Leonard Edward White | Scholars@Duke

Leonard Edward White
Associate Professor in Neurology

Functional architecture of the visual cortex; role of sensory experience in development

One important goal of neuroscience is to understand the fundamental principles that shape the developing brain. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to characterize the interactions between sensorimotor behavior, self-organization, and genetically programmed mechanisms of brain development. This interplay between intrinsic and experience-dependent factors is most dynamic during early life, at a time of explosive increase in the numbers and complexity of neural connections. It is precisely this increase in neural capacity that makes possible the rich repertoire of behavior associated with functional maturity. My primary interest is to understand how sensorimotor experience in early life influences — for better or worse — the formation and maturation of functional neural circuits in the cerebral cortex. My collaborators and I believe that our studies are providing insight into the nature of normal brain development and the consequences of disrupting the partnership between intrinsic developmental mechanisms and early sensorimotor experience.

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Associate Professor in Neurology, Neurology, General & Community Neurology, Neurology 2017
Associate Professor of Neurobiology, Neurobiology, Basic Science Departments 2010
Associate Professor in Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedics, Orthopaedics 2017
Associate Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience, Psychology & Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 2018
Faculty Network Member of the Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, University Institutes and Centers 2011

Contact Information

Box 91003, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Durham, NC 27708
M056 Levine Science Research Center, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27708
len.white@duke.edu (919) 613-5028
@MedNeuroMOOC
@NeuroscienceNow
Frontiers in Intergrative Neuroscience Research Topic: Representation in Neuroscience and Humanities
Medical Neuroscience on Coursera

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- Ph.D., Washington University in St. Louis 1992
Previous Appointments & Affiliations
- Associate Director of the Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, University Institutes and Centers 2016 - 2022
- Director of Undergraduate Studies of Psychology and Neuroscience, Psychology & Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 2019 - 2022
- Associate Professor in Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedics, Physical Therapy, Orthopaedics 2010 - 2017
- Assistant Professor in Community and Family Medicine, Orthopaedics, Physical Therapy, Orthopaedics 2001 - 2010
- Assistant Professor in Neurobiology, Neurobiology, Basic Science Departments 2001 - 2010
- Assistant Research Professor in Community and Family Medicine, Family Medicine and Community Health, Clinical Science Departments 2000 - 2001
- Assistant Research Professor in Neurobiology, Neurobiology, Basic Science Departments 2000 - 2001
- Instructor, Temporary in Community and Family Medicine, Orthopaedics, Physical Therapy, Orthopaedics 1999 - 2000
Recognition
In the News
- NOV 8, 2019
  
  Five Things to Know About Great Teaching
- AUG 20, 2019
  
  Alumni to Honor Two Faculty for Research, Teaching Advancements During Founders' Weekend
- JUL 15, 2019 Magnify magazine
  
