Scholars@Duke
Stephen Lisberger

Stephen Lisberger

George Barth Geller Distinguished Professor for Research in Neurobiology
Neurobiology
lisberger@neuro.duke.edu
Box 3209, Durham, NC 27710
Bryan Research Building, 311 Research Drive Room 327D, Durham, NC 27710

Selected Publications

A deep-learning strategy to identify cell types across species from high-density extracellular recordings.

Journal Article bioRxiv · May 5, 2024 High-density probes allow electrophysiological recordings from many neurons simultaneously across entire brain circuits but don't reveal cell type. Here, we develop a strategy to identify cell types from extracellular recordings in awake animals, revealing ... Full text Link to item Cite

A sensory-motor decoder that transforms neural responses in extrastriate area MT into smooth pursuit eye movements.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · September 1, 2023 Visual motion drives smooth pursuit eye movements through a sensory-motor decoder that uses multiple parallel neural pathways to transform the population response in extrastriate area MT into movement. We evaluated the decoder by challenging pursuit in mon ... Full text Link to item Cite

Rate versus synchrony codes for cerebellar control of motor behavior.

Journal Article Neuron · August 2, 2023 Information transmission between neural populations could occur through either coordinated changes in firing rates or the precise transmission of spike timing. We investigate the code for information transmission from a part of the cerebellar cortex that i ... Full text Link to item Cite

A sensory-motor decoder that transforms neural responses in extrastriate area MT into smooth pursuit eye movements.

Journal Article bioRxiv · May 13, 2023 Visual motion drives smooth pursuit eye movements through a sensory-motor decoder that uses multiple parallel components and neural pathways to transform the population response in extrastriate area MT into movement. We evaluated the decoder by challenging ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Rate versus synchrony codes for cerebellar control of motor behavior.

Journal Article bioRxiv · February 18, 2023 UNLABELLED: Control of movement requires the coordination of multiple brain areas, each containing populations of neurons that receive inputs, process these inputs via recurrent dynamics, and then relay the processed information to downstream populations. ... Full text Link to item Cite

Toward a Biomimetic Neural Circuit Model of Sensory-Motor Processing.

Journal Article Neural Comput · February 17, 2023 Computational models have been a mainstay of research on smooth pursuit eye movements in monkeys. Pursuit is a sensory-motor system that is driven by the visual motion of small targets. It creates a smooth eye movement that accelerates up to target speed a ... Full text Link to item Cite

Neural structure of a sensory decoder for motor control.

Journal Article Nat Commun · April 5, 2022 The transformation of sensory input to motor output is often conceived as a decoder operating on neural representations. We seek a mechanistic understanding of sensory decoding by mimicking neural circuitry in the decoder's design. The results of a simple ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Evaluation and resolution of many challenges of neural spike sorting: a new sorter.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · December 1, 2021 We evaluate existing spike sorters and present a new one that resolves many sorting challenges. The new sorter, called "full binary pursuit" or FBP, comprises multiple steps. First, it thresholds and clusters to identify the waveforms of all unique neurons ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

The Rules of Cerebellar Learning: Around the Ito Hypothesis.

Journal Article Neuroscience · May 10, 2021 As a tribute to Masao Ito, we propose a model of cerebellar learning that incorporates and extends his original model. We suggest four principles that align well with conclusions from multiple cerebellar learning systems. (1) Climbing fiber inputs to the c ... Full text Link to item Cite

Diversity and dynamism in the cerebellum.

Journal Article Nat Neurosci · February 2021 The past several years have brought revelations and paradigm shifts in research on the cerebellum. Historically viewed as a simple sensorimotor controller with homogeneous architecture, the cerebellum is increasingly implicated in cognitive functions. It p ... Full text Link to item Cite

The Neural Basis for Response Latency in a Sensory-Motor Behavior.

Journal Article Cereb Cortex · May 14, 2020 UNLABELLED: We seek a neural circuit explanation for sensory-motor reaction times. In the smooth eye movement region of the frontal eye fields (FEFSEM), the latencies of pairs of neurons show trial-by-trial correlations that cause trial-by-trial correlatio ... Full text Link to item Cite

Principles of operation of a cerebellar learning circuit.

Journal Article Elife · April 30, 2020 We provide behavioral evidence using monkey smooth pursuit eye movements for four principles of cerebellar learning. Using a circuit-level model of the cerebellum, we link behavioral data to learning's neural implementation. The four principles are: (1) ea ... Full text Link to item Cite

Different mechanisms for modulation of the initiation and steady-state of smooth pursuit eye movements.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · March 1, 2020 Smooth pursuit eye movements are used by primates to track moving objects. They are initiated by sensory estimates of target speed represented in the middle temporal (MT) area of extrastriate visual cortex and then supported by motor feedback to maintain s ... Full text Link to item Cite

Mechanisms that allow cortical preparatory activity without inappropriate movement.

Journal Article Elife · February 21, 2020 We reveal a novel mechanism that explains how preparatory activity can evolve in motor-related cortical areas without prematurely inducing movement. The smooth eye movement region of the frontal eye fields (FEFSEM) is a critical node in the neural circuit ... Full text Link to item Cite

Multiple components in direction learning in smooth pursuit eye movements of monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · October 1, 2018 We analyzed behavioral features of smooth pursuit eye movements to characterize the course of acquisition and expression of multiple neural components of motor learning. Monkeys tracked a target that began to move in an initial "pursuit" direction and sudd ... Full text Link to item Cite

Neural implementation of Bayesian inference in a sensorimotor behavior.

Journal Article Nat Neurosci · October 2018 Actions are guided by a Bayesian-like interaction between priors based on experience and current sensory evidence. Here we unveil a complete neural implementation of Bayesian-like behavior, including adaptation of a prior. We recorded the spiking of single ... Full text Link to item Cite

Responses of Purkinje cells in the oculomotor vermis of monkeys during smooth pursuit eye movements and saccades: comparison with floccular complex.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · August 1, 2017 We recorded the responses of Purkinje cells in the oculomotor vermis during smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements. Our goal was to characterize the responses in the vermis using approaches that would allow direct comparisons with responses of Purkinje ... Full text Link to item Cite

Control of the strength of visual-motor transmission as the mechanism of rapid adaptation of priors for Bayesian inference in smooth pursuit eye movements.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · August 1, 2017 Bayesian inference provides a cogent account of how the brain combines sensory information with "priors" based on past experience to guide many behaviors, including smooth pursuit eye movements. We now demonstrate very rapid adaptation of the pursuit syste ... Full text Link to item Cite

Modulation of Complex-Spike Duration and Probability during Cerebellar Motor Learning in Visually Guided Smooth-Pursuit Eye Movements of Monkeys.

Journal Article eNeuro · 2017 Activation of an inferior olivary neuron powerfully excites Purkinje cells via its climbing fiber input and triggers a characteristic high-frequency burst, known as the complex spike (CS). The theory of cerebellar learning postulates that the CS induces lo ... Full text Link to item Cite

Signal, Noise, and Variation in Neural and Sensory-Motor Latency.

Journal Article Neuron · April 6, 2016 Analysis of the neural code for sensory-motor latency in smooth pursuit eye movements reveals general principles of neural variation and the specific origin of motor latency. The trial-by-trial variation in neural latency in MT comprises a shared component ... Full text Link to item Cite

Visual Guidance of Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements.

