Scholars@Duke
Leonard Edward White

Leonard Edward White

Associate Professor in Neurology
Neurology, General & Community Neurology
len.white@duke.edu
Box 91003, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Durham, NC 27708
M056 Levine Science Research Center, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27708

Selected Publications

The Duke Mouse Brain Atlas: MRI and light sheet microscopy stereotaxic atlas of the mouse brain.

Journal Article Sci Adv · May 2, 2025 Atlases of the brain are critical resources that make it possible to share data in a common reference frame. Unexpectedly, there is no three-dimensional (3D) stereotaxic atlas of the mouse brain that provides whole brain coverage at macro to single-cell le ... Full text Link to item Cite

Anatomy Drawing: Dissecting the Impact of Art in Medicine.

Journal Article Med Sci Educ · April 2025 INTRODUCTION: Many studies have examined the role of medical humanities in processing overall academic and emotional experiences, but few have studied the impact of visual art on human body dissection reflection. At the Duke University School of Medicine, ... Full text Link to item Cite

Porous Embodiment and Poetic Knowledge: An Emergent Dialogue Between a Puppetry Artist and a Neuroscientist

Journal Article Leonardo · April 1, 2025 AbstractThis article illustrates a collaboration-in-formation between a performing artist and a neuroscientist. The authors focus on the early clarification of cross-disciplinary language and their recogniti ... Full text Open Access Cite

High-resolution diffusion magnetic resonance imaging and spatial-transcriptomic in developing mouse brain.

Journal Article Neuroimage · August 15, 2024 Brain development is a highly complex process regulated by numerous genes at the molecular and cellular levels. Brain tissue exhibits serial microstructural changes during the development process. High-resolution diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) ... Full text Link to item Cite

Merged magnetic resonance and light sheet microscopy of the whole mouse brain.

Journal Article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · April 25, 2023 We have developed workflows to align 3D magnetic resonance histology (MRH) of the mouse brain with light sheet microscopy (LSM) and 3D delineations of the same specimen. We start with MRH of the brain in the skull with gradient echo and diffusion tensor im ... Full text Link to item Cite

Prenatal heroin exposure alters brain morphology and connectivity in adolescent mice.

Journal Article NMR Biomed · February 2023 The United States is experiencing a dramatic increase in maternal opioid misuse and, consequently, the number of individuals exposed to opioids in utero. Prenatal opioid exposure has both acute and long-lasting effects on health and wellbeing. Effects on t ... Full text Link to item Cite

A rapid workflow for neuron counting in combined light sheet microscopy and magnetic resonance histology.

Journal Article Front Neurosci · 2023 Information on regional variation in cell numbers and densities in the CNS provides critical insight into structure, function, and the progression of CNS diseases. However, variability can be real or a consequence of methods that do not account for technic ... Full text Link to item Cite

Teaching Neuroscience: Reviving Neuroanatomy, Notes on the 2022 Society for Neuroscience Professional Development Workshop on Teaching.

Journal Article J Undergrad Neurosci Educ · 2022 Students often find neuroanatomy a daunting exercise of rote memorization in a dead language. This workshop was designed to enliven the teaching of neuroanatomy. We recast the topic by extending it to the cellular and sub-cellular levels, animating it by l ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

A multicontrast MR atlas of the Wistar rat brain.

Journal Article Neuroimage · November 15, 2021 We describe a multi-contrast, multi-dimensional atlas of the Wistar rat acquired at microscopic spatial resolution using magnetic resonance histology (MRH). Diffusion weighted images, and associated scalar images were acquired of a single specimen with a f ... Full text Link to item Cite

A high-resolution interactive atlas of the human brainstem using magnetic resonance imaging.

Journal Article Neuroimage · August 15, 2021 Conventional atlases of the human brainstem are limited by the inflexible, sparsely-sampled, two-dimensional nature of histology, or the low spatial resolution of conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Postmortem high-resolution MRI circumvents the ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cytoarchitecture of the mouse brain by high resolution diffusion magnetic resonance imaging.

