying Su, Masayuki Kuraoka, Guang Yang, Alexander E. Reynolds, Aaron G. Schmidt, Stephen C. Harrison, Barton F. Haynes, E William St Clair, and Garnett Kelsoe. “Self-tolerance curtails the B cell repertoire to microbial epitopes.” Jci Insight 4, no. 10 (May 16, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.122551.
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  - Bajic, Goran, Cees E. van der Poel, Masayuki Kuraoka, Aaron G. Schmidt, Michael C. Carroll, Garnett Kelsoe, and Stephen C. Harrison. “Autoreactivity profiles of influenza hemagglutinin broadly neutralizing antibodies.” Sci Rep 9, no. 1 (March 5, 2019): 3492. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40175-8.
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  - Bonsignori, Mattia, Eric Scott, Kevin Wiehe, David Easterhoff, S Munir Alam, Kwan-Ki Hwang, Melissa Cooper, et al. “Inference of the HIV-1 VRC01 Antibody Lineage Unmutated Common Ancestor Reveals Alternative Pathways to Overcome a Key Glycan Barrier.” Immunity 49, no. 6 (December 18, 2018): 1162-1174.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2018.10.015.
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  - Finney, Joel, and Garnett Kelsoe. “Poly- and autoreactivity of HIV-1 bNAbs: implications for vaccine design.” Retrovirology 15, no. 1 (July 28, 2018): 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12977-018-0435-0.
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  - Finney, Joel, Chen-Hao Yeh, Garnett Kelsoe, and Masayuki Kuraoka. “Germinal center responses to complex antigens.” Immunol Rev 284, no. 1 (July 2018): 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12661.
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  - Kelsoe, Garnett, and Barton F. Haynes. “What Are the Primary Limitations in B-Cell Affinity Maturation, and How Much Affinity Maturation Can We Drive with Vaccination? Breaking through Immunity's Glass Ceiling.” Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 10, no. 5 (May 1, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a029397.
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  - Yeh, Chen-Hao, Takuya Nojima, Masayuki Kuraoka, and Garnett Kelsoe. “Germinal center entry not selection of B cells is controlled by peptide-MHCII complex density.” Nat Commun 9, no. 1 (March 2, 2018): 928. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03382-x.
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  - McCarthy, Kevin R., Akiko Watanabe, Masayuki Kuraoka, Khoi T. Do, Charles E. McGee, Gregory D. Sempowski, Thomas B. Kepler, Aaron G. Schmidt, Garnett Kelsoe, and Stephen C. Harrison. “Memory B Cells that Cross-React with Group 1 and Group 2 Influenza A Viruses Are Abundant in Adult Human Repertoires.” Immunity 48, no. 1 (January 16, 2018): 174-184.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2017.12.009.
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  - Kuraoka, Masayuki, Eric Meffre, and Garnett Kelsoe. “The First B-Cell Tolerance Checkpoint in Mice and Humans: Control by AID.” Adv Immunol 139 (2018): 51–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ai.2018.04.001.
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  - Silva, Murillo, Thao H. Nguyen, Phaethon Philbrook, Matthew Chu, Olivia Sears, Stephen Hatfield, Robert K. Abbott, Garnett Kelsoe, and Michail V. Sitkovsky. “Targeted Elimination of Immunodominant B Cells Drives the Germinal Center Reaction toward Subdominant Epitopes.” Cell Rep 21, no. 13 (December 26, 2017): 3672–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.014.
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  - Williams, Wilton B., Jinsong Zhang, Chuancang Jiang, Nathan I. Nicely, Daniela Fera, Kan Luo, M Anthony Moody, et al. “Initiation of HIV neutralizing B cell lineages with sequential envelope immunizations.” Nat Commun 8, no. 1 (November 23, 2017): 1732. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01336-3.
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  - Takahashi, Yoshimasa, and Garnett Kelsoe. “Role of germinal centers for the induction of broadly-reactive memory B cells.” Curr Opin Immunol 45 (April 2017): 119–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2017.03.002.
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  - Bonsignori, Mattia, Edward F. Kreider, Daniela Fera, R Ryan Meyerhoff, Todd Bradley, Kevin Wiehe, S Munir Alam, et al. “Staged induction of HIV-1 glycan-dependent broadly neutralizing antibodies.” Sci Transl Med 9, no. 381 (March 15, 2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aai7514.
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  - Kuraoka, Masayuki, Pilar B. Snowden, Takuya Nojima, Laurent Verkoczy, Barton F. Haynes, Daisuke Kitamura, and Garnett Kelsoe. “BCR and Endosomal TLR Signals Synergize to Increase AID Expression and Establish Central B Cell Tolerance.” Cell Rep 18, no. 7 (February 14, 2017): 1627–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2017.01.050.
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  - Wiehe, Kevin, Nathan I. Nicely, Bradley Lockwood, Masayuki Kuraoka, Kara Anasti, Sabrina Arora, Cindy M. Bowman, et al. “Immunodominance of Antibody Recognition of the HIV Envelope V2 Region in Ig-Humanized Mice.” J Immunol 198, no. 3 (February 1, 2017): 1047–55. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1601640.
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  - Williams, LaTonya D., Gilad Ofek, Sebastian Schätzle, Jonathan R. McDaniel, Xiaozhi Lu, Nathan I. Nicely, Liming Wu, et al. “Potent and broad HIV-neutralizing antibodies in memory B cells and plasma.” Sci Immunol 2, no. 7 (January 27, 2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aal2200.
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  - Kelsoe, Garnett, and Barton F. Haynes. “Host controls of HIV broadly neutralizing antibody development.” Immunol Rev 275, no. 1 (January 2017): 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12508.
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  - Bradley, Todd, Guang Yang, Olga Ilkayeva, T Matt Holl, Ruijun Zhang, Jinsong Zhang, Sampa Santra, et al. “HIV-1 Envelope Mimicry of Host Enzyme Kynureninase Does Not Disrupt Tryptophan Metabolism.” J Immunol 197, no. 12 (December 15, 2016): 4663–73. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1601484.
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  - Abbott, Robert K., Molly Thayer, Jasmine Labuda, Murillo Silva, Phaethon Philbrook, Derek W. Cain, Hidefumi Kojima, et al. “Germinal Center Hypoxia Potentiates Immunoglobulin Class Switch Recombination.” J Immunol 197, no. 10 (November 15, 2016): 4014–20. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1601401.
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  - Huang, Jinghe, Byong H. Kang, Elise Ishida, Tongqing Zhou, Trevor Griesman, Zizhang Sheng, Fan Wu, et al. “Identification of a CD4-Binding-Site Antibody to HIV that Evolved Near-Pan Neutralization Breadth.” Immunity 45, no. 5 (November 15, 2016): 1108–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2016.10.027.
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  - Su, Kuei-Ying, Akiko Watanabe, Chen-Hao Yeh, Garnett Kelsoe, and Masayuki Kuraoka. “Efficient Culture of Human Naive and Memory B Cells for Use as APCs.” J Immunol 197, no. 10 (November 15, 2016): 4163–76. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1502193.