Journal Article Annu Rev Vis Sci · November 24, 2015 Smooth pursuit eye movements provide a model system for studying how visual inputs are transformed into commands for accurate movement. The neural circuit for pursuit eye movements is largely known and has strong parallels to the circuits for many other mo ... Full text Link to item Cite

Interactions between target location and reward size modulate the rate of microsaccades in monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · November 2015 We have studied how rewards modulate the occurrence of microsaccades by manipulating the size of an expected reward and the location of the cue that sets the expectations for future reward. We found an interaction between the size of the reward and the loc ... Full text Link to item Cite

How and why neural and motor variation are related.

Journal Article Curr Opin Neurobiol · August 2015 Featured Publication Movements are variable. Recent findings in smooth pursuit eye movements provide an explanation for motor variation in terms of the organization of the brain's sensory-motor pathways. Variation in sensory estimation is propagated through sensory-motor circu ... Full text Link to item Cite

Purkinje-cell plasticity and cerebellar motor learning are graded by complex-spike duration.

Journal Article Nature · June 26, 2014 Featured Publication Behavioural learning is mediated by cellular plasticity, such as changes in the strength of synapses at specific sites in neural circuits. The theory of cerebellar motor learning relies on movement errors signalled by climbing-fibre inputs to cause long-te ... Full text Link to item Cite

Role of plasticity at different sites across the time course of cerebellar motor learning.

Journal Article J Neurosci · May 21, 2014 Featured Publication Learning comprises multiple components that probably involve cellular and synaptic plasticity at multiple sites. Different neural sites may play their largest roles at different times during behavioral learning. We have used motor learning in smooth pursui ... Full text Link to item Cite

A framework for using signal, noise, and variation to determine whether the brain controls movement synergies or single muscles.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · February 2014 Featured Publication We have used an analysis of signal and variation in motor behavior to elucidate the organization of the cerebellar and brain stem circuits that control smooth pursuit eye movements. We recorded from the abducens nucleus and identified floccular target neur ... Full text Link to item Cite

Purkinje-cell plasticity and cerebellar motor learning are graded by complex-spike duration

Journal Article Nature · January 1, 2014 Featured Publication Behavioural learning is mediated by cellular plasticity, such as changes in the strength of synapses at specific sites in neural circuits. The theory of cerebellar motor learning relies on movement errors signalled by climbing-fibre inputs to cause long-te ... Full text Cite

The Neural Code for Motor Control in the Cerebellum and Oculomotor Brainstem.

Journal Article eNeuro · 2014 A single extra spike makes a difference. Here, the size of the eye velocity in the initiation of smooth eye movements in the right panel depends on whether a cerebellar Purkinje cell discharges 3 (red), 4 (green), 5 (blue), or 6 (black) spikes in the 40-ms ... Full text Link to item Cite

Interaction of plasticity and circuit organization during the acquisition of cerebellum-dependent motor learning.

Journal Article Elife · December 31, 2013 Featured Publication Motor learning occurs through interactions between the cerebellar circuit and cellular plasticity at different sites. Previous work has established plasticity in brain slices and suggested plausible sites of behavioral learning. We now reveal what actually ... Full text Link to item Cite

Interaction of plasticity and circuit organization during the acquisition of cerebellum-dependent motor learning

Journal Article eLife · December 31, 2013 Featured Publication Motor learning occurs through interactions between the cerebellar circuit and cellular plasticity at different sites. Previous work has established plasticity in brain slices and suggested plausible sites of behavioral learning. We now reveal what actually ... Full text Cite

Gamma synchrony predicts neuron-neuron correlations and correlations with motor behavior in extrastriate visual area MT.

Journal Article J Neurosci · December 11, 2013 Featured Publication Correlated variability of neuronal responses is an important factor in estimating sensory parameters from a population response. Large correlations among neurons reduce the effective size of a neural population and increase the variation of the estimates. ... Full text Link to item Cite

Sensory population decoding for visually guided movements.

Journal Article Neuron · July 10, 2013 Featured Publication We have used a new approach to study the neural decoding function that converts the population response in extrastriate area MT into estimates of target motion to drive smooth pursuit eye movement. Experiments reveal significant trial-by-trial correlations ... Full text Link to item Cite

Control of the gain of visual-motor transmission occurs in visual coordinates for smooth pursuit eye movements.

Journal Article J Neurosci · May 29, 2013 Featured Publication Sensory inputs control motor behavior with a strength, or gain, that can be modulated according to the movement conditions. In smooth pursuit eye movements, the response to a brief perturbation of target motion is larger during pursuit of a moving target t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Sound the alarm: fraud in neuroscience.

Journal Article Cerebrum · May 2013 We expect scientists to follow a code of honor and conduct and to report their research honestly and accurately, but so-called scientific misconduct, which includes plagiarism, faked data, and altered images, has led to a tenfold increase in the number of ... Open Access Link to item Cite

Diversity of neural responses in the brainstem during smooth pursuit eye movements constrains the circuit mechanisms of neural integration.

Journal Article J Neurosci · April 10, 2013 Featured Publication Neural integration converts transient events into sustained neural activity. In the smooth pursuit eye movement system, neural integration is required to convert cerebellar output into the sustained discharge of extraocular motoneurons. We recorded the exp ... Full text Link to item Cite

Multitasking on the run.

Journal Article Elife · March 19, 2013 Researchers combine genetics and imaging to reveal that individual granule cells in the cerebellum integrate sensory and motor information. ... Full text Link to item Cite

Circuit mechanisms revealed by spike-timing correlations in macaque area MT.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · February 2013 Featured Publication We recorded simultaneously from pairs of motion-sensitive neurons in the middle temporal cortex (MT) of macaque monkeys and used cross-correlations in the timing of spikes between neurons to gain insights into cortical circuitry. We characterized the time ... Full text Link to item Cite

The interaction of bayesian priors and sensory data and its neural circuit implementation in visually guided movement.

Journal Article J Neurosci · December 5, 2012 Featured Publication Sensory-motor behavior results from a complex interaction of noisy sensory data with priors based on recent experience. By varying the stimulus form and contrast for the initiation of smooth pursuit eye movements in monkeys, we show that visual motion inpu ... Full text Link to item Cite

Role of the lateral intraparietal area in modulation of the strength of sensory-motor transmission for visually guided movements.

Journal Article J Neurosci · July 11, 2012 Featured Publication The lateral intraparietal area (LIP) has been implicated as a salience map for control of saccadic eye movements and visual attention. Here, we report evidence to link the encoding of saccades and saliency in LIP to modulation of several other sensory-moto ... Full text Link to item Cite

Reward action in the initiation of smooth pursuit eye movements.

Journal Article J Neurosci · February 22, 2012 Featured Publication Reward has a powerful influence on motor behavior. To probe how and where reward systems alter motor behavior, we studied smooth pursuit eye movements in monkeys trained to associate the color of a visual cue with the size of the reward to be issued at the ... Full text Link to item Cite

Representation of perceptually invisible image motion in extrastriate visual area MT of macaque monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurosci · November 16, 2011 Featured Publication Why does the world appear stable despite the visual motion induced by eye movements during fixation? We find that the answer must reside in how visual motion signals are interpreted by perception, because MT neurons in monkeys respond to the image motion c ... Full text Link to item Cite

Acquisition of neural learning in cerebellum and cerebral cortex for smooth pursuit eye movements.

