Gregory M. Palmer | Scholars@Duke

Gregory M. Palmer
Associate Professor of Radiation Oncology

Greg Palmer obtained his B.S. in Biomedical Engineering from Marquette University in 2000, after which he obtained his Ph.D. in BME from the University of Wisconsin, Madison. He is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division at Duke University Medical Center. His primary research focus has been identifying and exploiting the changes in absorption, scattering, and fluorescence properties of tissue associated with cancer progression and therapeutic response. To this end he has implemented a model-based approach for extracting absorber and scatterer properties from diffuse reflectance and fluorescence measurements. More recently he has developed quantitative imaging methodologies for intravital microscopy to characterize tumor functional and molecular response to radiation and chemotherapy. His awards have included the Jack Fowler Award from the Radiation Research Society.

Laboratory Website:
https://radonc.duke.edu/research-education/research-labs/radiation-and-cancer-biology/palmer-lab

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Associate Professor of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology, Clinical Science Departments 2014
Member of the Duke Cancer Institute, Duke Cancer Institute, Institutes and Centers 2012

Contact Information

203 Research Drive, MSRB Rm 201, Durham, NC 27710
Box 3455 Med Ctr, Durham, NC 27710
greg.palmer@duke.edu (919) 613-5053
Google Scholar
Palmer Duke Profile
Palmer Lab
Researcher ID

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- Ph.D., University of Wisconsin at Madison 2005
Duke Appointment History
- Assistant Professor of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology, Clinical Science Departments 2009 - 2013
Leadership & Clinical Positions at Duke
- Director, Optical Molecular Imaging and Analysis Shared Resource
  Director, Duke Small Animal Irradiator Facility
  Director, Duke Preclinical Translational Research Unit
Recognition
In the News
- MAY 5, 2015
  
  Two faculty receive instrumentation grants from NC Biotech
- APR 2, 2014 The Independent
  
  Scientists create the first lab-grown muscle that's 'as strong as the real thing’
- APR 1, 2014 NBC News
  
  Scientists grow muscles in the lab that can heal themselves
- APR 1, 2014 BBC News
  
  Self-healing muscle grown in the lab
Expertise
Subject Headings
Research
Selected Grants
- Mitigators of Radiation-Induced Endovascular Injury: Targeting Tie2 and Thrombocytopenia awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2022
- Muscle-macrophage constructs for skeletal muscle repair awarded by National Institutes of Health 2016 - 2021
- Characterization of Tumor Immunobiological Factors that Promote Lymphovascular Invasion and Dissemination in Locally Advanced Breast Cancer awarded by Department of Defense 2017 - 2020
- Synergistic Immuno-Photo-Nanotherapy for Bladder Cancer awarded by Department of Defense 2017 - 2019
- Sepsis-induced Red Cell Dysfunction (SiRD) awarded by Washington University 2015 - 2019
- Hand-held advanced functional imager for assessing local tissue oxygenation awarded by Wasatch Photonics, Inc. 2017 - 2018
- Luminescent Oxygen Nanosensors for Tumor Hypoxia Imaging awarded by University of Virginia - Charlottesville 2012 - 2017
- MAA drug PK and Efficiacy Study Phases I- II-III awarded by Preclinical Pathfinder Systems 2016 - 2017
- Innate immune adaptations of hibernation as a new approach to protection against acute organ injury awarded by Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists 2015 - 2017
- Circumventing Therapeutic Resistance and the Emergence of Disseminated Breast Cancer Cells awarded by United States Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity 2013 - 2017
- A Novel Optical Spectral Imaging System for Rapid Imaging of Breast Tumor Margins awarded by National Institutes of Health 2011 - 2017
- Janssen Research AGreement awarded by Janssen Research & Development, LLC 2014 - 2016
- HIF-1 driven therapeutic resistance mechanisms in chest wall recurrences of inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) awarded by Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Foundation 2013 - 2016