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  - Gils, Marit J. van, Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Gabriel Ozorowski, Christopher A. Cottrell, Devin Sok, Matthias Pauthner, Jesper Pallesen, et al. “An HIV-1 antibody from an elite neutralizer implicates the fusion peptide as a site of vulnerability.” Nat Microbiol 2 (November 14, 2016): 16199. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.199.
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  - Khandelwal, Sanjay, Grace M. Lee, C Garren Hester, Mortimer Poncz, Steven E. McKenzie, Bruce S. Sachais, Lubica Rauova, et al. “The antigenic complex in HIT binds to B cells via complement and complement receptor 2 (CD21).” Blood 128, no. 14 (October 6, 2016): 1789–99. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2016-04-709634.
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  - Moody, M Anthony, Isabela Pedroza-Pacheco, Nathan A. Vandergrift, Cecilia Chui, Krissey E. Lloyd, Robert Parks, Kelly A. Soderberg, et al. “Immune perturbations in HIV-1-infected individuals who make broadly neutralizing antibodies.” Sci Immunol 1, no. 1 (July 29, 2016): aag0851. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aag0851.
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  - Zhang, Ruijun, Laurent Verkoczy, Kevin Wiehe, S. Munir Alam, Nathan I. Nicely, Sampa Santra, Todd Bradley, et al. “Initiation of immune tolerance-controlled HIV gp41 neutralizing B cell lineages.” Sci Transl Med 8, no. 336 (April 27, 2016): 336ra62. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf0618.
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  - Bonsignori, Mattia, Tongqing Zhou, Zizhang Sheng, Lei Chen, Feng Gao, M Gordon Joyce, Gabriel Ozorowski, et al. “Maturation Pathway from Germline to Broad HIV-1 Neutralizer of a CD4-Mimic Antibody.” Cell 165, no. 2 (April 7, 2016): 449–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.022.
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  - Kuraoka, Masayuki, Aaron G. Schmidt, Takuya Nojima, Feng Feng, Akiko Watanabe, Daisuke Kitamura, Stephen C. Harrison, Thomas B. Kepler, and Garnett Kelsoe. “Complex Antigens Drive Permissive Clonal Selection in Germinal Centers.” Immunity 44, no. 3 (March 15, 2016): 542–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.010.
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  - Haynes, Barton F., George M. Shaw, Bette Korber, Garnett Kelsoe, Joseph Sodroski, Beatrice H. Hahn, Persephone Borrow, and Andrew J. McMichael. “HIV-Host Interactions: Implications for Vaccine Design.” Cell Host Microbe 19, no. 3 (March 9, 2016): 292–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2016.02.002.
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  - Bradley, Todd, Daniela Fera, Jinal Bhiman, Leila Eslamizar, Xiaozhi Lu, Kara Anasti, Ruijung Zhang, et al. “Structural Constraints of Vaccine-Induced Tier-2 Autologous HIV Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the Receptor-Binding Site.” Cell Rep 14, no. 1 (January 5, 2016): 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.017.
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  - Kelsoe, Garnett. “Heavy-chain receptor editing unbound.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112, no. 8 (February 24, 2015): 2297–98. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501480112.
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  - Ci, Xinxin, Masayuki Kuraoka, Hongxia Wang, Zachary Carico, Kristen Hopper, Jinwook Shin, Xuming Deng, et al. “TSC1 Promotes B Cell Maturation but Is Dispensable for Germinal Center Formation.” Plos One 10, no. 5 (2015): e0127527. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127527.
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  - Liu, Mengfei, Guang Yang, Kevin Wiehe, Nathan I. Nicely, Nathan A. Vandergrift, Wes Rountree, Mattia Bonsignori, et al. “Polyreactivity and autoreactivity among HIV-1 antibodies.” J Virol 89, no. 1 (January 2015): 784–98. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02378-14.
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  - Reynolds, Alexander E., Masayuki Kuraoka, and Garnett Kelsoe. “Natural IgM is produced by CD5- plasma cells that occupy a distinct survival niche in bone marrow.” J Immunol 194, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 231–42. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1401203.
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  - Wiehe, Kevin, David Easterhoff, Kan Luo, Nathan I. Nicely, Todd Bradley, Frederick H. Jaeger, S Moses Dennison, et al. “Antibody light-chain-restricted recognition of the site of immune pressure in the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial is phylogenetically conserved.” Immunity 41, no. 6 (December 18, 2014): 909–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2014.11.014.
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  - Kelsoe, Garnett. “Curiouser and curiouser: the role(s) of AID expression in self-tolerance.” Eur J Immunol 44, no. 10 (October 2014): 2876–79. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.201445102.
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  - Kepler, Thomas B., Hua-Xin Liao, S Munir Alam, Rekha Bhaskarabhatla, Ruijun Zhang, Chandri Yandava, Shelley Stewart, et al. “Immunoglobulin gene insertions and deletions in the affinity maturation of HIV-1 broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies.” Cell Host Microbe 16, no. 3 (September 10, 2014): 304–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2014.08.006.
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  - Gao, Feng, Mattia Bonsignori, Hua-Xin Liao, Amit Kumar, Shi-Mao Xia, Xiaozhi Lu, Fangping Cai, et al. “Cooperation of B cell lineages in induction of HIV-1-broadly neutralizing antibodies.” Cell 158, no. 3 (July 31, 2014): 481–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.022.
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  - Haynes, Barton F., M Anthony Moody, Munir Alam, Mattia Bonsignori, Laurent Verkoczy, Guido Ferrari, Feng Gao, Georgia D. Tomaras, Hua-Xin Liao, and Garnett Kelsoe. “Progress in HIV-1 vaccine development.” J Allergy Clin Immunol 134, no. 1 (July 2014): 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.04.025.
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  - Haynes, Barton F., Laurent Verkoczy, and Garnett Kelsoe. “Redemption of autoreactive B cells.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111, no. 25 (June 24, 2014): 9022–23. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1407877111.
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  - Verkoczy, Laurent, Garnett Kelsoe, and Barton F. Haynes. “HIV-1 envelope gp41 broadly neutralizing antibodies: hurdles for vaccine development.” Plos Pathog 10, no. 5 (May 2014): e1004073. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004073.
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  - Caro-Maldonado, Alfredo, Ruoning Wang, Amanda G. Nichols, Masayuki Kuraoka, Sandra Milasta, Lillian D. Sun, Amanda L. Gavin, et al. “Metabolic reprogramming is required for antibody production that is suppressed in anergic but exaggerated in chronically BAFF-exposed B cells.” J Immunol 192, no. 8 (April 15, 2014): 3626–36. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1302062.
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  - Bonsignori, Mattia, Kevin Wiehe, Sebastian K. Grimm, Rebecca Lynch, Guang Yang, Daniel M. Kozink, Florence Perrin, et al. “An autoreactive antibody from an SLE/HIV-1 individual broadly neutralizes HIV-1.” J Clin Invest 124, no. 4 (April 2014): 1835–43. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI73441.
