Michael C. Fitzgerald | Scholars@Duke

Michael C. Fitzgerald
Professor of Chemistry

Dr. Fitzgerald’s research group is focused on studies of protein folding and function. The group utilizes a combination of covalent labeling strategies (e.g. protein amide H/D exchange and methionine oxidiation) and mass spectrometry techniques to investigate the thermodynamic properties of protein folding and ligand binding reactions. Current research efforts involve: (1) the development new biophysical methods that enable protein folding and stability measurements to be performed on the proteomic scale; and (2) the application of these new methods in the areas of disease detection, diagnosis, and therapy.

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Professor of Chemistry, Chemistry, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 2011
Director of Graduate Studies in Chemistry, Chemistry, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 2017
Professor of Biochemistry, Biochemistry, Basic Science Departments 2011

Contact Information

3222 French Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708
Box 90346, Durham, NC 27708-0346
michael.c.fitzgerald@duke.edu (919) 660-1547
Fitzgerald Research Group

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- Ph.D., University of Wisconsin - Madison 1994
- B.S., Davidson College 1989
Previous Appointments & Affiliations
- Associate Professor of Chemistry, Chemistry, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 2004 - 2011
- Assistant Professor of Biochemistry, Biochemistry, Basic Science Departments 2010 - 2011
- Assistant Professor of Chemistry, Chemistry, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 1998 - 2004
- Assistant Professor of Biochemistry, Biochemistry, Basic Science Departments 2002 - 2003
Recognition
In the News
- OCT 19, 2016
  
  Dust Mite Allergens Share Rare Combo of Qualities
Awards & Honors
- Presidential Early Career Awards for Scientists and Engineers. President of the United States of America. 2001
Expertise
Subject Headings
- Muser Mentor
Research
Selected Grants
- Elucidating the Molecular Basis of Cellular Metal Stress by using Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomic Methods awarded by National Institutes of Health 2022 - 2026
- Global Measurements of Protein Folding Stability for Characterization of Aging and Disease awarded by National Institutes of Health 2019 - 2023
- Discovery and Manipulation of Biomolecular-Noble Gas Interactions awarded by Defense Threat Reduction Agency 2018 - 2022
- Anti-Malarial Drug Target Discovery using Energetics-Based Proteomics Methods awarded by National Institutes of Health 2018 - 2020
- GAANN - Department of Chemistry awarded by Department of Education 2015 - 2019
- Thermo Lumos Tribrid High-Resolution Accurate-Mass Tandem Mass Spectrometer awarded by National Institutes of Health 2018 - 2019
- Analysis of Protein-Ligand Binding on the Proteomic Scale awarded by National Institutes of Health 2009 - 2019
- MRI: Acquisition of a Triple Quadrupole LC/MS System awarded by National Science Foundation 2015 - 2018
- Acquisition of a MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometer System at Duke University awarded by North Carolina Biotechnology Center 2017 - 2018
- Expanding the Scope of a Chemical Modification and Mass Spectrometry-Based Method for Protein-Ligand Binding Analysis awarded by National Science Foundation 2013 - 2016
- BC123577: Targeting Epigenetics Therapy for Estrogen Receptor Negative Breast Cancers awarded by United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command 2013 - 2016
- Structural Biology and Biophysics Training Program awarded by National Institutes of Health 1994 - 2015
- A Chemical Modification and Mass Spectrometry-Based Method for Analysis of Protein Folding and Ligand Binding awarded by National Science Foundation 2009 - 2012
- Analysis of PH1-Associated Alanine:Glyoxylate Aminotranferase (AGT) Using Yeast awarded by National Institutes of Health 2008 - 2011
- Purchase of a Q-TOF LC/MS System awarded by National Institutes of Health 2010 - 2011
- Identification of pharmacological chaperones for misfolded proteins awarded by National Institutes of Health 2008 - 2011
- Discovery of Cancer Imaging Probes using SUPREX awarded by National Institutes of Health 2008 - 2010
- Backbone-Backbone H-Bonds in Protein Folding awarded by National Institutes of Health 2002 - 2008
- Structure And Function Of Enzymes--Role Of Metals awarded by National Institutes of Health 1977 - 2008
- Backbone H-Bonds in Protein Folding (Supplement) awarded by National Institutes of Health 2002 - 2007
- Purchase of a High-Throughput MALDI TOF/TOF awarded by National Institutes of Health 2006 - 2007
- CAREER: Development of a New Mass Spectrometry-Based Approach fro Assaying Protein Stability and Initiation of a High Sc awarded by National Science Foundation 2001 - 2006
- Acquisition of a Time-Resolved Step-Scan Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer awarded by National Science Foundation 2001 - 2004
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Academic Articles
  - Cabrera, Aurora, Alexander C. Y. Foo, Michael C. Fitzgerald, and Geoffrey A. Mueller. “Bet v 1 and other birch allergens are more resistant to proteolysis and more abundant than other birch pollen proteins.” Allergy 77, no. 4 (April 2022): 1307–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.15209.
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  - Wiebelhaus, Nancy, Niven Singh, Peng Zhang, Stephen L. Craig, David N. Beratan, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Discovery of the Xenon-Protein Interactome Using Large-Scale Measurements of Protein Folding and Stability.” Journal of the American Chemical Society 144, no. 9 (March 2022): 3925–38. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c11900.