Journal Article Neuroimage · August 1, 2020 MRI has been widely used to probe the neuroanatomy of the mouse brain, directly correlating MRI findings to histology is still challenging due to the limited spatial resolution and various image contrasts derived from water relaxation or diffusion properti ... Full text Link to item Cite

Whole mouse brain connectomics.

Journal Article J Comp Neurol · September 1, 2019 Methods have been developed to allow quantitative connectivity of the whole fixed mouse brain by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We have translated what we have learned in clinical imaging to the very special domain of the mouse brain. Diffusion ... Full text Link to item Cite

Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging of mouse brain microstructure.

Journal Article Brain Struct Funct · June 2019 Advanced biophysical models like neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) have been developed to estimate the microstructural complexity of voxels enriched in dendrites and axons for both in vivo and ex vivo studies. NODDI metrics derived ... Full text Link to item Cite

Forever young: Neoteny, neurogenesis and a critique of critical periods in olfaction.

Journal Article J Bioenerg Biomembr · February 2019 The critical period concept has been one of the most transcendent in science, education, and society forming the basis of our fixation on 'quality' of childhood experiences. The neural basis of this process has been revealed in developmental studies of vis ... Full text Link to item Cite

The ‘awe-full’ fascination of pathology

Chapter · January 1, 2019 The patient is suffering from a disease, and yet pathologists delight when looking at diagnostic images in examining the case. Through pathologists’ diagnostic interventions, it is sometimes possible to change the course of disease; the diagnosis changes t ... Full text Cite

Quantitative DTI metrics in a canine model of Krabbe disease: comparisons versus age-matched controls across multiple ages.

Journal Article Neuroradiol J · April 2018 Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare quantitative diffusion tensor imaging metrics in dogs affected with a model of Krabbe disease to age-matched normal controls. We hypothesized that fractional anisotropy would be decreased and radial diffusiv ... Full text Link to item Cite

Diffusion tensor imaging findings suggestive of white matter alterations in a canine model of mucopolysaccharidosis type I.

Journal Article Neuroradiol J · February 2018 Purpose We investigated fractional anisotropy (FA) and radial diffusivity (RD) in a canine model of mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS). We hypothesized that canines affected with MPS would exhibit decreased FA and increased RD values when compared to unaffected c ... Full text Link to item Cite

Quantitative diffusion tensor imaging analysis does not distinguish pediatric canines with mucopolysaccharidosis I from control canines.

Journal Article Neuroradiol J · October 2017 Purpose We compared fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity measurements between pediatric canines affected with mucopolysaccharidosis I and pediatric control canines. We hypothesized that lower fractional anisotropy and higher radial diffusivity valu ... Full text Link to item Cite

Novel region of interest interrogation technique for diffusion tensor imaging analysis in the canine brain.

Journal Article Neuroradiol J · August 2017 Purpose We describe a novel technique for measuring diffusion tensor imaging metrics in the canine brain. We hypothesized that a standard method for region of interest placement could be developed that is highly reproducible, with less than 10% difference ... Full text Link to item Cite

Diffusion tensor imaging tensor shape analysis for assessment of regional white matter differences.

Journal Article Neuroradiol J · August 2017 Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate a novel tensor shape plot analysis technique of diffusion tensor imaging data as a means to assess microstructural differences in brain tissue. We hypothesized that this technique could distinguish white ... Full text Link to item Cite

Automated segmentation of the canine corpus callosum for the measurement of diffusion tensor imaging.

Journal Article Neuroradiol J · February 2016 The goal of this study was to apply image registration-based automated segmentation methods to measure diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics within the canine brain. Specifically, we hypothesized that this method could measure DTI metrics within the canin ... Full text Link to item Cite

Predicting degree of myelination based on diffusion tensor imagining of canines with mucopolysaccharidosis type I.