Journal Article J Neurosci · September 7, 2011 Featured Publication We evaluated the emergence of neural learning in the frontal eye fields (FEF(SEM)) and the floccular complex of the cerebellum while monkeys learned a precisely timed change in the direction of pursuit eye movement. For each neuron, we measured the time co ... Full text Link to item Cite

Sensory versus motor loci for integration of multiple motion signals in smooth pursuit eye movements and human motion perception.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · August 2011 Featured Publication We have investigated how visual motion signals are integrated for smooth pursuit eye movements by measuring the initiation of pursuit in monkeys for pairs of moving stimuli of the same or differing luminance. The initiation of pursuit for pairs of stimuli ... Full text Link to item Cite

A neurally efficient implementation of sensory population decoding.

Journal Article J Neurosci · March 30, 2011 Featured Publication A sensory stimulus evokes activity in many neurons, creating a population response that must be "decoded" by the brain to estimate the parameters of that stimulus. Most decoding models have suggested complex neural circuits that compute optimal estimates o ... Full text Link to item Cite

Learned timing of motor behavior in the smooth eye movement region of the frontal eye fields.

Journal Article Neuron · January 13, 2011 Featured Publication Proper timing is a critical aspect of motor learning. We report a relationship between a representation of time and an expression of learned timing in neurons in the smooth eye movement region of the frontal eye fields (FEF(SEM)). During prelearning pursui ... Full text Link to item Cite

Learning on multiple timescales in smooth pursuit eye movements.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · November 2010 Featured Publication We commonly think of motor learning as a gradual process that makes small, adaptive steps in a consistent direction. We now report evidence that learning in pursuit eye movements could start with large, transient short-term alterations that stoke a more gr ... Full text Link to item Cite

Visual guidance of smooth-pursuit eye movements: sensation, action, and what happens in between.

Journal Article Neuron · May 27, 2010 Featured Publication Smooth-pursuit eye movements transform 100 ms of visual motion into a rapid initiation of smooth eye movement followed by sustained accurate tracking. Both the mean and variation of the visually driven pursuit response can be accounted for by the combinati ... Full text Link to item Cite

Stimulus onset quenches neural variability: a widespread cortical phenomenon.

Journal Article Nat Neurosci · March 2010 Neural responses are typically characterized by computing the mean firing rate, but response variability can exist across trials. Many studies have examined the effect of a stimulus on the mean response, but few have examined the effect on response variabi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Encoding and decoding of learned smooth-pursuit eye movements in the floccular complex of the monkey cerebellum.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · October 2009 Featured Publication We recorded the simple-spike (SS) firing of Purkinje cells (PCs) in the floccular complex both during normal pursuit caused by step-ramp target motions and after learning induced by a consistently timed change in the direction of target motion. The encodin ... Full text Link to item Cite

Spatial and temporal integration of visual motion signals for smooth pursuit eye movements in monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · October 2009 Featured Publication To probe how the brain integrates visual motion signals to guide behavior, we analyzed the smooth pursuit eye movements evoked by target motion with a stochastic component. When each dot of a texture executed an independent random walk such that speed or d ... Full text Link to item Cite

Internal models of eye movement in the floccular complex of the monkey cerebellum.

Journal Article Neuroscience · September 1, 2009 Featured Publication Internal models are a key feature of most modern theories of motor control. Yet, it has been challenging to localize internal models in the brain, or to demonstrate that they are more than a metaphor. In the present review, I consider a large body of data ... Full text Link to item Cite

Noise correlations in cortical area MT and their potential impact on trial-by-trial variation in the direction and speed of smooth-pursuit eye movements.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · June 2009 Featured Publication Smooth-pursuit eye movements are variable, even when the same tracking target motion is repeated many times. We asked whether variation in pursuit could arise from noise in the response of visual motion neurons in the middle temporal visual area (MT). In p ... Full text Link to item Cite

Relationship between adapted neural population responses in MT and motion adaptation in speed and direction of smooth-pursuit eye movements.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · May 2009 Featured Publication We have asked how sensory adaptation is represented in the response of a population of visual motion neurons and whether the neural adaptation could drive behavioral adaptation. Our approach was to evaluate the effects of about 10 s of motion adaptation on ... Full text Link to item Cite

The neural basis for combinatorial coding in a cortical population response.

Journal Article J Neurosci · December 10, 2008 We have used a combination of theory and experiment to assess how information is represented in a realistic cortical population response, examining how motion direction and timing is encoded in groups of neurons in cortical area MT. Combining data from sev ... Full text Link to item Cite

Links from complex spikes to local plasticity and motor learning in the cerebellum of awake-behaving monkeys.

Journal Article Nat Neurosci · October 2008 Featured Publication The hypothesis of cerebellar learning proposes that complex spikes in Purkinje cells engage mechanisms of plasticity in the cerebellar cortex; in turn, changes in the cerebellum depress the simple-spike response of Purkinje cells to a given stimulus and ca ... Full text Link to item Cite

Neural substrate of modified and unmodified pathways for learning in monkey vestibuloocular reflex.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · October 2008 To understand how the brain learns, we need to identify the full neural circuit for a behavior; characterize how neural responses in the circuit change during behavioral learning; and understand the nature, location, and control of the cellular changes tha ... Full text Link to item Cite

Doing without learning: stimulation of the frontal eye fields and floccular complex does not instruct motor learning in smooth pursuit eye movements.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · September 2008 Featured Publication Under natural conditions, motor learning is instructed by sensory feedback. We have asked whether sensory signals that indicate motor errors are necessary to instruct learning or if the motor signals related to movements normally driven by sensory error si ... Full text Link to item Cite

Oculomotor function in frontotemporal lobar degeneration, related disorders and Alzheimer's disease.

Journal Article Brain · May 2008 Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) often overlaps clinically with corticobasal syndrome (CBS) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), both of which have prominent eye movement abnormalities. To investigate the ability of oculomotor performance to d ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cortical mechanisms of smooth eye movements revealed by dynamic covariations of neural and behavioral responses.

Journal Article Neuron · April 24, 2008 Featured Publication Neural activity in the frontal eye fields controls smooth pursuit eye movements, but the relationship between single neuron responses, cortical population responses, and eye movements is not well understood. We describe an approach to dynamically link tria ... Full text Link to item Cite

Combinatorial coding in neural populations

Journal Article · March 26, 2008 Featured Publication To evaluate the nature of the neural code in the cerebral cortex, we have used a combination of theory and experiment to assess how information is represented in a realistic cortical population response. We have shown how a sensory stimulus could be estima ... Link to item Cite

Variation, signal, and noise in cerebellar sensory-motor processing for smooth-pursuit eye movements.

