Scholars@Duke
Lydia Olander

Lydia Olander

Adjunct Professor in the Environmental Sciences and Policy Division
Environmental Sciences and Policy
lydia.olander@duke.edu
Box 90335, Durham, NC 27708-0328
2117 Campus Drive, Rm 212, Durham, NC 27708

Selected Publications

Advancing consistent socio-economic monitoring of coastal ecosystem restoration through collaborative metric development

Journal Article Communications Earth and Environment · December 1, 2024 Ecological restoration programs increasingly aim to provide socio-economic and environmental benefits. However, monitoring of socio-economic outcomes of these programs lags behind monitoring of ecological outcomes. Socio-economic methods are less establish ... Full text Cite

Evaluation of Publicly Accessible Nature-Based Solutions Databases as Sources for Evidence of Effectiveness

Report · July 24, 2024 Nature-based solutions (NBS) are “actions to protect, sustainably manage, or restore natural or modified ecosystems to address societal challenges, simultaneously providing benefits for people and the environment” (White House Council on Environmental Qual ... Open Access Link to item Cite

Department of the Interior Nature-Based Solutions Roadmap

Report · December 11, 2023 This comprehensive resource, created in collaboration with the US Department of the Interior, is a first-of-its-kind reference for implementing nature-based solutions (NBS). Nature-based solutions are actions to protect, sustainably manage, or restore natu ... Open Access Link to item Cite

Expanding Finance for Nature-Based Solutions to Achieve Climate, Environment, and Community Goals: An Introduction for Green Banks and Community Lenders

Report · November 14, 2023 Nature-based solutions are actions to protect, manage, or restore natural or modified ecosystems that address societal challenges, simultaneously benefiting people and nature. There has been unprecedented recent government investment in nature-based soluti ... Open Access Link to item Cite

Financing Nature-Based Solutions via the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund

Report · November 14, 2023 For the past decade, state and local green banks have successfully accelerated private investment in renewable energy, energy efficiency, and environmental infrastructure projects in their specific geographies. While green banks have historically focused p ... Open Access Link to item Cite

Assessing the Effects of Management Activities on Biodiversity and Carbon Storage on Public and Private Lands and Waters in the United States

Report · April 13, 2023 Natural and working lands (NWLs) provide many benefits to people, including storing greenhouse gases (GHGs), supporting biodiversity, and generating other ecosystem services. Management of NWLs can influence their condition and function and therefore the b ... Open Access Link to item Cite

Data from: Assessing the effects of management activities on biodiversity and carbon storage on public and private lands and waters in the United States

Dataset · April 6, 2023 Natural and working lands (NWLs) provide many benefits to people, including storing greenhouse gases (GHGs), supporting biodiversity, and other ecosystem services. Management of NWLs can influence their condition and function and therefore the benefits the ... Full text Cite

Developing a State-Level Natural and Working Lands Climate Action Plan

Internet Publication · October 13, 2022 Natural and working lands—forests, wetlands, coastal, and agricultural lands—provide many benefits, including supporting key economic sectors, enhancing community resilience to hazards such as fires and floods, and contributing to climate mitigation by sto ... Open Access Link to item Cite

Data from: Blue carbon mapping for six mid-Atlantic states

Dataset · June 22, 2022 Coastal habitats’ ability to store carbon makes them valuable assets in state and community efforts to support climate mitigation, but sea level rise (SLR) poses a major threat to these habitats and the carbon they store. The Nicholas Institute collaborate ... Full text Cite

Data and scripts from: Sea level rise drives carbon and habitat loss in the U.S. mid-Atlantic coastal zone

Dataset · May 31, 2022 Coastal marshes and seagrass beds store millions of tons of carbon in their sediments and sequester carbon at higher per-area rates than most terrestrial ecosystems. There is substantial interest in this “blue carbon” as a carbon mitigation strategy, despi ... Full text Cite

A Menu of State Actions to Promote Forest Carbon Sequestration and Storage

Report · May 27, 2022 Across the U.S., states are developing policies and programs to help promote forest-based natural climate solutions. This effort is bolstered by a growth in forest carbon programs that aim to make entry into the voluntary carbon offset market accessible to ... Open Access Link to item Cite

Tracking the Benefits of Natural & Working Lands in the United States: Dataset Evaluation and Readiness Assessment

Report · March 16, 2022 Natural and working lands (NWL) in the United States provide many benefits, including food, climate mitigation, recreational opportunities, jobs, and many more. There is currently no coordinated approach in the United States to track how provision of these ... Open Access Link to item Cite