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  - Holl, T Matt, Guang Yang, Masayuki Kuraoka, Laurent Verkoczy, S Munir Alam, M Anthony Moody, Barton F. Haynes, and Garnett Kelsoe. “Enhanced antibody responses to an HIV-1 membrane-proximal external region antigen in mice reconstituted with cultured lymphocytes.” J Immunol 192, no. 7 (April 1, 2014): 3269–79. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1302829.
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  - Kelsoe, Garnett, Laurent Verkoczy, and Barton F. Haynes. “Immune System Regulation in the Induction of Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies.” Vaccines (Basel) 2, no. 1 (March 2014): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines2010001.
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  - Gearhart, Patricia J., and Garnett Kelsoe. “A tribute to Michael S. Neuberger.” J Clin Invest 124, no. 1 (January 2014): 3–5. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI74366.
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  - Hwang, Kwan-Ki, Ashley M. Trama, Daniel M. Kozink, Xi Chen, Kevin Wiehe, Abby J. Cooper, Shi-Mao Xia, et al. “IGHV1-69 B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia antibodies cross-react with HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus antigens as well as intestinal commensal bacteria.” Plos One 9, no. 3 (2014): e90725. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090725.
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  - Kepler, Thomas B., Supriya Munshaw, Kevin Wiehe, Ruijun Zhang, Jae-Sung Yu, Christopher W. Woods, Thomas N. Denny, et al. “Reconstructing a B-Cell Clonal Lineage. II. Mutation, Selection, and Affinity Maturation.” Front Immunol 5 (2014): 170. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2014.00170.
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  - Cain, Derek W., Emily G. O’Koren, Matthew J. Kan, Mandy Womble, Gregory D. Sempowski, Kristen Hopper, Michael D. Gunn, and Garnett Kelsoe. “Identification of a tissue-specific, C/EBPβ-dependent pathway of differentiation for murine peritoneal macrophages.” J Immunol 191, no. 9 (November 1, 2013): 4665–75. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1300581.
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  - Kim, Mikyung, Likai Song, James Moon, Zhen-Yu J. Sun, Anna Bershteyn, Melissa Hanson, Derek Cain, et al. “Immunogenicity of membrane-bound HIV-1 gp41 membrane-proximal external region (MPER) segments is dominated by residue accessibility and modulated by stereochemistry.” J Biol Chem 288, no. 44 (November 1, 2013): 31888–901. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.494609.
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  - McWilliams, Laurie, Kuei-Ying Su, Xiaoe Liang, Dongmei Liao, Serina Floyd, Joshua Amos, M Anthony Moody, Garnett Kelsoe, and Masayuki Kuraoka. “The human fetal lymphocyte lineage: identification by CD27 and LIN28B expression in B cell progenitors.” J Leukoc Biol 94, no. 5 (November 2013): 991–1001. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0113048.
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  - Liao, Hua-Xin, Rebecca Lynch, Tongqing Zhou, Feng Gao, S Munir Alam, Scott D. Boyd, Andrew Z. Fire, et al. “Co-evolution of a broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibody and founder virus.” Nature 496, no. 7446 (April 25, 2013): 469–76. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12053.
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  - Yang, Guang, T Matt Holl, Yang Liu, Yi Li, Xiaozhi Lu, Nathan I. Nicely, Thomas B. Kepler, et al. “Identification of autoantigens recognized by the 2F5 and 4E10 broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies.” J Exp Med 210, no. 2 (February 11, 2013): 241–56. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20121977.
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  - Cain, Derek W., Sergio E. Sanders, Michael M. Cunningham, and Garnett Kelsoe. “Disparate adjuvant properties among three formulations of "alum".” Vaccine 31, no. 4 (January 11, 2013): 653–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.044.
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  - Moody, M Anthony, Nicole L. Yates, Joshua D. Amos, Mark S. Drinker, Joshua A. Eudailey, Thaddeus C. Gurley, Dawn J. Marshall, et al. “HIV-1 gp120 vaccine induces affinity maturation in both new and persistent antibody clonal lineages.” J Virol 86, no. 14 (July 2012): 7496–7507. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00426-12.
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  - Haynes, Barton F., Garnett Kelsoe, Stephen C. Harrison, and Thomas B. Kepler. “B-cell-lineage immunogen design in vaccine development with HIV-1 as a case study.” Nat Biotechnol 30, no. 5 (May 7, 2012): 423–33. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2197.
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  - Friedman, James, S Munir Alam, Xiaoying Shen, Shi-Mao Xia, Shelley Stewart, Kara Anasti, Justin Pollara, et al. “Isolation of HIV-1-neutralizing mucosal monoclonal antibodies from human colostrum.” Plos One 7, no. 5 (2012): e37648. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0037648.
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  - Alam, S Munir, Hua-Xin Liao, S Moses Dennison, Frederick Jaeger, Robert Parks, Kara Anasti, Andrew Foulger, et al. “Differential reactivity of germ line allelic variants of a broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibody to a gp41 fusion intermediate conformation.” J Virol 85, no. 22 (November 2011): 11725–31. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.05680-11.
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  - Liao, Hua-Xin, Xi Chen, Supriya Munshaw, Ruijun Zhang, Dawn J. Marshall, Nathan Vandergrift, John F. Whitesides, et al. “Initial antibodies binding to HIV-1 gp41 in acutely infected subjects are polyreactive and highly mutated.” J Exp Med 208, no. 11 (October 24, 2011): 2237–49. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20110363.
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  - Kuraoka, Masayuki, and Garnett Kelsoe. “A novel role for activation-induced cytidine deaminase: central B-cell tolerance.” Cell Cycle 10, no. 20 (October 15, 2011): 3423–24. https://doi.org/10.4161/cc.10.20.17693.
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  - Bonsignori, Mattia, Kwan-Ki Hwang, Xi Chen, Chun-Yen Tsao, Lynn Morris, Elin Gray, Dawn J. Marshall, et al. “Analysis of a clonal lineage of HIV-1 envelope V2/V3 conformational epitope-specific broadly neutralizing antibodies and their inferred unmutated common ancestors.” J Virol 85, no. 19 (October 2011): 9998–10009. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.05045-11.
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  - Verkoczy, Laurent, Yao Chen, Hilary Bouton-Verville, Jinsong Zhang, Marilyn Diaz, Jennifer Hutchinson, Ying-Bin Ouyang, et al. “Rescue of HIV-1 broad neutralizing antibody-expressing B cells in 2F5 VH x VL knockin mice reveals multiple tolerance controls.” J Immunol 187, no. 7 (October 1, 2011): 3785–97. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1101633.
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  - Kuraoka, Masayuki, T Matt Holl, Dongmei Liao, Mandy Womble, Derek W. Cain, Alexander E. Reynolds, and Garnett Kelsoe. “Activation-induced cytidine deaminase mediates central tolerance in B cells.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108, no. 28 (July 12, 2011): 11560–65. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1102571108.