- Wound-Vac awarded by Preclinical Pathfinder Systems 2015 - 2016
- Neocortical hemodynamics during epileptic activity in primates and humans awarded by National Institutes of Health 2009 - 2015
- 27-hydroxycholesterol as a link between obesity and breast cancer pathogenesis awarded by National Institutes of Health 2013 - 2014
- Investigation of Anti-Angiogenic Mechanisms Using Novel Imaging Techniques awarded by US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command 2009 - 2012
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Conference Papers
  - Rickard, AG, DeRosa, CA, Fraser, CL, and Palmer, GM. "The development of an in vivo mobile dynamic microscopy system that images cancerous tumors via fluorescent and phosphorescent nanoparticles." January 1, 2017. Full Text
  - Nichols, BS, McCachren, SS, Palmer, GM, Ramanujam, N, Nichols, BS, McCachren, SS, Palmer, GM, and Ramanujam, N. "Portable system for wide-field, sub-millimeter functional imaging of the morphological landscape of breast tumor marginsPortable system for wide-field, sub-millimeter functional imaging of the morphological landscape of breast tumor margins (PublishedPublished)." April 18, 2016. Full Text
  - Boico, A, Cho, E, Liao, L, Register, J, Fales, A, Wisnewski, N, Pradhan, S, Vo-Dihn, T, Palmer, G, and Klitzman, B. "Characterization of Inflammatory Cell Response to Implanted Porous P-HEMA in the Dermis Vs Subcutaneous Tissue." April 2015. Link to Item
  - Liao, L, Cho, E, Boico, A, Register, J, Fales, A, Helton, K, Wisniewski, N, Vo-Dinh, T, Palmer, G, and Klitzman, B. "Vascularization of Porous PolyHEMA Scaffolds." April 2015. Link to Item
  - Fraser, CL, DeRosa, C, Samonina-Kosicka, J, Morris, WA, Fan, Z, Demas, JN, Mathew, A, Palmer, GM, Dewhirst, MW, Hofmann, CL, and Hendargo, H. "Tuning optical properties of difluoroboron beta-diketonate biomaterials for oxygen sensing." August 10, 2014. Link to Item
  - Samonina-Kosicka, J, DeRosa, C, Hofmann, CL, Hendargo, H, Dewhirst, MW, Palmer, GM, and Fraser, CL. "Boron nanoparticles for oxygen sensing: Material design, optical properties, and bioimaging." August 10, 2014. Link to Item
  - Cho, E, Boico, A, Brown, N, Wisniewski, N, Helton, K, Register, J, Fales, A, Vo-Dinh, T, Schroeder, T, Klitzman, B, and Palmer, G. "Tissue integration of porous polyHEMA scaffold." April 2014. Link to Item
  - DeRosa, CA, Samonina-Kosicka, J, Fan, Z, Hofmann, CL, Palmer, GM, Dewhirst, MW, and Fraser, CL. "Oxygen nanosensors based on dual emissive difluoroboron naphthyl alpha-diketonate polylactides for ratiometric tumor hypoxia imaging." March 16, 2014. Link to Item
  - Cho, EH, Boico, A, Wisniewski, NA, Helton, KL, Register, JK, Fales, AM, Palmer, GM, Vo-Dinh, T, Schroeder, T, and Klitzman, B. "Abstract 88: microvascular integration into versatile tissue engineering platforms." March 2014. Full Text
  - Bowles, RD, Mata, BA, Mwangi, TK, Palmer, GM, and Setton, LA. "IN VIVO IMAGING OF NF-kappa B ACTIVITY AND CORRELATION TO PAIN IN A MODEL OF INFLAMMATORY ARTHRITIS." April 2013. Full Text Link to Item
  - Dewhirst, M, Fontanella, A, Palmer, G, Boss, M, Zhang, J, Hadsell, M, and Chang, S. "Vascular Response to Microbeam Radiation Therapy In Vivo Using a Murine Window Chamber Tumor Model." June 2012. Full Text Link to Item
  - Fraser, CL, Zhang, G, Nguyen, ND, Xu, S, Zestos, AG, Palmer, GM, Dewhirst, MW, Hochman, D, Haglund, MM, Neal, RA, Murray, RA, Botchwey, EA, Peirce-Cottler, SM, Seaman, SA, Brayman, KL, and Lin, KYK. "Luminescent boron b-diketonate biomaterials: Synthesis, properties and applications." August 28, 2011. Link to Item
  - Hanna, G, Palmer, G, Park, W, Herbert, J, Cao, Y, Schroeder, T, Vlahovic, G, Nixon, A, and Dewhirst, M. "Variation in Microenvironmental Effects and Drug Delivery between Different Classes of Antiangiogenic Drugs." 2010. Full Text Link to Item
  - Chiles, S, Roldan-Perez, K, Riching, K, Palmer, G, and Ramanujam, N. "Effect of optical clearing agents on the optical properties of squamous epithelial tissue." 2006. Link to Item
  - Breslin, TM, Palmer, G, Fang, C, Gilchrist, KW, Xu, F, and Ramanujam, N. "Auto fluorescence and diffuse reflectance properties of malignant and benign breast tissues." January 2003. Link to Item
- Journal Articles