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  - Hatstat, A Katherine, Baiyi Quan, Morgan A. Bailey, Michael C. Fitzgerald, Michaela C. Reinhart, and Dewey G. McCafferty. “Chemoproteomic-enabled characterization of small GTPase Rab1a as a target of an N-arylbenzimidazole ligand's rescue of Parkinson's-associated cell toxicity.” Rsc Chemical Biology 3, no. 1 (January 2022): 96–111. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1cb00103e.
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  - Ma, Renze, Julia H. R. Johnson, Yun Tang, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Analysis of Brain Protein Stability Changes in Mouse Models of Normal Aging and α-Synucleinopathy Reveals Age- and Disease-Related Differences.” Journal of Proteome Research 20, no. 11 (November 2021): 5156–68. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00653.
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  - Lu, Kuan-Yi, Christopher R. Mansfield, Michael C. Fitzgerald, and Emily R. Derbyshire. “Chemoproteomics for Plasmodium Parasite Drug Target Discovery.” Chembiochem : A European Journal of Chemical Biology 22, no. 16 (August 2021): 2591–99. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.202100155.
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  - Wiebelhaus, Nancy, Jacqueline M. Zaengle-Barone, Kevin K. Hwang, Katherine J. Franz, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Protein Folding Stability Changes Across the Proteome Reveal Targets of Cu Toxicity in E. coli.” Acs Chemical Biology 16, no. 1 (January 2021): 214–24. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschembio.0c00900.
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  - Cabrera, Aurora, Thomas A. Randall, Ryenne N. Ogburn, Betelihem Mebrahtu, Julia H. R. Johnson, Alexander C. Y. Foo, Michael C. Fitzgerald, and Geoffrey A. Mueller. “Are allergens more abundant and/or more stable than other proteins in pollens and dust?” Allergy 75, no. 5 (May 2020): 1267–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14121.
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  - Lu, Kuan-Yi, Baiyi Quan, Kayla Sylvester, Tamanna Srivastava, Michael C. Fitzgerald, and Emily R. Derbyshire. “Plasmodium chaperonin TRiC/CCT identified as a target of the antihistamine clemastine using parallel chemoproteomic strategy.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117, no. 11 (March 3, 2020): 5810–17. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1913525117.
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  - Cabrera, Aurora, Nancy Wiebelhaus, Baiyi Quan, Renze Ma, He Meng, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Comparative Analysis of Mass-Spectrometry-Based Proteomic Methods for Protein Target Discovery Using a One-Pot Approach.” Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 31, no. 2 (February 2020): 217–26. https://doi.org/10.1021/jasms.9b00041.
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  - Ma, Renze, He Meng, Nancy Wiebelhaus, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Chemo-Selection Strategy for Limited Proteolysis Experiments on the Proteomic Scale.” Analytical Chemistry 90, no. 23 (December 2018): 14039–47. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04122.
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  - Kaur, Upneet, He Meng, Fang Lui, Renze Ma, Ryenne N. Ogburn, Julia H. R. Johnson, Michael C. Fitzgerald, and Lisa M. Jones. “Proteome-Wide Structural Biology: An Emerging Field for the Structural Analysis of Proteins on the Proteomic Scale.” Journal of Proteome Research 17, no. 11 (November 2018): 3614–27. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00341.
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  - Meng, He, Renze Ma, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Chemical Denaturation and Protein Precipitation Approach for Discovery and Quantitation of Protein-Drug Interactions.” Analytical Chemistry 90, no. 15 (August 2018): 9249–55. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01772.
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  - Meng, He, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Proteome-Wide Characterization of Phosphorylation-Induced Conformational Changes in Breast Cancer.” Journal of Proteome Research 17, no. 3 (March 2018): 1129–37. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00795.
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  - Ogburn, Ryenne N., Lorrain Jin, He Meng, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Discovery of Tamoxifen and N-Desmethyl Tamoxifen Protein Targets in MCF-7 Cells Using Large-Scale Protein Folding and Stability Measurements.” Journal of Proteome Research 16, no. 11 (November 2017): 4073–85. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00442.
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  - Lim, Kwang Hun, Anvesh K. R. Dasari, Renze Ma, Ivan Hung, Zhehong Gan, Jeffery W. Kelly, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Pathogenic Mutations Induce Partial Structural Changes in the Native β-Sheet Structure of Transthyretin and Accelerate Aggregation.” Biochemistry 56, no. 36 (September 2017): 4808–18. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00658.
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  - Liu, Fang, He Meng, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Large-Scale Analysis of Breast Cancer-Related Conformational Changes in Proteins Using SILAC-SPROX.” Journal of Proteome Research 16, no. 9 (September 2017): 3277–86. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00283.
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  - Randall, Thomas A., Robert E. London, Michael C. Fitzgerald, and Geoffrey A. Mueller. “Proteases of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18, no. 6 (June 6, 2017): E1204. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18061204.
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  - Ogburn, Ryenne N., Thomas A. Randall, Yingrong Xu, Julia H. Roberts, Betelihem Mebrahtu, Jaret M. Karnuta, S Dean Rider, et al. “Are dust mite allergens more abundant and/or more stable than other Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus proteins?” The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 139, no. 3 (March 2017): 1030-1032.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.08.016.
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  - Liu, Fang, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Large-Scale Analysis of Breast Cancer-Related Conformational Changes in Proteins Using Limited Proteolysis.” Journal of Proteome Research 15, no. 12 (December 2016): 4666–74. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00755.
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  - Roberts, Julia H., Fang Liu, Jaret M. Karnuta, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Discovery of Age-Related Protein Folding Stability Differences in the Mouse Brain Proteome.” Journal of Proteome Research 15, no. 12 (December 2016): 4731–41. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00927.