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  - Verkoczy, Laurent, Garnett Kelsoe, M Anthony Moody, and Barton F. Haynes. “Role of immune mechanisms in induction of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies.” Curr Opin Immunol 23, no. 3 (June 2011): 383–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2011.04.003.
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  - Holl, Eda K., Brian P. O’Connor, T Matt Holl, Kelly E. Roney, Albert G. Zimmermann, Sushmita Jha, Garnett Kelsoe, and Jenny P-Y Ting. “Plexin-D1 is a novel regulator of germinal centers and humoral immune responses.” J Immunol 186, no. 10 (May 15, 2011): 5603–11. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1003464.
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  - Kelsoe, Garnett. “B cell tolerance: putting the horse before the cart.” Arthritis Rheum 63, no. 5 (May 2011): 1173–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.30162.
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  - McGowan, Patrick O., Thomas A. Hope, Warren H. Meck, Garnett Kelsoe, and Christina L. Williams. “Impaired social recognition memory in recombination activating gene 1-deficient mice.” Brain Res 1383 (April 6, 2011): 187–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2011.02.054.
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  - Kuraoka, Masayuki, Laurie McWilliams, and Garnett Kelsoe. “AID expression during B-cell development: searching for answers.” Immunol Res 49, no. 1–3 (April 2011): 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-010-8185-7.
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  - Cain, Derek W., Pilar B. Snowden, Gregory D. Sempowski, and Garnett Kelsoe. “Inflammation triggers emergency granulopoiesis through a density-dependent feedback mechanism.” Plos One 6, no. 5 (2011): e19957. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019957.
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  - Moody, M Anthony, Ruijun Zhang, Emmanuel B. Walter, Christopher W. Woods, Geoffrey S. Ginsburg, Micah T. McClain, Thomas N. Denny, et al. “H3N2 influenza infection elicits more cross-reactive and less clonally expanded anti-hemagglutinin antibodies than influenza vaccination.” Plos One 6, no. 10 (2011): e25797. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025797.
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  - Kelsoe, Garnett, and Derek Cain. “A new guise for hyper-IgM syndrome.” Blood 116, no. 26 (December 23, 2010): 5785–86. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-09-303404.
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  - Nicely, Nathan I., S Moses Dennison, Leonard Spicer, Richard M. Scearce, Garnett Kelsoe, Yoshihiro Ueda, Haiyan Chen, Hua-Xin Liao, S Munir Alam, and Barton F. Haynes. “Crystal structure of a non-neutralizing antibody to the HIV-1 gp41 membrane-proximal external region.” Nat Struct Mol Biol 17, no. 12 (December 2010): 1492–94. https://doi.org/10.1038/nsmb.1944.
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  - Chen, Huaiyong, Dongmei Liao, Derek Cain, Ian McLeod, Yoshihiro Ueda, Ziqiang Guan, Christian Raetz, and Garnett Kelsoe. “Distinct granuloma responses in C57BL/6J and BALB/cByJ mice in response to pristane.” Int J Exp Pathol 91, no. 5 (October 2010): 460–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2613.2010.00725.x.
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  - Chen, Huaiyong, Dongmei Liao, T Matt Holl, Pilar Snowden, Yoshihiro Ueda, and Garnett Kelsoe. “Genetic regulation of pristane-induced oil granuloma responses.” Int J Exp Pathol 91, no. 5 (October 2010): 472–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2613.2010.00732.x.
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  - Holl, T Matt, Barton F. Haynes, and Garnett Kelsoe. “Stromal cell independent B cell development in vitro: generation and recovery of autoreactive clones.” J Immunol Methods 354, no. 1–2 (March 31, 2010): 53–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jim.2010.01.007.
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  - Verkoczy, Laurent, Marilyn Diaz, T Matt Holl, Ying-Bin Ouyang, Hilary Bouton-Verville, S Munir Alam, Hua-Xin Liao, Garnett Kelsoe, and Barton F. Haynes. “Autoreactivity in an HIV-1 broadly reactive neutralizing antibody variable region heavy chain induces immunologic tolerance.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107, no. 1 (January 5, 2010): 181–86. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912914107.
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  - Verkoczy, Laurent, M Anthony Moody, T Matt Holl, Hilary Bouton-Verville, Richard M. Scearce, Jennifer Hutchinson, S Munir Alam, Garnett Kelsoe, and Barton F. Haynes. “Functional, non-clonal IgMa-restricted B cell receptor interactions with the HIV-1 envelope gp41 membrane proximal external region.” Plos One 4, no. 10 (October 6, 2009): e7215. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007215.
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  - Kuraoka, Masayuki, Dongmei Liao, Kaiyong Yang, Sallie D. Allgood, Marc C. Levesque, Garnett Kelsoe, and Yoshihiro Ueda. “Activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression and activity in the absence of germinal centers: insights into hyper-IgM syndrome.” J Immunol 183, no. 5 (September 1, 2009): 3237–48. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0901548.
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  - Bonsignori, Mattia, M Anthony Moody, Robert J. Parks, T Matt Holl, Garnett Kelsoe, Charles B. Hicks, Nathan Vandergrift, Georgia D. Tomaras, and Barton F. Haynes. “HIV-1 envelope induces memory B cell responses that correlate with plasma antibody levels after envelope gp120 protein vaccination or HIV-1 infection.” J Immunol 183, no. 4 (August 15, 2009): 2708–17. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0901068.
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  - Levesque, Marc C., M Anthony Moody, Kwan-Ki Hwang, Dawn J. Marshall, John F. Whitesides, Joshua D. Amos, Thaddeus C. Gurley, et al. “Polyclonal B cell differentiation and loss of gastrointestinal tract germinal centers in the earliest stages of HIV-1 infection.” Plos Med 6, no. 7 (July 7, 2009): e1000107. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000107.
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  - Lieberman, Anne E., Masayuki Kuraoka, Marco Davila, Garnett Kelsoe, and Lindsay G. Cowell. “Conserved cryptic recombination signals in Vkappa gene segments are cleaved in small pre-B cells.” Bmc Immunol 10 (June 25, 2009): 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2172-10-37.
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  - Ueda, Yoshihiro, Derek W. Cain, Masayuki Kuraoka, Motonari Kondo, and Garnett Kelsoe. “IL-1R type I-dependent hemopoietic stem cell proliferation is necessary for inflammatory granulopoiesis and reactive neutrophilia.” J Immunol 182, no. 10 (May 15, 2009): 6477–84. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0803961.
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  - Cain, Derek, Motonari Kondo, Huaiyong Chen, and Garnett Kelsoe. “Effects of acute and chronic inflammation on B-cell development and differentiation.” J Invest Dermatol 129, no. 2 (February 2009): 266–77. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2008.286.