  - Carpenter, DJ, Sajisevi, MB, Chapurin, N, Brown, CS, Cheng, T, Palmer, GM, Stevenson, DS, Rao, CL, Hall, RP, and Woodard, CR. "Noninvasive optical spectroscopy for identification of non-melanoma skin cancer: Pilot study." Lasers in surgery and medicine 50, no. 3 (March 2018): 246-252. Full Text
  - Wang, HN, Register, JK, Fales, AM, Gandra, N, Cho, EH, Boico, A, Palmer, GM, Klitzman, B, and Vo-Dinh, T. "Surface-enhanced Raman scattering nanosensors for in vivo detection of nucleic acid targets in a large animal model (Accepted)." Nano Research (January 23, 2018): 1-12. Full Text
  - Hofmann, CL, O'Sullivan, MC, Detappe, A, Yu, Y, Yang, X, Qi, W, Landon, CD, Therien, MJ, Dewhirst, MW, Ghoroghchian, PP, and Palmer, GM. "NIR-emissive PEG-b-TCL micelles for breast tumor imaging and minimally invasive pharmacokinetic analysis." Nanoscale 9, no. 36 (September 2017): 13465-13476. Full Text
  - Liu, Y, Maccarini, P, Palmer, GM, Etienne, W, Zhao, Y, Lee, C-T, Ma, X, Inman, BA, and Vo-Dinh, T. "Synergistic Immuno Photothermal Nanotherapy (SYMPHONY) for the Treatment of Unresectable and Metastatic Cancers." Scientific reports 7, no. 1 (August 17, 2017): 8606-. Full Text
  - Zhang, X, Lam, SK, Palmer, G, Das, S, Oldham, M, and Dewhirst, M. "Noninvasive measurement of tissue blood oxygenation with Cerenkov imaging during therapeutic radiation delivery." Optics letters 42, no. 16 (August 2017): 3101-3104. Full Text Open Access Copy
  - Kerr, C, DeRosa, CA, Daly, ML, Zhang, H, Palmer, GM, and Fraser, CL. "Luminescent Difluoroboron β-Diketonate PLA-PEG Nanoparticle." Biomacromolecules 18, no. 2 (February 2, 2017): 551-561. Full Text
  - Nichols, BS, Llopis, A, Palmer, GM, McCachren, SS, Senlik, O, Miller, D, Brooke, MA, Jokerst, NM, Geradts, J, Greenup, R, and Ramanujam, N. "Miniature spectral imaging device for wide-field quantitative functional imaging of the morphological landscape of breast tumor margins." Journal of biomedical optics 22, no. 2 (February 2017): 26007-. Full Text
  - Gandra, N, Hendargo, HC, Norton, SJ, Fales, AM, Palmer, GM, and Vo-Dinh, T. "Tunable and amplified Raman gold nanoprobes for effective tracking (TARGET): in vivo sensing and imaging." Nanoscale 8, no. 16 (April 11, 2016): 8486-8494. Full Text
  - Zhao, Y, Schwartz, EA, Palmer, GM, and Zennadi, R. "MEK1/2 inhibitors reverse acute vascular occlusion in mouse models of sickle cell disease." FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 30, no. 3 (March 2016): 1171-1186. Full Text
  - Ashcraft, KA, Boss, M-K, Tovmasyan, A, Roy Choudhury, K, Fontanella, AN, Young, KH, Palmer, GM, Birer, SR, Landon, CD, Park, W, Das, SK, Weitner, T, Sheng, H, Warner, DS, Brizel, DM, Spasojevic, I, Batinic-Haberle, I, and Dewhirst, MW. "Novel Manganese-Porphyrin Superoxide Dismutase-Mimetic Widens the Therapeutic Margin in a Preclinical Head and Neck Cancer Model." International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics 93, no. 4 (November 2015): 892-900. Full Text
  - Riccio, DA, Zhu, H, Foster, MW, Huang, B, Hofmann, CL, Palmer, GM, and McMahon, TJ. "Renitrosylation of banked human red blood cells improves deformability and reduces adhesivity." Transfusion 55, no. 10 (October 2015): 2452-2463. Full Text
  - Hendargo, HC, Zhao, Y, Allenby, T, and Palmer, GM. "Snap-shot multispectral imaging of vascular dynamics in a mouse window-chamber model." Optics letters 40, no. 14 (July 2015): 3292-3295. Full Text Open Access Copy
  - Betof, AS, Lascola, CD, Weitzel, D, Landon, C, Scarbrough, PM, Devi, GR, Palmer, G, Jones, LW, and Dewhirst, MW. "Modulation of murine breast tumor vascularity, hypoxia and chemotherapeutic response by exercise." JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 107, no. 5 (May 2015). Full Text Open Access Copy
  - DeRosa, CA, Samonina-Kosicka, J, Fan, Z, Hendargo, HC, Weitzel, DH, Palmer, GM, and Fraser, CL. "Oxygen Sensing Difluoroboron Dinaphthoylmethane Polylactide." Macromolecules 48, no. 9 (May 2015): 2967-2977. Full Text
  - Samonina-Kosicka, J, Weitzel, DH, Hofmann, CL, Hendargo, H, Hanna, G, Dewhirst, MW, Palmer, GM, and Fraser, CL. "Luminescent difluoroboron β-diketonate PEG-PLA oxygen nanosensors for tumor imaging." Macromolecular rapid communications 36, no. 7 (April 2015): 694-699. Full Text
