Gregory M. Palmer | Scholars@Duke

Gregory M. Palmer
Associate Professor of Radiation Oncology

Greg Palmer obtained his B.S. in Biomedical Engineering from Marquette University in 2000, after which he obtained his Ph.D. in BME from the University of Wisconsin, Madison. He is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division at Duke University Medical Center. His primary research focus has been identifying and exploiting the changes in absorption, scattering, and fluorescence properties of tissue associated with cancer progression and therapeutic response. To this end he has implemented a model-based approach for extracting absorber and scatterer properties from diffuse reflectance and fluorescence measurements. More recently he has developed quantitative imaging methodologies for intravital microscopy to characterize tumor functional and molecular response to radiation and chemotherapy. His awards have included the Jack Fowler Award from the Radiation Research Society.

Laboratory Website:
https://radonc.duke.edu/research-education/research-labs/radiation-and-cancer-biology/palmer-lab

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Associate Professor of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology, Clinical Science Departments 2014
Member of the Duke Cancer Institute, Duke Cancer Institute, Institutes and Centers 2012

Contact Information

203 Research Drive, MSRB Rm 201, Durham, NC 27710
Box 3455 Med Ctr, Durham, NC 27710
greg.palmer@duke.edu (919) 613-5053
Google Scholar
Palmer Duke Profile
Palmer Lab
Researcher ID

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- Ph.D., University of Wisconsin at Madison 2005
Duke Appointment History
- Assistant Professor of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology, Clinical Science Departments 2009 - 2013
Leadership & Clinical Positions at Duke
- Director, Optical Molecular Imaging and Analysis Shared Resource
  Director, Duke Small Animal Irradiator Facility
  Director, Duke Preclinical Translational Research Unit
Recognition
In the News
- MAY 5, 2015
  
  Two faculty receive instrumentation grants from NC Biotech
- APR 2, 2014 The Independent
  
  Scientists create the first lab-grown muscle that's 'as strong as the real thing’
- APR 1, 2014 NBC News
  
  Scientists grow muscles in the lab that can heal themselves
- APR 1, 2014 BBC News
  
  Self-healing muscle grown in the lab
Expertise
Subject Headings
Research
Selected Grants
- Plasmonic nanoparticle-mediated immunotherapy to treat metastatic cancer awarded by National Institutes of Health 2019 - 2023
- A Portable low-cost, Point of Investigation CapCell Scope to Image and Quantify the Major Axes of Metabolism and the Associated Vasculature in In vitro and In vivo Biological Models awarded by National Institutes of Health 2019 - 2022
- Muscle-macrophage constructs for skeletal muscle repair awarded by National Institutes of Health 2016 - 2021
- Characterization of Tumor Immunobiological Factors that Promote Lymphovascular Invasion and Dissemination in Locally Advanced Breast Cancer awarded by Department of Defense 2017 - 2020
- Development of a Longitudinal Molecular Imaging Platform to Support Immuno-Oncology Research awarded by SonoVol, Inc. 2019 - 2020
- Synergistic Immuno-Photo-Nanotherapy for Bladder Cancer awarded by Department of Defense 2017 - 2019
- Sepsis-induced Red Cell Dysfunction (SiRD) 2015 - 2019
- Treating Hypoxia via Tumorally Directed Oxygen for Improving Radiation Therapy awarded by University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill 2018 - 2019
- Hand-held advanced functional imager for assessing local tissue oxygenation 2017 - 2018
- Luminescent Oxygen Nanosensors for Tumor Hypoxia Imaging 2012 - 2017
- MAA drug PK and Efficiacy Study Phases I- II-III 2016 - 2017
- Innate immune adaptations of hibernation as a new approach to protection against acute organ injury 2015 - 2017
- Circumventing Therapeutic Resistance and the Emergence of Disseminated Breast Cancer Cells 2013 - 2017
- A Novel Optical Spectral Imaging System for Rapid Imaging of Breast Tumor Margins awarded by National Institutes of Health 2011 - 2017
- Janssen Research AGreement 2014 - 2016
- HIF-1 driven therapeutic resistance mechanisms in chest wall recurrences of inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) 2013 - 2016
- Wound-Vac 2015 - 2016
- Neocortical hemodynamics during epileptic activity in primates and humans awarded by National Institutes of Health 2009 - 2015
- 27-hydroxycholesterol as a link between obesity and breast cancer pathogenesis awarded by National Institutes of Health 2013 - 2014
- Investigation of Anti-Angiogenic Mechanisms Using Novel Imaging Techniques 2009 - 2012
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Academic Articles
  - Torelli, Marco D., Ashlyn G. Rickard, Marina V. Backer, Daria S. Filonov, Nicholas A. Nunn, Alexander V. Kinev, Joseph M. Backer, Gregory M. Palmer, and Olga A. Shenderova. “Targeting Fluorescent Nanodiamonds to Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptors in Tumor..” Bioconjug Chem 30, no. 3 (March 20, 2019): 604–13. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00803.
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  - Ashcraft, Kathleen A., Devin Miles, Mary E. Sunday, Kingshuk Roy Choudhury, Kenneth H. Young, Gregory M. Palmer, Pranalee Patel, et al. “Development and Preliminary Evaluation of a Murine Model of Chronic Radiation-Induced Proctitis..” Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 101, no. 5 (August 1, 2018): 1194–1201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.04.061.
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  - Wang, H. N., J. K. Register, A. M. Fales, N. Gandra, E. H. Cho, A. Boico, G. M. Palmer, B. Klitzman, and T. Vo-Dinh. “Surface-enhanced Raman scattering nanosensors for in vivo detection of nucleic acid targets in a large animal model.” Nano Research 11, no. 8 (August 1, 2018): 4005–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-018-1982-3.