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  - DiLillo, David J., Yasuhito Hamaguchi, Yoshihiro Ueda, Kaiyong Yang, Junji Uchida, Karen M. Haas, Garnett Kelsoe, and Thomas F. Tedder. “Maintenance of long-lived plasma cells and serological memory despite mature and memory B cell depletion during CD20 immunotherapy in mice.” J Immunol 180, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 361–71. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.180.1.361.
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  - Davila, Marco, Feifei Liu, Lindsay G. Cowell, Anne E. Lieberman, Emily Heikamp, Anjali Patel, and Garnett Kelsoe. “Multiple, conserved cryptic recombination signals in VH gene segments: detection of cleavage products only in pro B cells.” J Exp Med 204, no. 13 (December 24, 2007): 3195–3208. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20071224.
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  - Alam, S Munir, Mildred McAdams, David Boren, Michael Rak, Richard M. Scearce, Feng Gao, Zenaido T. Camacho, et al. “The role of antibody polyspecificity and lipid reactivity in binding of broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 envelope human monoclonal antibodies 2F5 and 4E10 to glycoprotein 41 membrane proximal envelope epitopes.” J Immunol 178, no. 7 (April 1, 2007): 4424–35. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.7.4424.
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  - Ueda, Yoshihiro, Dongmei Liao, Kaiyong Yang, Anjali Patel, and Garnett Kelsoe. “T-independent activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression, class-switch recombination, and antibody production by immature/transitional 1 B cells.” J Immunol 178, no. 6 (March 15, 2007): 3593–3601. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.6.3593.
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  - Volkheimer, Alicia D., J Brice Weinberg, Bethany E. Beasley, John F. Whitesides, Jon P. Gockerman, Joseph O. Moore, Garnett Kelsoe, Barbara K. Goodman, and Marc C. Levesque. “Progressive immunoglobulin gene mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: evidence for antigen-driven intraclonal diversification.” Blood 109, no. 4 (February 15, 2007): 1559–67. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2006-05-020644.
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  - Murray, Janet M., J Patrick O’Neill, Terri Messier, Jami Rivers, Vernon E. Walker, Brien McGonagle, Lucy Trombley, et al. “V(D)J recombinase-mediated processing of coding junctions at cryptic recombination signal sequences in peripheral T cells during human development.” J Immunol 177, no. 8 (October 15, 2006): 5393–5404. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5393.
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  - Holl, T Matt, and Garnett Kelsoe. “Outside influence: TLRs direct hematopoietic cell fates.” Immunity 24, no. 6 (June 2006): 667–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2006.06.007.
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  - Ueda, Yoshihiro, Motonari Kondo, and Garnett Kelsoe. “Inflammation and the reciprocal production of granulocytes and lymphocytes in bone marrow.” J Exp Med 201, no. 11 (June 6, 2005): 1771–80. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20041419.
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  - Haynes, Barton F., M Anthony Moody, Laurent Verkoczy, Garnett Kelsoe, and S Munir Alam. “Antibody polyspecificity and neutralization of HIV-1: a hypothesis.” Hum Antibodies 14, no. 3–4 (2005): 59–67.
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  - Cowell, Lindsay G., Marco Davila, Dale Ramsden, and Garnett Kelsoe. “Computational tools for understanding sequence variability in recombination signals.” Immunol Rev 200 (August 2004): 57–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00171.x.
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  - Gunn, Michael D., and Garnett Kelsoe. “Should we B-leavin' now?” Nat Immunol 5, no. 7 (July 2004): 703–4. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni0704-703.
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  - Ueda, Yoshihiro, Kaiyong Yang, Sandra J. Foster, Motonari Kondo, and Garnett Kelsoe. “Inflammation controls B lymphopoiesis by regulating chemokine CXCL12 expression.” J Exp Med 199, no. 1 (January 5, 2004): 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20031104.
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  - Kincade, Paul W., and Garnett Kelsoe. “A birthday for B cells: Lymphopoiesis II, a scientific symposium honoring Max Cooper.” Nat Immunol 4, no. 12 (December 2003): 1155–57. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1203-1155.
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  - Sharov, Alexei A., Yulan Piao, Ryo Matoba, Dawood B. Dudekula, Yong Qian, Vincent VanBuren, Geppino Falco, et al. “Transcriptome analysis of mouse stem cells and early embryos.” Plos Biol 1, no. 3 (December 2003): E74. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0000074.
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  - Kelsoe, Garnett. “Therapeutic CD154 antibody for lupus: promise for the future?” J Clin Invest 112, no. 10 (November 2003): 1480–82. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI20371.
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  - Lee, Alfred Ian, Sebastian D. Fugmann, Lindsay G. Cowell, Leon M. Ptaszek, Garnett Kelsoe, and David G. Schatz. “A functional analysis of the spacer of V(D)J recombination signal sequences.” Plos Biol 1, no. 1 (October 2003): E1. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0000001.
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  - Han, Shuhua, Kaiyong Yang, Zeynep Ozen, Weiyi Peng, Ekaterina Marinova, Garnett Kelsoe, and Biao Zheng. “Enhanced differentiation of splenic plasma cells but diminished long-lived high-affinity bone marrow plasma cells in aged mice.” J Immunol 170, no. 3 (February 1, 2003): 1267–73. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.170.3.1267.
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  - Cowell, Lindsay G., Marco Davila, Kaiyong Yang, Thomas B. Kepler, and Garnett Kelsoe. “Prospective estimation of recombination signal efficiency and identification of functional cryptic signals in the genome by statistical modeling.” J Exp Med 197, no. 2 (January 20, 2003): 207–20. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20020250.
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  - Liang, Hong-Erh, Lih-Yun Hsu, Dragana Cado, Lindsay G. Cowell, Garnett Kelsoe, and Mark S. Schlissel. “The "dispensable" portion of RAG2 is necessary for efficient V-to-DJ rearrangement during B and T cell development.” Immunity 17, no. 5 (November 2002): 639–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00448-x.
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  - Dal Porto, Joseph M., Ann M. Haberman, Garnett Kelsoe, and Mark J. Shlomchik. “Very low affinity B cells form germinal centers, become memory B cells, and participate in secondary immune responses when higher affinity competition is reduced.” J Exp Med 195, no. 9 (May 6, 2002): 1215–21. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20011550.
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  - Cowell, Lindsay G., Marco Davila, Thomas B. Kepler, and Garnett Kelsoe. “Identification and utilization of arbitrary correlations in models of recombination signal sequences.” Genome Biol 3, no. 12 (2002): RESEARCH0072. https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2002-3-12-research0072.
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  - Luzina, I. G., S. P. Atamas, C. E. Storrer, L. C. daSilva, G. Kelsoe, J. C. Papadimitriou, and B. S. Handwerger. “Spontaneous formation of germinal centers in autoimmune mice.” J Leukoc Biol 70, no. 4 (October 2001): 578–84.
