Scholars@Duke

• Background
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  Education, Training, & Certifications

  • Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University 1965
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  Previous Appointments & Affiliations

  • Professor of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Psychology & Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 1972 - 2006
  • Chair, Psychology & Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 1991 - 1997
  • Associate Professor with Tenure, Psychology & Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 1968 - 1972
  • Assistant Professor, Psychology & Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 1965 - 1968
• Research
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  Selected Grants

  • On Categorizing Sounds awarded by Air Force Office of Scientific Research 1987 - 1990
  • The Perception of Structure: A Scientific Conference awarded by Office of Naval Research 1989 - 1990
• Publications & Artistic Works
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  Selected Publications

  • Academic Articles

    • Lockhead, G. R. “Absolute judgments are relative: A reinterpretation of some psychophysical ideas.” Review of General Psychology 8, no. 4 (January 1, 2004): 265–72. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.8.4.265.
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    • Huettel, S. A., and G. Lockhead. “Variability is not uniformily bad: The practices of psychologists generate research questions.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, no. 3 (January 1, 2001): 418–19. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x01394141.
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    • Huettel, S. A., and G. Lockhead. “Psychologically rational choice: Selection between alternatives in a multiple-equilibrium game.” Cognitive Systems Research 1, no. 3 (January 1, 2000): 143–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-0417(00)00006-1.
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    • Huettel, S. A., and G. R. Lockhead. “Range effects of an irrelevant dimension on classification.” Perception & Psychophysics 61, no. 8 (November 1999): 1624–45. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03213123.
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    • Dragoi, V., and G. R. Lockhead. “Context-Dependent Changes in Visual Sensitivity Induced by Muller-Lyer Stimuli.” Vision Research 39 (1999): 1657–70.
    • Lockhead, G. R., and S. A. Huettel. “Isomorphisms and subjective colors.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 6 (January 1, 1999): 959–60. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X99392219.
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    • Huettel, Scott A., and Gregory R. Lockhead. “A framework for structural constraints on feature creation.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, no. 1 (February 1998): 29–29. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x98380103.
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    • Lockhead, G. “The bases for simple judgments are complex: Review of Sensation and Judgment by J.C. Baird.” American Journal of Psychology 111, no. 2 (1998): 296–303.
    • Lockhead, G., V. Dragoi, and M. L. Wolbarsht. “The micfogenesis of geometrical illusions: contextdependent changes in visiual sensitivity and the muller-lyer effect.” Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 38, no. 4 (December 1, 1997).
    • Lockhead, G. R., V. Dragoi, and M. Wolbarsht. “The Microgenesis of Geometrical Illusions: Context-Dependent Changes in Visual Sensitivity and the Muller-Lyer Effect.” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 38, no. S643 (1997).
    • Lockhead, G. “Psycholphysical scaling methods reveal and measure context effects.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (1995): 601–12.
    • LOCKHEAD, G. R. “IT IS TIME FOR A CHANGE - AUTHORS RESPONSE.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17, no. 4 (December 1994): 766–71. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00037109.
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    • Lockhead, G. “Psychological measures of objects and their features: It is time for a change.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17, no. 4 (1994): 757–72.
    • Lockhead, Gregory R. “A parallel view of the history of psychophysics.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16, no. 1 (March 1993): 154–55. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00029423.
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    • Lockhead, G. R. “Psychophysical scaling: Judgments of attributes or objects?” The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15, no. 3 (September 1992): 543–58. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00069934.
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    • Lockhead, G. “Constancy in a changing world.” Behavioral & Brain Sciences 15 (1992): 587–601.
    • Lockhead, G. R., and M. L. Wolbarsht. “Toying with the moon illusion.” Applied Optics 30, no. 24 (August 1991): 3504–7. https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.30.003504.
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    • Allan, L. G., S. Siegel, P. Toppan, and G. R. Lockhead. “Assessment of the McCollough effect by a shift in psychometric function.” Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 29, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 21–24. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03334757.
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    • Seaber, J., and G. R. Lockhead. “McCullough aftereffects in strabismus and amblyopia.” Vision Research 29 (1989): 609–17.
    • Lockhead, G. R., and M. King. “Assimilation and contrast: Two processes or one?” New Ideas in Psychology 6 (1988): 293–99.