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  - Zhu, Caigang, Hannah L. Martin, Brian T. Crouch, Amy F. Martinez, Martin Li, Gregory M. Palmer, Mark W. Dewhirst, and Nimmi Ramanujam. “Near-simultaneous quantification of glucose uptake, mitochondrial membrane potential, and vascular parameters in murine flank tumors using quantitative diffuse reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy..” Biomed Opt Express 9, no. 7 (July 1, 2018): 3399–3412. https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.9.003399.
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  - Palmer, Gregory M., Hengtao Zhang, Chen-Ting Lee, Husam Mikati, Joseph A. Herbert, Marlee Krieger, Jesko von Windheim, et al. “Assessing effects of pressure on tumor and normal tissue physiology using an automated self-calibrated, pressure-sensing probe for diffuse reflectance spectroscopy..” J Biomed Opt 23, no. 5 (May 2018): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.23.5.057004.
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  - Evans, Myron K., Michael C. Brown, Joseph Geradts, Xuhui Bao, Timothy J. Robinson, Mohit Kumar Jolly, Peter B. Vermeulen, et al. “XIAP Regulation by MNK Links MAPK and NFκB Signaling to Determine an Aggressive Breast Cancer Phenotype..” Cancer Res 78, no. 7 (April 1, 2018): 1726–38. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-17-1667.
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  - Carpenter, David J., Mirabelle B. Sajisevi, Nikita Chapurin, Clifford Scott Brown, Tracy Cheng, Gregory M. Palmer, Daniel S. Stevenson, Caroline L. Rao, Russell P. Hall, and Charles R. Woodard. “Noninvasive optical spectroscopy for identification of non-melanoma skin cancer: Pilot study..” Lasers Surg Med 50, no. 3 (March 2018): 246–52. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.22786.
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  - Rogers, Stephen C., Laura B. Dosier, Timothy J. McMahon, Hongmei Zhu, David Timm, Hengtao Zhang, Joseph Herbert, et al. “Red blood cell phenotype fidelity following glycerol cryopreservation optimized for research purposes..” Plos One 13, no. 12 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209201.
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  - Hofmann, Christina L., Melanie C. O’Sullivan, Alexandre Detappe, Yingjie Yu, Xi Yang, Wei Qi, Chelsea D. Landon, et al. “NIR-emissive PEG-b-TCL micelles for breast tumor imaging and minimally invasive pharmacokinetic analysis..” Nanoscale 9, no. 36 (September 21, 2017): 13465–76. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7nr02363d.
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  - Liu, Yang, Paolo Maccarini, Gregory M. Palmer, Wiguins Etienne, Yulin Zhao, Chen-Ting Lee, Xiumei Ma, Brant A. Inman, and Tuan Vo-Dinh. “Synergistic Immuno Photothermal Nanotherapy (SYMPHONY) for the Treatment of Unresectable and Metastatic Cancers..” Sci Rep 7, no. 1 (August 17, 2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09116-1.
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  - Zhang, Xiaofeng, Sai Kit Lam, Gregory Palmer, Shiva Das, Mark Oldham, and Mark Dewhirst. “Noninvasive measurement of tissue blood oxygenation with Cerenkov imaging during therapeutic radiation delivery..” Opt Lett 42, no. 16 (August 15, 2017): 3101–4. https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.42.003101.
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  - Kerr, Caroline, Christopher A. DeRosa, Margaret L. Daly, Hengtao Zhang, Gregory M. Palmer, and Cassandra L. Fraser. “Luminescent Difluoroboron β-Diketonate PLA-PEG Nanoparticle..” Biomacromolecules 18, no. 2 (February 13, 2017): 551–61. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01708.
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  - Nichols, Brandon S., Antonio Llopis, Gregory M. Palmer, Samuel S. McCachren, Ozlem Senlik, David Miller, Martin A. Brooke, et al. “Miniature spectral imaging device for wide-field quantitative functional imaging of the morphological landscape of breast tumor margins..” J Biomed Opt 22, no. 2 (February 1, 2017). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.22.2.026007.
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  - Gandra, Naveen, Hansford C. Hendargo, Stephen J. Norton, Andrew M. Fales, Gregory M. Palmer, and Tuan Vo-Dinh. “Tunable and amplified Raman gold nanoprobes for effective tracking (TARGET): in vivo sensing and imaging..” Nanoscale 8, no. 16 (April 28, 2016): 8486–94. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5nr08980h.
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  - Zhao, Yulin, Evan A. Schwartz, Gregory M. Palmer, and Rahima Zennadi. “MEK1/2 inhibitors reverse acute vascular occlusion in mouse models of sickle cell disease..” Faseb J 30, no. 3 (March 2016): 1171–86. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.15-278481.
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  - Ashcraft, Kathleen A., Mary-Keara Boss, Artak Tovmasyan, Kingshuk Roy Choudhury, Andrew N. Fontanella, Kenneth H. Young, Gregory M. Palmer, et al. “Novel Manganese-Porphyrin Superoxide Dismutase-Mimetic Widens the Therapeutic Margin in a Preclinical Head and Neck Cancer Model..” Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 93, no. 4 (November 15, 2015): 892–900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.07.2283.
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  - Riccio, Daniel A., Hongmei Zhu, Matthew W. Foster, Brendan Huang, Christina L. Hofmann, Gregory M. Palmer, and Tim J. McMahon. “Renitrosylation of banked human red blood cells improves deformability and reduces adhesivity..” Transfusion 55, no. 10 (October 2015): 2452–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/trf.13189.
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  - Hendargo, Hansford C., Yulin Zhao, Taylor Allenby, and Gregory M. Palmer. “Snap-shot multispectral imaging of vascular dynamics in a mouse window-chamber model..” Opt Lett 40, no. 14 (July 15, 2015): 3292–95. https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.40.003292.