  - Samonina-Kosicka, J, Weitzel, DH, Hofmann, CL, Hendargo, H, Hanna, G, Dewhirst, MW, Palmer, GM, and Fraser, CL. "Luminescent difluoroboron β-diketonate PEG-PLA oxygen nanosensors for tumor imaging." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 36, no. 7 (April 1, 2015): 694-699. Full Text
  - Fontanella, AN, Boss, M-K, Hadsell, M, Zhang, J, Schroeder, T, Berman, KG, Dewhirst, MW, Chang, S, and Palmer, GM. "Effects of high-dose microbeam irradiation on tumor microvascular function and angiogenesis." Radiation research 183, no. 2 (February 2015): 147-158. Full Text
  - Blueschke, G, Hanna, G, Fontanella, AN, Palmer, GM, Boico, A, Min, H, Dewhirst, MW, Irwin, DC, Zhao, Y, and Schroeder, T. "Automated measurement of microcirculatory blood flow velocity in pulmonary metastases of rats." Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE , no. 93 (November 30, 2014): e51630-. Full Text
  - Schaeffer, D, Somarelli, JA, Hanna, G, Palmer, GM, and Garcia-Blanco, MA. "Cellular migration and invasion uncoupled: increased migration is not an inexorable consequence of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition." Molecular and cellular biology 34, no. 18 (September 2014): 3486-3499. Full Text
  - Viglianti, BL, Dewhirst, MW, Boruta, RJ, Park, J-Y, Landon, C, Fontanella, AN, Guo, J, Manzoor, A, Hofmann, CL, and Palmer, GM. "Systemic anti-tumour effects of local thermally sensitive liposome therapy." International journal of hyperthermia : the official journal of European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology, North American Hyperthermia Group 30, no. 6 (September 2014): 385-392. Full Text
  - Yu, B, Shah, A, Wang, B, Rajaram, N, Wang, Q, Ramanujam, N, Palmer, GM, and Dewhirst, MW. "Measuring tumor cycling hypoxia and angiogenesis using a side-firing fiber optic probe." J Biophotonics 7, no. 7 (July 2014): 552-564. Full Text Link to Item
  - Chang, S, Fontanella, A, Boss, M, Zhang, J, Hadsell, M, Schroeder, T, Berman, K, Palmer, G, and Dewhirst, M. "WE-E-BRE-06: High-Dose Microbeam Radiation Induces Different Responses in Tumor Microenvironment Compared to Conventional Seamless Radiation in Window Chamber Tumor Models." Medical physics 41, no. 6 (June 2014): 505-. Full Text
  - Speicher, PJ, Beasley, GM, Jiang, B, Lidsky, ME, Palmer, GM, Scarbrough, PM, Mosca, PJ, Dewhirst, MW, and Tyler, DS. "Hypoxia in melanoma: using optical spectroscopy and EF5 to assess tumor oxygenation before and during regional chemotherapy for melanoma." Ann Surg Oncol 21, no. 5 (May 2014): 1435-1440. Full Text Link to Item
  - Yuan, H, Wilson, CM, Xia, J, Doyle, SL, Li, S, Fales, AM, Liu, Y, Ozaki, E, Mulfaul, K, Hanna, G, Palmer, GM, Wang, LV, Grant, GA, and Vo-Dinh, T. "Plasmonics-enhanced and optically modulated delivery of gold nanostars into brain tumor." Nanoscale 6, no. 8 (April 21, 2014): 4078-4082. Full Text Link to Item
  - Juhas, M, Engelmayr, GC, Fontanella, AN, Palmer, GM, and Bursac, N. "Biomimetic engineered muscle with capacity for vascular integration and functional maturation in vivo." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, no. 15 (April 2014): 5508-5513. Full Text Open Access Copy
  - Fontanella, AN, Schroeder, T, Hochman, DW, Chen, RE, Hanna, G, Haglund, MM, Secomb, TW, Palmer, GM, and Dewhirst, MW. "Quantitative mapping of hemodynamics in the lung, brain, and dorsal window chamber-grown tumors using a novel, automated algorithm (vol 20, pg 724, 2013)." MICROCIRCULATION 21, no. 2 (February 2014): 196-196. Full Text Link to Item
  - Radiloff, D, Zhao, Y, Boico, A, Blueschke, G, Palmer, G, Fontanella, A, Dewhirst, M, Piantadosi, CA, Noveck, R, Irwin, D, Hamilton, K, Klitzman, B, and Schroeder, T. "Anti-hypotensive treatment and endothelin blockade synergistically antagonize exercise fatigue in rats under simulated high altitude." PloS one 9, no. 6 (January 2014): e99309-. Full Text Open Access Copy
  - Speicher, PJ, Beasley, GM, Jiang, B, Lidsky, ME, Palmer, GM, Scarbrough, PM, Mosca, PJ, Dewhirst, MW, and Tyler, DS. "Hypoxia in melanoma: Using optical spectroscopy and EF5 to assess tumor oxygenation before and during regional chemotherapy for melanoma." Annals of Surgical Oncology 21, no. 5 (January 1, 2014): 1435-1440. Full Text