  Learning From a Beautiful Cerebellum
- APR 3, 2015
  
  Duke's Newest MOOC: Foundational Neuroscience
- NOV 12, 2013
  
  Duke Neurohumanities in Paris
- JUL 10, 2013
  
  Brain Extraction, As You've Never Seen It Before
Expertise
Subject Headings
Global Scholarship
- Teaching
  - France (Country)
Research
Selected Grants
- Ultra-high Resolution Structural Connectome Atlases of the Animal Brain and their Associated Toolbox awarded by University of Pittsburgh 2022
- The Development of Direction Selectivity in Visual Cortex awarded by National Institutes of Health 1996 - 2011
- A probabilistic concept of sensory cortical function awarded by National Institutes of Health 2003 - 2006
- Local Circuits and Direction Selectivity in Visual Cortex awarded by National Institutes of Health 1996 - 2002
- Direction Selectivity And Horizontal Connections In Vi awarded by National Institutes of Health 1998 - 1999
- Direction Selectivity And Horizontal Connections In V1 awarded by National Institutes of Health 1997 - 1999
External Relationships
- Duke Coursera
- Oxford University Press
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Academic Articles
  - Johnson, G Allan, Rick Laoprasert, Robert J. Anderson, Gary Cofer, James Cook, Forrest Pratson, and Leonard E. White. “A multicontrast MR atlas of the Wistar rat brain.” Neuroimage 242 (November 15, 2021): 118470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118470.
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  - Adil, Syed M., Evan Calabrese, Lefko T. Charalambous, James J. Cook, Shervin Rahimpour, Ahmet F. Atik, Gary P. Cofer, et al. “A high-resolution interactive atlas of the human brainstem using magnetic resonance imaging.” Neuroimage 237 (August 2021): 118135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118135.
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  - Wang, Nian, Leonard E. White, Yi Qi, Gary Cofer, and G Allan Johnson. “Cytoarchitecture of the mouse brain by high resolution diffusion magnetic resonance imaging.” Neuroimage 216 (August 1, 2020): 116876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116876.
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  - Allan Johnson, G., Nian Wang, Robert J. Anderson, Min Chen, Gary P. Cofer, James C. Gee, Forrest Pratson, Nicholas Tustison, and Leonard E. White. “Whole mouse brain connectomics.” J Comp Neurol 527, no. 13 (September 1, 2019): 2146–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.24560.
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  - Wang, Nian, Jieying Zhang, Gary Cofer, Yi Qi, Robert J. Anderson, Leonard E. White, and G. Allan Johnson. “Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging of mouse brain microstructure.” Brain Struct Funct 224, no. 5 (June 2019): 1797–1813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-019-01877-x.
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  - Coppola, David M., and Leonard E. White. “Forever young: Neoteny, neurogenesis and a critique of critical periods in olfaction.” J Bioenerg Biomembr 51, no. 1 (February 2019): 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10863-018-9778-4.
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  - Li, Jonathan Y., Dana M. Middleton, Steven Chen, Leonard White, Carley R. Corado, Charles Vite, Allison Bradbury, and James M. Provenzale. “Quantitative DTI metrics in a canine model of Krabbe disease: comparisons versus age-matched controls across multiple ages.” Neuroradiol J 31, no. 2 (April 2018): 168–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/1971400917733431.
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  - Middleton, Dana M., Jonathan Y. Li, Steven D. Chen, Leonard E. White, Patricia Dickson, N Matthew Ellinwood, and James M. Provenzale. “Diffusion tensor imaging findings suggestive of white matter alterations in a canine model of mucopolysaccharidosis type I.” Neuroradiol J 31, no. 1 (February 2018): 90–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/1971400917715792.
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  - Middleton, Dana M., Jonathan Y. Li, Steven D. Chen, Leonard E. White, Patricia I. Dickson, N. Matthew Ellinwood, and James M. Provenzale. “Quantitative diffusion tensor imaging analysis does not distinguish pediatric canines with mucopolysaccharidosis I from control canines.” Neuroradiol J 30, no. 5 (October 2017): 454–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/1971400917718844.
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  - Li, Jonathan Y., Dana M. Middleton, Steven Chen, Leonard White, N Matthew Ellinwood, Patricia Dickson, Charles Vite, Allison Bradbury, and James M. Provenzale. “Novel region of interest interrogation technique for diffusion tensor imaging analysis in the canine brain.” Neuroradiol J 30, no. 4 (August 2017): 339–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/1971400917709629.
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  - Middleton, Dana M., Jonathan Y. Li, Hui J. Lee, Steven Chen, Patricia I. Dickson, N Matthew Ellinwood, Leonard E. White, and James M. Provenzale. “Diffusion tensor imaging tensor shape analysis for assessment of regional white matter differences.” Neuroradiol J 30, no. 4 (August 2017): 324–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/1971400917709628.
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  - Peterson, David E., Steven D. Chen, Evan Calabrese, Leonard E. White, and James M. Provenzale. “Automated segmentation of the canine corpus callosum for the measurement of diffusion tensor imaging.” Neuroradiol J 29, no. 1 (February 2016): 4–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1971400915610924.