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  - DeRosa, Christopher A., Jelena Samonina-Kosicka, Ziyi Fan, Hansford C. Hendargo, Douglas H. Weitzel, Gregory M. Palmer, and Cassandra L. Fraser. “Oxygen Sensing Difluoroboron Dinaphthoylmethane Polylactide..” Macromolecules 48, no. 9 (May 12, 2015): 2967–77. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00394.
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  - Betof, Allison S., Christopher D. Lascola, Douglas Weitzel, Chelsea Landon, Peter M. Scarbrough, Gayathri R. Devi, Gregory Palmer, Lee W. Jones, and Mark W. Dewhirst. “Modulation of murine breast tumor vascularity, hypoxia and chemotherapeutic response by exercise..” J Natl Cancer Inst 107, no. 5 (May 2015). https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djv040.
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  - Samonina-Kosicka, J., D. H. Weitzel, C. L. Hofmann, H. Hendargo, G. Hanna, M. W. Dewhirst, G. M. Palmer, and C. L. Fraser. “Luminescent difluoroboron β-diketonate PEG-PLA oxygen nanosensors for tumor imaging.” Macromolecular Rapid Communications 36, no. 7 (April 1, 2015): 694–99. https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201500022.
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  - Samonina-Kosicka, Jelena, Douglas H. Weitzel, Christina L. Hofmann, Hansford Hendargo, Gabi Hanna, Mark W. Dewhirst, Gregory M. Palmer, and Cassandra L. Fraser. “Luminescent difluoroboron β-diketonate PEG-PLA oxygen nanosensors for tumor imaging..” Macromol Rapid Commun 36, no. 7 (April 2015): 694–99. https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201500022.
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  - Fontanella, Andrew N., Mary-Keara Boss, Michael Hadsell, Jian Zhang, Thies Schroeder, Katherine G. Berman, Mark W. Dewhirst, Sha Chang, and Gregory M. Palmer. “Effects of high-dose microbeam irradiation on tumor microvascular function and angiogenesis..” Radiat Res 183, no. 2 (February 2015): 147–58. https://doi.org/10.1667/RR13712.1.
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  - Blueschke, Gert, Gabi Hanna, Andrew N. Fontanella, Gregory M. Palmer, Alina Boico, Hooney Min, Mark W. Dewhirst, David C. Irwin, Yulin Zhao, and Thies Schroeder. “Automated measurement of microcirculatory blood flow velocity in pulmonary metastases of rats..” J Vis Exp, no. 93 (November 30, 2014). https://doi.org/10.3791/51630.
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  - Schaeffer, Daneen, Jason A. Somarelli, Gabi Hanna, Gregory M. Palmer, and Mariano A. Garcia-Blanco. “Cellular migration and invasion uncoupled: increased migration is not an inexorable consequence of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition..” Mol Cell Biol 34, no. 18 (September 15, 2014): 3486–99. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.00694-14.
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  - Viglianti, Benjamin L., Mark W. Dewhirst, R. J. Boruta, Ji-Young Park, Chelsea Landon, Andrew N. Fontanella, Jing Guo, Ashley Manzoor, Christina L. Hofmann, and Gregory M. Palmer. “Systemic anti-tumour effects of local thermally sensitive liposome therapy..” Int J Hyperthermia 30, no. 6 (September 2014): 385–92. https://doi.org/10.3109/02656736.2014.944587.
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  - Yu, Bing, Amy Shah, Bingqing Wang, Narasimhan Rajaram, Quanli Wang, Nirmala Ramanujam, Gregory M. Palmer, and Mark W. Dewhirst. “Measuring tumor cycling hypoxia and angiogenesis using a side-firing fiber optic probe..” J Biophotonics 7, no. 7 (July 2014): 552–64. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201200187.
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  - Chang, S., A. Fontanella, M. Boss, J. Zhang, M. Hadsell, T. Schroeder, K. Berman, G. Palmer, and M. Dewhirst. “WE-E-BRE-06: High-Dose Microbeam Radiation Induces Different Responses in Tumor Microenvironment Compared to Conventional Seamless Radiation in Window Chamber Tumor Models..” Med Phys 41, no. 6 (June 2014). https://doi.org/10.1118/1.4889435.
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  - Speicher, Paul J., Georgia M. Beasley, Betty Jiang, Michael E. Lidsky, Gregory M. Palmer, Peter M. Scarbrough, Paul J. Mosca, Mark W. Dewhirst, and Douglas S. Tyler. “Hypoxia in melanoma: using optical spectroscopy and EF5 to assess tumor oxygenation before and during regional chemotherapy for melanoma..” Ann Surg Oncol 21, no. 5 (May 2014): 1435–40. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-013-3222-0.
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  - Yuan, Hsiangkuo, Christy M. Wilson, Jun Xia, Sarah L. Doyle, Shuqin Li, Andrew M. Fales, Yang Liu, et al. “Plasmonics-enhanced and optically modulated delivery of gold nanostars into brain tumor..” Nanoscale 6, no. 8 (April 21, 2014): 4078–82. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3nr06770j.
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  - Juhas, Mark, George C. Engelmayr, Andrew N. Fontanella, Gregory M. Palmer, and Nenad Bursac. “Biomimetic engineered muscle with capacity for vascular integration and functional maturation in vivo..” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111, no. 15 (April 15, 2014): 5508–13. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1402723111.
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  - “Corrigendum.” Microcirculation 21, no. 2 (February 2014): 196–196. https://doi.org/10.1111/micc.12118.
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  - Radiloff, Daniel, Yulin Zhao, Alina Boico, Gert Blueschke, Gregory Palmer, Andrew Fontanella, Mark Dewhirst, et al. “Anti-hypotensive treatment and endothelin blockade synergistically antagonize exercise fatigue in rats under simulated high altitude..” Plos One 9, no. 6 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099309.
