Gregory R. Lockhead | Scholars@Duke

Gregory R. Lockhead
Professor Emeritus of Psychological and Brain Sciences

Theoretical issues of cognitive processes (perception and categorization), and measurement issues of psychophysics (vision, audition, judgment, context), as they relate to questions about identification and classification (e.g., How will I recognize you the next time I see you?).

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Professor Emeritus of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Psychology and Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 2006

Contact Information

242 Soc-Psych, Durham, NC 27708
Box 90086, Durham, NC 27708-0086
greg@psych.duke.edu (919) 660-5704

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University 1965
Duke Appointment History
- Professor of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Psychology and Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 1972 - 2006
- Chair, Psychology and Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 1991 - 1997
- Associate Professor with Tenure, Psychology and Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 1968 - 1972
- Assistant Professor, Psychology and Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 1965 - 1968
Research
Selected Grants
- (89-0037) On Categorizing Sounds awarded by Air Force Office of Scientific Research 1987 - 1990
- (87-0225) On Categorizing Sounds awarded by Air Force Office of Scientific Research 1987 - 1990
- (90-0255) On Categorizing Sounds awarded by Air Force Office of Scientific Research 1987 - 1990
- (89-0486) The Perception of Structure: A Scientific Conference awarded by Office of Naval Research 1989 - 1990
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Academic Articles
  - Lockhead, G. R. “Absolute judgments are relative: A reinterpretation of some psychophysical ideas.” Review of General Psychology 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2004): 265–72. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.8.4.265.
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  - Huettel, S. A., and G. Lockhead. “Variability is not uniformily bad: The practices of psychologists generate research questions.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, no. 3 (October 29, 2001): 418–19.
  - Huettel, S. A., and G. Lockhead. “Psychologically rational choice: Selection between alternatives in a multiple-equilibrium game.” Cognitive Systems Research 1, no. 3 (January 1, 2000): 143–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-0417(00)00006-1.
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  - Huettel, S. A., and G. R. Lockhead. “Range effects of an irrelevant dimension on classification..” Perception & Psychophysics 61, no. 8 (November 1999): 1624–45. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03213123.
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  - Dragoi, V., and G. R. Lockhead. “Context-Dependent Changes in Visual Sensitivity Induced by Muller-Lyer Stimuli.” Vision Research 39 (1999): 1657–70.
  - Lockhead, G. R., and S. A. Huettel. “Isomorphisms and subjective colors.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 6 (January 1, 1999): 959–60. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X99392219.
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  - Huettel, Scott A., and Gregory R. Lockhead. “A framework for structural constraints on feature creation.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, no. 1 (February 1998): 29–29. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x98380103.
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  - Lockhead, G. “The bases for simple judgments are complex: Review of Sensation and Judgment by J.C. Baird.” American Journal of Psychology 111, no. 2 (1998): 296–303.
  - Lockhead, G., V. Dragoi, and M. L. Wolbarsht. “The micfogenesis of geometrical illusions: contextdependent changes in visiual sensitivity and the muller-lyer effect.” Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 38, no. 4 (December 1, 1997).
  - Lockhead, G. R., V. Dragoi, and M. Wolbarsht. “The Microgenesis of Geometrical Illusions: Context-Dependent Changes in Visual Sensitivity and the Muller-Lyer Effect.” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 38, no. S643 (1997).
  - Lockhead, Gregory R. “Psychophysical scaling methods reveal and measure context effects.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18, no. 03 (September 1995): 607–607. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00040097.
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  - Lockhead, G. “Psycholphysical scaling methods reveal and measure context effects.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (1995): 601–12.
  - LOCKHEAD, G. R. “IT IS TIME FOR A CHANGE - AUTHORS RESPONSE.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17, no. 4 (December 1, 1994): 766–71. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00037109.
    Full Text Link to Item
  - Lockhead, G. R. “Psychophysical measures of objects and their features: It is time for a change.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17, no. 4 (January 1, 1994): 766–72. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00037109.
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  - Lockhead, G. “Psychological measures of objects and their features: It is time for a change.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17, no. 4 (1994): 757–72.
  - Lockhead, Gregory R. “A parallel view of the history of psychophysics.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16, no. 1 (March 1993): 154–55. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00029423.
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  - Lockhead, G. R. “Psychophysical scaling: Judgments of attributes or objects?.” The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15, no. 3 (September 1992): 543–58. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00069934.
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  - Lockhead, G. R. “Constancy in a changing world.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15, no. 3 (January 1, 1992): 587–600. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00070242.
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  - Lockhead, G. R., and M. L. Wolbarsht. “Toying with the moon illusion..” Applied Optics 30, no. 24 (August 1991): 3504–7. https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.30.003504.