  - Fontanella, AN, Schroeder, T, Hochman, DW, Chen, RE, Hanna, G, Haglund, MM, Rajaram, N, Frees, AE, Secomb, TW, Palmer, GM, and Dewhirst, MW. "Quantitative mapping of hemodynamics in the lung, brain, and dorsal window chamber-grown tumors using a novel, automated algorithm." Microcirculation 20, no. 8 (November 2013): 724-735. Full Text Link to Item
  - Yuan, H, Hofmann, CL, Samonina-Kosicka, J, Hendargo, H, Hanna, G, Vo-Dinh, T, Fraser, CL, Dewhirst, MW, and Palmer, GM. "Abstract B151: Monitoring tumor microenvironment (Hb saturation and oxygenation) in response to plasmonics-assisted photothermal cancer therapy." Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 12, no. 11_Supplement (November 1, 2013): B151-B151. Full Text
  - Chitneni, SK, Bida, GT, Yuan, H, Palmer, GM, Hay, MP, Melcher, T, Wilson, WR, Zalutsky, MR, and Dewhirst, MW. "18F-EF5 PET imaging as an early response biomarker for the hypoxia-activated prodrug SN30000 combined with radiation treatment in a non-small cell lung cancer xenograft model." J Nucl Med 54, no. 8 (August 2013): 1339-1346. Full Text Link to Item
  - Hanna, G, Fontanella, A, Palmer, G, Shan, S, Radiloff, DR, Zhao, Y, Irwin, D, Hamilton, K, Boico, A, Piantadosi, CA, Blueschke, G, Dewhirst, M, McMahon, T, and Schroeder, T. "Automated measurement of blood flow velocity and direction and hemoglobin oxygen saturation in the rat lung using intravital microscopy." Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 304, no. 2 (January 15, 2013): L86-L91. Full Text Link to Item
  - Lo, JY, Brown, JQ, Dhar, S, Yu, B, Palmer, GM, Jokerst, NM, and Ramanujam, N. "Wavelength optimization for quantitative spectral imaging of breast tumor margins. (Published online)" PLoS One 8, no. 4 (2013): e61767-. Full Text Link to Item
  - Terman, DS, Viglianti, BL, Zennadi, R, Fels, D, Boruta, RJ, Yuan, H, Dreher, MR, Grant, G, Rabbani, ZN, Moon, E, Lan, L, Eble, J, Cao, Y, Sorg, B, Ashcraft, K, Palmer, G, Telen, MJ, and Dewhirst, MW. "Sickle erythrocytes target cytotoxics to hypoxic tumor microvessels and potentiate a tumoricidal response." PLoS One 8, no. 1 (2013): e52543-. Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
  - Yu, B, Shah, A, Wang, B, Rajaram, N, Wang, Q, Ramanujam, N, Palmer, GM, and Dewhirst, MW. "Monitoring of cycling hypoxia and angiogenesis in FaDu head and neck tumors using a side-firing sensor." Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE 8578 (2013). Full Text
  - Dhar, S, Lo, JY, Palmer, GM, Brooke, MA, Nichols, BS, Yu, B, Ramanujam, N, and Jokerst, NM. "A diffuse reflectance spectral imaging system for tumor margin assessment using custom annular photodiode arrays." Biomed Opt Express 3, no. 12 (December 1, 2012): 3211-3222. Full Text Link to Item
  - Radiloff, DR, Zhao, Y, Boico, A, Wu, C, Shan, S, Palmer, G, Hamilton, K, Irwin, D, Hanna, G, Piantadosi, CA, and Schroeder, T. "The combination of theophylline and endothelin receptor antagonism improves exercise performance of rats under simulated high altitude." J Appl Physiol (1985) 113, no. 8 (October 15, 2012): 1243-1252. Full Text Link to Item
  - Liu, C, Rajaram, N, Vishwanath, K, Jiang, T, Palmer, GM, and Ramanujam, N. "Experimental validation of an inverse fluorescence Monte Carlo model to extract concentrations of metabolically relevant fluorophores from turbid phantoms and a murine tumor model (vol 17, 078003, 2012)." JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 17, no. 7 (July 2012). Full Text Link to Item
  - Liu, C, Rajaram, N, Vishwanath, K, Jiang, T, Palmer, GM, and Ramanujam, N. "Experimental validation of an inverse fluorescence Monte Carlo model to extract concentrations of metabolically relevant fluorophores from turbid phantoms and a murine tumor model." J Biomed Opt 17, no. 7 (July 2012): 077012-. Full Text Link to Item
  - Palmer, GM, Vishwanath, K, and Dewhirst, MW. "Application of optical imaging and spectroscopy to radiation biology." Radiat Res 177, no. 4 (April 2012): 365-375. (Review) Link to Item
  - Palmer, GM, Tiran, Z, Zhou, Z, Capozzi, ME, Park, W, Coletta, C, Pyriochou, A, Kliger, Y, Levy, O, Borukhov, I, Dewhirst, MW, Rotman, G, Penn, JS, and Papapetropoulos, A. "A novel angiopoietin-derived peptide displays anti-angiogenic activity and inhibits tumour-induced and retinal neovascularization." Br J Pharmacol 165, no. 6 (March 2012): 1891-1903. Full Text Link to Item