Journal Article Neuroradiol J · December 2015 OBJECTIVE: This study examined the effect of mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type 1 on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics in the canine brain. We hypothesized 1) white matter regions in the MPS brain would show decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) and incr ... Full text Link to item Cite

Random Wiring, Ganglion Cell Mosaics, and the Functional Architecture of the Visual Cortex.

Journal Article PLoS Comput Biol · November 2015 The architecture of iso-orientation domains in the primary visual cortex (V1) of placental carnivores and primates apparently follows species invariant quantitative laws. Dynamical optimization models assuming that neurons coordinate their stimulus prefere ... Full text Link to item Cite

Body and Brain: Anatomy of team-based learning in a preclinical science course

Conference AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY · March 1, 2015 Link to item Cite

Correlation of diffusion tensor imaging parameters in the canine brain.

Journal Article Neuroradiol J · February 2015 The goal of this study was to determine the degree to which ex vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters correlate to one another in white matter regions on very high resolution MR scans. Specifically, we hypothesized that radial diffusivity (RD) and ... Full text Link to item Cite

Segmentation of the canine corpus callosum using diffusion-tensor imaging tractography.

Journal Article AJR Am J Roentgenol · January 2014 OBJECTIVE: We set out to determine functional white matter (WM) connections passing through the canine corpus callosum; these WM connections would be useful for subsequent studies of canine brains that serve as models for human WM pathway disease. Based on ... Full text Link to item Cite

Diffusion tensor imaging of neural tissue organization: correlations between radiologic and histologic parameters.

Journal Article Neuroradiol J · October 2013 This study examined the relationship between histological variables and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) values in a normal canine brain. We hypothesized that radial diffusivity (RD) would correlate with myelin density and fractional anisotropy (FA) would co ... Full text Link to item Cite

Initial neighborhood biases and the quality of motion stimulation jointly influence the rapid emergence of direction preference in visual cortex.

Journal Article J Neurosci · May 23, 2012 Featured Publication Visual experience plays a critical role in the development of direction-selective responses in ferret visual cortex. In visually naive animals, presentation of a bidirectional "training" stimulus induces rapid increases in the direction-selective responses ... Full text Link to item Cite

Response to comment on "universality in the evolution of orientation columns in the visual cortex"

Journal Article Science · April 27, 2012 Meng et al. conjecture that pinwheel density scales with body and brain size. Our data, spanning a 40-fold range of body sizes in Laurasiatheria and Euarchonta, do not support this conclusion. The noncolumnar layout in Glires also appears size-insensitive. ... Full text Cite

Gaussian process methods for estimating cortical maps.

Journal Article Neuroimage · May 15, 2011 Featured Publication A striking feature of cortical organization is that the encoding of many stimulus features, for example orientation or direction selectivity, is arranged into topographic maps. Functional imaging methods such as optical imaging of intrinsic signals, voltag ... Full text Link to item Cite

Incorporating gross anatomy education into radiation oncology residency: a 2-year curriculum with evaluation of resident satisfaction.

Journal Article J Am Coll Radiol · May 2011 Featured Publication PURPOSE: Radiation oncologists require a thorough understanding of anatomy, but gross anatomy is not part of the standard residency curriculum. "Oncoanatomy" is an educational program for radiation oncology residents at Duke University that integrates cada ... Full text Link to item Cite

Universality in the evolution of orientation columns in the visual cortex.

Journal Article Science · November 19, 2010 Featured Publication The brain's visual cortex processes information concerning form, pattern, and motion within functional maps that reflect the layout of neuronal circuits. We analyzed functional maps of orientation preference in the ferret, tree shrew, and galago--three spe ... Full text Link to item Cite

Clinical and imaging findings suggesting human herpesvirus 6 encephalitis.

Journal Article Pediatr Neurol · January 2010 Featured Publication We sought to distinguish patients testing positive for human herpesvirus 6 from those testing negative, based on clinical features and magnetic resonance images. Sixteen immunosuppresed patients were tested by polymerase chain reaction for human herpes vir ... Full text Link to item Cite

Assessing the effects of age on long white matter tracts using diffusion tensor tractography.