Connecting ecosystem services science and policy in the field

Journal Article Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment · November 1, 2021 Conservation and provision of ecosystem services (ES) have been adopted as high-level policy in many countries, yet there has been surprisingly little application of these broad policies in the field; for example, ES are rarely considered in permit issuanc ... Full text Cite

Infrastructure investment must incorporate Nature's lessons in a rapidly changing world

Journal Article One Earth · October 22, 2021 Infrastructure must become more resilient as the global climate changes and also more affordable in the economic and political context of a post-COVID world. We can solve this dual challenge and drive global infrastructure investment into a more sustainabl ... Full text Cite

Integrating programmatic expertise from across the us and canada to model and guide leadership training for graduate students in sustainability

Journal Article Sustainability (Switzerland) · August 2, 2021 It is critical that future sustainability leaders possess the skills and aptitudes needed to tackle increasingly ‘wicked’ challenges. While much has been done to identify this need, inadequate Leadership Training for graduate students in Sustainability (LT ... Full text Cite

GEMS Phase II Report: Coastal Restoration

Report · July 16, 2021 Billions of dollars will be spent on large-scale restoration of Gulf ecosystems over the coming decades, but there is currently no shared platform to guide assessment and reporting of restoration progress and effectiveness for the broad set of environmenta ... Open Access Link to item Cite

Pocosin wetland status and owner type for North Carolina

Dataset · June 30, 2021 Pocosins are a unique wetland type in the North Carolina coastal plain that provide valuable wildlife habitat and store large amounts of carbon in their peat soils. Many pocosins in North Carolina have been altered by drainage, land clearing, or plantation ... Full text Cite

Life Cycle Assessment and Carbon Offset Potential for Cultured Milk Protein

Report · March 18, 2021 Cultured milk proteins are proteins manufactured in a lab through fermentation rather than from traditional animal farming methods. These proteins are identical to those found in milk (casein and whey), but are created using bacteria or fungi instead of an ... Open Access Link to item Cite

Exploring the use of ecosystem services conceptual models to account for the benefits of public lands: An example from national forest planning in the United States

Journal Article Forests · March 1, 2021 A shared understanding of the benefits and tradeoffs to people from alternative land management strategies is critical to successful decision-making for managing public lands and fostering shared stewardship. This study describes an approach for identifyin ... Full text Cite

Data from: Coastal protection and blue carbon mapping for six mid-Atlantic states

Dataset · December 3, 2020 Coastal habitats’ ability to store carbon and protect natural and human communities from hazards makes them valuable assets in state and community efforts to enhance coastal resilience and support climate mitigation. The Nicholas Institute collaborated wit ... Full text Cite

A practice-oriented approach to foster private landowner participation in ecosystem service conservation and restoration at a landscape scale

Journal Article Ecosystem Services · December 1, 2020 Large landscape conservation planning often requires managers to coordinate with private landowners, especially in regions like the southern and western U.S. where private landownership dominates. It is often difficult to design conservation programs that ... Full text Cite

Graphical models and the challenge of evidence-based practice in development and sustainability

Journal Article Environmental Modelling and Software · August 1, 2020 Governments and social benefit organizations are expected to consider evidence in decision-making. In development and sustainability, evidence spans disciplines and methodological traditions and is often inconclusive. Graphical models are widely promoted t ... Full text Cite

Corrigendum to “Testing ecosystem accounting in the United States: A case study for the Southeast” [Ecosyst. Serv. 43 (2020) 101099] (Ecosystem Services (2020) 43, (S2212041620300413), (10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101099))

Journal Article Ecosystem Services · August 1, 2020 The authors regret the use of an incorrect citation reported in the article as “Landers (2015).” The correct citation should be Landers et al. (2016) (full citation below). Landers, D., Nahlik, A., Rhodes, C., 2016. The beneficiary perspective: benefits an ... Full text Cite

Testing ecosystem accounting in the United States: A case study for the Southeast

Journal Article Ecosystem Services · June 1, 2020 Ecosystem accounts, as formalized by the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting Experimental Ecosystem Accounts (SEEA EEA), have been compiled in a number of countries, yet there have been few attempts to develop them for the U.S. We explore the poten ... Full text Cite