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  - Jin, Lorrain, Dongyu Wang, David M. Gooden, Carol H. Ball, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Targeted Mass Spectrometry-Based Approach for Protein-Ligand Binding Analyses in Complex Biological Mixtures Using a Phenacyl Bromide Modification Strategy.” Analytical Chemistry 88, no. 22 (November 2016): 10987–93. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02658.
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  - Xu, Yingrong, M Ariel Geer Wallace, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Thermodynamic Analysis of the Geldanamycin-Hsp90 Interaction in a Whole Cell Lysate Using a Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics Approach.” Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 27, no. 10 (October 2016): 1670–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13361-016-1457-2.
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  - Geer Wallace, M Ariel, Do-Yeon Kwon, Douglas H. Weitzel, Chen-Ting Lee, Tesia N. Stephenson, Jen-Tsan Chi, Robert A. Mook, Mark W. Dewhirst, Jiyong Hong, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Discovery of Manassantin A Protein Targets Using Large-Scale Protein Folding and Stability Measurements.” J Proteome Res 15, no. 8 (August 5, 2016): 2688–96. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00237.
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  - Geer, M Ariel, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Characterization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATP-Interactome using the iTRAQ-SPROX Technique.” Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 27, no. 2 (February 2016): 233–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13361-015-1290-z.
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  - Kwon, Do-Yeon, Hye Eun Lee, Douglas H. Weitzel, Kyunghye Park, Sun Hee Lee, Chen-Ting Lee, Tesia N. Stephenson, et al. “Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Manassantin Analogues for Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α Inhibition.” J Med Chem 58, no. 19 (October 8, 2015): 7659–71. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01220.
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  - Adhikari, Jagat, Graham M. West, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Global analysis of protein folding thermodynamics for disease state characterization.” Journal of Proteome Research 14, no. 5 (May 2015): 2287–97. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00057.
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  - Adhikari, Jagat, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “SILAC-pulse proteolysis: A mass spectrometry-based method for discovery and cross-validation in proteome-wide studies of ligand binding.” Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 25, no. 12 (December 2014): 2073–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13361-014-0992-y.
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  - Tran, Duc T., Jagat Adhikari, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “StableIsotope Labeling with Amino Acids in Cell Culture (SILAC)-based strategy for proteome-wide thermodynamic analysis of protein-ligand binding interactions.” Molecular & Cellular Proteomics : Mcp 13, no. 7 (July 2014): 1800–1813. https://doi.org/10.1074/mcp.m113.034702.
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  - Xu, Yingrong, Erin C. Strickland, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Thermodynamic analysis of protein folding and stability using a tryptophan modification protocol.” Analytical Chemistry 86, no. 14 (July 2014): 7041–48. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac501278j.
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  - Geer, M Ariel, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Energetics-based methods for protein folding and stability measurements.” Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry (Palo Alto, Calif.) 7 (January 2014): 209–28. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anchem-071213-020024.
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  - Strickland, Erin C., M Ariel Geer, Jiyong Hong, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “False-positive rate determination of protein target discovery using a covalent modification- and mass spectrometry-based proteomics platform.” Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 25, no. 1 (January 2014): 132–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13361-013-0754-2.
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  - Strickland, Erin C., M Ariel Geer, Duc T. Tran, Jagat Adhikari, Graham M. West, Patrick D. DeArmond, Ying Xu, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Thermodynamic analysis of protein-ligand binding interactions in complex biological mixtures using the stability of proteins from rates of oxidation.” Nature Protocols 8, no. 1 (January 2013): 148–61. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2012.146.
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  - Banerjee, Sambuddha, Claire J Parker Siburt, Shreni Mistry, Jennifer M. Noto, Patrick DeArmond, Michael C. Fitzgerald, Lisa A. Lambert, Cynthia N. Cornelissen, and Alvin L. Crumbliss. “Evidence of Fe3+ interaction with the plug domain of the outer membrane transferrin receptor protein of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: implications for Fe transport.” Metallomics : Integrated Biometal Science 4, no. 4 (April 2012): 361–72. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2mt20037f.
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  - Reichmann, Dana, Ying Xu, Claudia M. Cremers, Marianne Ilbert, Roni Mittelman, Michael C. Fitzgerald, and Ursula Jakob. “Order out of disorder: working cycle of an intrinsically unfolded chaperone.” Cell 148, no. 5 (March 2012): 947–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2012.01.045.
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  - Tran, Duc T., Sambuddha Banerjee, Abdu I. Alayash, Alvin L. Crumbliss, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Slow histidine H/D exchange protocol for thermodynamic analysis of protein folding and stability using mass spectrometry.” Analytical Chemistry 84, no. 3 (February 2012): 1653–60. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac202927p.
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  - Dearmond, Patrick D., Ying Xu, Erin C. Strickland, Kyle G. Daniels, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Thermodynamic analysis of protein-ligand interactions in complex biological mixtures using a shotgun proteomics approach.” Journal of Proteome Research 10, no. 11 (November 2011): 4948–58. https://doi.org/10.1021/pr200403c.
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  - Xu, Ying, Irene N. Falk, Mark A. Hallen, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Mass spectrometry- and lysine amidination-based protocol for thermodynamic analysis of protein folding and ligand binding interactions.” Analytical Chemistry 83, no. 9 (May 2011): 3555–62. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac200211t.
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  - DeArmond, Patrick D., Graham M. West, Hai-Tsang Huang, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Stable isotope labeling strategy for protein-ligand binding analysis in multi-component protein mixtures.” Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 22, no. 3 (March 2011): 418–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13361-010-0060-1.