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  - Sandel, P. C., M. Gendelman, G. Kelsoe, and J. G. Monroe. “Definition of a novel cellular constituent of the bone marrow that regulates the response of immature B cells to B cell antigen receptor engagement.” J Immunol 166, no. 10 (May 15, 2001): 5935–44. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.166.10.5935.
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  - Cerasoli, D. M., G. Kelsoe, and M. Sarzotti. “CD4+Thy1- thymocytes with a Th-type 2 cytokine response.” Int Immunol 13, no. 1 (January 2001): 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/13.1.75.
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  - Davila, M., S. Foster, G. Kelsoe, and K. Yang. “A role for secondary V(D)J recombination in oncogenic chromosomal translocations?” Adv Cancer Res 81 (2001): 61–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-230x(01)81002-2.
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  - Chen, Z., S. B. Koralov, and G. Kelsoe. “Complement C4 inhibits systemic autoimmunity through a mechanism independent of complement receptors CR1 and CR2.” J Exp Med 192, no. 9 (November 6, 2000): 1339–52. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.192.9.1339.
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  - Kelsoe, G. “Remembrance of things past.” Nat Immunol 1, no. 5 (November 2000): 375–76. https://doi.org/10.1038/80811.
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  - Chen, Z., S. B. Koralov, and G. Kelsoe. “Regulation of humoral immune responses by CD21/CD35.” Immunol Rev 176 (August 2000): 194–204. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-065x.2000.00603.x.
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  - Chen, Z., S. B. Koralov, M. Gendelman, M. C. Carroll, and G. Kelsoe. “Humoral immune responses in Cr2-/- mice: enhanced affinity maturation but impaired antibody persistence.” J Immunol 164, no. 9 (May 1, 2000): 4522–32. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.164.9.4522.
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  - Langdon, S. D., M. Inaioki, G. Kelsoe, and T. F. Tedder. “Germline sequences of V(H)7183 gene family members in C57BL/6 mice demonstrate natural selection of particular sequences during recent evolution.” Immunogenetics 51, no. 3 (March 2000): 241–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002510050038.
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  - Kelsoe, G. “Studies of the humoral immune response.” Immunol Res 22, no. 2–3 (2000): 199–210. https://doi.org/10.1385/IR:22:2-3:199.
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  - Takahashi, Y., D. M. Cerasoli, J. M. Dal Porto, M. Shimoda, R. Freund, W. Fang, D. G. Telander, et al. “Relaxed negative selection in germinal centers and impaired affinity maturation in bcl-xL transgenic mice.” J Exp Med 190, no. 3 (August 2, 1999): 399–410. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.190.3.399.
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  - Monroe, R. J., K. J. Seidl, F. Gaertner, S. Han, F. Chen, J. Sekiguchi, J. Wang, et al. “RAG2:GFP knockin mice reveal novel aspects of RAG2 expression in primary and peripheral lymphoid tissues.” Immunity 11, no. 2 (August 1999): 201–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80095-3.
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  - Luzina, I. G., L. C. daSilva, G. H. Kelsoe, M. Gerdelman, C. E. Storrer, and B. S. Handwerger. “Spontaneous germinal center formation in autoimmune mice.” Faseb Journal 13, no. 5 (March 15, 1999): A956–A956.
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  - Kelsoe, G. “V(D)J hypermutation and receptor revision: coloring outside the lines.” Curr Opin Immunol 11, no. 1 (February 1999): 70–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0952-7915(99)80013-2.
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  - Yang, K., M. Davila, and G. Kelsoe. “Do germinal centers have a role in the generation of lymphomas?” Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 246 (1999): 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60162-0_7.
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  - Dal Porto, J. M., A. M. Haberman, M. J. Shlomchik, and G. Kelsoe. “Antigen drives very low affinity B cells to become plasmacytes and enter germinal centers.” J Immunol 161, no. 10 (November 15, 1998): 5373–81.
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  - Radmacher, M. D., G. Kelsoe, and T. B. Kepler. “Predicted and inferred waiting times for key mutations in the germinal centre reaction: evidence for stochasticity in selection.” Immunol Cell Biol 76, no. 4 (August 1998): 373–81. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1711.1998.00753.x.
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  - Kelsoe, G. “V(D)J hypermutation and DNA mismatch repair: vexed by fixation.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95, no. 12 (June 9, 1998): 6576–77. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.12.6576.
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  - Fischer, M. B., S. Goerg, L. Shen, A. P. Prodeus, C. C. Goodnow, G. Kelsoe, and M. C. Carroll. “Dependence of germinal center B cells on expression of CD21/CD35 for survival.” Science 280, no. 5363 (April 24, 1998): 582–85. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.280.5363.582.
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  - Zheng, B., S. Han, E. Spanopoulou, and G. Kelsoe. “Immunoglobulin gene hypermutation in germinal centers is independent of the RAG-1 V(D)J recombinase.” Immunol Rev 162 (April 1998): 133–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01436.x.
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  - Takahashi, Y., P. R. Dutta, D. M. Cerasoli, and G. Kelsoe. “In situ studies of the primary immune response to (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl. V. Affinity maturation develops in two stages of clonal selection.” J Exp Med 187, no. 6 (March 16, 1998): 885–95. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.187.6.885.
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  - Przylepa, J., C. Himes, and G. Kelsoe. “Lymphocyte development and selection in germinal centers.” Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 229 (1998): 85–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71984-4_8.
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  - Zheng, B., S. Han, Y. Takahashi, and G. Kelsoe. “Immunosenescence and germinal center reaction.” Immunol Rev 160 (December 1997): 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065x.1997.tb01028.x.
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  - Han, S., S. R. Dillon, B. Zheng, M. Shimoda, M. S. Schlissel, and G. Kelsoe. “V(D)J recombinase activity in a subset of germinal center B lymphocytes.” Science 278, no. 5336 (October 10, 1997): 301–5. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5336.301.
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  - Han, S., B. Zheng, Y. Takahashi, and G. Kelsoe. “Distinctive characteristics of germinal center B cells.” Semin Immunol 9, no. 4 (August 1997): 255–60. https://doi.org/10.1006/smim.1997.0081.
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  - Han, S., B. Zheng, D. G. Schatz, E. Spanopoulou, and G. Kelsoe. “Neoteny in lymphocytes: Rag1 and Rag2 expression in germinal center B cells.” Science 274, no. 5295 (December 20, 1996): 2094–97. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5295.2094.
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  - Zheng, B., S. Han, Q. Zhu, R. Goldsby, and G. Kelsoe. “Alternative pathways for the selection of antigen-specific peripheral T cells.” Nature 384, no. 6606 (November 21, 1996): 263–66. https://doi.org/10.1038/384263a0.
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  - Pao, W., L. Wen, A. L. Smith, A. Gulbranson-Judge, B. Zheng, G. Kelsoe, I. C. MacLennan, M. J. Owen, and A. C. Hayday. “Gamma delta T cell help of B cells is induced by repeated parasitic infection, in the absence of other T cells.” Curr Biol 6, no. 10 (October 1, 1996): 1317–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(02)70718-5.