Journal Article J Neurosci · June 20, 2007 Neural responses are variable, yet motor performance can be quite precise. To ask how neural signal and noise are processed in the brain during sensory-motor behavior, we have evaluated the trial-by-trial variation of Purkinje cell (PC) activity in the flo ... Full text Link to item Cite

Time course of precision in smooth-pursuit eye movements of monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurosci · March 14, 2007 To evaluate the nature and possible sources of variation in sensory-motor behavior, we measured the signal-to-noise ratio for the initiation of smooth-pursuit eye movements as a function of time and computed thresholds that indicate how well the pursuit sy ... Full text Link to item Cite

Responses of neurons in the medial superior temporal visual area to apparent motion stimuli in macaque monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · January 2007 Monkeys fixated a stationary spot during presentation of dot textures that moved in apparent motion defined by the spatial and temporal separations, Deltax and Deltat, between successive flashes of each dot. For each neuron, we assessed the speed tuning fo ... Full text Link to item Cite

Directional cuing of target choice in human smooth pursuit eye movements.

Journal Article J Neurosci · November 29, 2006 Perceptual attention and target choice for movement have many features in common. In particular, both generally are based on selection of a particular location in space. To ask whether motor control, like attention, also can exhibit target choice based on ... Full text Link to item Cite

Transformation of vestibular signals into motor commands in the vestibuloocular reflex pathways of monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · September 2006 Parallel pathways mediate the rotatory vestibuloocular reflex (VOR). If the VOR undergoes adaptive modification with spectacles that change the magnification of the visual scene, signals in one neural pathway are modified, whereas those in another are not. ... Full text Link to item Cite

Saccades exert spatial control of motion processing for smooth pursuit eye movements.

Journal Article J Neurosci · July 19, 2006 Saccades modulate the relationship between visual motion and smooth eye movement. Before a saccade, pursuit eye movements reflect a vector average of motion across the visual field. After a saccade, pursuit primarily reflects the motion of the target close ... Full text Link to item Cite

Medial versus lateral frontal lobe contributions to voluntary saccade control as revealed by the study of patients with frontal lobe degeneration.

Journal Article J Neurosci · June 7, 2006 Deficits in the ability to suppress automatic behaviors lead to impaired decision making, aberrant motor behavior, and impaired social function in humans with frontal lobe neurodegeneration. We have studied patients with different patterns of frontal lobe ... Full text Link to item Cite

Tuning for spatiotemporal frequency and speed in directionally selective neurons of macaque striate cortex.

Journal Article J Neurosci · March 15, 2006 We recorded the responses of direction-selective simple and complex cells in the primary visual cortex (V1) of anesthetized, paralyzed macaque monkeys. When studied with sine-wave gratings, almost all simple cells in V1 had responses that were separable fo ... Full text Link to item Cite

Relationship between extraretinal component of firing rate and eye speed in area MST of macaque monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · October 2005 We have isolated extraretinal and retinal components of firing during smooth pursuit eye movements in the medial-superior-temporal area (MST) in the extrastriate visual cortex. Awake macaque monkeys tracked spots in total darkness to eliminate image motion ... Full text Link to item Cite

A sensory source for motor variation.

Journal Article Nature · September 15, 2005 Suppose that the variability in our movements is caused not by noise in the motor system itself, nor by fluctuations in our intentions or plans, but rather by errors in our sensory estimates of the external parameters that define the appropriate action. Fo ... Full text Link to item Cite

Discharge properties of MST neurons that project to the frontal pursuit area in macaque monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · August 2005 We have used antidromic activation to determine the functional discharge properties of neurons that project to the frontal pursuit area (FPA) from the medial-superior temporal visual area (MST). In awake rhesus monkeys, MST neurons were considered to be ac ... Full text Link to item Cite

Instructive signals for motor learning from visual cortical area MT.

Journal Article Nat Neurosci · June 2005 Sensory error signals have long been proposed to act as instructive signals to guide motor learning. Here we have exploited the temporal specificity of learning in smooth pursuit eye movements and the well-defined anatomical structure of the neural circuit ... Full text Link to item Cite

Normal performance and expression of learning in the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) at high frequencies.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · April 2005 The rotatory vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) keeps the visual world stable during head movements by causing eye velocity that is equal in amplitude and opposite in direction to angular head velocity. We have studied the performance of the VOR in darkness for ... Full text Link to item Cite

Comparison of the spatial limits on direction selectivity in visual areas MT and V1.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · March 2005 We recorded responses to apparent motion from directionally selective neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) of anesthetized monkeys and middle temporal area (MT) of awake monkeys. Apparent motion consisted of multiple stationary stimulus flashes presented ... Full text Link to item Cite

The representation of time for motor learning.

Journal Article Neuron · January 6, 2005 We have identified factors that control precise motor timing by studying learning in smooth pursuit eye movements. Monkeys tracked a target that moved horizontally for a fixed time interval before changing direction through the addition of a vertical compo ... Full text Link to item Cite

A population decoding framework for motion aftereffects on smooth pursuit eye movements.

Journal Article J Neurosci · October 13, 2004 Both perceptual and motor systems must decode visual information from the distributed activity of large populations of cortical neurons. We have sought a common framework for understanding decoding strategies for visually guided movement and perception by ... Full text Link to item Cite

The role of the frontal pursuit area in learning in smooth pursuit eye movements.

Journal Article J Neurosci · April 28, 2004 The frontal pursuit area (FPA) in the cerebral cortex is part of the circuit for smooth pursuit eye movements. The present paper asks whether the FPA is upstream, downstream, or at the site of learning in pursuit eye movements. Learning was induced by havi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Time course of information about motion direction in visual area MT of macaque monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurosci · March 31, 2004 We used the responses of neurons in extrastriate visual area MT to determine how well neural noise can be reduced by averaging the responses of neurons across time. For individual MT neurons, we calculated the time course of Shannon information about motio ... Full text Link to item Cite

Estimating target speed from the population response in visual area MT.

Journal Article J Neurosci · February 25, 2004 To guide behavior, perceptual and motor systems must estimate properties of the sensory environment from the responses of populations of cortical neurons. In the domain of visual motion, estimates of target speed are derived from the responses of motion-se ... Full text Link to item Cite

Signals that modulate gain control for smooth pursuit eye movements in monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · February 2004 The generation of primate smooth pursuit eye movements involves two processes. One process transforms the direction and speed of target motion into a motor command and the other regulates the strength, or "gain," of the visual-motor transformation. We have ... Full text Link to item Cite

Evidence for object permanence in the smooth-pursuit eye movements of monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · October 2003 We recorded the smooth-pursuit eye movements of monkeys in response to targets that were extinguished (blinked) for 200 ms in mid-trajectory. Eye velocity declined considerably during the target blinks, even when the blinks were completely predictable in t ... Full text Link to item Cite

The neural representation of speed in macaque area MT/V5.

Journal Article J Neurosci · July 2, 2003 Tuning for speed is one key feature of motion-selective neurons in the middle temporal visual area of the macaque cortex (MT, or V5). The present paper asks whether speed is coded in a way that is invariant to the shape of the moving stimulus, and if so, h ... Full text Link to item Cite

Directional anisotropies reveal a functional segregation of visual motion processing for perception and action.

Journal Article Neuron · March 27, 2003 Human exhibits an anisotropy in direction perception: discrimination is superior when motion is around horizontal or vertical rather than diagonal axes. In contrast to the consistent directional anisotropy in perception, we found only small idiosyncratic a ... Full text Link to item Cite

Serial linkage of target selection for orienting and tracking eye movements.