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  - Xu, Y., I. N. Falk, M. A. Hallen, and M. C. Fitzgerald. “Xu, Y., Falk, I.N., Hallen, M.A., and Fitzgerald, M.C.” Analytical Chemistry, no. 83 (2011): 3555–62.
  - Dearmond, Patrick D., Graham M. West, Victor Anbalagan, Michael J. Campa, Edward F. Patz, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Discovery of novel cyclophilin A ligands using an H/D exchange- and mass spectrometry-based strategy.” J Biomol Screen 15, no. 9 (October 2010): 1051–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087057110382775.
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  - Kim, Hyoungsu, Joseph B. Baker, Yongho Park, Hyung-Bae Park, Patrick D. DeArmond, Seong Hwan Kim, Michael C. Fitzgerald, Dong-Sup Lee, and Jiyong Hong. “Total synthesis, assignment of the absolute stereochemistry, and structure-activity relationship studies of subglutinols A and B.” Chemistry, an Asian Journal 5, no. 8 (August 2010): 1902–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.201000147.
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  - West, Graham M., J Will Thompson, Erik J. Soderblom, Laura G. Dubois, Patrick D. Dearmond, M Arthur Moseley, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Mass spectrometry-based thermal shift assay for protein-ligand binding analysis.” Anal Chem 82, no. 13 (July 1, 2010): 5573–81. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac100465a.
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  - West, Graham M., Chandra L. Tucker, Tao Xu, Sung Kyu Park, Xuemei Han, John R. Yates, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Quantitative proteomics approach for identifying protein-drug interactions in complex mixtures using protein stability measurements.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107, no. 20 (May 3, 2010): 9078–82. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1000148107.
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  - Xu, Ying, Sebastian Schmitt, Liangjie Tang, Ursula Jakob, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Thermodynamic analysis of a molecular chaperone binding to unfolded protein substrates.” Biochemistry 49, no. 6 (February 2010): 1346–53. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi902010t.
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  - DeArmond, P. D., G. M. West, V. Anbalagan, and M. C. Fitzgerald. “Discovery of Novel Cyclophilin A Ligands Using an H/D Exchange- and Mass Spectrometry-Based Strategy. Journal of Biomolecular Screening.” Journal of Biomolecular Screening 15, no. 9 (2010): 1051–62.
  - Hopper, Erin D., Adrianne M. C. Pittman, Chandra L. Tucker, Michael J. Campa, Edward F. Patz, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Hydrogen/deuterium exchange- and protease digestion-based screening assay for protein-ligand binding detection.” Anal Chem 81, no. 16 (August 15, 2009): 6860–67. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac900854t.
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  - Fitzgerald, Michael C., and Graham M. West. “Painting proteins with covalent labels: what's in the picture?” Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 20, no. 6 (June 2009): 1193–1206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasms.2009.02.006.
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  - Siburt, Claire J Parker, Petra L. Roulhac, Katherine D. Weaver, Jennifer M. Noto, Timothy A. Mietzner, Cynthia N. Cornelissen, Michael C. Fitzgerald, and Alvin L. Crumbliss. “Hijacking transferrin bound iron: protein-receptor interactions involved in iron transport in N. gonorrhoeae.” Metallomics : Integrated Biometal Science 1, no. 3 (January 2009): 249–55. https://doi.org/10.1039/b902860a.
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  - Fitzgerald, M. C., L. Tang, and E. D. Hopper. “Chapter 6 Thermodynamic Analysis of Protein Folding and Ligand Binding by SUPREX.” Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry 52 (December 1, 2008): 127–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-526X(08)00206-7.
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  - Hopper, Erin D., Adrianne M. C. Pittman, Michael C. Fitzgerald, and Chandra L. Tucker. “In vivo and in vitro examination of stability of primary hyperoxaluria-associated human alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase.” The Journal of Biological Chemistry 283, no. 45 (November 2008): 30493–502. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m803525200.
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  - Hopper, Erin D., Petra L. Roulhac, Michael J. Campa, Edward F. Patz, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Throughput and efficiency of a mass spectrometry-based screening assay for protein-ligand binding detection.” J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 19, no. 9 (September 2008): 1303–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasms.2008.06.007.
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  - Weaver, Katherine D., Jared J. Heymann, Arnav Mehta, Petra L. Roulhac, Damon S. Anderson, Andrew J. Nowalk, Pratima Adhikari, Timothy A. Mietzner, Michael C. Fitzgerald, and Alvin L. Crumbliss. “Ga3+ as a mechanistic probe in Fe3+ transport: characterization of Ga3+ interaction with FbpA.” Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry : Jbic : A Publication of the Society of Biological Inorganic Chemistry 13, no. 6 (August 2008): 887–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-008-0376-5.
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  - West, Graham M., Liangjie Tang, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Thermodynamic analysis of protein stability and ligand binding using a chemical modification- and mass spectrometry-based strategy.” Analytical Chemistry 80, no. 11 (June 2008): 4175–85. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac702610a.
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  - Roulhac, Petra L., Katherine D. Weaver, Pratima Adhikari, Damon S. Anderson, Patrick D. DeArmond, Timothy A. Mietzner, Alvin L. Crumbliss, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Ex vivo analysis of synergistic anion binding to FbpA in Gram-negative bacteria.” Biochemistry 47, no. 14 (April 2008): 4298–4305. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi701188x.