Journal Article Neuroimage · June 2009 Aging is associated with significant white matter deterioration and this deterioration is assumed to be at least partly a consequence of myelin degeneration. The present study investigated specific predictions of the myelodegeneration hypothesis using diff ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cerebral white matter integrity mediates adult age differences in cognitive performance.

Journal Article J Cogn Neurosci · February 2009 Featured Publication Previous research has established that age-related decline occurs in measures of cerebral white matter integrity, but the role of this decline in age-related cognitive changes is not clear. To conclude that white matter integrity has a mediating (causal) c ... Full text Link to item Cite

A neuroproteomic approach to understanding visual cortical development

Chapter · January 1, 2009 A comprehensive understanding of how sensorimotor experience shapes brain development in early life necessitates a synthesis of evidence across a broad spectrum of scientific discovery. Phenomenological and mechanistic studies conducted at the level of cel ... Full text Cite

Bayesian estimation of orientation preference maps

Journal Article Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 22 Proceedings of the 2009 Conference · January 1, 2009 Imaging techniques such as optical imaging of intrinsic signals, 2-photon calcium imaging and voltage sensitive dye imaging can be used to measure the functional organization of visual cortex across different spatial and temporal scales. Here, we present B ... Cite

Experience with moving visual stimuli drives the early development of cortical direction selectivity.

Journal Article Nature · December 18, 2008 Featured Publication The onset of vision occurs when neural circuits in the visual cortex are immature, lacking both the full complement of connections and the response selectivity that defines functional maturity. Direction-selective responses are particularly vulnerable to t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Extrahippocampal involvement in human herpesvirus 6 encephalitis depicted at MR imaging.

Journal Article Radiology · December 2008 Featured Publication PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that patterns of signal intensity abnormality in human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6)-positive patients would allow distinction from patients who did not test positive for HHV6 encephalitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective s ... Full text Link to item Cite

Age-related slowing of memory retrieval: contributions of perceptual speed and cerebral white matter integrity.

Journal Article Neurobiol Aging · July 2008 Featured Publication Previous research suggests that, in reaction time (RT) measures of episodic memory retrieval, the unique effects of adult age are relatively small compared to the effects aging shares with more elementary abilities such as perceptual speed. Little is known ... Full text Link to item Cite

Vision and cortical map development.

Journal Article Neuron · October 25, 2007 Featured Publication Functional maps arise in developing visual cortex as response selectivities become organized into columnar patterns of population activity. Recent studies of developing orientation and direction maps indicate that both are sensitive to visual experience, b ... Full text Link to item Cite

Diffusion tensor imaging assessment of brain white matter maturation during the first postnatal year.

Journal Article AJR Am J Roentgenol · August 2007 Featured Publication OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to use diffusion-weighted and diffusion tensor imaging to investigate the status of cerebral white matter (WM) at term gestation and the rate of WM maturation throughout the first year of life in healthy infants. MA ... Full text Link to item Cite

Adult age differences in the functional neuroanatomy of visual attention: a combined fMRI and DTI study.

Journal Article Neurobiol Aging · March 2007 Featured Publication We combined measures from event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and cognitive performance (visual search response time) to test the hypotheses that differences between younger and older adults in top-do ... Full text Link to item Cite

Role of aerobic fitness and aging on cerebral white matter integrity.

Journal Article Ann N Y Acad Sci · February 2007 Featured Publication Neuroimaging research suggests that cerebral white matter (WM) integrity, as reflected in fractional anisotropy (FA) via diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), is decreased in older adults, especially in the prefrontal regions of the brain. Behavioral investigati ... Full text Link to item Cite

The development of direction selectivity in ferret visual cortex requires early visual experience.

Journal Article Nat Neurosci · May 2006 Featured Publication Development of the selective response properties that define columns in sensory cortex is thought to begin early in cortical maturation, without the need for experience. We investigated the development of direction selectivity in ferret visual cortex using ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cortical cartography revisited: A frequency perspective on the functional architecture of visual cortex.