    • Lockhead, G. “Modeling temporal and spatial differences.” The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11 (1988): 302–3.
    • Seaber, J. H., B. Fisher, G. R. Lockhead, and M. L. Wolbarsht. “Incidence and characteristics of McCollough aftereffects following video display terminal use.” J Occup Med 29, no. 9 (September 1987): 727–29.
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    • Hinson, J. M., and G. R. Lockhead. “Momentary and global maximizing.” Behavioural Processes 14, no. 1 (February 1987): 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-6357(87)90064-7.
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    • Lockhead, G. “Category thresholds.” Fechner Day, Northampton, Ma: International Society for Psychophysics, 1987, 23–28.
    • Wallace, W. T., and G. R. Lockhead. “Brightness of luminance distributions with gradual changes.” Vision Research 27, no. 9 (January 1987): 1589–1601. https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(87)90167-2.
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    • Lockhead, G. R., and J. Hinson. “Range and sequence effects in judgment.” Perception & Psychophysics 40, no. 1 (July 1986): 53–61. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03207594.
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    • Hinson, J., and G. R. Lockhead. “Range effects in successive discrimination procedures.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 12 (1986): 270–76.
    • Wolbarsht, M. L., and G. R. Lockhead. “Moon illusion: a new perspective.” Applied Optics 24, no. 12 (June 1985): 1844. https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.24.001844.
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    • Bradow, F., G. R. Lockhead, and R. Bradow. “Implications of perception thresholds for soiling.” Proceedings of the Air Pollution Control Association, 8.5, 1985, 1–20.
    • Lockhead, G. R., and M. C. King. “A memory model of sequential effects in scaling tasks.” Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance 9, no. 3 (June 1983): 461–73. https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-1523.9.3.461.
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    • Reed, S. K., H. S. Hock, and G. R. Lockhead. “Tacit knowledge and the effect of pattern configuration on mental scanning.” Memory & Cognition 11, no. 2 (March 1983): 137–43. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03213468.
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    • Lockhead, G. “A word processor induced visual aftereffect.” Human Factors Society Bulletin 26 (1983): 2–7.
    • Lockhead, G. “Biologic Analogues of Image Inhancement and the Dynamics of the Visual System.” Technical Report to the Southeastern Center for Electrical Engineering Education, 1983, 138.
    • Lockhead, G. R. “Practically perfect performance.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 71, no. 3 (March 1982): 755–56. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.387501.
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    • King, M. C., and G. R. Lockhead. “Response scales and sequential effects in judgment.” Perception & Psychophysics 30, no. 6 (December 1981): 599–603. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03202016.
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    • Lockhead, G. R. “Context affects measures of sensory intensity.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4, no. 2 (January 1, 1981): 196–97. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00008360.
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    • Lockhead, G. R., and R. Byrd. “Practically perfect pitch.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 70, no. 2 (January 1, 1981): 387–89. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.386773.
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    • Lockhead, G. R., and W. B. Crist. “Making letters distinctive.” Journal of Educational Psychology 72, no. 4 (August 1, 1980): 483–93. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.72.4.483.
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    • Lockhead, G. R., R. C. Johnson, and F. M. Gold. “Saltation through the blind spot.” Perception & Psychophysics 27, no. 6 (June 1980): 545–49. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03198683.
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    • Gruenewald, P. J., and G. R. Lockhead. “The free recall of category examples.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 6, no. 3 (May 1, 1980): 225–40. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.6.3.225.
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    • Staddon, J. E. R., M. King, and G. R. Lockhead. “On sequential effects in absolute judgments.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 6 (1980): 290–301.
    • Lockhead, G. R. “Holistic versus analytic process models: a reply.” Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance 5, no. 4 (November 1979): 746–55. https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-1523.5.4.746.
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    • King, M. C., W. B. Crist, and G. R. Lockhead. “Context and goodness in a focusing task.” Perception &Amp; Psychophysics 26, no. 4 (July 1, 1979): 305–11. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03199885.
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    • Lockhead, G. R., and N. J. Evans. “Emmert’s imaginal law.” Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 13, no. 2 (January 1, 1979): 114–16. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03335030.
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    • Lockhead, G. R., P. Gruenewald, and M. King. “Holistic vs. attribute repetition effects in classifying stimuli.” Memory & Cognition 6, no. 4 (July 1978): 438–45. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03197477.