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  - Speicher, P. J., G. M. Beasley, B. Jiang, M. E. Lidsky, G. M. Palmer, P. M. Scarbrough, P. J. Mosca, M. W. Dewhirst, and D. S. Tyler. “Hypoxia in melanoma: Using optical spectroscopy and EF5 to assess tumor oxygenation before and during regional chemotherapy for melanoma.” Annals of Surgical Oncology 21, no. 5 (January 1, 2014): 1435–40. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-013-3222-0.
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  - Fontanella, Andrew N., Thies Schroeder, Daryl W. Hochman, Raymond E. Chen, Gabi Hanna, Michael M. Haglund, Narasimhan Rajaram, et al. “Quantitative mapping of hemodynamics in the lung, brain, and dorsal window chamber-grown tumors using a novel, automated algorithm..” Microcirculation 20, no. 8 (November 2013): 724–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/micc.12072.
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  - Yuan, Hsiangkuo, Christina L. Hofmann, Jelena Samonina-Kosicka, Hansford Hendargo, Gabi Hanna, Tuan Vo-Dinh, Cassandra L. Fraser, Mark W. Dewhirst, and Gregory M. Palmer. “Abstract B151: Monitoring tumor microenvironment (Hb saturation and oxygenation) in response to plasmonics-assisted photothermal cancer therapy..” Imaging, November 2013. https://doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.targ-13-b151.
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  - Chitneni, Satish K., Gerald T. Bida, Hong Yuan, Gregory M. Palmer, Michael P. Hay, Thorsten Melcher, William R. Wilson, Michael R. Zalutsky, and Mark W. Dewhirst. “18F-EF5 PET imaging as an early response biomarker for the hypoxia-activated prodrug SN30000 combined with radiation treatment in a non-small cell lung cancer xenograft model..” J Nucl Med 54, no. 8 (August 2013): 1339–46. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.112.116293.
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  - Yu, B., A. Shah, B. Wang, N. Rajaram, Q. Wang, N. Ramanujam, G. M. Palmer, and M. W. Dewhirst. “Monitoring of cycling hypoxia and angiogenesis in FaDu head and neck tumors using a side-firing sensor.” Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging Proceedings of Spie 8578 (May 27, 2013). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2002837.
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  - Hanna, Gabi, Andrew Fontanella, Gregory Palmer, Siqing Shan, Daniel R. Radiloff, Yulin Zhao, David Irwin, et al. “Automated measurement of blood flow velocity and direction and hemoglobin oxygen saturation in the rat lung using intravital microscopy..” Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 304, no. 2 (January 15, 2013): L86–91. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00178.2012.
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  - Lo, Justin Y., J Quincy Brown, Sulochana Dhar, Bing Yu, Gregory M. Palmer, Nan M. Jokerst, and Nirmala Ramanujam. “Wavelength optimization for quantitative spectral imaging of breast tumor margins..” Plos One 8, no. 4 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061767.
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  - Terman, David S., Benjamin L. Viglianti, Rahima Zennadi, Diane Fels, Richard J. Boruta, Hong Yuan, Mathew R. Dreher, et al. “Sickle erythrocytes target cytotoxics to hypoxic tumor microvessels and potentiate a tumoricidal response..” Plos One 8, no. 1 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052543.
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  - Dhar, Sulochana, Justin Y. Lo, Gregory M. Palmer, Martin A. Brooke, Brandon S. Nichols, Bing Yu, Nirmala Ramanujam, and Nan M. Jokerst. “A diffuse reflectance spectral imaging system for tumor margin assessment using custom annular photodiode arrays..” Biomed Opt Express 3, no. 12 (December 1, 2012): 3211–22. https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.3.003211.
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  - Radiloff, Daniel R., Yulin Zhao, Alina Boico, Chan Wu, Siqing Shan, Gregory Palmer, Karyn Hamilton, et al. “The combination of theophylline and endothelin receptor antagonism improves exercise performance of rats under simulated high altitude..” J Appl Physiol (1985) 113, no. 8 (October 15, 2012): 1243–52. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01622.2011.
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  - Liu, Chengbo, Narasimhan Rajaram, Karthik Vishwanath, Tony Jiang, Gregory M. Palmer, and Nirmala Ramanujam. “Experimental validation of an inverse fluorescence Monte Carlo model to extract concentrations of metabolically relevant fluorophores from turbid phantoms and a murine tumor model..” Journal of Biomedical Optics 17, no. 7 (July 24, 2012). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.17.7.078003.
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  - Liu, Chengbo, Narasimhan Rajaram, Karthik Vishwanath, Tony Jiang, Gregory M. Palmer, and Nirmala Ramanujam. “Experimental validation of an inverse fluorescence Monte Carlo model to extract concentrations of metabolically relevant fluorophores from turbid phantoms and a murine tumor model..” J Biomed Opt 17, no. 7 (July 2012). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.17.7.077012.
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  - Palmer, Gregory M., Karthik Vishwanath, and Mark W. Dewhirst. “Application of optical imaging and spectroscopy to radiation biology..” Radiat Res 177, no. 4 (April 2012): 365–75.
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  - Palmer, G. M., Z. Tiran, Z. Zhou, M. E. Capozzi, W. Park, C. Coletta, A. Pyriochou, et al. “A novel angiopoietin-derived peptide displays anti-angiogenic activity and inhibits tumour-induced and retinal neovascularization..” Br J Pharmacol 165, no. 6 (March 2012): 1891–1903. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01677.x.
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  - Palmer, Gregory M., Andrew N. Fontanella, Siqing Shan, and Mark W. Dewhirst. “High-resolution in vivo imaging of fluorescent proteins using window chamber models..” Methods Mol Biol 872 (2012): 31–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-797-2_3.