Journal Article Nat Neurosci · September 2002 Many natural actions require the coordination of two different kinds of movements. How are targets chosen under these circumstances: do central commands instruct different movement systems in parallel, or does the execution of one movement activate a seria ... Full text Link to item Cite

Embarrassed, but not depressed: eye opening lessons for cerebellar learning.

Journal Article Neuron · July 18, 2002 Cellular mechanisms of plasticity must be linked to circuit mechanisms of behavior to understand learning and memory. Studies of how learning occurs in cerebellar circuits for classical conditioning of eyeblinks are meeting this challenge admirably. Severa ... Full text Link to item Cite

Constraints on the source of short-term motion adaptation in macaque area MT. II. tuning of neural circuit mechanisms.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · July 2002 Neurons in area MT, a motion-sensitive area of extrastriate cortex, respond to a step of target velocity with a transient-sustained firing pattern. The transition from a high initial firing rate to a lower sustained rate occurs over a time course of 20-80 ... Full text Link to item Cite

Constraints on the source of short-term motion adaptation in macaque area MT. I. the role of input and intrinsic mechanisms.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · July 2002 Neurons in area MT, a motion-sensitive area of extrastriate cortex, respond to a step of target velocity with a transient-sustained firing pattern. The transition from a high initial firing rate to a lower sustained rate occurs over a time course of 20-80 ... Full text Link to item Cite

Spatial generalization of learning in smooth pursuit eye movements: implications for the coordinate frame and sites of learning.

Journal Article J Neurosci · June 1, 2002 We have examined the underlying coordinate frame for pursuit learning by testing how broadly learning generalizes to different retinal loci and directions of target motion. Learned changes in pursuit were induced using double steps of target speed. Monkeys ... Full text Link to item Cite

Gain control in human smooth-pursuit eye movements.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · June 2002 In previous experiments, on-line modulation of the gain of visual-motor transmission for pursuit eye movements was demonstrated in monkeys by showing that the response to a brief perturbation of target motion was strongly enhanced during pursuit relative t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Role of arcuate frontal cortex of monkeys in smooth pursuit eye movements. II. Relation to vector averaging pursuit.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · June 2002 When monkeys view two targets moving in different directions and are given no cues about which to track, the initiation of smooth pursuit is a vector average of the response evoked by each target singly. In the present experiments, double-target stimuli co ... Full text Link to item Cite

Role of arcuate frontal cortex of monkeys in smooth pursuit eye movements. I. Basic response properties to retinal image motion and position.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · June 2002 Anatomical and physiological studies have shown that the "frontal pursuit area" (FPA) in the arcuate cortex of monkeys is involved in the control of smooth pursuit eye movements. To further analyze the signals carried by the FPA, we examined the activity o ... Full text Link to item Cite

Partial ablations of the flocculus and ventral paraflocculus in monkeys cause linked deficits in smooth pursuit eye movements and adaptive modification of the VOR.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · February 2002 The vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) generates compensatory eye movements to stabilize visual images on the retina during head movements. The amplitude of the reflex is calibrated continuously throughout life and undergoes adaptation, also called motor learnin ... Full text Link to item Cite

Enhancement of multiple components of pursuit eye movement by microstimulation in the arcuate frontal pursuit area in monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · February 2002 Periarcuate frontal cortex is involved in the control of smooth pursuit eye movements, but its role remains unclear. To better understand the control of pursuit by the "frontal pursuit area" (FPA), we applied electrical microstimulation when the monkeys we ... Full text Link to item Cite

Shifts in the population response in the middle temporal visual area parallel perceptual and motor illusions produced by apparent motion.

Journal Article J Neurosci · December 1, 2001 We recorded behavioral, perceptual, and neural responses to targets that provided apparent visual motion consisting of a sequence of stationary flashes. Increasing the flash separation degrades the quality of motion, but for some separations evoked larger ... Full text Link to item Cite

The speed tuning of single units in macaque visual area MT depends on spatial form and contrast

Journal Article Journal of Vision · December 1, 2001 Neurons in the extrastriate visual area MT respond selectively to both the direction and the speed of a given stimulus. However, these response properties may depend upon the shape, or form, of the stimulus. We measured the dependence of speed tuning on sp ... Full text Cite

Experimental and computational analysis of monkey smooth pursuit eye movements.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · August 2001 Smooth pursuit eye movements are guided by visual feedback and are surprisingly accurate despite the time delay between visual input and motor output. Previous models have reproduced the accuracy of pursuit either by using elaborate visual signals or by ad ... Full text Link to item Cite

Reconstruction of target speed for the guidance of pursuit eye movements.

Journal Article J Neurosci · May 1, 2001 We studied how object speed is reconstructed from the responses of motion-selective cells for the generation of a behavior that is tightly linked to the speed of visual motion. In theory, the speed of an object could be estimated either from the speed tuni ... Full text Link to item Cite

Linked target selection for saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements.

Journal Article J Neurosci · March 15, 2001 In natural situations, motor activity must often choose a single target when multiple distractors are present. The present paper asks how primate smooth pursuit eye movements choose targets, by analysis of a natural target-selection task. Monkeys tracked t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Regulation of the gain of visually guided smooth-pursuit eye movements by frontal cortex.

Journal Article Nature · January 11, 2001 In studies of the neural mechanisms giving rise to behaviour, changes in the neural and behavioural responses produced by a given stimulus have been widely reported. This 'gain control' can boost the responses to sensory inputs that are particularly releva ... Full text Link to item Cite

Changes in the responses of Purkinje cells in the floccular complex of monkeys after motor learning in smooth pursuit eye movements.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · December 2000 We followed simple- and complex-spike firing of Purkinje cells (PCs) in the floccular complex of the cerebellum through learned modifications of the pursuit eye movements of two monkeys. Learning was induced by double steps of target speed in which initial ... Full text Link to item Cite

Context-dependent smooth eye movements evoked by stationary visual stimuli in trained monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · October 2000 The appearance of a stationary but irrelevant cue triggers a smooth eye movement away from the position of the cue in monkeys that have been trained extensively to smoothly track the motion of moving targets while not making saccades to the stationary cue. ... Full text Link to item Cite

Apparent motion produces multiple deficits in visually guided smooth pursuit eye movements of monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · July 2000 We used apparent motion targets to explore how degraded visual motion alters smooth pursuit eye movements. Apparent motion targets consisted of brief stationary flashes with a spatial separation (Deltax), temporal separation (Deltat), and apparent target v ... Full text Link to item Cite

Vector averaging occurs downstream from learning in smooth pursuit eye movements of monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurosci · October 15, 1999 How are sensory-motor transformations organized in a cortical motor system? In general, sensory information is transformed through a variety of signal processing operations in the context of distinct coordinate frameworks. We studied the interaction of two ... Full text Link to item Cite

Visual motion analysis for pursuit eye movements in area MT of macaque monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurosci · March 15, 1999 We asked whether the dynamics of target motion are represented in visual area MT and how information about image velocity and acceleration might be extracted from the population responses in area MT for use in motor control. The time course of MT neuron re ... Full text Link to item Cite

Neural learning rules for the vestibulo-ocular reflex.