USFS Predictive Model Library: Fire and Timber Management

Report · April 17, 2020 The concept of ecosystem services has been formalized into U.S. Forest Service decision-making over the past decade in response to the 2012 Forest Planning Act and Agency regulations and directives, but many practical questions remain about how to do this ... Open Access Link to item Cite

Data from: Opportunity assessment for carbon and resilience benefits on natural and working lands in North Carolina

Dataset · March 24, 2020 These datasets show the biophysical extent of reforestation, restoration, and conservation opportunities for on-the-ground management actions for natural and working lands that sequester/store carbon and support habitat and community resilience in North Ca ... Full text Cite

Compensatory Mitigation on Federal Lands

Report · February 6, 2020 As compensatory wetland and stream mitigation expands, particularly in the western United States, the availability and prominence of federal lands will become increasingly relevant in affecting the execution of mitigation. Moreover, as land management agen ... Open Access Link to item Cite

GEMS Phase I Report: Oyster Reef Restoration

Report · February 3, 2020 Billions of dollars will be spent on large-scale restoration of Gulf ecosystems over the coming decades, but there is no shared platform to guide assessment and reporting of restoration progress and effectiveness for the broad set of environmental, social, ... Open Access Link to item Cite

Forecasting ecosystem services to guide coastal wetland rehabilitation decisions

Journal Article Ecosystem Services · October 1, 2019 Coastal wetlands provide diverse ecosystem services such as flood protection and recreational value. However, predicting changes in ecosystem service value fr0k from restoration or management is challenging because environmental systems are highly complex ... Full text Cite

Bigger Change Faster

Report · September 2019 Today’s greatest sustainable development challenges can only be solved if we work together more effectively across the global development, health, and environmental communities. This report, co-authored by the Bridge Collaborative and UNDP, highlights thre ... Open Access Link to item Cite

Aligning evidence generation and use across health, development, and environment

Journal Article Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability · August 1, 2019 Although health, development, and environment challenges are interconnected, evidence remains fractured across sectors due to methodological and conceptual differences in research and practice. Aligned methods are needed to support Sustainable Development ... Full text Cite

Trends in Measuring Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function in Mitigation Quantification Methodologies

Report · May 2, 2019 Over the last decade, efforts to use compensatory mitigation to manage and ameliorate the impacts of development on biodiversity and ecosystems around the world have accelerated. Mitigation mechanisms provide a structured way to advance economic developmen ... Open Access Link to item Cite

Workshop Guide: Using Facilitation Techniques to Integrate Ecosystem Services into Coastal Management Decisions

Report · February 18, 2019 Estuarine systems are areas of immense ecological importance and provide numerous social, economic, and environmental benefits. The strong link between healthy habitats and these benefits requires incorporating the concerns of both nature and people into c ... Open Access Link to item Cite

Leveraging Big Data Towards Functionally-Based, Catchment Scale Restoration Prioritization.

Journal Article Environmental management · December 2018 The persistence of freshwater degradation has necessitated the growth of an expansive stream and wetland restoration industry, yet restoration prioritization at broad spatial extents is still limited and ad-hoc restoration prevails. The River Basin Restora ... Full text Cite

Ecosystem services and U.S. stormwater planning: An approach for improving urban stormwater decisions

Journal Article Environmental Science and Policy · October 1, 2018 Green stormwater infrastructure (GI) is gaining traction as a viable complement to traditional “gray” infrastructure in cities across the United States. As cities struggle with decisions to replace deteriorating stormwater infrastructure in the face of loo ... Full text Cite

Building Ecosystem Services Conceptual Models

Report · September 5, 2018 Funders and developers of infrastructure projects and businesses and managers overseeing critical natural resources are becoming increasingly aware of and interested in ecosystem services. Although methods for incorporating ecosystem services into decision ... Open Access Link to item Cite

Ecosystem Services Conceptual Model Application: Bureau of Land Management Solar Energy Development

Report · September 5, 2018 Interest in using ecosystem services to integrate considerations of people and the environment continues to grow in federal agencies. One method that can help agencies incorporate ecosystem services into decision making is the use of ecosystem services con ... Open Access Link to item Cite

Ecosystem Services Conceptual Model Application: NOAA and NERRS Salt Marsh Habitat Restoration

Report · September 5, 2018 Interest in using ecosystem services to integrate considerations of people and the environment continues to grow in federal agencies. One method that can help agencies incorporate ecosystem services into decision making is the use of ecosystem services con ... Open Access Link to item Cite

Ecosystem Services Conceptual Model Application: Testing General Model Adaptability

Report · September 5, 2018 This case study, a companion to Ecosystem Services Conceptual Model Application: NOAA and NERRS Salt Marsh Habitat Restoration summarizes initial efforts to apply a general salt marsh ecosystem services conceptual model to specific sites. The case study pr ... Open Access Link to item Cite

Cross-discipline evidence principles for sustainability policy.