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    • King, Michael C., Paul Gruenewald, and Gregory R. Lockhead. “Classifying related stimuli.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning &Amp; Memory 4, no. 5 (1978): 417–27. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.4.5.417.
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    • White, C. W., G. R. Lockhead, and N. J. Evans. “Multidimensional scaling of subjective colors by color-blind observers.” Perception &Amp; Psychophysics 21, no. 6 (November 1, 1977): 522–26. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03198732.
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    • Lockhead, G. R., and M. C. King. “Classifying intergral stimuli.” Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance 3, no. 3 (August 1977): 436–43. https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-1523.3.3.436.
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    • Walker, C. F., G. R. Lockhead, D. R. Markle, and J. H. McElhaney. “Parameters of stimulation and perception in an artificial sensory feedback system.” Journal of Bioengineering 1, no. 3 (August 1977): 251–56.
    • Monahan, J. S., and G. R. Lockhead. “Identification of integral stimuli.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 106, no. 1 (March 1, 1977): 94–110. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.106.1.94.
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    • Hutchinson, J Wesley, and G. R. Lockhead. “Similarity as distance: A structural principle for semantic memory.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning &Amp; Memory 3, no. 6 (1977): 660–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.3.6.660.
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    • Monahan, J., and G. R. Lockhead. “Concerning processes involved in judging redundant two-dimensional stimuli.” Proceedings of the American Psychological Association, 1974.
    • Gravetter, F., and G. R. Lockhead. “Criterial range as a frame of reference for stimulus judgment.” Psychological Review 80, no. 3 (May 1973): 203–16. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034281.
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    • Lockhead, G. R. “Processing dimensional stimuli: a note.” Psychological Review 79, no. 5 (September 1972): 410–19. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0033129.
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    • Gravetter, F. J., and G. R. Lockhead. “Critical response as a frame of a reference for judgment.” Program of the Psychonomic Society, 1972, 26.
    • Ward, L. M., and G. R. Lockhead. “Response system processes in absolute judgment.” Perception & Psychophysics 9 (1971): 73–78.
    • Arend, L. E., J. N. Buehler, and G. R. Lockhead. “Difference information and brightness perception.” Perception & Psychophysics 9 (1971): 367–70.
    • Lockhead, G. R. “Identification and the form of multidimensional discrimination space.” Journal of Experimental Psychology 85, no. 1 (July 1970): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0029508.
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    • Ward, L. M., and G. R. Lockhead. “Sequential effects and memory in category judgments.” Journal of Experimental Psychology 84 (1970): 27–34.
    • Gravetter, F. J., and G. R. Lockhead. “Criterial dispersion's and the stimulus range.” Proceedings 78th Annual Apa Convention, 1969, 41–42.
    • Lockhead, G. R., and L. M. Ward. “Memorial processes and category judgments.” Psychonomic Bulletin 15 (1969).
    • Lockhead, G. R., and N. Khokhlov. “Multidimensional discriminability and salience of attributes.” Proceedings of the Eastern Psychological Association, 1968, 132.
    • Holland, M. K., and G. R. Lockhead. “Sequential effects in absolute judgments of loudness.” Perception & Psychophysics 3 (1968): 409–14.
    • Lockhead, G. “Form of redundancy and identification of three-dimensional stimuli.” Psychonomic Bulletin 1 (October 1967): 2.
    • Crovitz, H. F., and G. R. Lockhead. “Possible monocular predictors of binocular rivalry of contours.” Perception &Amp; Psychophysics 2, no. 2 (February 1, 1967): 83–85. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03212468.
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    • Lockhead, G. R. “Effects of dimensional redundancy on visual discrimination.” Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 1 (July 1966): 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0023319.
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    • Lockhead, G. “Visual discrimination and methods of presenting redundant stimuli.” Proceedings of the American Psychological Association, 1966, 67–68.
    • Chapanis, A., and G. R. Lockhead. “A test of the effectiveness of sensor lines showing linkages between displays and controls.” Human Factors 7, no. 3 (June 1965): 219–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872086500700304.
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    • Lockhead, G. “Repetition redundancy and visual form discrimination.” Psychonomic Science 3 (1965): 319–20.
    • Lockhead, G. “Methods of presenting paired associates.” Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1 (1962): 62–65.
    • Lockhead, G., and E. T. Klemmer. “Productivity and errors in two keying tasks: A field study.” Journal of Applied Psychology 46 (1962): 401–8.
    • LOCKHEAD, G. R. “A re-evaluation of evidence of one-trial associative learning.” The American Journal of Psychology 74 (December 1961): 590–95. https://doi.org/10.2307/1419670.
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  • Conference Papers

    • Lockhead, G. R. “Psychophysical scaling methods reveal and measure context effects.” In Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 18:607–12, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00040097.
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