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  - Palmer, Gregory M., Andrew N. Fontanella, Siqing Shan, Gabi Hanna, Guoqing Zhang, Cassandra L. Fraser, and Mark W. Dewhirst. “In vivo optical molecular imaging and analysis in mice using dorsal window chamber models applied to hypoxia, vasculature and fluorescent reporters..” Nat Protoc 6, no. 9 (August 18, 2011): 1355–66. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2011.349.
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  - Chitneni, Satish K., Gregory M. Palmer, Michael R. Zalutsky, and Mark W. Dewhirst. “Molecular imaging of hypoxia..” J Nucl Med 52, no. 2 (February 2011): 165–68. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.110.075663.
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  - Palmer, Gregory M., Andrew N. Fontanella, Guoqing Zhang, Gabi Hanna, Cassandra L. Fraser, and Mark W. Dewhirst. “Optical imaging of tumor hypoxia dynamics..” J Biomed Opt 15, no. 6 (November 2010). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3523363.
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  - Kersey, Farrell R., Guoqing Zhang, Gregory M. Palmer, Mark W. Dewhirst, and Cassandra L. Fraser. “Stereocomplexed poly(lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) nanoparticles with dual-emissive boron dyes for tumor accumulation..” Acs Nano 4, no. 9 (September 28, 2010): 4989–96. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn901873t.
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  - Fu, Henry L., Bing Yu, Justin Y. Lo, Greg M. Palmer, Thomas F. Kuech, and Nimmi Ramanujam. “A low-cost, portable, and quantitative spectral imaging system for application to biological tissues..” Optics Express 18, no. 12 (June 2010): 12630–45. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.18.012630.
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  - Palmer, Gregory M., Richard J. Boruta, Benjamin L. Viglianti, Lan Lan, Ivan Spasojevic, and Mark W. Dewhirst. “Non-invasive monitoring of intra-tumor drug concentration and therapeutic response using optical spectroscopy..” J Control Release 142, no. 3 (March 19, 2010): 457–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.10.034.
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  - Dewhirst, Mark W., Donald E. Thrall, Gregory Palmer, Thies Schroeder, Zeljko Vujaskovic, H. Cecil Charles, James Macfall, and Terence Wong. “Utility of functional imaging in prediction or assessment of treatment response and prognosis following thermotherapy..” Int J Hyperthermia 26, no. 3 (2010): 283–93. https://doi.org/10.3109/02656730903286214.
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  - Zhang, Guoqing, Gregory M. Palmer, Mark W. Dewhirst, and Cassandra L. Fraser. “A dual-emissive-materials design concept enables tumour hypoxia imaging..” Nat Mater 8, no. 9 (September 2009): 747–51. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2509.
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  - Zhang, Guoqing, Cassandra L. Fraser, Sarah Hamm-Alvarez, Jiansong Xie, Richard J. Price, Gregory M. Palmer, and Mark W. Dewhirst. “POLY 216-Boron biomaterials for imaging and oxygen sensing.” Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society 238 (August 16, 2009).
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  - Bender, Janelle E., Karthik Vishwanath, Laura K. Moore, J Quincy Brown, Vivide Chang, Gregory M. Palmer, and Nirmala Ramanujam. “A robust Monte Carlo model for the extraction of biological absorption and scattering in vivo..” Ieee Trans Biomed Eng 56, no. 4 (April 2009): 960–68. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2008.2005994.
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  - Brown, J Quincy, Lee G. Wilke, Joseph Geradts, Stephanie A. Kennedy, Gregory M. Palmer, and Nirmala Ramanujam. “Quantitative optical spectroscopy: a robust tool for direct measurement of breast cancer vascular oxygenation and total hemoglobin content in vivo..” Cancer Res 69, no. 7 (April 1, 2009): 2919–26. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-3370.
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  - Chang, Vivide Tuan-Chyan, Peter S. Cartwright, Sarah M. Bean, Greg M. Palmer, Rex C. Bentley, and Nirmala Ramanujam. “Quantitative physiology of the precancerous cervix in vivo through optical spectroscopy..” Neoplasia 11, no. 4 (April 2009): 325–32. https://doi.org/10.1593/neo.81386.
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  - Zhang, Guoqing, Ruffin E. Evans, Gregory M. Palmer, Mark W. Dewhirst, Jiansong Xie, Sarah Hamm-Alvarez, Richard J. Price, and Cassandra L. Fraser. “Light emitting boron biomaterials for imaging and oxygen sensing.” Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society 237 (March 22, 2009).
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  - Palmer, Gregory M., Ronald J. Viola, Thies Schroeder, Pavel S. Yarmolenko, Mark W. Dewhirst, and Nirmala Ramanujam. “Quantitative diffuse reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy: tool to monitor tumor physiology in vivo..” J Biomed Opt 14, no. 2 (March 2009). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3103586.
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  - Lo, Justin Y., Bing Yu, Henry L. Fu, Janelle E. Bender, Gregory M. Palmer, Thomas F. Kuech, and Nirmala Ramanujam. “A strategy for quantitative spectral imaging of tissue absorption and scattering using light emitting diodes and photodiodes..” Opt Express 17, no. 3 (February 2, 2009): 1372–84. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.17.001372.
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  - Brown, J Quincy, Karthik Vishwanath, Gregory M. Palmer, and Nirmala Ramanujam. “Advances in quantitative UV-visible spectroscopy for clinical and pre-clinical application in cancer..” Curr Opin Biotechnol 20, no. 1 (February 2009): 119–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2009.02.004.
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  - Brown, J. Q., T. M. Bydlon, S. A. Kennedy, L. Richards, M. S. Junker, G. M. Palmer, J. Geradts, L. G. Wilke, and N. Ramanujam. “Intraoperative optical breast tissue characterization device for tumor margin assessment.” Cancer Research 69, no. 2 (January 15, 2009): 101S-101S.