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  - Tang, Liangjie, Petra L. Roulhac, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “H/D exchange and mass spectrometry-based method for biophysical analysis of multidomain proteins at the domain level.” Analytical Chemistry 79, no. 22 (November 2007): 8728–39. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac071380a.
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  - Tang, Liangjie, Erin D. Hopper, Yan Tong, Jack D. Sadowsky, Kimberly J. Peterson, Samuel H. Gellman, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “H/D exchange- and mass spectrometry-based strategy for the thermodynamic analysis of protein-ligand binding.” Analytical Chemistry 79, no. 15 (August 2007): 5869–77. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac0700777.
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  - Williams, John C., Petra L. Roulhac, Anindya G. Roy, Richard B. Vallee, Michael C. Fitzgerald, and Wayne A. Hendrickson. “Structural and thermodynamic characterization of a cytoplasmic dynein light chain-intermediate chain complex.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104, no. 24 (June 5, 2007): 10028–33. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703614104.
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  - Frankel, Brenda A., Yan Tong, Matthew L. Bentley, Michael C. Fitzgerald, and Dewey G. McCafferty. “Mutational analysis of active site residues in the Staphylococcus aureus transpeptidase SrtA.” Biochemistry 46, no. 24 (June 2007): 7269–78. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi700448e.
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  - Frankel, B. A., Y. Tong, M. L. Bentley, M. C. Fitzgerald, and D. G. McCafferty. “Analysis of Active Site Residues in the Staphylococcus aureus Transpeptidase SrtA Mutational.” Biochemistry, no. 46 (2007): 7269–78.
  - Dai, Susie Y., and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Accuracy of SUPREX (stability of unpurified proteins from rates of H/D exchange) and MALDI mass spectrometry-derived protein unfolding free energies determined under non-EX2 exchange conditions.” Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 17, no. 11 (November 2006): 1535–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasms.2006.06.025.
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  - Dai, Susie Y., and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “A mass spectrometry-based probe of equilibrium intermediates in protein-folding reactions.” Biochemistry 45, no. 42 (October 2006): 12890–97. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi061295h.
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  - Yang, Xiaoye, Min Wang, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Direct analysis of backbone-backbone hydrogen bond formation in protein folding transition states.” Journal of Molecular Biology 363, no. 2 (October 2006): 506–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2006.07.058.
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  - Yang, Xiaoye, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Total chemical synthesis of the B1 domain of protein L from Peptostreptococcus magnus.” Bioorganic Chemistry 34, no. 3 (June 2006): 131–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2006.02.001.
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  - Wang, Min, Thomas E. Wales, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Conserved thermodynamic contributions of backbone hydrogen bonds in a protein fold.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, no. 8 (February 10, 2006): 2600–2604. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0508121103.
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  - Cisneros, G Andrés, Min Wang, Peter Silinski, Michael C. Fitzgerald, and Weitao Yang. “Theoretical and experimental determination on two substrates turned over by 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase.” The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A 110, no. 2 (January 2006): 700–708. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0543328.
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  - Tong, Yan, Margot M. Wuebbens, K. V. Rajagopalan, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Thermodynamic analysis of subunit interactions in Escherichia coli molybdopterin synthase.” Biochemistry 44, no. 7 (February 2005): 2595–2601. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi047762h.
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  - Dai, S. Y., M. W. Gardner, and M. C. Fitzgerald. “An Improved Protocol for the SUPREX (Stability of Unpurified Proteins from Rates of H/D Exchange) Analysis of Some Proteins.” Analytical Chemistry 77 (2005): 693–97.
  - Dai, Susie Y., Myles W. Gardner, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Protocol for the thermodynamic analysis of some proteins using an H/D exchange- and mass spectrometry-based technique.” Analytical Chemistry 77, no. 2 (January 2005): 693–97. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac048967z.
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  - Wang, M., T. E. Wales, and M. C. Fitzgerald. “The Thermodynamics of Backbone-Backbone Hydrogen Bonds are Conserved ina Protein Fold.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Usa, 2005.
  - Lin, Simon M., Richard P. Haney, Michael J. Campa, Michael C. Fitzgerald, and Edward F. Patz. “Characterising phase variations in MALDI-TOF data and correcting them by peak alignment.” Cancer Inform 1 (2005): 32–40.
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  - Dai, S. Y., M. W. Gardner, and M. C. Fitzgerald. “SUPREX (Stability of Unpurified Proteins from Rates of H/D Exchange) Analysis of Some Proteins.” Analytical Chemistry, December 2004.
  - Roulhac, Petra L., Kendall D. Powell, Suraj Dhungana, Katherine D. Weaver, Timothy A. Mietzner, Alvin L. Crumbliss, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “SUPREX (Stability of Unpurified Proteins from Rates of H/D Exchange) analysis of the thermodynamics of synergistic anion binding by ferric-binding protein (FbpA), a bacterial transferrin.” Biochemistry 43, no. 50 (December 2004): 15767–74. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi0481848.
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  - Howard, Brandon A., Zhong Zheng, Michael J. Campa, Michael Z. Wang, Anupama Sharma, Eric Haura, James E. Herndon, Michael C. Fitzgerald, Gerold Bepler, and Edward F. Patz. “Translating biomarkers into clinical practice: prognostic implications of cyclophilin A and macrophage migratory inhibitory factor identified from protein expression profiles in non-small cell lung cancer.” Lung Cancer 46, no. 3 (December 2004): 313–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2004.05.013.
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  - Yang, Xiaoye, Min Wang, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Analysis of protein folding and function using backbone modified proteins.” Bioorganic Chemistry 32, no. 5 (October 2004): 438–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2004.06.011.