Journal Article J Neurosci · November 1, 1998 Mechanisms for the induction of motor learning in the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) were evaluated by recording the patterns of neural activity elicited in the cerebellum by a range of stimuli that induce learning. Patterns of climbing-fiber, vestibular, a ... Full text Link to item Cite

Physiologic basis for motor learning in the vestibulo-ocular reflex.

Journal Article Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg · July 1998 The vestibulo-ocular reflex has been used extensively for study of the neural mechanisms of learning that is dependent on an intact cerebellum. Anatomic, physiologic, behavioral, and computational approaches have revealed the neural circuits that are used ... Full text Link to item Cite

Postsaccadic enhancement of initiation of smooth pursuit eye movements in monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · April 1998 Step-ramp target motion evokes a characteristic sequence of presaccadic smooth eye movement in the direction of the target ramp, catch-up targets to bring eye position close to the position of the moving target, and postsaccadic eye velocities that nearly ... Full text Link to item Cite

Vector averaging for smooth pursuit eye movements initiated by two moving targets in monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurosci · October 1, 1997 The visual input for pursuit eye movements is represented in the cerebral cortex as the distributed activity of neurons that are tuned for both the direction and speed of target motion. To probe how the motor system uses this distributed code to compute a ... Full text Link to item Cite

Neuronal responses in visual areas MT and MST during smooth pursuit target selection.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · September 1997 We recorded the activity of single neurons in the middle temporal (MT) and middle superior temporal (MST) visual areas in two macaque monkeys while the animals performed a smooth pursuit target selection task. The monkeys were presented with two moving sti ... Full text Link to item Cite

Multiple subclasses of purkinje cells in the primate floccular complex provide similar signals to guide learning in the vestibulo-ocular reflex.

Journal Article Learn Mem · March 1997 The neural "learning rules" governing the induction of plasticity in the cerebellum were analyzed by recording the patterns of neural activity in awake, behaving animals during stimuli that induce a form of cerebellum-dependent learning. We recorded the si ... Link to item Cite

The effect of a moving distractor on the initiation of smooth-pursuit eye movements.

Journal Article Vis Neurosci · 1997 As a step toward understanding the mechanism by which targets are selected for smooth-pursuit eye movements, we examined the behavior of the pursuit system when monkeys were presented with two discrete moving visual targets. Two rhesus monkeys were trained ... Full text Link to item Cite

Multiple subclasses of Purkinje cells in the primate floccular complex provide similar signals to guide learning in the vestibulo-ocular reflex.

Journal Article Learn Mem · 1997 The neural "learning rules" governing the induction of plasticity in the cerebellum were analyzed by recording the patterns of neural activity in awake, behaving animals during stimuli that induce a form of cerebellum-dependent learning. We recorded the si ... Full text Link to item Cite

Behavioral analysis of signals that guide learned changes in the amplitude and dynamics of the vestibulo-ocular reflex.

Journal Article J Neurosci · December 1, 1996 We characterized the dependence of motor learning in the monkey vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) on the duration, frequency, and relative timing of the visual and vestibular stimuli used to induce learning. The amplitude of the VOR was decreased or increased ... Full text Link to item Cite

Coordinate system for learning in the smooth pursuit eye movements of monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurosci · November 15, 1996 Learning was induced in smooth pursuit eye movements by repeated presentation of targets that moved at one speed for 100 msec and then changed to a second, higher or lower, speed. The learned changes, measured as eye acceleration for the first 100 msec of ... Full text Link to item Cite

Effects of early-onset artificial strabismus on pursuit eye movements and on neuronal responses in area MT of macaque monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurosci · October 15, 1996 In humans, esotropia of early onset is associated with a profound asymmetry in smooth pursuit eye movements. When viewing is monocular, targets are tracked well only when they are moving nasally with respect to the viewing eye. To determine whether this pu ... Full text Link to item Cite

The cerebellum: a neuronal learning machine?

Journal Article Science · May 24, 1996 Comparison of two seemingly quite different behaviors yields a surprisingly consistent picture of the role of the cerebellum in motor learning. Behavioral and physiological data about classical conditioning of the eyelid response and motor learning in the ... Full text Link to item Cite

Directional organization of eye movement and visual signals in the floccular lobe of the monkey cerebellum.

Journal Article Exp Brain Res · May 1996 The floccular lobe of the monkey is critical for the generation of visually-guided smooth eye movements. The present experiments reveal physiological correlates of the directional organization in the primate floccular lobe by examining the selectivity for ... Full text Link to item Cite

Neural recordings and behavioral observations in the monkey vestibulo-ocular reflex constrain the cellular mechanisms for cerebellum-dependent behavioral learning.

Journal Article J Physiol Paris · 1996 Recordings from the cerebellum under behavioral conditions that cause learning in the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) constrain the cellular mechanisms that could mediate learning. Analysis of the complex-spike responses of Purkinje cells demonstrates a mism ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cellular processing of temporal information in medial vestibular nucleus neurons.

Journal Article J Neurosci · December 1995 Quantitative descriptions of the cellular transformations from behaviorally relevant inputs into temporal patterns of firing are crucial for understanding information processing in systems of neurons and for incorporating biological properties of neurons i ... Full text Link to item Cite

Inputs from the ipsilateral and contralateral vestibular apparatus to behaviorally characterized abducens neurons in rhesus monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · December 1995 1. We made extracellular recordings from neurons in the abducens nuclei of alert rhesus monkeys during electrical stimulation of the vestibular labyrinths with brief current pulses and during smooth pursuit, steady fixation, and the vestibuloocular reflex ... Full text Link to item Cite

Attention and target selection for smooth pursuit eye movements.

Journal Article J Neurosci · November 1995 Two rhesus monkeys were trained to track a small moving target in the presence of a moving distractor. The target and distractor were distinguished by their color. Smooth pursuit eye movements were quantified in terms of the latency of the eye movement and ... Full text Link to item Cite

Membrane and firing properties of avian medial vestibular nucleus neurons in vitro.

Journal Article J Comp Physiol A · May 1995 The intrinsic membrane and firing properties of medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) neurons were investigated in slices of the chick brainstem using intracellular recording and current injection. Avian MVN neurons fired spontaneous action potentials with very ... Full text Link to item Cite

Learning. A mechanism of learning found?

Journal Article Curr Biol · March 1, 1995 Synaptic plasticity in the cerebellar cortex is abolished and cerebellum-dependent motor learning is decreased in mice lacking a metabotropic glutamate receptor. Is the receptor involved in learning? ... Full text Link to item Cite

A model of visually-guided smooth pursuit eye movements based on behavioral observations.