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  - Lo, J. Y., B. Yu, G. M. Palmer, T. F. Kuech, and N. Ramanujam. “A miniature optical device for noninvasive, fast characterization of tumor pathology.” Biomedical Optics, Biomed 2008, December 1, 2008.
  - Yu, Bing, Justin Y. Lo, Thomas F. Kuech, Gregory M. Palmer, Janelle E. Bender, and Nirmala Ramanujam. “Cost-effective diffuse reflectance spectroscopy device for quantifying tissue absorption and scattering in vivo..” J Biomed Opt 13, no. 6 (November 2008). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3041500.
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  - Lazebnik, Mariya, Changfang Zhu, Gregory M. Palmer, Josephine Harter, Sarah Sewall, Nirmala Ramanujam, and Susan C. Hagness. “Electromagnetic spectroscopy of normal breast tissue specimens obtained from reduction surgeries: comparison of optical and microwave properties..” Ieee Trans Biomed Eng 55, no. 10 (October 2008): 2444–51. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2008.925700.
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  - Zhu, Changfang, Gregory M. Palmer, Tara M. Breslin, Josephine Harter, and Nirmala Ramanujam. “Diagnosis of breast cancer using fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: a Monte-Carlo-model-based approach..” J Biomed Opt 13, no. 3 (May 2008). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.2931078.
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  - Palmer, Gregory M., and Nirmala Ramanujam. “Monte-Carlo-based model for the extraction of intrinsic fluorescence from turbid media..” J Biomed Opt 13, no. 2 (March 2008). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.2907161.
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  - Brown, J. Q., L. G. Wilke, S. Kennedy, G. M. Palmer, J. Geradts, and N. Ramanujam. “Intraoperative in vivo reflectance spectroscopy for discrimination of normal, benign, and malignant breast tissues.” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 106 (December 1, 2007): S209–10.
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  - Palmer, G. M., and N. Ramanujam. “Erratum: Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties. Part I: Theory and validation on synthetic phantoms (Applied Optics (2006) 45 (1062)).” Applied Optics 46, no. 27 (September 20, 2007). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.46.006847.
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  - Palmer, Gregory M., and Nirmala Ramanujam. “Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties Part I: Theory and validation on synthetic phantoms: erratum.” Applied Optics 46, no. 27 (September 20, 2007): 6847–6847. https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.46.006847.
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  - Palmer, Gregory M., and Nirmala Ramanujam. “Use of genetic algorithms to optimize fiber optic probe design for the extraction of tissue optical properties..” Ieee Trans Biomed Eng 54, no. 8 (August 2007): 1533–35. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2006.889779.
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  - Skala, Melissa C., Gregory M. Palmer, Kristin M. Vrotsos, Annette Gendron-Fitzpatrick, and Nirmala Ramanujam. “Comparison of a physical model and principal component analysis for the diagnosis of epithelial neoplasias in vivo using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy..” Opt Express 15, no. 12 (June 11, 2007): 7863–75. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.15.007863.
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  - Millon, Stacy R., Katherine M. Roldan-Perez, Kristin M. Riching, Gregory M. Palmer, and Nirmala Ramanujam. “Effect of optical clearing agents on the in vivo optical properties of squamous epithelial tissue..” Lasers Surg Med 38, no. 10 (December 2006): 920–27. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.20451.
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  - Zhu, Changfang, Gregory M. Palmer, Tara M. Breslin, Josephine Harter, and Nirmala Ramanujam. “Diagnosis of breast cancer using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: Comparison of a Monte Carlo versus partial least squares analysis based feature extraction technique..” Lasers Surg Med 38, no. 7 (August 2006): 714–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.20356.
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  - Palmer, Gregory M., Changfang Zhu, Tara M. Breslin, Fushen Xu, Kennedy W. Gilchrist, and Nirmala Ramanujam. “Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties. Part II: Application to breast cancer diagnosis..” Appl Opt 45, no. 5 (February 10, 2006): 1072–78. https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.45.001072.
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  - Palmer, Gregory M., and Nirmala Ramanujam. “Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties. Part I: Theory and validation on synthetic phantoms..” Appl Opt 45, no. 5 (February 10, 2006): 1062–71. https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.45.001062.
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  - Palmer, G. M., and N. Ramanujam. “Use of genetic algorithms to optimize fiber optic probe design for the extraction of tissue optical properties.” Optics Infobase Conference Papers, January 1, 2006.
  - Palmer, G. M., and N. Ramanujam. “Monte carlo based model of fluorescence: Theory and application to breast cancer diagnosis.” Optics Infobase Conference Papers, January 1, 2006.
  - Zhu, C., G. M. Palmer, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, and N. Ramanujam. “Use of a multiseparation fiber optic probe for the optical diagnosis of breast cancer.” Journal of Biomedical Optics 10, no. 2 (March 1, 2005). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.1897398.
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  - Zhu, Changfang, Gregory M. Palmer, Tara M. Breslin, Fushen Xu, and Nirmala Ramanujam. “Use of a multiseparation fiber optic probe for the optical diagnosis of breast cancer..” J Biomed Opt 10, no. 2 (March 2005). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.1897398.
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  - Zhu, C., G. M. Palmer, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, and N. Ramanujam. “Use of a multiseparation fiber optic probe for the optical diagnosis of breast cancer.” Journal of Biomedical Optics 10, no. 2 (2005): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.1897398.
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  - Breslin, T. M., F. Xu, G. M. Palmer, and R. A. Drezek. “Autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance properties of malignant and benign breast tissues.” Breast Diseases 15, no. 3 (December 1, 2004): 256–57.
  - Breslin, Tara M., Fushen Xu, Gregory M. Palmer, Changfang Zhu, Kennedy W. Gilchrist, and Nirmala Ramanujam. “Autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance properties of malignant and benign breast tissues..” Ann Surg Oncol 11, no. 1 (January 2004): 65–70.