Journal Article Prog Brain Res · 2006 Featured Publication Viewed in the plane of the cortical surface, the visual cortex is composed of overlapping functional maps that represent stimulus features such as edge orientation, direction of motion, and spatial frequency. Spatial relationships between these maps are th ... Full text Link to item Cite

Functional organization of visual cortex in the prosimian bush baby revealed by optical imaging of intrinsic signals.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · October 2005 Featured Publication Cells in primary visual cortex (V1) of primates and carnivores respond most strongly to a visual stimulus presented to one eye, in a particular visual field location, and at a particular orientation. Each of these stimulus attributes is mapped across the c ... Full text Link to item Cite

Diffusion tensor imaging of adult age differences in cerebral white matter: relation to response time.

Journal Article Neuroimage · March 2004 Featured Publication Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures the displacement of water molecules across tissue components, thus providing information regarding the microstructure of cerebral white matter. Fractional anisotropy (FA), the degree to which diffusion is directional ... Full text Link to item Cite

Visual experience promotes the isotropic representation of orientation preference.

Journal Article Vis Neurosci · 2004 Featured Publication Within the visual cortex of several mammalian species, more circuitry is devoted to the representation of vertical and horizontal orientations than oblique orientations. The sensitivity of this representation of orientation preference to visual experience ... Full text Link to item Cite

Mapping multiple features in the population response of visual cortex.

Journal Article Nature · June 26, 2003 Featured Publication Stimulus features such as edge orientation, motion direction and spatial frequency are thought to be encoded in the primary visual cortex by overlapping feature maps arranged so that the location of neurons activated by a particular combination of stimulus ... Full text Link to item Cite

The contribution of sensory experience to the maturation of orientation selectivity in ferret visual cortex.

Journal Article Nature · June 28, 2001 Featured Publication Sensory experience begins when neural circuits in the cerebral cortex are still immature; however, the contribution of experience to cortical maturation remains unclear. In the visual cortex, the selectivity of neurons for oriented stimuli at the time of e ... Full text Link to item Cite

Consistent mapping of orientation preference across irregular functional domains in ferret visual cortex.

Journal Article Vis Neurosci · 2001 Featured Publication The mammalian visual cortex harbors a number of functional maps that represent distinct attributes of stimuli in the visual environment. How different functional maps are accommodated within the same cortical space, especially in species that show marked i ... Full text Link to item Cite

Maps of central visual space in ferret V1 and V2 lack matching inputs from the two eyes.

Journal Article J Neurosci · August 15, 1999 Featured Publication In the visual cortex, the representation of central visual space is supplied by matching geniculate inputs that are driven exclusively by one eye or the other. In layer 4 of early visual areas (V1 in primates and V1 and V2 in cat), these inputs form a near ... Full text Link to item Cite

Unequal representation of cardinal and oblique contours in ferret visual cortex.

Journal Article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · March 3, 1998 Featured Publication We have measured the amount of cortical space activated by differently oriented gratings in 25 adult ferrets by optical imaging of intrinsic signal. On average, 7% more area of the exposed visual cortex was preferentially activated by vertical and horizont ... Full text Link to item Cite

Variation and selection in neural function.

Journal Article Trends Neurosci · July 1997 Link to item Cite

Structure of the human sensorimotor system. I: Morphology and cytoarchitecture of the central sulcus.

Journal Article Cereb Cortex · 1997 Featured Publication We have studied the morphology of the central sulcus and the cytoarchitecture of the primary sensorimotor cortex in 20 human brains obtained at autopsy. Although the surface appearance of the central sulcus varies greatly from brain to brain (and between h ... Full text Link to item Cite

Structure of the human sensorimotor system. II: Lateral symmetry.

Journal Article Cereb Cortex · 1997 Featured Publication We have evaluated the lateral symmetry of the human central sulcus, brainstem and spinal cord using quantitative histological and imaging techniques in specimens from 67 autopsy cases. Our purpose was to determine whether the preferred use of the right han ... Full text Link to item Cite

Is neural development Darwinian?