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  - Allan, L. G., S. Siegel, P. Toppan, and G. R. Lockhead. “Assessment of the McCollough effect by a shift in psychometric function.” Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 29, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 21–24. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03334757.
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  - Seaber, J., and G. R. Lockhead. “McCullough aftereffects in strabismus and amblyopia.” Vision Research 29 (1989): 609–17.
  - Lockhead, G. R. “Modeling temporal and spatial differences.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 1, 1988): 302–3. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00050044.
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  - Lockhead, G. R., and M. King. “Assimilation and contrast: Two processes or one?.” New Ideas in Psychology 6 (1988): 293–99.
  - Seaber, J. H., B. Fisher, G. R. Lockhead, and M. L. Wolbarsht. “Incidence and characteristics of McCollough aftereffects following video display terminal use..” J Occup Med 29, no. 9 (September 1987): 727–29.
    Link to Item
  - Hinson, J. M., and G. R. Lockhead. “Momentary and global maximizing..” Behavioural Processes 14, no. 1 (February 1987): 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-6357(87)90064-7.
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  - Lockhead, G. “Category thresholds.” Fechner Day, Northampton, Ma: International Society for Psychophysics, 1987, 23–28.
  - Wallace, W. T., and G. R. Lockhead. “Brightness of luminance distributions with gradual changes..” Vision Research 27, no. 9 (January 1987): 1589–1601. https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(87)90167-2.
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  - Lockhead, G. R., and J. Hinson. “Range and sequence effects in judgment..” Perception & Psychophysics 40, no. 1 (July 1986): 53–61. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03207594.
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  - Hinson, J., and G. R. Lockhead. “Range effects in successive discrimination procedures.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 12 (1986): 270–76.
  - Wolbarsht, M. L., and G. R. Lockhead. “Moon illusion: a new perspective..” Applied Optics 24, no. 12 (June 1985). https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.24.001844.
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  - Bradow, F., G. R. Lockhead, and R. Bradow. “Implications of perception thresholds for soiling.” Proceedings of the Air Pollution Control Association, 8.5, 1985, 1–20.
  - Lockhead, G. R., and M. C. King. “A memory model of sequential effects in scaling tasks..” Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance 9, no. 3 (June 1983): 461–73. https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-1523.9.3.461.
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  - Reed, S. K., H. S. Hock, and G. R. Lockhead. “Tacit knowledge and the effect of pattern configuration on mental scanning..” Memory & Cognition 11, no. 2 (March 1983): 137–43. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03213468.
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  - Lockhead, G. “A word processor induced visual aftereffect.” Human Factors Society Bulletin 26 (1983): 2–7.
  - Lockhead, G. “Biologic Analogues of Image Inhancement and the Dynamics of the Visual System.” Technical Report to the Southeastern Center for Electrical Engineering Education, 1983.
  - Lockhead, G. R. “Practically perfect performance..” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 71, no. 3 (March 1982): 755–56. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.387501.
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  - King, M. C., and G. R. Lockhead. “Response scales and sequential effects in judgment..” Perception & Psychophysics 30, no. 6 (December 1981): 599–603. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03202016.
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  - Lockhead, G. R. “Context affects measures of sensory intensity.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4, no. 2 (January 1, 1981): 196–97. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00008360.
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  - Lockhead, G. R., and R. Byrd. “Practically perfect pitch.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 70, no. 2 (January 1, 1981): 387–89. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.386773.
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  - Lockhead, G. R., and W. B. Crist. “Making letters distinctive.” Journal of Educational Psychology 72, no. 4 (August 1, 1980): 483–93. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.72.4.483.
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  - Lockhead, G. R., R. C. Johnson, and F. M. Gold. “Saltation through the blind spot..” Perception & Psychophysics 27, no. 6 (June 1980): 545–49. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03198683.
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  - Gruenewald, P. J., and G. R. Lockhead. “The free recall of category examples.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 6, no. 3 (May 1, 1980): 225–40. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.6.3.225.
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  - Staddon, J. E. R., M. King, and G. R. Lockhead. “On sequential effects in absolute judgments.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 6 (1980): 290–301.
  - Lockhead, G. R. “Holistic versus analytic process models: a reply..” Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance 5, no. 4 (November 1979): 746–55. https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-1523.5.4.746.
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  - King, M. C., W. B. Crist, and G. R. Lockhead. “Context and goodness in a focusing task.” Perception &Amp; Psychophysics 26, no. 4 (July 1, 1979): 305–11. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03199885.
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  - Lockhead, G. R., and N. J. Evans. “Emmert’s imaginal law.” Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 13, no. 2 (January 1, 1979): 114–16. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03335030.