  - Palmer, GM, Fontanella, AN, Shan, S, and Dewhirst, MW. "High-resolution in vivo imaging of fluorescent proteins using window chamber models." Methods Mol Biol 872 (2012): 31-50. Full Text Link to Item
  - Palmer, GM, Fontanella, AN, Shan, S, Hanna, G, Zhang, G, Fraser, CL, and Dewhirst, MW. "In vivo optical molecular imaging and analysis in mice using dorsal window chamber models applied to hypoxia, vasculature and fluorescent reporters. (Published online)" Nat Protoc 6, no. 9 (August 18, 2011): 1355-1366. Full Text Link to Item
  - Chitneni, SK, Palmer, GM, Zalutsky, MR, and Dewhirst, MW. "Molecular imaging of hypoxia." J Nucl Med 52, no. 2 (February 2011): 165-168. (Review) Full Text Link to Item
  - Palmer, GM, Fontanella, AN, Zhang, G, Hanna, G, Fraser, CL, and Dewhirst, MW. "Optical imaging of tumor hypoxia dynamics." J Biomed Opt 15, no. 6 (November 2010): 066021-. Full Text Link to Item
  - Kersey, FR, Zhang, G, Palmer, GM, Dewhirst, MW, and Fraser, CL. "Stereocomplexed poly(lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) nanoparticles with dual-emissive boron dyes for tumor accumulation." ACS Nano 4, no. 9 (September 28, 2010): 4989-4996. Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
  - Fu, HL, Yu, B, Lo, JY, Palmer, GM, Kuech, TF, and Ramanujam, N. "A low-cost, portable, and quantitative spectral imaging system for application to biological tissues." Opt Express 18, no. 12 (June 7, 2010): 12630-12645. Open Access Copy Link to Item
  - Palmer, GM, Boruta, RJ, Viglianti, BL, Lan, L, Spasojevic, I, and Dewhirst, MW. "Non-invasive monitoring of intra-tumor drug concentration and therapeutic response using optical spectroscopy." J Control Release 142, no. 3 (March 19, 2010): 457-464. Full Text Link to Item
  - Dewhirst, MW, Thrall, DE, Palmer, G, Schroeder, T, Vujaskovic, Z, Cecil Charles, H, Macfall, J, and Wong, T. "Utility of functional imaging in prediction or assessment of treatment response and prognosis following thermotherapy." Int J Hyperthermia 26, no. 3 (2010): 283-293. (Review) Full Text Link to Item
  - Zhang, G, Palmer, GM, Dewhirst, MW, and Fraser, CL. "A dual-emissive-materials design concept enables tumour hypoxia imaging." Nat Mater 8, no. 9 (September 2009): 747-751. Full Text Link to Item
  - Zhang, G, Fraser, CL, Hamm-Alvarez, S, Xie, J, Price, RJ, Palmer, GM, and Dewhirst, MW. "POLY 216-Boron biomaterials for imaging and oxygen sensing." ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 238 (August 16, 2009). Link to Item
  - Bender, JE, Vishwanath, K, Moore, LK, Brown, JQ, Chang, V, Palmer, GM, and Ramanujam, N. "A robust Monte Carlo model for the extraction of biological absorption and scattering in vivo." IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 56, no. 4 (April 2009): 960-968. Full Text Link to Item
  - Brown, JQ, Wilke, LG, Geradts, J, Kennedy, SA, Palmer, GM, and Ramanujam, N. "Quantitative optical spectroscopy: a robust tool for direct measurement of breast cancer vascular oxygenation and total hemoglobin content in vivo." Cancer Res 69, no. 7 (April 1, 2009): 2919-2926. Full Text Link to Item
  - Chang, VT-C, Cartwright, PS, Bean, SM, Palmer, GM, Bentley, RC, and Ramanujam, N. "Quantitative physiology of the precancerous cervix in vivo through optical spectroscopy." Neoplasia 11, no. 4 (April 2009): 325-332. Link to Item
  - Zhang, G, Evans, RE, Palmer, GM, Dewhirst, MW, Xie, J, Hamm-Alvarez, S, Price, RJ, and Fraser, CL. "Light emitting boron biomaterials for imaging and oxygen sensing." ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 237 (March 22, 2009). Link to Item
  - Palmer, GM, Viola, RJ, Schroeder, T, Yarmolenko, PS, Dewhirst, MW, and Ramanujam, N. "Quantitative diffuse reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy: tool to monitor tumor physiology in vivo." J Biomed Opt 14, no. 2 (March 2009): 024010-. Full Text Link to Item
  - Lo, JY, Yu, B, Fu, HL, Bender, JE, Palmer, GM, Kuech, TF, and Ramanujam, N. "A strategy for quantitative spectral imaging of tissue absorption and scattering using light emitting diodes and photodiodes." Opt Express 17, no. 3 (February 2, 2009): 1372-1384. Link to Item
  - Brown, JQ, Vishwanath, K, Palmer, GM, and Ramanujam, N. "Advances in quantitative UV-visible spectroscopy for clinical and pre-clinical application in cancer." Curr Opin Biotechnol 20, no. 1 (February 2009): 119-131. (Review) Full Text Link to Item