Journal Article Trends Neurosci · November 1996 Featured Publication Gradually, and without much debate, the idea that the developing nervous system is in some sense darwinian has become one of the canons of neurobiology. In fact, there is little evidence to support this idea. ... Full text Link to item Cite

Temporal events in cyclopean vision.

Journal Article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · April 16, 1996 Featured Publication The majority of neurons in the primary visual cortex of primates can be activated by stimulation of either eye; moreover, the monocular receptive fields of such neurons are located in about the same region of visual space. These well-known facts imply that ... Full text Link to item Cite

Monocular preferences in binocular viewing.

Journal Article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · August 30, 1994 Featured Publication Faced with an unobstructed view, both foveas can be readily aligned with a distant visual target. The minor difference in the view of the two eyes (which arises from slightly different lines of sight) presents no special problem and is, indeed, the basis o ... Full text Link to item Cite

Manual asymmetry and handedness.

Journal Article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · May 24, 1994 Featured Publication Volumetric measurements show that right-handed individuals have larger right hands than left hands. In contrast, the hands of left-handers are much more nearly symmetrical. Based on what is known about trophic interactions between neurons and targets, thes ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cerebral asymmetry and handedness.

Journal Article Nature · March 17, 1994 Featured Publication Full text Link to item Cite

Neural activity and the development of the somatic sensory system.

Journal Article Curr Opin Neurobiol · February 1994 Featured Publication Present thinking about the role of neural activity in the developing brain is based largely upon observations in the visual system. Attempts to generalize these findings in the somatic sensory system, however, have yielded perplexing results. Unlike the vi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Colocalization of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter markers in striatal projection neurons in the rat.

Journal Article J Comp Neurol · January 15, 1994 Featured Publication The principle neuronal output of the neostriatum comes from medium spiny neurons that project from the caudate/putamen to the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. Although current evidence generally indicates that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the pri ... Full text Link to item Cite

Categories of cortical structure.

Journal Article Prog Brain Res · 1994 Featured Publication Full text Link to item Cite

The functional anatomy of limbic status epilepticus in the rat. II. The effects of focal deactivation.

Journal Article J Neurosci · November 1993 Featured Publication Limbic status epilepticus was induced in awake, unrestrained rats by electrically stimulating the anterior piriform cortex or the basal amygdaloid nucleus for about 40 min. As described in the preceding article (White and Price, 1993), one of four stable f ... Full text Link to item Cite

The functional anatomy of limbic status epilepticus in the rat. I. Patterns of 14C-2-deoxyglucose uptake and Fos immunocytochemistry.

Journal Article J Neurosci · November 1993 Featured Publication Limbic status epilepticus was induced in awake, unrestrained rats by electrically stimulating the olfactory cortex or the basal amygdaloid nucleus for about 40 min. One of four stable forms of status was induced, which were distinguished on the basis of th ... Full text Link to item Cite

Differential metabolic and electrical activity in the somatic sensory cortex of juvenile and adult rats.

Journal Article J Neurosci · October 1993 Featured Publication We have examined relative levels of metabolic and electrical activity across layer IV in the primary somatic sensory cortex (S1) of the rat in relation to regions of differential postnatal cortical growth. Each of several indices used--mitochondrial enzyme ... Full text Link to item Cite

Distributions of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities in the retinal layers of the red-tailed hawk and road runner.

Journal Article J Comp Neurol · January 1, 1991 Featured Publication The activities of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase were assayed in submicrogram samples from layers of red-tailed hawk and road runner retina. Both enzyme activities were concentrated in and near the inner plexiform layer. Within the inne ... Full text Link to item Cite

Distributions of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities in the retinal layers of pigeon red and yellow fields.

Journal Article Vision Res · 1990 Featured Publication The activities of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase were assayed in submicrogram samples from layers of pigeon retina. Red and yellow fields were sampled separately to investigate quantitatively the relationship between these enzymes of ac ... Full text Link to item Cite