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  - Wang, Michael Z., Jagat T. Shetty, Brandon A. Howard, Michael J. Campa, Edward F. Patz, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Thermodynamic analysis of cyclosporin a binding to cyclophilin a in a lung tumor tissue lysate.” Anal Chem 76, no. 15 (August 1, 2004): 4343–48. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac049536j.
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  - Wales, Thomas E., Jane S. Richardson, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Facile chemical synthesis and equilibrium unfolding properties of CopG.” Protein Sci 13, no. 7 (July 2004): 1918–26. https://doi.org/10.1110/ps.04671804.
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  - Cisneros, G Andrés, Min Wang, Peter Silinski, Michael C. Fitzgerald, and Weitao Yang. “The protein backbone makes important contributions to 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase enzyme catalysis: understanding from theory and experiment.” Biochemistry 43, no. 22 (June 2004): 6885–92. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi049943p.
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  - Powell, Kendall D., and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “High-throughput screening assay for the tunable selection of protein ligands.” Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry 6, no. 2 (March 2004): 262–69. https://doi.org/10.1021/cc034051e.
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  - Ma, Liyuan, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “A new H/D exchange- and mass spectrometry-based method for thermodynamic analysis of protein-DNA interactions.” Chemistry & Biology 10, no. 12 (December 2003): 1205–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2003.11.017.
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  - Ma, L., and M. C. Fitzgerald. “Thermodynamic Analysis of Protein-DNA Interactions using a New H/D Exchange- and Mass Spectrometry-Based Method.” Chemistry & Biology 10 (December 2003).
  - Campa, M. J., M. C. Fitzgerald, and E. F. Patz. “Erratum: Exploring the proteome with MALDI-TOF (Editorial) (Proteomics 3: 9 (1659-1660)).” Proteomics 3, no. 10 (October 1, 2003): 2067. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200390099.
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  - Campa, M. J., M. C. Fitzgerald, and E. F. Patz. “Exploring the proteome with MALDI-TOF.” Proteomics 3, no. 9 (September 1, 2003): 1659–60.
  - Howard, Brandon A., Michael Z. Wang, Michael J. Campa, Christina Corro, Michael C. Fitzgerald, and Edward F. Patz. “Identification and validation of a potential lung cancer serum biomarker detected by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight spectra analysis.” Proteomics 3, no. 9 (September 2003): 1720–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200300514.
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  - Wang, Michael Z., Brandon Howard, Michael J. Campa, Edward F. Patz, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Analysis of human serum proteins by liquid phase isoelectric focusing and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry.” Proteomics 3, no. 9 (September 2003): 1661–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200300513.
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  - Ercole, F., M. FitzGerald, S. Perera, N. Ede, P. Riley, and R. Campbell. “A combinatorial approach in designing hydrophilic surfaces for solid-phase peptide synthesis.” Journal of Applied Polymer Science 89, no. 12 (July 1, 2003): 3371–78. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.12574.
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  - Silinski, Peter, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Comparative analysis of two different amide-to-ester bond mutations in the beta-sheet of 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase.” Biochemistry 42, no. 21 (June 2003): 6620–30. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi020700b.
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  - Powell, Kendall D., and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Accuracy and precision of a new H/D exchange- and mass spectrometry-based technique for measuring the thermodynamic properties of protein-peptide complexes.” Biochemistry 42, no. 17 (May 2003): 4962–70. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi034096w.
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  - Campa, Michael J., Michael Z. Wang, Brandon Howard, Michael C. Fitzgerald, and Edward F. Patz. “Protein expression profiling identifies macrophage migration inhibitory factor and cyclophilin a as potential molecular targets in non-small cell lung cancer.” Cancer Res 63, no. 7 (April 1, 2003): 1652–56.
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  - Wu, Zemin, Francesca Ercole, Michael FitzGerald, Senake Perera, Phil Riley, Rhonda Campbell, Yen Pham, et al. “Synthesis of tetrahydro-1,4-benzodiazepine-2-ones on hydrophilic polyamide SynPhase lanterns.” Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry 5, no. 2 (March 2003): 166–71. https://doi.org/10.1021/cc020057c.
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  - Campa, M. J., M. Z. Wang, B. Howard, M. C. Fitzgerald, and E. F. Patz. “Protein Expression Profiling Identifies MIF and Cyclophilin A as Potential Molecular Targets in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.” Cancer Research 63, no. 7 (2003): 1652–56.
  - Powell, H., K. D, K. Wang, M. Z, M. Silinski, M. P, M. Ma, et al. “The Accuracy and Precision of a New H/D Exchange- and Mass Spectrometry-Based Technique for Measuring the Thermodynamic Stability of Proteins.” Analytica Chimica Acta 496 (2003): 225–32.
  - Fitzgerald, M. C., K. D. Powell, M. Z. Wang, L. Ma, S. Ghaemmaghami, and T. G. Oas. “A general mass spectrometry-based method for the quantitation of protein-ligand binding interactions in solution.” Proceedings 50th Asms Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, December 1, 2002, 395–96.
  - Ghaemmaghami, S., M. C. Fitzgerald, and T. G. Oas. “Quantitative protein stability measurement in living bacteria.” Proceedings 50th Asms Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, December 1, 2002, 109–10.
  - Ma, L., K. D. Powell, and M. C. Fitzgerald. “A new H/D exchange- and MALDI-based assay for the quantitative analysis of protein-DNA interactions in solution.” Proceedings 50th Asms Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, December 1, 2002, 471–72.