  - Brown, JQ, Bydlon, TM, Kennedy, SA, Richards, L, Junker, MS, Palmer, GM, Geradts, J, Wilke, LG, and Ramanujam, N. "Intraoperative optical breast tissue characterization device for tumor margin assessment." CANCER RESEARCH 69, no. 2 (January 15, 2009): 101S-101S. Link to Item
  - Yu, B, Lo, JY, Kuech, TF, Palmer, GM, Bender, JE, and Ramanujam, N. "Cost-effective diffuse reflectance spectroscopy device for quantifying tissue absorption and scattering in vivo." J Biomed Opt 13, no. 6 (November 2008): 060505-. Full Text Link to Item
  - Lazebnik, M, Zhu, C, Palmer, GM, Harter, J, Sewall, S, Ramanujam, N, and Hagness, SC. "Electromagnetic spectroscopy of normal breast tissue specimens obtained from reduction surgeries: comparison of optical and microwave properties." IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 55, no. 10 (October 2008): 2444-2451. Full Text Link to Item
  - Zhu, C, Palmer, GM, Breslin, TM, Harter, J, and Ramanujam, N. "Diagnosis of breast cancer using fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: a Monte-Carlo-model-based approach." J Biomed Opt 13, no. 3 (May 2008): 034015-. Full Text Link to Item
  - Palmer, GM, and Ramanujam, N. "Monte-Carlo-based model for the extraction of intrinsic fluorescence from turbid media." J Biomed Opt 13, no. 2 (March 2008): 024017-. Full Text Link to Item
  - Lo, JY, Yu, B, Palmer, GM, Kuech, TF, and Ramanujam, N. "A miniature optical device for noninvasive, fast characterization of tumor pathology." Biomedical Optics, BIOMED 2008 (2008): BTuF55-.
  - Brown, JQ, Wilke, LG, Kennedy, S, Palmer, GM, Geradts, J, and Ramanujam, N. "Intraoperative in vivo reflectance spectroscopy for discrimination of normal, benign, and malignant breast tissues." BREAST CANCER RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 106 (December 2007): S209-S210. Link to Item
  - Palmer, GM, and Ramanujam, N. "Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties. Part I: Theory and validation on synthetic phantoms (vol 45, pg 1062, 2006)." APPLIED OPTICS 46, no. 27 (September 20, 2007): 6847-6847. Full Text Link to Item
  - Palmer, GM, and Ramanujam, N. "Use of genetic algorithms to optimize fiber optic probe design for the extraction of tissue optical properties." IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 54, no. 8 (August 2007): 1533-1535. Full Text Link to Item
  - Skala, MC, Palmer, GM, Vrotsos, KM, Gendron-Fitzpatrick, A, and Ramanujam, N. "Comparison of a physical model and principal component analysis for the diagnosis of epithelial neoplasias in vivo using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy." Opt Express 15, no. 12 (June 11, 2007): 7863-7875. Full Text Link to Item
  - Palmer, GM, and Ramanujam, N. "Erratum: Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties. Part I: Theory and validation on synthetic phantoms (Applied Optics (2006) 45 (1062))." Applied Optics 46, no. 27 (2007): 6847--. Full Text
  - Millon, SR, Roldan-Perez, KM, Riching, KM, Palmer, GM, and Ramanujam, N. "Effect of optical clearing agents on the in vivo optical properties of squamous epithelial tissue." Lasers Surg Med 38, no. 10 (December 2006): 920-927. Full Text Link to Item
  - Zhu, C, Palmer, GM, Breslin, TM, Harter, J, and Ramanujam, N. "Diagnosis of breast cancer using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: Comparison of a Monte Carlo versus partial least squares analysis based feature extraction technique." Lasers Surg Med 38, no. 7 (August 2006): 714-724. Full Text Link to Item
  - Palmer, GM, Zhu, C, Breslin, TM, Xu, F, Gilchrist, KW, and Ramanujam, N. "Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties. Part II: Application to breast cancer diagnosis." Appl Opt 45, no. 5 (February 10, 2006): 1072-1078. Link to Item
  - Palmer, GM, and Ramanujam, N. "Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties. Part I: Theory and validation on synthetic phantoms." Appl Opt 45, no. 5 (February 10, 2006): 1062-1071. Link to Item
  - Palmer, GM, and Ramanujam, N. "Use of genetic algorithms to optimize fiber optic probe design for the extraction of tissue optical properties." Optics InfoBase Conference Papers (January 1, 2006).