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  - Choi, Joshua, Patricia Dickson, Evan Calabrese, Steven Chen, Leonard White, Matthew Ellingwood, and James M. Provenzale. “Predicting degree of myelination based on diffusion tensor imagining of canines with mucopolysaccharidosis type I.” Neuroradiol J 28, no. 6 (December 2015): 562–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/1971400915609351.
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  - Schottdorf, Manuel, Wolfgang Keil, David Coppola, Leonard E. White, and Fred Wolf. “Random Wiring, Ganglion Cell Mosaics, and the Functional Architecture of the Visual Cortex.” Plos Comput Biol 11, no. 11 (November 2015): e1004602. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004602.
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  - Leong, Dalun, Evan Calabrese, Leonard E. White, Peter Wei, Steven Chen, Simon R. Platt, and James M. Provenzale. “Correlation of diffusion tensor imaging parameters in the canine brain.” Neuroradiol J 28, no. 1 (February 2015): 12–18. https://doi.org/10.15274/NRJ-2014-10110.
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  - Pierce, Theodore T., Evan Calabrese, Leonard E. White, Steven D. Chen, Simon R. Platt, and James M. Provenzale. “Segmentation of the canine corpus callosum using diffusion-tensor imaging tractography.” Ajr Am J Roentgenol 202, no. 1 (January 2014): W19–25. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.12.9791.
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  - Wei, Peter T., Dalun Leong, Evan Calabrese, Leonard White, Theodore Pierce, Simon Platt, and James Provenzale. “Diffusion tensor imaging of neural tissue organization: correlations between radiologic and histologic parameters.” Neuroradiol J 26, no. 5 (October 2013): 501–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/197140091302600502.
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  - Van Hooser, Stephen D., Ye Li, Maria Christensson, Gordon B. Smith, Leonard E. White, and David Fitzpatrick. “Initial neighborhood biases and the quality of motion stimulation jointly influence the rapid emergence of direction preference in visual cortex.” J Neurosci 32, no. 21 (May 23, 2012): 7258–66. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0230-12.2012.
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  - Keil, W., M. Kaschube, M. Schnabel, Z. F. Kisvarday, S. Löwel, D. M. Coppola, L. E. White, and F. Wolf. “Response to comment on "universality in the evolution of orientation columns in the visual cortex".” Science 336, no. 6080 (April 27, 2012). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1206416.
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  - Macke, Jakob H., Sebastian Gerwinn, Leonard E. White, Matthias Kaschube, and Matthias Bethge. “Gaussian process methods for estimating cortical maps.” Neuroimage 56, no. 2 (May 15, 2011): 570–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.272.
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  - Cabrera, Alvin R., W Robert Lee, Richard Madden, Ershela Sims, Jenny K. Hoang, Leonard E. White, Lawrence B. Marks, and Junzo P. Chino. “Incorporating gross anatomy education into radiation oncology residency: a 2-year curriculum with evaluation of resident satisfaction.” J Am Coll Radiol 8, no. 5 (May 2011): 335–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2010.10.005.
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  - Kaschube, Matthias, Michael Schnabel, Siegrid Löwel, David M. Coppola, Leonard E. White, and Fred Wolf. “Universality in the evolution of orientation columns in the visual cortex.” Science 330, no. 6007 (November 19, 2010): 1113–16. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1194869.
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  - Provenzale, James M., Kevan van Landingham, and Leonard E. White. “Clinical and imaging findings suggesting human herpesvirus 6 encephalitis.” Pediatr Neurol 42, no. 1 (January 2010): 32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2009.07.014.
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  - Macke, J. H., S. Gerwinn, L. E. White, M. Kaschube, and M. Bethge. “Bayesian estimation of orientation preference maps.” Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 22 Proceedings of the 2009 Conference, December 1, 2009, 1195–1203.
  - Davis, Simon W., Nancy A. Dennis, Norbou G. Buchler, Leonard E. White, David J. Madden, and Roberto Cabeza. “Assessing the effects of age on long white matter tracts using diffusion tensor tractography.” Neuroimage 46, no. 2 (June 2009): 530–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.01.068.
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  - Madden, David J., Julia Spaniol, Matthew C. Costello, Barbara Bucur, Leonard E. White, Roberto Cabeza, Simon W. Davis, Nancy A. Dennis, James M. Provenzale, and Scott A. Huettel. “Cerebral white matter integrity mediates adult age differences in cognitive performance.” J Cogn Neurosci 21, no. 2 (February 2009): 289–302. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21047.
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  - Li, Ye, Stephen D. Van Hooser, Mark Mazurek, Leonard E. White, and David Fitzpatrick. “Experience with moving visual stimuli drives the early development of cortical direction selectivity.” Nature 456, no. 7224 (December 18, 2008): 952–56. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07417.
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  - Provenzale, James M., Kevan E. vanLandingham, Darrell V. Lewis, Srinivasan Mukundan, and Leonard E. White. “Extrahippocampal involvement in human herpesvirus 6 encephalitis depicted at MR imaging.” Radiology 249, no. 3 (December 2008): 955–63. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2492071917.