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  - Skala, Melissa C., Gregory M. Palmer, Changfang Zhu, Quan Liu, Kristin M. Vrotsos, Crystal L. Marshek-Stone, Annette Gendron-Fitzpatrick, and Nirmala Ramanujam. “Investigation of fiber-optic probe designs for optical spectroscopic diagnosis of epithelial pre-cancers..” Lasers Surg Med 34, no. 1 (2004): 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.10239.
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  - Palmer, G. M., C. F. Zhu, T. M. Breslin, F. S. Xu, K. W. Gilchrist, and N. Ramanujam. “Comparison of multiexcitation fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for the diagnosis of breast cancer (March 2003).” Ieee Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 50, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 1233–42. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBE.2003.818488.
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  - Palmer, Gregory M., Changfang Zhu, Tara M. Breslin, Fushen Xu, Kennedy W. Gilchrist, and Nirmala Ramanujam. “Comparison of multiexcitation fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for the diagnosis of breast cancer (March 2003)..” Ieee Trans Biomed Eng 50, no. 11 (November 2003): 1233–42. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2003.818488.
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  - Palmer, Gregory M., Patricia J. Keely, Tara M. Breslin, and Nirmala Ramanujam. “Autofluorescence spectroscopy of normal and malignant human breast cell lines..” Photochem Photobiol 78, no. 5 (November 2003): 462–69.
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  - Gill, Erin M., Gregory M. Palmer, and Nirmala Ramanujam. “Steady-state fluorescence imaging of neoplasia..” Methods Enzymol 361 (2003): 452–81.
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  - Palmer, G. M., and N. Ramanujam. “Diagnosis of Breast Cancer Using Optical Spectroscopy.” Medical Laser Application 18, no. 3 (January 1, 2003): 233–48. https://doi.org/10.1078/1615-1615-00106.
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  - Ramanujam, N., G. Palmer, T. Breslin, and K. Gichrist. “Diagnosis of breast cancer using auto fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.” Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings 3 (December 1, 2002): 2279–80.
  - Palmer, G. M., A. J. Nimunkar, C. L. Marshek, K. M. Vrotsos, and N. Ramanujam. “Fluorescence spectroscopy of DMBA induced hamster cheek pouch model: Analysis of fluorescence and diffuse reflectance changes with disease progression.” Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, January 1, 2002, 2–2.
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  - Palmer, G. M., P. J. Keely, T. M. Breslin, K. W. Gilchrist, and N. Ramanujam. “Ex vivo diagnosis of breast cancer using fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy.” Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, January 1, 2002, 76–76.
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  - Palmer, Gregory M., Crystal L. Marshek, Kristin M. Vrotsos, and Nirmala Ramanujam. “Optimal methods for fluorescence and diffuse reflectance measurements of tissue biopsy samples..” Lasers Surg Med 30, no. 3 (2002): 191–200.
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- Book Sections
  - Palmer, G. M., and K. Vishwanath. “In vivo fluorescence imaging and spectroscopy.” In Handbook of Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420075250.
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- Conference Papers
  - Rickard, A., M. Zhuang, C. Fraser, and G. Palmer. “Oxygen Concentration Quantification of Irradiated Breast Cancer Cells Using Duel-Emissive Boron Nanoparticles.” In Medical Physics, 45:E408–E408. WILEY, 2018.
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  - Stryker, S., A. Rickard, M. Zhuang, C. Fraser, and G. Palmer. “Development of a Portable Imaging System for Murine Tumor Hypoxia.” In Medical Physics, 45:E369–E369. WILEY, 2018.
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  - Vo-Dinh, T., B. Inman, P. Maccarini, G. Palmer, and Y. Liu. “Synergistic immuno photothermal nanotherapy (SYMPHONY) to treat metastatic cancers and induce anti-cancer vaccine effect.” In Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging Proceedings of Spie, Vol. 10484, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2300089.
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  - Zhu, C., H. L. Martin, M. Li, B. Crouch, A. F. Martinez, G. M. Palmer, M. W. Dewhirst, and N. Ramanujam. “Non-invasive, simultaneous quantification of vascular oxygenation, glucose uptake and mitochondria membrane potential in a flank tumor model.” In Optics Infobase Conference Papers, Vol. Part F91-TRANSLATIONAL 2018, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1364/TRANSLATIONAL.2018.CF2B.2.
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  - Fraser, Cassandra, Christopher DeRosa, Scott Seaman, Caroline Kerr, Margaret Daly, Alexander Mathew, Meng Zhuang, et al. “Luminescent boron polymers for biomedical imaging.” In Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 254. AMER CHEMICAL SOC, 2017.
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  - Chin, Bennett, Thomas Hawk, Douglas Weitzel, Darryl McDougald, Robert Reiman, Gregory Palmer, Michael Zalutsky, and Ganesan Vaidyanathan. “Feasibility of 124I anti-PD-L1 PET/CT imaging in a syngeneic tumor model of breast cancer..” In Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 58. SOC NUCLEAR MEDICINE INC, 2017.
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  - Brousell, Steven C., Yang Liu, Paolo F. Maccarini, Gregory M. Palmer, Wiguins Etienne, Yulin Zhao, Chen-Ting Lee, Tuan Vo-Dinh, and Brant A. Inman. “MP98-09 SYNERGISTIC IMMUNO-PHOTOTHERMAL NANOTHERAPY (SYMPHONY): A NOVEL TREATMENT FOR LOCALIZED AND METASTATIC BLADDER CANCER.” In Journal of Urology, Vol. 197. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2017.02.3074.