Journal Article Nature sustainability · September 2018 Evidence-based approaches to sustainability challenges must draw on knowledge from the environment, development and health communities. To be practicable, this requires an approach to evidence that is broader and less hierarchical than the standards often ... Full text Cite

Evidence-Based Causal Chains for Linking Health, Development, and Conservation Actions.

Journal Article Bioscience · March 2018 Sustainability challenges for nature and people are complex and interconnected, such that effective solutions require approaches and a common theory of change that bridge disparate disciplines and sectors. Causal chains offer promising approaches to achiev ... Full text Open Access Cite

Facilitating markets and mitigation: A systematic review of early-action incentives in the U.S.

Journal Article Land Use Policy · March 1, 2018 Early action refers to activities undertaken prior to a regulatory program or generation of services prior to mitigation of impacts elsewhere. In U.S. environmental markets, early action could reduce lags in environmental performance, improve outcomes, and ... Full text Cite

Benefit relevant indicators: Ecosystem services measures that link ecological and social outcomes

Journal Article Ecological Indicators · February 1, 2018 There is a growing movement in government, environmental non-governmental organizations and the private sector to include ecosystem services in decision making. Adding ecosystem services into assessments implies measuring how much a change in ecological co ... Full text Cite

Bridge Collaborative Practitioner’s Guide: Principles and Guidance for Cross-sector Action Planning and Evidence Evaluation

Report · October 25, 2017 The health, development and environment sectors increasingly realize that they cannot achieve their respective goals by acting in isolation. Yet, as they pivot to act collectively, they face challenges in finding and interpreting evidence on sectoral inter ... Open Access Link to item Cite

Increasing the Engagement of Large Private Forestland Owners in Conservation Management

Report · October 17, 2017 The involvement of large private and institutional forestland owners in conservation has been recognized as increasingly important for the successful implementation of landscape-scale conservation. However, public and non-governmental organization partners ... Open Access Link to item Cite

Fertilizer management and environmental factors drive n2o and no3 losses in corn: A meta-analysis

Journal Article Soil Science Society of America Journal · September 1, 2017 Effective management of nitrogen (N) in agricultural landscapes must account for how nitrate (NO3) leaching and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions respond to local field-scale management and to broader environmental drivers such as climate and soil. We assemble ... Full text Cite

So you want your research to be relevant? Building the bridge between ecosystem services research and practice

Journal Article Ecosystem Services · August 1, 2017 There is growing demand for information regarding the impacts of decisions on ecosystem services and human benefits. Despite the large and growing quantity of published ecosystem services research, there remains a substantial gap between this research and ... Full text Open Access Cite

Data and Modeling Infrastructure for National Integration of Ecosystem Services into Decision Making: Expert Summaries

Report · July 17, 2017 Resource managers face increasingly complex decisions as they attempt to manage for the long-term sustainability and the health of natural resources. Incorporating ecosystem services into decision processes provides a means for increasing public engagement ... Open Access Link to item Cite

Use of Preservation in North Carolina Wetland and Stream Mitigation

Report · March 27, 2017 To better protect the nation’s wetlands and streams, the Clean Water Act allows use of compensatory mitigation to replace the benefits of lost wetlands and streams. This study summarizes North Carolina’s use of preservation for compensatory mitigation by p ... Open Access Link to item Cite

Integrating Large-Scale Planning into Environmental Markets and Related Programs: Status and Trends

Report · March 1, 2017 Building on earlier efforts, guidance from the federal government on mitigation for environmental impacts recommends the use of large-scale plans, preferably carried out in advance of impacts, to steer both development and mitigation. The idea is that adva ... Open Access Link to item Cite

A research agenda for ecosystem services in American environmental and land use planning

Journal Article Cities · February 1, 2017 We assess pathways for integrating the ecosystem services concept into American land use and environmental planning. Ecosystem services are the beneficial products that functioning ecosystems provide to human society. Building on Ian McHarg's influential e ... Full text Cite

Identifying and assessing the application of ecosystem services approaches in environmental policies and decision making.