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  - Bucur, Barbara, David J. Madden, Julia Spaniol, James M. Provenzale, Roberto Cabeza, Leonard E. White, and Scott A. Huettel. “Age-related slowing of memory retrieval: contributions of perceptual speed and cerebral white matter integrity.” Neurobiol Aging 29, no. 7 (July 2008): 1070–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.02.008.
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  - White, Leonard E., and David Fitzpatrick. “Vision and cortical map development.” Neuron 56, no. 2 (October 25, 2007): 327–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.10.011.
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  - Provenzale, James M., Luxia Liang, David DeLong, and Leonard E. White. “Diffusion tensor imaging assessment of brain white matter maturation during the first postnatal year.” Ajr Am J Roentgenol 189, no. 2 (August 2007): 476–86. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.07.2132.
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  - Provenzale, J. M., L. L. Liang, G. E. York, D. M. DeLong, and L. E. White. “Analysis of Signal Intensity Changes Representing Brain Maturation During the First Postnatal Year.” American Journal of Roentgenology 188, no. 5 (May 1, 2007).
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  - Madden, David J., Julia Spaniol, Wythe L. Whiting, Barbara Bucur, James M. Provenzale, Roberto Cabeza, Leonard E. White, and Scott A. Huettel. “Adult age differences in the functional neuroanatomy of visual attention: a combined fMRI and DTI study.” Neurobiol Aging 28, no. 3 (March 2007): 459–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.01.005.
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  - Marks, Bonita L., David J. Madden, Barbara Bucur, James M. Provenzale, Leonard E. White, Roberto Cabeza, and Scott A. Huettel. “Role of aerobic fitness and aging on cerebral white matter integrity.” Ann N Y Acad Sci 1097 (February 2007): 171–74. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1379.022.
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  - Li, Ye, David Fitzpatrick, and Leonard E. White. “The development of direction selectivity in ferret visual cortex requires early visual experience.” Nat Neurosci 9, no. 5 (May 2006): 676–81. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1684.
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  - Basole, Amit, Vincenzo Kreft-Kerekes, Leonard E. White, and David Fitzpatrick. “Cortical cartography revisited: A frequency perspective on the functional architecture of visual cortex.” Prog Brain Res 154 (2006): 121–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(06)54006-3.
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  - White, L. E., K. E. Jones, C. J. Vinyard, and A. B. Taylor. “Functional architecture of the brainstem trigeminal complex in two callitrichid species with divergent feeding behaviors (Callithrix jacchus and Saguinus oedipus).” American Journal of Physical Anthropology, January 1, 2006, 187–187.
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  - Xu, Xiangmin, William H. Bosking, Leonard E. White, David Fitzpatrick, and Vivien A. Casagrande. “Functional organization of visual cortex in the prosimian bush baby revealed by optical imaging of intrinsic signals.” J Neurophysiol 94, no. 4 (October 2005): 2748–62. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00354.2005.
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  - Madden, David J., Wythe L. Whiting, Scott A. Huettel, Leonard E. White, James R. MacFall, and James M. Provenzale. “Diffusion tensor imaging of adult age differences in cerebral white matter: relation to response time.” Neuroimage 21, no. 3 (March 2004): 1174–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.11.004.
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  - Coppola, David M., and Leonard E. White. “Visual experience promotes the isotropic representation of orientation preference.” Vis Neurosci 21, no. 1 (January 2004): 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0952523804041045.
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  - Basole, Amit, Leonard E. White, and David Fitzpatrick. “Mapping multiple features in the population response of visual cortex.” Nature 423, no. 6943 (June 26, 2003): 986–90. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01721.
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  - White, L. E., D. M. Coppola, and D. Fitzpatrick. “The contribution of sensory experience to the maturation of orientation selectivity in ferret visual cortex.” Nature 411, no. 6841 (June 28, 2001): 1049–52. https://doi.org/10.1038/35082568.
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  - White, L. E., W. H. Bosking, and D. Fitzpatrick. “Consistent mapping of orientation preference across irregular functional domains in ferret visual cortex.” Vis Neurosci 18, no. 1 (January 2001): 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1017/s095252380118106x.
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  - White, L. E., W. H. Bosking, S. M. Williams, and D. Fitzpatrick. “Maps of central visual space in ferret V1 and V2 lack matching inputs from the two eyes.” J Neurosci 19, no. 16 (August 15, 1999): 7089–99.
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  - Coppola, D. M., L. E. White, D. Fitzpatrick, and D. Purves. “Unequal representation of cardinal and oblique contours in ferret visual cortex.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95, no. 5 (March 3, 1998): 2621–23. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.5.2621.
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  - Sporns, O. “Variation and selection in neural function.” Trends Neurosci 20, no. 7 (July 1997): 291.
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  - White, L. E., T. J. Andrews, C. Hulette, A. Richards, M. Groelle, J. Paydarfar, and D. Purves. “Structure of the human sensorimotor system. I: Morphology and cytoarchitecture of the central sulcus.” Cereb Cortex 7, no. 1 (January 1997): 18–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/7.1.18.