Journal Article J Comput Neurosci · December 1994 We report a model that reproduces many of the behavioral properties of smooth pursuit eye movements. The model is a negative-feedback system that uses three parallel visual motion pathways to drive pursuit. The three visual pathways process image motion, d ... Full text Link to item Cite

Simple spike responses of gaze velocity Purkinje cells in the floccular lobe of the monkey during the onset and offset of pursuit eye movements.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · October 1994 1. We recorded the simple spike firing rate of gaze velocity Purkinje cells (GVP-cells) in the flocculus/ventral paraflocculus of two monkeys during the smooth pursuit eye movements evoked by a target that was initially at rest, started suddenly, moved at ... Full text Link to item Cite

Neural basis for motor learning in the vestibuloocular reflex of primates. III. Computational and behavioral analysis of the sites of learning.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · August 1994 1. We have used a combination of eye movement recordings and computer modeling to study long-term adaptive modification (motor learning) in the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR). The eye movement recordings place constraints on possible sites for motor learning ... Full text Link to item Cite

Neural basis for motor learning in the vestibuloocular reflex of primates. I. Changes in the responses of brain stem neurons.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · August 1994 1. We recorded from neurons in the brain stem of monkeys before and after they had worn magnifying or miniaturizing spectacles to cause changes in the gain of the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR). The gain of the VOR was estimated as eye speed divided by head ... Full text Link to item Cite

Responses during eye movements of brain stem neurons that receive monosynaptic inhibition from the flocculus and ventral paraflocculus in monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · August 1994 1. We have identified a group of brain stem cells called "flocculus target neurons" (or FTNs) because they are inhibited at monosynaptic latencies by stimulation of the flocculus and the ventral paraflocculus with single electrical pulses. We report the re ... Full text Link to item Cite

Neural basis for motor learning in the vestibuloocular reflex of primates. II. Changes in the responses of horizontal gaze velocity Purkinje cells in the cerebellar flocculus and ventral paraflocculus.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · August 1994 1. We made extracellular recordings from Purkinje cells in the flocculus and ventral paraflocculus of awake monkeys before and after motor learning in the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR). Three samples were recorded 1) after miniaturizing spectacles had reduc ... Full text Link to item Cite

Temporal properties of visual motion signals for the initiation of smooth pursuit eye movements in monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · July 1994 1. Our goal was to assess whether visual motion signals related to changes in image velocity contribute to pursuit eye movements. We recorded the smooth eye movements evoked by ramp target motion at constant speed. In two different kinds of stimuli, the on ... Full text Link to item Cite

Physiological properties of vestibular primary afferents that mediate motor learning and normal performance of the vestibulo-ocular reflex in monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurosci · March 1994 We have used electrical stimulation of the vestibular apparatus to reveal parallels between the physiological responses of the vestibular afferents activated at different currents and the properties of the evoked eye movements before and after magnifying s ... Full text Link to item Cite

Initial tracking conditions modulate the gain of visuo-motor transmission for smooth pursuit eye movements in monkeys.

Journal Article Vis Neurosci · 1994 Smooth pursuit eye movements allow primates to keep gaze pointed at small objects moving across stationary surroundings. In monkeys trained to track a small moving target, we have injected brief perturbations of target motion under different initial condit ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cerebellar flocculus hypothesis.

Journal Article Nature · May 6, 1993 Full text Link to item Cite

Cerebellar flocculus hypothesis [10]

Journal Article Nature · January 1, 1993 Full text Cite

Eye movements and brainstem neuronal responses evoked by cerebellar and vestibular stimulation in chicks.

Journal Article J Comp Physiol A · December 1992 The vestibulo-ocular reflex undergoes adaptive changes that require inputs from the cerebellar flocculus onto brainstem vestibular neurons. As a step toward developing an in vitro preparation in chicks for studying the synaptic basis of those changes, we h ... Full text Link to item Cite

Motor learning in a recurrent network model based on the vestibulo-ocular reflex.

Journal Article Nature · November 12, 1992 Most models of neural networks have assumed that neurons process information on a timescale of milliseconds and that the long-term modification of synaptic strengths underlies learning and memory. But neurons also have cellular mechanisms that operate on a ... Full text Link to item Cite

Vestibular inputs to brain stem neurons that participate in motor learning in the primate vestibuloocular reflex.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · November 1992 1. Previous studies have described a subpopulation of interneurons in the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) pathways that express large changes in their responses to head turns in conjunction with motor learning in the VOR. These neurons are called flocculus ta ... Full text Link to item Cite

Expression of motor learning in the response of the primate vestibuloocular reflex pathway to electrical stimulation.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · June 1992 1. The vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) undergoes long-term adaptive changes in the presence of persistent retinal image motion during head turns. Previous experiments using natural stimuli have provided evidence that the VOR is subserved by parallel pathways, ... Full text Link to item Cite

Effect of changing feedback delay on spontaneous oscillations in smooth pursuit eye movements of monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · March 1992 1. Our goal was to discriminate between two classes of models for pursuit eye movements. The monkey's pursuit system and both classes of model exhibit oscillations around target velocity during tracking of ramp target motion. However, the mechanisms that d ... Full text Link to item Cite

Analysis of a naturally occurring asymmetry in vertical smooth pursuit eye movements in a monkey.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · January 1992 1. We have investigated the mechanism of a directional deficit in vertical pursuit eye movements in a monkey that was unable to match upward eye speed to target speed but that had pursuit within the normal range for downward or horizontal target motion. Ex ... Full text Link to item Cite

Visual motion commands for pursuit eye movements in the cerebellum.

Journal Article Science · August 2, 1991 Eye movements that follow a target (pursuit eye movements) facilitate high acuity visual perception of moving targets by transforming visual motion inputs into motor commands that match eye motion to target motion. The performance of pursuit eye movements ... Full text Link to item Cite

Visual responses of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar flocculus during smooth-pursuit eye movements in monkeys. II. Complex spikes.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · May 1990 1. We report the complex-spike responses of two groups of Purkinje cells (P-cells). The cell were classified according to their simple-spike firing during smooth eye movements evoked by visual and vestibular stimuli with the use of established criteria (Li ... Full text Link to item Cite

Visual responses of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar flocculus during smooth-pursuit eye movements in monkeys. I. Simple spikes.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · May 1990 1. We have identified a visually driven output from the flocculus of the monkey by studying the simple-spike responses of Purkinje cells (P-cells) during the initiation of smooth-pursuit eye movements. We report on two groups of P-cells that appear to be t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Visual tracking in monkeys: evidence for short-latency suppression of the vestibuloocular reflex.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · April 1990 1. Monkeys normally use a combination of smooth head and eye movements to keep the eyes pointed at a slowly moving object. The visual inputs from target motion evoke smooth pursuit eye movements, whereas the vestibular inputs from head motion evoke a vesti ... Full text Link to item Cite

VISUAL CORTICAL SIGNALS SUPPORTING SMOOTH PURSUIT EYE-MOVEMENTS

Journal Article COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY · January 1, 1990 Link to item Cite

Visual cortical signals supporting smooth pursuit eye movements.

Journal Article Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol · 1990 Full text Link to item Cite

A Control Systems Model of Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements with Realistic Emergent Properties

Journal Article Neural Computation · March 1989 Visual tracking of objects in a noisy environment is a difficult problem that has been solved by the primate oculomotor system, but remains unsolved in robotics. In primates, smooth pursuit eye movements match eye motion to target motion to keep t ... Full text Cite

Topographic and directional organization of visual motion inputs for the initiation of horizontal and vertical smooth-pursuit eye movements in monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · January 1989 1. The goal of our study was to determine the properties of the visual inputs for pursuit eye movements. In a previous study we presented horizontal target motion along the horizontal meridian and showed that targets were more effective if they moved acros ... Full text Link to item Cite

Brain stem neurons in modified pathways for motor learning in the primate vestibulo-ocular reflex.