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  - Zheng, B., S. Han, and G. Kelsoe. “T helper cells in murine germinal centers are antigen-specific emigrants that downregulate Thy-1.” J Exp Med 184, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): 1083–91. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.184.3.1083.
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  - Fischer, M. B., M. Ma, S. Goerg, X. Zhou, J. Xia, O. Finco, S. Han, et al. “Regulation of the B cell response to T-dependent antigens by classical pathway complement.” J Immunol 157, no. 2 (July 15, 1996): 549–56.
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  - Ferguson, S. E., S. Han, G. Kelsoe, and C. B. Thompson. “CD28 is required for germinal center formation.” J Immunol 156, no. 12 (June 15, 1996): 4576–81.
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  - Kelsoe, G. “The germinal center: a crucible for lymphocyte selection.” Semin Immunol 8, no. 3 (June 1996): 179–84. https://doi.org/10.1006/smim.1996.0022.
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  - Wen, L., W. Pao, F. S. Wong, Q. Peng, J. Craft, B. Zheng, G. Kelsoe, L. Dianda, M. J. Owen, and A. C. Hayday. “Germinal center formation, immunoglobulin class switching, and autoantibody production driven by "non alpha/beta" T cells.” J Exp Med 183, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): 2271–82. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.183.5.2271.
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  - Croix, D. A., J. M. Ahearn, A. M. Rosengard, S. Han, G. Kelsoe, M. Ma, and M. C. Carroll. “Antibody response to a T-dependent antigen requires B cell expression of complement receptors.” J Exp Med 183, no. 4 (April 1, 1996): 1857–64. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.183.4.1857.
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  - Kelsoe, G. “Life and death in germinal centers (redux).” Immunity 4, no. 2 (February 1996): 107–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80675-5.
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  - Zheng, B., G. Kelsoe, and S. Han. “Somatic diversification of antibody responses.” J Clin Immunol 16, no. 1 (January 1996): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01540967.
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  - Han, S., B. Zheng, J. Dal Porto, and G. Kelsoe. “In situ studies of the primary immune response to (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl. IV. Affinity-dependent, antigen-driven B cell apoptosis in germinal centers as a mechanism for maintaining self-tolerance.” J Exp Med 182, no. 6 (December 1, 1995): 1635–44. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.182.6.1635.
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  - Miller, C., and G. Kelsoe. “Ig VH hypermutation is absent in the germinal centers of aged mice.” J Immunol 155, no. 7 (October 1, 1995): 3377–84.
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  - Han, S., K. Hathcock, B. Zheng, T. B. Kepler, R. Hodes, and G. Kelsoe. “Cellular interaction in germinal centers. Roles of CD40 ligand and B7-2 in established germinal centers.” J Immunol 155, no. 2 (July 15, 1995): 556–67.
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  - Kelsoe, G. “The germinal center reaction.” Immunol Today 16, no. 7 (July 1995): 324–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-5699(95)80146-4.
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  - Bachl, J., and M. Wabl. “Hypermutation in T cells questioned.” Nature 375, no. 6529 (May 25, 1995): 285–86. https://doi.org/10.1038/375285c0.
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  - Kelsoe, G., B. Zheng, and T. B. Kepler. “Kelsoe et al. reply: Hypermutation in T cells questioned.” Nature 375, no. 6529 (May 25, 1995): 286. https://doi.org/10.1038/375286a0.
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  - Miller, C., J. Stedra, G. Kelsoe, and J. Cerny. “Facultative role of germinal centers and T cells in the somatic diversification of IgVH genes.” J Exp Med 181, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 1319–31. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.181.4.1319.
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  - Kaushik, A., G. Kelsoe, and J. C. Jaton. “The nude mutation results in impaired primary antibody repertoire.” Eur J Immunol 25, no. 2 (February 1995): 631–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.1830250249.
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  - Kelsoe, G. “In situ studies of the germinal center reaction.” Adv Immunol 60 (1995): 267–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60587-8.
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  - Saitoh, Y., G. Kelsoe, C. Bona, and A. Kaushik. “Skewed VH and V kappa gene family expression and pairing occurs among B lymphocytes in autoimmune motheaten mice.” Autoimmunity 21, no. 3 (1995): 185–93. https://doi.org/10.3109/08916939509008015.
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  - Zheng, B., W. Xue, and G. Kelsoe. “Locus-specific somatic hypermutation in germinal centre T cells.” Nature 372, no. 6506 (December 8, 1994): 556–59. https://doi.org/10.1038/372556a0.
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  - Miller, C., G. Kelsoe, and S. Han. “Lack of B7-2 expression in the germinal centers of aged mice.” Aging: Immunology and Infectious Disease 5, no. 3–4 (December 1, 1994): 249–57.
  - Kelsoe, G. “B cell diversification and differentiation in the periphery.” J Exp Med 180, no. 1 (July 1, 1994): 5–6. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.180.1.5.
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  - Jacob, J., J. Przylepa, C. Miller, and G. Kelsoe. “In situ studies of the primary immune response to (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl. III. The kinetics of V region mutation and selection in germinal center B cells.” J Exp Med 178, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): 1293–1307. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.178.4.1293.
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  - Yurovsky, V. V., and G. Kelsoe. “Pairing of VH gene families with the lambda 1 light chain: evidence for a non-stochastic association.” Eur J Immunol 23, no. 8 (August 1993): 1975–79. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.1830230837.
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  - Kelsoe, G., and B. Zheng. “Sites of B-cell activation in vivo.” Curr Opin Immunol 5, no. 3 (June 1993): 418–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/0952-7915(93)90062-w.
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  - Jacob, J., and G. Kelsoe. “In situ studies of the primary immune response to (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl. II. A common clonal origin for periarteriolar lymphoid sheath-associated foci and germinal centers.” J Exp Med 176, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 679–87. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.176.3.679.
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  - Goidl, E. A., J. Cerny, G. Kelsoe, and D. H. Schulze. “Aging and humoral immunity.” Md Med J 41, no. 7 (July 1992): 609–13.
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  - Jacob, J., C. Miller, and G. Kelsoe. “In situ studies of the antigen-driven somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes.” Immunol Cell Biol 70 ( Pt 2) (April 1992): 145–52. https://doi.org/10.1038/icb.1992.19.
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  - Jacob, J., G. Kelsoe, K. Rajewsky, and U. Weiss. “Intraclonal generation of antibody mutants in germinal centres.” Nature 354, no. 6352 (December 5, 1991): 389–92. https://doi.org/10.1038/354389a0.
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  - Jacob, J., R. Kassir, and G. Kelsoe. “In situ studies of the primary immune response to (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl. I. The architecture and dynamics of responding cell populations.” J Exp Med 173, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 1165–75. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.173.5.1165.
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  - Kaushik, A., L. Reininger, G. Kelsoe, J. C. Jaton, and C. Bona. “Contribution of the VH11 gene family to mitogen-responsive B cell repertoire in C57BL/6 mice.” Eur J Immunol 21, no. 3 (March 1991): 827–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.1830210344.