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  - White, L. E., T. J. Andrews, C. Hulette, A. Richards, M. Groelle, J. Paydarfar, and D. Purves. “Structure of the human sensorimotor system. II: Lateral symmetry.” Cereb Cortex 7, no. 1 (January 1997): 31–47. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/7.1.31.
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  - Purves, D., L. E. White, and D. R. Riddle. “Is neural development Darwinian?” Trends Neurosci 19, no. 11 (November 1996): 460–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-2236(96)20038-4.
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  - Andrews, T. J., L. E. White, D. Binder, and D. Purves. “Temporal events in cyclopean vision.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93, no. 8 (April 16, 1996): 3689–92. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.8.3689.
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  - Purves, D., and L. E. White. “Monocular preferences in binocular viewing.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91, no. 18 (August 30, 1994): 8339–42. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.18.8339.
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  - Purves, D., L. E. White, and T. J. Andrews. “Manual asymmetry and handedness.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91, no. 11 (May 24, 1994): 5030–32. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.11.5030.
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  - White, L. E., G. Lucas, A. Richards, and D. Purves. “Cerebral asymmetry and handedness.” Nature 368, no. 6468 (March 17, 1994): 197–98. https://doi.org/10.1038/368197a0.
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  - Purves, D., D. R. Riddle, L. E. White, and G. Gutierrez-Ospina. “Neural activity and the development of the somatic sensory system.” Curr Opin Neurobiol 4, no. 1 (February 1994): 120–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-4388(94)90041-8.
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  - White, L. E., H. D. Hodges, K. M. Carnes, J. L. Price, and J. M. Dubinsky. “Colocalization of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter markers in striatal projection neurons in the rat.” J Comp Neurol 339, no. 3 (January 15, 1994): 328–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903390303.
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  - Purves, D., D. R. Riddle, L. E. White, G. Gutierrez-Ospina, and A. S. LaMantia. “Categories of cortical structure.” Prog Brain Res 102 (1994): 343–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(08)60551-8.
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  - White, L. E., and J. L. Price. “The functional anatomy of limbic status epilepticus in the rat. II. The effects of focal deactivation.” J Neurosci 13, no. 11 (November 1993): 4810–30.
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  - White, L. E., and J. L. Price. “The functional anatomy of limbic status epilepticus in the rat. I. Patterns of 14C-2-deoxyglucose uptake and Fos immunocytochemistry.” J Neurosci 13, no. 11 (November 1993): 4787–4809.
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  - Riddle, D. R., G. Gutierrez, D. Zheng, L. E. White, A. Richards, and D. Purves. “Differential metabolic and electrical activity in the somatic sensory cortex of juvenile and adult rats.” J Neurosci 13, no. 10 (October 1993): 4193–4213.
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  - White, L. E., C. D. Ross, and D. A. Godfrey. “Distributions of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities in the retinal layers of the red-tailed hawk and road runner.” J Comp Neurol 303, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903030106.
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  - White, L. E., C. D. Ross, and D. A. Godfrey. “Distributions of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities in the retinal layers of pigeon red and yellow fields.” Vision Res 30, no. 2 (1990): 215–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(90)90037-l.
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- Book Sections
  - Eichbaum, Q., L. White, W. Masukume, and G. Pena. “The ‘awe-full’ fascination of pathology.” In Routledge Handbook of the Medical Humanities, 321–31, 2019. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351241779-33.
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  - White, L. E. “A neuroproteomic approach to understanding visual cortical development.” In Neuroproteomics, 215–37, 2009.
- Conference Papers
  - Taylor, Andrea B., J Matthew Velkey, Janet Gwyer, and Leonard E. White. “Body and Brain: Anatomy of team-based learning in a preclinical science course.” In American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 156:301–301. WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2015.
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  - Bucur, B., D. J. Madden, J. Spaniol, J. M. Provenzale, L. E. White, R. Cabeza, and S. A. Huettel. “Age-related decreases in cerebral white matter integrity: Implications for episodic and semantic retrieval processes.” In Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 234–234. M I T PRESS, 2005.
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Teaching & Mentoring
Recent Courses
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Outreach & Engaged Scholarship

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Education, Training, & Certifications

Previous Appointments & Affiliations

In the News

Subject Headings

Global Scholarship

Teaching

Selected Grants

External Relationships

Selected Publications

Academic Articles

Book Sections

Conference Papers

Recent Courses

Outreach & Engaged Scholarship