  - Palmer, GM, and Ramanujam, N. "Monte carlo based model of fluorescence: Theory and application to breast cancer diagnosis." Optics InfoBase Conference Papers (January 1, 2006).
  - Zhu, C, Palmer, GM, Breslin, TM, Xu, F, and Ramanujam, N. "Use of a multiseparation fiber optic probe for the optical diagnosis of breast cancer." J Biomed Opt 10, no. 2 (March 2005): 024032-. Full Text Link to Item
  - Zhu, C, Palmer, GM, Breslin, TM, Xu, F, and Ramanujam, N. "Use of a multiseparation fiber optic probe for the optical diagnosis of breast cancer." Journal of Biomedical Optics 10, no. 2 (March 1, 2005). Full Text
  - Zhu, C, Palmer, GM, Breslin, TM, Xu, F, and Ramanujam, N. "Use of a multiseparation fiber optic probe for the optical diagnosis of breast cancer." Journal of Biomedical Optics 10, no. 2 (2005): 1-13. Full Text
  - Breslin, TM, Xu, F, Palmer, GM, Zhu, C, Gilchrist, KW, and Ramanujam, N. "Autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance properties of malignant and benign breast tissues." Ann Surg Oncol 11, no. 1 (January 2004): 65-70. Link to Item
  - Breslin, TM, Xu, F, Palmer, GM, and Drezek, RA. "Autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance properties of malignant and benign breast tissues." Breast Diseases 15, no. 3 (2004): 256-257.
  - Skala, MC, Palmer, GM, Zhu, C, Liu, Q, Vrotsos, KM, Marshek-Stone, CL, Gendron-Fitzpatrick, A, and Ramanujam, N. "Investigation of fiber-optic probe designs for optical spectroscopic diagnosis of epithelial pre-cancers." Lasers Surg Med 34, no. 1 (2004): 25-38. Full Text Link to Item
  - Palmer, GM, Keely, PJ, Breslin, TM, and Ramanujam, N. "Autofluorescence spectroscopy of normal and malignant human breast cell lines." Photochem Photobiol 78, no. 5 (November 2003): 462-469. Link to Item
  - Palmer, GM, Zhu, C, Breslin, TM, Xu, F, Gilchrist, KW, and Ramanujam, N. "Comparison of multiexcitation fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for the diagnosis of breast cancer (March 2003)." IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 50, no. 11 (November 2003): 1233-1242. Full Text Link to Item
  - Palmer, GM, Zhu, CF, Breslin, TM, Xu, FS, Gilchrist, KW, and Ramanujam, N. "Comparison of multiexcitation fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for the diagnosis of breast cancer (March 2003)." IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 50, no. 11 (November 2003): 1233-1242. Full Text Link to Item
  - Gill, EM, Palmer, GM, and Ramanujam, N. "Steady-state fluorescence imaging of neoplasia." Methods Enzymol 361 (2003): 452-481. Link to Item
  - Palmer, GM, and Ramanujam, N. "Diagnosis of Breast Cancer Using Optical Spectroscopy." Medical Laser Application 18, no. 3 (2003): 233-248. Full Text
  - Palmer, GM, Keely, PJ, Breslin, TM, Gilchrist, KW, and Ramanujam, N. "Ex vivo diagnosis of breast cancer using fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy." LASERS IN SURGERY AND MEDICINE (2002): 76-76. Link to Item
  - Palmer, GM, Marshek, CL, Vrotsos, KM, and Ramanujam, N. "Optimal methods for fluorescence and diffuse reflectance measurements of tissue biopsy samples." Lasers Surg Med 30, no. 3 (2002): 191-200. Link to Item
  - Palmer, GM, Nimunkar, AJ, Marshek, CL, Vrotsos, KM, and Ramanujam, N. "Fluorescence spectroscopy of DMBA induced hamster cheek pouch model: Analysis of fluorescence and diffuse reflectance changes with disease progression." LASERS IN SURGERY AND MEDICINE (2002): 2-2. Link to Item
  - Ramanujam, N, Palmer, G, Breslin, T, and Gichrist, K. "Diagnosis of breast cancer using auto fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy." Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings 3 (2002): 2279-2280.
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