Journal Article Integrated environmental assessment and management · January 2017 The presumption is that ecosystem services (ES) approaches provide a better basis for environmental decision making than do other approaches because they make explicit the connection between human well-being and ecosystem structures and processes. However, ... Full text Cite

Proposal for Increasing Consistency When Incorporating Ecosystem Services into Decision Making

Report · November 15, 2016 In October 2015, the U.S. Executive Offices of the President—the Office of Management and Budget, the Council on Environmental Quality, and the Office of Science and Technology Policy—released a memo, “Incorporating Ecosystem Services into Federal Decision ... Open Access Link to item Cite

A Review of the Use of Early-Action Incentives in U.S. Environmental Markets

Report · September 20, 2016 Early action can refer to activities undertaken prior to a regulatory program or the generation of a particular service before its use to mitigate an impact elsewhere. In U.S. environmental markets, early action can result in multiple benefits. One benefit ... Open Access Link to item Cite

Best Practices for Integrating Ecosystem Services into Federal Decision Making

Report · July 20, 2015 Federal agencies take many actions that influence ecosystem conditions and change the provision of ecosystem services valued by the public. To date, most decisions affecting ecosystems have relied on ecological assessments with little or no consideration o ... Open Access Link to item Cite

Mainstreaming ecosystem services into decision making

Journal Article Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment · December 1, 2014 Full text Cite

Synthesis and Review: Advancing agricultural greenhouse gas quantification

Journal Article Environmental Research Letters · July 1, 2014 Reducing emissions of agricultural greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as methane and nitrous oxide, and sequestering carbon in the soil or in living biomass can help reduce the impact of agriculture on climate change while improving productivity and reducing re ... Full text Cite

The Most Important Current Research Questions in Urban Ecosystem Services

Journal Article Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum · 2014 Link to item Cite

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting agricultural management for climate change in developing countries: providing the basis for action.

Journal Article Global change biology · January 2014 Agriculture in developing countries has attracted increasing attention in international negotiations within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change for both adaptation to climate change and greenhouse gas mitigation. However, there is lim ... Full text Cite

Sustainability and earth resources: Life cycle assessment modeling

Journal Article Business Strategy and the Environment · November 1, 2013 Corporations are facing increasing risks associated with ecosystems from both natural drivers, such as climate change, as well as institutional drivers resulting from retailers and brands, increasingly making supplier decisions based on life cycle reportin ... Full text Cite

Advancing agricultural greenhouse gas quantification*

Journal Article Environmental Research Letters · January 1, 2013 Full text Cite

Using Biogeochemical Process Models to Quantify Greenhouse Gas Mitigation from Agricultural Management

Chapter · January 1, 2013 To conduct inventories and monitor climate change mitigation in agriculture, we need to be able to quantify the greenhouse gas (GHG) impacts resulting from different agricultural management activities. While we have a rough, but relatively clear picture ab ... Full text Cite

Operationalizing REDD+: Scope of reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation

Journal Article Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability · December 1, 2012 This paper discusses the operational issues associated with the expanding scope of reduced emissions from deforestation (RED) as forest degradation, conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+) and other sectors and activities are added. Th ... Full text Cite

Environmental Leadership A Reference Handbook

Book · July 5, 2012 Overarching themes in this volume include taking action in the face of uncertainty (mitigating climate change impacts, adapting to climate change, protecting coastal ecosystems, protecting wetlands and estuaries, preserving forest resources ... ... Cite

The potential role for management of U.S. public lands in greenhouse gas mitigation and climate policy.

Journal Article Environmental management · March 2012 Management of forests, rangelands, and wetlands on public lands, including the restoration of degraded lands, has the potential to increase carbon sequestration or reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions beyond what is occurring today. In this paper we discu ... Full text Cite

Greenhouse gas mitigation with agricultural land management activities in the United States-a side-by-side comparison of biophysical potential

Chapter · January 1, 2012 Responsible for 6% of U.S. greenhouse gas (GHG) production, agricultural land use has significant potential to reduce these emissions and capture additional carbon in the soil. Many different activities have been proposed for such mitigation, but assessmen ... Full text Cite

Sustainability and Earth Resources: Life Cycle Assessment Modeling

Journal Article Business Strategy and the Environment · 2012 Cite

Institutions and policies to protect rural livelihoods in REDD + regimes

Journal Article Global Environmental Politics · January 1, 2010 Full text Open Access Cite