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  - Sarzotti, M., V. Kumar, M. Bennett, and G. Kelsoe. “Cloning of murine splenic T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells on filter paper discs: detection of a novel NK/T phenotype.” Eur J Immunol 21, no. 3 (March 1991): 635–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.1830210315.
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  - Kelsoe, G. “The primary antibody repertoire: the somatic genotype and paratopic phenotype of B-cell populations.” Immunol Ser 55 (1991): 81–92.
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  - Bona, C. A., Y. Saitoh, and G. Kelsoe. “Pairing of VK and VK gene families in self-reactive antibodies.” J Clin Immunol 10, no. 5 (September 1990): 223–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00916698.
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  - Kaushik, A., D. H. Schulze, F. A. Bonilla, C. Bona, and G. Kelsoe. “Stochastic pairing of heavy-chain and kappa light-chain variable gene families occurs in polyclonally activated B cells.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87, no. 13 (July 1990): 4932–36. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.13.4932.
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  - Striebich, C. C., R. M. Miceli, D. H. Schulze, G. Kelsoe, and J. Cerny. “Antigen-binding repertoire and Ig H chain gene usage among B cell hybridomas from normal and autoimmune mice.” J Immunol 144, no. 5 (March 1, 1990): 1857–65.
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  - Kaushik, A., D. H. Schulze, C. Bona, and G. Kelsoe. “Murine V kappa gene expression does not follow the VH paradigm.” J Exp Med 169, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 1859–64. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.169.5.1859.
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  - Kelsoe, G., R. Miceli, J. Cerny, and D. H. Schulze. “Mapping of antibody specificities to VH gene families.” Immunogenetics 29, no. 5 (1989): 288–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00352838.
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  - Schulze, D. H., and G. Kelsoe. “Genotypic analysis of B cell colonies by in situ hybridization. Stoichiometric expression of three VH families in adult C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice.” J Exp Med 166, no. 1 (July 1, 1987): 163–72. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.166.1.163.
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  - Kelsoe, G. “Cloning of mitogen- and antigen-reactive B lymphocytes on filter paper disks: phenotypic and genotypic analysis of B cell colonies.” Methods Enzymol 150 (1987): 287–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(87)50086-6.
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  - Kelsoe, G., and J. T. Stout. “Cloning of mitogen- and antigen-reactive B lymphocytes on filter paper discs. II. Paratope frequencies within the mitogen-selected repertoire.” Cell Immunol 98, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 506–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8749(86)90309-6.
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  - Kelsoe, G. “Regulation of the immune response. II. Concomitant idiotope-specific enhancement and suppression can result in a phenotypically normal response.” Cell Immunol 98, no. 1 (March 1986): 145–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8749(86)90275-3.
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  - Kelsoe, G. “Cloning of mitogen- and antigen-reactive B lymphocytes on filter paper discs. I. A description of the technique and of methods for the analysis of colonies.” J Immunol Methods 76, no. 2 (February 11, 1985): 345–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(85)90312-6.
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  - Cerny, J., and G. Kelsoe. “Priority of the anti-idiotypic response after antigen administration: artefact or intriguing network mechanism?” Immunology Today 5, no. 3 (January 1, 1984): 61–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-5699(84)90165-8.
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  - Kelsoe, G. “Network interactions, 1983.” Surv Immunol Res 3, no. 2–3 (1984): 169–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02918786.
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  - Beyreuther, K., J. Bovens, M. Brüggemann, R. Dildrop, G. Kelsoe, U. Krawinkel, C. Müller, S. Nishikawa, A. Radbruch, and M. Reth. “Idiotypic determinants used in the analysis of antibody diversification and as regulatory targets.” Ann N Y Acad Sci 418 (1983): 121–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1983.tb18060.x.
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  - Kelsoe, G. “Network interactions, 1982: audivi, legi, fugi.” Surv Immunol Res 2, no. 3 (1983): 230–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02918418.
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  - Sacks, D. L., G. H. Kelsoe, and D. H. Sachs. “Induction of immune responses with anti-idiotypic antibodies: implications for the induction of protective immunity.” Springer Semin Immunopathol 6, no. 1 (1983): 79–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01857368.
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  - Kelsoe, G., M. Reth, and K. Rajewsky. “Control of idiotope expression by monoclonal anti-idiotope and idiotope-bearing antibody.” Eur J Immunol 11, no. 5 (May 1981): 418–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.1830110513.
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  - Reth, M., G. Kelsoe, and K. Rajewsky. “Idiotypic regulation by isologous monoclonal anti-idiotope antibodies.” Nature 290, no. 5803 (March 19, 1981): 257–59. https://doi.org/10.1038/290257a0.
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  - Kelsoe, G., D. Isaak, and J. Cerny. “Thymic requirement for cyclical idiotypic and reciprocal anti-idiotypic immune responses to a T-independent antigen.” J Exp Med 151, no. 2 (February 1, 1980): 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.151.2.289.
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  - Kelsoe, G., M. Reth, and K. Rajewsky. “Control idiotope expression by monoclonal anti-idiotope antibodies.” Immunol Rev 52 (1980): 75–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065x.1980.tb00331.x.
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  - Kelsoe, G., and J. Cerny. “Reciprocal expansions of idiotypic and anti-idiotypic clones following antigen stimulation.” Nature 279, no. 5711 (May 24, 1979): 333–34. https://doi.org/10.1038/279333a0.
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  - Shadduck, J. A., G. Kelsoe, and R. J. Helmke. “A microsporidan contaminant of a nonhuman primate cell culture: ultrastructural comparison with Nosema connori.” J Parasitol 65, no. 1 (February 1979): 185–88.
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  - Kelsoe, G. H., and T. H. Weller. “Immunodiagnosis of infection with Schistosoma mansoni: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibody to circulating antigen.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 75, no. 11 (November 1978): 5715–17. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.75.11.5715.
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  - Kelsoe, G., and J. Cerny. “Regulation of the immune response. I. Regulatory cell equilibrium in the "virgin" state.” Eur J Immunol 8, no. 3 (March 1978): 176–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.1830080307.
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  - Kelsoe, G. H., J. E. Ubelaker, and V. F. Allison. “The fine structure of spermatogenesis in Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda) with a description of the mature spermatozoon.” Z Parasitenkd 54, no. 2 (December 27, 1977): 175–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00380800.
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- Book Sections
  - Haynes, B. F., K. O. Saunders, G. Kelsoe, J. R. Mascola, and G. J. Nabel. “The Cellular and Molecular Biology of HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies.” In Molecular Biology of B Cells: Second Edition, 441–61, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-397933-9.00024-2.
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  - Sharov, A. A., Y. Piao, R. Matoba, D. B. Dudekula, Y. Qian, V. VanBuren, G. Falco, et al. “Transcriptome analysis of mouse stem cells and early embryos.” In Current Research in Embryology, 160–80, 2011.
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