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  - Dosier, L. B. M., H. Zhu, H. Zhang, G. Palmer, and T. J. McMahon. “The Role Of L-Amino Acid Transporter (lat-1) In The Hypoxia-Induced Export Of Anti-Adhesive S-Nitrosothiols (snos).” In American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 195. AMER THORACIC SOC, 2017.
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  - Rickard, A. G., C. A. DeRosa, C. L. Fraser, and G. M. Palmer. “The development of an in vivo mobile dynamic microscopy system that images cancerous tumors via fluorescent and phosphorescent nanoparticles.” In Optics Infobase Conference Papers, Vol. Part F63-OMP 2017, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1364/OMP.2017.OmM4D.3.
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  - Nichols, B. S., S. S. McCachren, G. M. Palmer, and N. Ramanujam. “Portable system for wide-field, sub-millimeter functional imaging of the morphological landscape of breast tumor margins.” In Optics Infobase Conference Papers, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1364/TRANSLATIONAL.2016.TM4B.6.
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  - Boico, Alina, Eugenia Cho, Lynne Liao, Janna Register, Andrew Fales, Natalie Wisnewski, Sulolit Pradhan, Tuan Vo-Dihn, Gregory Palmer, and Bruce Klitzman. “Characterization of Inflammatory Cell Response to Implanted Porous P-HEMA in the Dermis Vs Subcutaneous Tissue.” In Faseb Journal, Vol. 29. FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL, 2015.
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  - Liao, Lin, Eugenia Cho, Alina Boico, Janna Register, Andrew Fales, Kristen Helton, Natalie Wisniewski, Tuan Vo-Dinh, Gregory Palmer, and Bruce Klitzman. “Vascularization of Porous PolyHEMA Scaffolds.” In Faseb Journal, Vol. 29. FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL, 2015.
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  - Fraser, Cassandra L., Christopher DeRosa, Jelena Samonina-Kosicka, William A. Morris, Ziyi Fan, J. N. Demas, Alexander Mathew, et al. “Tuning optical properties of difluoroboron beta-diketonate biomaterials for oxygen sensing.” In Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 248. AMER CHEMICAL SOC, 2014.
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  - Samonina-Kosicka, Jelena, Christopher DeRosa, Christina L. Hofmann, Hansford Hendargo, Mark W. Dewhirst, Gregory M. Palmer, and Cassandra L. Fraser. “Boron nanoparticles for oxygen sensing: Material design, optical properties, and bioimaging.” In Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 248. AMER CHEMICAL SOC, 2014.
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  - Cho, Eugenia, Alina Boico, Nga Brown, Natalie Wisniewski, Kristen Helton, Janna Register, Andrew Fales, et al. “Tissue integration of porous polyHEMA scaffold.” In Faseb Journal, Vol. 28. FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL, 2014.
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  - DeRosa, Christopher A., Jelena Samonina-Kosicka, Ziyi Fan, Christina L. Hofmann, Gregory M. Palmer, Mark W. Dewhirst, and Cassandra L. Fraser. “Oxygen nanosensors based on dual emissive difluoroboron naphthyl alpha-diketonate polylactides for ratiometric tumor hypoxia imaging.” In Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 247. AMER CHEMICAL SOC, 2014.
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  - Cho, Eugenia H., Alina Boico, Natalie A. Wisniewski, Kristen L. Helton, Janna K. Register, Andrew M. Fales, Gregory M. Palmer, Tuan Vo-Dinh, Thies Schroeder, and Bruce Klitzman. “Abstract 88: microvascular integration into versatile tissue engineering platforms..” In Plast Reconstr Surg, Vol. 133, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000445121.15610.63.
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  - Bowles, R. D., B. A. Mata, T. K. Mwangi, G. M. Palmer, and L. A. Setton. “In vivo imaging of NF-кB activity and correlation to pain in a model of inflammatory arthritis.” In Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 21:S266–67. Elsevier BV, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2013.02.557.
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  - Dewhirst, M., A. Fontanella, G. Palmer, M. Boss, J. Zhang, M. Hadsell, and S. Chang. “TH-A-BRB-04: Vascular Response to Microbeam Radiation Therapy in Vivo Using a Murine Window Chamber Tumor Model.” In Medical Physics, 39:3983–3983. Wiley, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.4736249.
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  - Fraser, Cassandra L., Guoqing Zhang, Nguyen D. Nguyen, Songpan Xu, Alexander G. Zestos, Gregory M. Palmer, Mark W. Dewhirst, et al. “Luminescent boron b-diketonate biomaterials: Synthesis, properties and applications.” In Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 242. AMER CHEMICAL SOC, 2011.
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  - Hanna, G., G. Palmer, W. Park, J. Herbert, Y. Cao, T. Schroeder, G. Vlahovic, A. Nixon, and M. Dewhirst. “Variation in Microenvironmental Effects and Drug Delivery between Different Classes of Antiangiogenic Drugs.” In International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics, 78:S164–65. Elsevier BV, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.07.405.
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  - Hanna, Gabi, Tina Tailor, Greg Palmer, Joseph Herbert, Gordana Vlahovic, and Mark Dewhirst. “Abstract A10: Antiangiogenic therapy (VEGF‐R1–3 and PDGFR inhibitor) increases tumor hemoglobin saturation and decreases interstitial pressure, and microvessel density.” In Angiogenesis and Antiangiogenesis Agents. American Association for Cancer Research, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.targ-09-a10.
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  - Chiles, S., K. Roldan-Perez, K. Riching, G. Palmer, and N. Ramanujam. “Effect of optical clearing agents on the optical properties of squamous epithelial tissue.” In Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 2–2. WILEY-LISS, 2006.
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  - Breslin, T. M., G. Palmer, C. Fang, K. W. Gilchrist, F. Xu, and N. Ramanujam. “Auto fluorescence and diffuse reflectance properties of malignant and benign breast tissues.” In Annals of Surgical Oncology, 10:S16–S16. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, 2003.
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