  - Powell, K. D., and M. C. Fitzgerald. “Quantitative determination of protein-peptide binding constants using a new, MALDI- and H/D-exchange based technique.” Proceedings 50th Asms Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, December 1, 2002, 445–46.
  - Wang, M. Z., M. Campa, B. A. Howard, E. F. Patz, and M. C. Fitzgerald. “A fractionation protocol to reduce signal suppression effects in the MALDI analysis of blood proteins.” Proceedings 50th Asms Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, December 1, 2002, 587–88.
  - Powell, Kendall D., Sina Ghaemmaghami, Michael Z. Wang, Liyuan Ma, Terrance G. Oas, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “A general mass spectrometry-based assay for the quantitation of protein-ligand binding interactions in solution.” J Am Chem Soc 124, no. 35 (September 4, 2002): 10256–57. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja026574g.
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  - Powell, Kendall D., Thomas E. Wales, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “Thermodynamic stability measurements on multimeric proteins using a new H/D exchange- and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry-based method.” Protein Science : A Publication of the Protein Society 11, no. 4 (April 2002): 841–51. https://doi.org/10.1110/ps.3820102.
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  - Silinski, Peter, and Michael C. Fitzgerald. “A stable dimer in the pH-induced equilibrium unfolding of the homo-hexameric enzyme 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase (4-OT).” Biochemistry 41, no. 13 (April 2002): 4480–91. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi011872w.
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  - Wales, T. E., and M. C. Fitzgerald. “The energetic contribution of backbone--backbone hydrogen bonds to the thermodynamic stability of a hyperstable P22 Arc repressor mutant.” Journal of the American Chemical Society 123, no. 31 (August 2001): 7709–10. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja010775n.
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  - Powell, K. D., and M. C. Fitzgerald. “Measurements of protein stability by H/D exchange and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry using picomoles of material.” Analytical Chemistry 73, no. 14 (July 2001): 3300–3304. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac0100805.
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  - Silinski, P., M. J. Allingham, and M. C. Fitzgerald. “Guanidine-induced equilibrium unfolding of a homo-hexameric enzyme 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase (4-OT).” Biochemistry 40, no. 14 (April 10, 2001): 4493–4502. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi002752b.
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  - Wang, M. Z., and M. C. Fitzgerald. “A solid sample preparation method that reduces signal suppression effects in the MALDI analysis of peptides.” Analytical Chemistry 73, no. 3 (February 2001): 625–31. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac0009090.
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  - Moss, J. A., P. Silinski, and M. C. Fitzgerald. “Mapping Tertiary Interactions in Protein Folding Reactions: A Novel Mass Spectrometry- and Chemical Synthesis-Based Approach.” Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry 369 (2001): 252–57.
  - Powell, K. D., and M. C. Fitzgerald. “High Sensitivity Measurements of Protein Stability by H/D Exchange and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) Mass spectrometry.” Analytical Chemistry 73, no. 14 (2001): 3300–3304.
  - Nakhle, B. M., P. Silinski, and M. C. Fitzgerald. “Identification of an essential backbone amide bond in the folding and stability of a multimeric enzyme.” Journal of the American Chemical Society 122, no. 34 (August 30, 2000).
  - Nakhle, B. M., P. Silinski, and M. C. Fitzgerald. “Identification of an essential backbone amide bond in the folding and stability of a multimeric enzyme.” Journal of the American Chemical Society 122, no. 34 (August 30, 2000): 8105–11. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0006090.
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  - Ghaemmaghami, S., M. C. Fitzgerald, and T. G. Oas. “A quantitative, high-throughput screen for protein stability.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97, no. 15 (July 18, 2000): 8296–8301. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.140111397.
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  - Nakhle, B. M., P. Silinski, and M. C. Fitzgerald. “Identification of an essential backbone amide bond in the folding and stability of a multimeric enzyme.” Journal of the American Chemical Society 122, no. 34 (2000): X.
  - Winston, R. L., and M. C. Fitzgerald. “Concentration and desalting of protein samples for mass spectrometry analysis.” Analytical Biochemistry 262, no. 1 (August 1998): 83–85. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1998.2754.
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  - Stamps, S. L., M. C. Fitzgerald, and C. P. Whitman. “Characterization of the role of the amino-terminal proline in the enzymatic activity catalyzed by macrophage migration inhibitory factor.” Biochemistry 37, no. 28 (July 1998): 10195–202. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi9806955.
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  - Beeston, R. F., W. S. Aldridge, J. A. Treadway, M. C. Fitzgerald, B. A. DeGraff, and S. E. Stitzel. “Synthesis, Characterization, and Photochemical/Photophysical Properties of Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Hexadentate Bipyridine and Phenanthroline Ligands.” Inorganic Chemistry 37, no. 17 (January 1, 1998): 4368–79. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic971322f.
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  - Fitzgerald, M. C., G. S. Laco, J. H. Elder, and S. B. Kent. “A continuous fluorometric assay for the feline immunodeficiency virus protease.” Analytical Biochemistry 254, no. 2 (December 1997): 226–30. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1997.2407.
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  - Johnson, W. H., R. M. Czerwinski, M. C. Fitzgerald, and C. P. Whitman. “Inactivation of 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase by 2-oxo-3-pentynoate.” Biochemistry 36, no. 50 (December 1997): 15724–32. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi971608w.
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  - Carrasco, M. R., M. C. Fitzgerald, Y. Oda, and S. B. H. Kent. “Direct monitoring of organic reactions on polymeric supports.” Tetrahedron Letters 38, no. 36 (September 8, 1997): 6331–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(97)01456-1.