Reference scenarios for deforestation and forest degradation in support of REDD: A review of data and methods

Journal Article Environmental Research Letters · June 1, 2008 Global climate policy initiatives are now being proposed to compensate tropical forest nations for reducing carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD). These proposals have the potential to include developing countries more actively ... Full text Cite

Ecosystem structure throughout the brazilian amazon from landsat observations and automated spectral unmixing

Journal Article Earth Interactions · December 1, 2005 The Brazilian Amazon forest and cerrado savanna encompasses a region of enormous ecological, climatic, and land-use variation. Satellite remote sensing is the only tractable means to measure the biophysical attributes of vegetation throughout this region, ... Cite

Surface soil changes following selective logging in an eastern amazon forest

Journal Article Earth Interactions · December 1, 2005 In the Brazilian Amazon, selective logging is second only to forest conversion in its extent. Conversion to pasture or agriculture tends to reduce soil nutrients and site productivity over time unless fertilizers are added. Logging removes nutrients in bol ... Cite

Short-term controls over inorganic phosphorus during soil and ecosystem development

Journal Article Soil Biology and Biochemistry · April 1, 2005 Geochemical sorption and biological demand control phosphorus (P) retention and availability in soils. Sorption and the biota predominantly utilize the same inorganic form of P, from the same soil pool, on the same time scale, and thus are likely to compet ... Full text Cite

Surface soil changes following selective logging in an eastern Amazon forest

Journal Article Earth Interactions · January 1, 2005 In the Brazilian Amazon, selective logging is second only to forest conversion in its extent. Conversion to pasture or agriculture tends to reduce soil nutrients and site productivity over time unless fertilizers are added. Logging removes nutrients in bol ... Full text Cite

Ecosystem structure throughout the Brazilian Amazon from Landsat observations and automated spectral unmixing

Journal Article Earth Interactions · January 1, 2005 The Brazilian Amazon forest and cerrado savanna encompasses a region of enormous ecological, climatic, and land-use variation. Satellite remote sensing is the only tractable means to measure the biophysical attributes of vegetation throughout this region, ... Full text Cite

Grazing systems, ecosystem responses, and global change

Book · December 27, 2004 Managed grazing covers more than 25% of the global land surface and has a larger geographic extent than any other form of land use. Grazing systems persist under marginal bioclimatic and edaphic conditions of different biomes, leading to the emergence of t ... Full text Cite

Pasture degradation in the central Amazon: Linking changes in carbon and nutrient cycling with remote sensing

Journal Article Global Change Biology · May 1, 2004 The majority of deforested land in the Amazon Basin has become cattle pasture, making forest-to-pasture conversion an important contributor to the carbon (C) and climate dynamics of the region. However, our understanding of biogeochemical dynamics in pastu ... Full text Cite

Biological and geochemical sinks for phosphorus in soil from a wet tropical forest

Journal Article Ecosystems · January 1, 2004 In many tropical and volcanic soils, phosphorus (P) availability is strongly influenced by geochemical sorption, which binds P to soil minerals. The aim of this study was to determine whether biological demand or soil sorption strength was the primary cont ... Full text Cite

Nitrogen and nature.

Conference Ambio · March 2002 Anthropogenic changes to the global N cycle are important in part because added N alters the composition, productivity, and other properties of many natural ecosystems substantially. Why does added N have such a large impact? Why is N in short supply in so ... Full text Cite

Regulation of soil phosphatase and chitinase activity by N and P availability

Journal Article Biogeochemistry · January 1, 2000 Soil microorganisms and plants produce enzymes that mineralize organically bound nutrients. When nutrient availability is low, the biota may be able to increase production of these enzymes to enhance the supply of inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). ... Full text Cite

Impacts of disturbance initiated by road construction in a subtropical cloud forest in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico

Journal Article Forest Ecology and Management · September 16, 1998 The impacts of road construction and the spread of exotic vegetation, which are common threats to upper elevation tropical forests, were evaluated in the subtropical cloud forests of Puerto Rico. The vegetation, soil and microclimate of 6-month-old roadfil ... Full text Cite

Changes in leaf structure in relation to crown position and tree size of Betula papyrifera within fire-origin stands of interior cedar-hemlock

Journal Article Canadian Journal of Botany · January 1, 1998 Dimensions of anatomical and morphological attributes of leaves can influence physiological response to changes in environment over time. Linking structural attributes of leaves to crown position and tree size within naturally developing cohorts of trees c ... Full text Cite