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  - Lockhead, G. R., P. Gruenewald, and M. King. “Holistic vs. attribute repetition effects in classifying stimuli..” Memory & Cognition 6, no. 4 (July 1978): 438–45. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03197477.
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  - King, Michael C., Paul Gruenewald, and Gregory R. Lockhead. “Classifying related stimuli..” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory 4, no. 5 (1978): 417–27. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.4.5.417.
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  - White, C. W., G. R. Lockhead, and N. J. Evans. “Multidimensional scaling of subjective colors by color-blind observers.” Perception &Amp; Psychophysics 21, no. 6 (November 1, 1977): 522–26. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03198732.
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  - Lockhead, G. R., and M. C. King. “Classifying intergral stimuli..” Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance 3, no. 3 (August 1977): 436–43. https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-1523.3.3.436.
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  - Walker, C. F., G. R. Lockhead, D. R. Markle, and J. H. McElhaney. “Parameters of stimulation and perception in an artificial sensory feedback system..” Journal of Bioengineering 1, no. 3 (August 1977): 251–56.
  - Monahan, J. S., and G. R. Lockhead. “Identification of integral stimuli.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 106, no. 1 (March 1, 1977): 94–110. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.106.1.94.
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  - Hutchinson, J Wesley, and G. R. Lockhead. “Similarity as distance: A structural principle for semantic memory..” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory 3, no. 6 (1977): 660–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.3.6.660.
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  - Monahan, J., and G. R. Lockhead. “Concerning processes involved in judging redundant two-dimensional stimuli.” Proceedings of the American Psychological Association, 1974.
  - Gravetter, F., and G. R. Lockhead. “Criterial range as a frame of reference for stimulus judgment..” Psychological Review 80, no. 3 (May 1973): 203–16.
  - Lockhead, G. R. “Processing dimensional stimuli: a note..” Psychological Review 79, no. 5 (September 1972): 410–19.
  - Gravetter, F. J., and G. R. Lockhead. “Critical response as a frame of a reference for judgment.” Program of the Psychonomic Society, 1972.
  - Arend, L. E., J. N. Buehler, and G. R. Lockhead. “Difference information in brightness perception.” Perception &Amp; Psychophysics 9, no. 3 (May 1, 1971): 367–70. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03212669.
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  - Ward, L. M., and G. R. Lockhead. “Response system processes in absolute judgment.” Perception &Amp; Psychophysics 9, no. 1 (January 1, 1971): 73–78. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03213031.
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  - Lockhead, G. R. “Identification and the form of multidimensional discrimination space..” Journal of Experimental Psychology 85, no. 1 (July 1970): 1–10.
  - Ward, L. M., and G. R. Lockhead. “Sequential effects and memory in category judgments.” Journal of Experimental Psychology 84, no. 1 (April 1, 1970): 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0028949.
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  - Gravetter, F. J., and G. R. Lockhead. “Criterial dispersion's and the stimulus range.” Proceedings 78th Annual Apa Convention, 1969, 41–42.
  - Lockhead, G. R., and L. M. Ward. “Memorial processes and category judgments.” Psychonomic Bulletin 15 (1969).
  - Holland, M. K., and G. R. Lockhead. “Sequential effects in absolute judgments of loudness.” Perception &Amp; Psychophysics 3, no. 6 (November 1, 1968): 409–14. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03205747.
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  - Lockhead, G. R., and N. Khokhlov. “Multidimensional discriminability and salience of attributes.” Proceedings of the Eastern Psychological Association, 1968.
  - Lockhead, G. “Form of redundancy and identification of three-dimensional stimuli.” Psychonomic Bulletin 1 (October 1967).
  - Crovitz, H. F., and G. R. Lockhead. “Possible monocular predictors of binocular rivalry of contours.” Perception &Amp; Psychophysics 2, no. 2 (February 1, 1967): 83–85. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03212468.
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  - Lockhead, G. R. “Effects of dimensional redundancy on visual discrimination..” Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 1 (July 1966): 95–104.
  - Lockhead, G. “Visual discrimination and methods of presenting redundant stimuli.” Proceedings of the American Psychological Association, 1966, 67–68.
  - Chapanis, A., and G. R. Lockhead. “A test of the effectiveness of sensor lines showing linkages between displays and controls..” Human Factors 7, no. 3 (June 1965): 219–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872086500700304.
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  - Lockhead, G. “Repetition redundancy and visual form discrimination.” Psychonomic Science 3 (1965): 319–20.
  - Klemmer, E. T., and G. R. Lockhead. “Productivity and errors in two keying tasks: A field study.” Journal of Applied Psychology 46, no. 6 (December 1, 1962): 401–8. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0048461.
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  - Lockhead, G. R. “Methods of presenting paired associates.” Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1, no. 1 (January 1, 1962): 62–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(62)80020-6.
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  - LOCKHEAD, G. R. “A re-evaluation of evidence of one-trial associative learning..” The American Journal of Psychology 74 (December 1961): 590–95. https://doi.org/10.2307/1419670.
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- Conference Papers
  - Lockhead, G. R. “Psychophysical scaling methods reveal and measure context effects.” In Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 18:607–12, 1995.

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Education, Training, & Certifications

Duke Appointment History

Selected Grants

Selected Publications

Academic Articles

Conference Papers