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  - Dawson, P. E., M. C. Fitzgerald, T. W. Muir, and S. B. H. Kent. “Methods for the chemical synthesis and readout of self-encoded arrays of polypeptide analogues.” Journal of the American Chemical Society 119, no. 34 (August 27, 1997): 7917–27. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja963122t.
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  - Laco, G. S., M. C. Fitzgerald, G. M. Morris, A. J. Olson, S. B. Kent, and J. H. Elder. “Molecular analysis of the feline immunodeficiency virus protease: generation of a novel form of the protease by autoproteolysis and construction of cleavage-resistant proteases.” Journal of Virology 71, no. 7 (July 1997): 5505–11. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.71.7.5505-5511.1997.
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  - Winston, R. L., and M. C. Fitzgerald. “Mass spectrometry as a readout of protein structure and function.” Mass Spectrometry Reviews 16, no. 4 (July 1997): 165–79. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2787(1997)16:4<165::aid-mas1>3.0.co;2-f.
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  - Fitzgerald, M. C., G. S. Laco, J. H. Elder, and S. B. H. Kent. “A Continuous Fluorometric Assay for the FIV Protease.” Analytical Biochemistry 254, no. 2 (1997): 226–30.
  - Muir, T. W., P. E. Dawson, M. C. Fitzgerald, and S. B. Kent. “Protein signature analysis: a practical new approach for studying structure-activity relationships in peptides and proteins.” Methods in Enzymology 289 (January 1997): 545–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(97)89063-5.
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  - Qian, X., F. Morís-Varas, M. C. Fitzgerald, and C. H. Wong. “C2-symmetrical tetrahydroxyazepanes as inhibitors of glycosidases and HIV/FIV proteases.” Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 4, no. 12 (December 1996): 2055–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0968-0896(96)00218-0.
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  - Muir, T. W., P. E. Dawson, M. C. Fitzgerald, and S. B. Kent. “Probing the chemical basis of binding activity in an SH3 domain by protein signature analysis.” Chemistry & Biology 3, no. 10 (October 1996): 817–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1074-5521(96)90067-8.
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  - Fitzgerald, M. C., and G. Siuzdak. “Biochemical mass spectrometry: worth the weight?” Chemistry & Biology 3, no. 9 (September 1996): 707–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1074-5521(96)90245-8.
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  - Fitzgerald, M. C., I. Chernushevich, K. G. Standing, C. P. Whitman, and S. B. Kent. “Probing the oligomeric structure of an enzyme by electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93, no. 14 (July 1996): 6851–56. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.14.6851.
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  - Fitzgerald, M. C., K. Harris, C. G. Shevlin, and G. Siuzdak. “Direct characterization of solid phase resin-bound molecules by mass spectrometry.” Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 6, no. 8 (April 23, 1996): 979–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-894X(96)00152-7.
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  - Qian, X., F. Moris Varas, M. C. Fitzgerald, and C. H. Wong. “C2-Symmetrical Tetrahydroxyazepenes as Inhibitors of Glyosidases and HIV/FIV Proteases.” Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 4, no. 12 (1996): 2055–69.
  - Fitzgerald, M. C., S. B. H. Kent, I. Chernushevich, K. G. Standing, and C. P. Whitman. “Total Chemical Synthesis and Catalytic Properties of the Enzyme Enantiomers L- and D-4-Oxalocrotonate Tautomerase.” Journal of the American Chemical Society 117, no. 45 (January 1, 1995): 11075–80. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00150a006.
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  - Fitzgerald, M. C., and L. M. Smith. “Mass spectrometry of nucleic acids: the promise of matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry.” Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 24 (January 1995): 117–40. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.24.060195.001001.
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  - Zhu, L., G. R. Parr, M. C. Fitzgerald, C. M. Nelson, and L. M. Smith. “Oligodeoxynucleotide Fragmentation in MALDI/TOF Mass Spectrometry Using 355-nm Radiation.” Journal of the American Chemical Society 117, no. 22 (January 1, 1995): 6048–56. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00127a018.
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  - Shen, C. L., M. C. Fitzgerald, and R. M. Murphy. “Effect of acid predissolution on fibril size and fibril flexibility of synthetic beta-amyloid peptide.” Biophysical Journal 67, no. 3 (September 1994): 1238–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(94)80593-4.
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  - Fitzgerald, M. C., G. R. Parr, and L. M. Smith. “Basic matrices for the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of proteins and oligonucleotides.” Analytical Chemistry 65, no. 22 (November 1993): 3204–11. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00070a007.
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  - Fitzgerald, M. C., L. Zhu, and L. M. Smith. “The Analysis of Mock DNA Sequencing Reactions Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry.” Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 7 (1993): 895–97.
  - Fitzgerald, M. C., P. Skowron, J. L. Van Etten, L. M. Smith, and D. A. Mead. “Rapid shotgun cloning utilizing the two base recognition endonuclease CviJI.” Nucleic Acids Research 20, no. 14 (July 1992): 3753–62. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/20.14.3753.
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  - Parr, G. R., M. C. Fitzgerald, and L. M. Smith. “Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Synthetic Oligodeoxyribonucleotides.” Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 6 (1992): 369–72.
  - Beeston, R. F., S. L. Larson, and M. C. Fitzgerald. “Ground- and Excited-State Properties of a Photostable Hemicage Ruthenium(II) Polypyridine Complex.” Inorganic Chemistry 28, no. 23 (November 1, 1989): 4187–89. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00322a003.
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