Journal Article Science · November 4, 1988 The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) stabilizes retinal images by generating smooth eye movements that are equal in amplitude and opposite in direction to head turns. Whenever image motion occurs persistently during head turns, the VOR undergoes motor learnin ... Full text Link to item Cite

The neural basis for learning of simple motor skills.

Journal Article Science · November 4, 1988 The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is a simple movement that has been used to investigate the neural basis for motor learning in monkeys. The function of the VOR is to stabilize retinal images by generating smooth eye movements that are equal and opposite t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Different responses to small visual errors during initiation and maintenance of smooth-pursuit eye movements in monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · December 1987 1. We have investigated the role of retinal and extraretinal signals in the initiation and maintenance of smooth-pursuit eye movements in trained rhesus monkeys. Visual targets were presented in open-loop conditions by using electronic feedback of eye posi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Visual motion processing and sensory-motor integration for smooth pursuit eye movements.

Journal Article Annu Rev Neurosci · 1987 The function of smooth pursuit is to keep the fovea pointed at a small visual target that moves smoothly across a patterned background. Chemical lesions, single cell recordings, and behavioral measures have shown that the cortical motion processing pathway ... Full text Link to item Cite

Detection of tracking errors by visual climbing fiber inputs to monkey cerebellar flocculus during pursuit eye movements.

Journal Article Neurosci Lett · December 12, 1986 The activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells was monitored in alert monkeys during visually guided smooth pursuit eye movements. The climbing fiber input evokes 'complex-spikes' which show increased firing during the contralateral phase of sinusoidal pursuit. ... Full text Link to item Cite

Visual motion processing for the initiation of smooth-pursuit eye movements in humans.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · October 1986 We have used the initiation of pursuit eye movements as a tool to reveal properties of motion processing in the neural pathways that provide inputs to the human pursuit system. Horizontal and vertical eye position were recorded with a magnetic search coil ... Full text Link to item Cite

Maldevelopment of visual motion processing in humans who had strabismus with onset in infancy.

Journal Article J Neurosci · September 1986 Binocular experience in infancy is necessary for the normal development of the visual cortex. However, it is not known whether binocular experience also affects the processing of specific kinds of visual information such as motion. We now report deficits i ... Full text Link to item Cite

Oblique saccadic eye movements of primates.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · September 1986 The objective of these experiments was to determine whether the trajectories of the horizontal and vertical components of oblique saccades in primates were coupled. Human and monkey eye movements were recorded during a visual tracking task that jumped a sm ... Full text Link to item Cite

Properties of signals that determine the amplitude and direction of saccadic eye movements in monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · July 1986 Monkeys were trained to make saccades to briefly flashed targets. We presented the flash during smooth pursuit of another target, so that there was a smooth change in eye position after the flash. We could then determine whether the flash-evoked saccades c ... Full text Link to item Cite

Vestibular signals carried by pathways subserving plasticity of the vestibulo-ocular reflex in monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurosci · February 1986 The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is subject to long-term adaptive changes that minimize retinal image slip and keep eye movement equal to and opposite head movement. As a step toward identifying the site of neural changes, we have used a transient vestibu ... Full text Link to item Cite

Properties of visual inputs that initiate horizontal smooth pursuit eye movements in monkeys.

Journal Article J Neurosci · June 1985 Smooth pursuit eye movements allow primates to fixate and track small, slowly moving objects. Pursuit usually requires visual targets; our aim was to determine the properties of the visual signals transmitted to the pursuit motor system. Rhesus monkeys wer ... Full text Link to item Cite

Floccular efferents in the rhesus macaque as revealed by autoradiography and horseradish peroxidase.

Journal Article J Comp Neurol · May 1, 1985 To fulfill its putative role in short- and long-term modification of the vestibulo-ocular reflex, the flocculus of the cerebellum must send efferents to brainstem nuclei involved in the control of eye movements. In order to reveal the sites of these intera ... Full text Link to item Cite

Signals used to compute errors in monkey vestibuloocular reflex: possible role of flocculus.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · December 1984 Adaptive changes were induced in the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) of monkeys by oscillating them while they viewed the visual scene through optical devices ("spectacles") that required changes in the amplitude of eye movement during head turns. The "gain" ... Full text Link to item Cite

The latency of pathways containing the site of motor learning in the monkey vestibulo-ocular reflex.

Journal Article Science · July 6, 1984 The vestibulo-ocular reflex helps to stabilize retinal images by generating smooth eye movements that are equal to and opposite each rotatory head movement. It is well known that the reflex undergoes adaptive plasticity or "motor learning" whenever there i ... Full text Link to item Cite

Frequency-selective adaptation: evidence for channels in the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

Journal Article J Neurosci · June 1983 The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is under long-term adaptive regulation to minimize retinal image slip during head movement; normally this process keeps VOR gain (eye velocity divided by head velocity) near 1.0. It has been common to think of the adaptive ... Full text Link to item Cite

Role of the cerebellum during motor learning in the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Different mechanisms in different species?

Journal Article Trends in Neurosciences · January 1, 1982 The vestibulo-ocular reflex operates continuously to prevent visual images from slipping across the retina during head turns. The normal excellent performance of this reflex is established and maintained in part by a long-term adaptive process whose functi ... Full text Cite

Plasticity in the vestibulo-ocular reflex: a new hypothesis.

Journal Article Annu Rev Neurosci · 1981 The vestibulo-ocular reflex functions to prevent head movements from disturbing retinal images by generating compensatory eye movements to offset the head movements. In the monkey--the species mainly under consideration here--this reflex is machine-like an ... Full text Link to item Cite

Role of primate medial vestibular nucleus in long-term adaptive plasticity of vestibuloocular reflex.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · June 1980 1. Fifteen hundred and thirty cells were recorded in the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) of alert monkeys whose vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) had been adapted to one of two kinds of spectacles. The "high-gain" sample was recorded from monkeys that had worn ... Full text Link to item Cite

Role of primate flocculus during rapid behavioral modification of vestibuloocular reflex. II. Mossy fiber firing patterns during horizontal head rotation and eye movement.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · May 1978 1. Extracellular recordings were obtained from 113 mossu fibers (MFs) in the flocculus of alert monkeys trained to perform a visual tracking task during sinusoidal, horizontal head rotation. The analysis of MF discharge patterns was designed to allow quant ... Full text Link to item Cite

Role of primate flocculus during rapid behavioral modification of vestibuloocular reflex. I. Purkinje cell activity during visually guided horizontal smooth-pursuit eye movements and passive head rotation.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · May 1978 1. Extracellular recordings were obtained from 124 Purkinje cells (P-cells) in the flocculus of alert monkeys. P-cell simple spike-firing rate was analyzed quantitatively during various combinations of smooth-pursuit eye movement and passive head rotation. ... Full text Link to item Cite

Responses of fibers in medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) of alert monkeys during horizontal and vertical conjugate eye movements evoked by vestibular or visual stimuli.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · November 1976 Extracellular recordings were obtained from 37 histologically identified MLF fibers near the trochlear nucleus in alert monkeys trained to perform a visual tracking task and subjected to adequate horizontal and vertical vestibular stimulation. The behavior ... Full text Link to item Cite