Dale Purves | Scholars@Duke

Dale Purves
Research Professor Emeritus of the Duke Institute for Brain Sciences

The Purves Laboratory is continuing to study visual perception and its neurobiological underpinnings. Ongoing investigations include understanding the perception of brightness, color, orientation, motion, and depth. The unifying theme of these several projects is the hypothesis that visual percepts are generated according to a wholly empirical strategy. The strategy represents in perception the empirical significance of the stimulus rather than its properties. This theory of vision and its relation to cortical structure and function is being explored by examining in probabilistic terms the perceptual responses of human subjects, the properties of virtual organisms that evolve in defined visual environments, and the response properties of visual cortical neurons in experimental animals. Current work is focused on the validation of the theory using natural image databases with complete information about luminance, color and range (physical geometry), asking whether the corresponding perceptual phenomenology is accurately predicted by the statistical information in these proxies of human experience. This empirical theory of vision is also being extended to understanding the phenomenology of music, and to audition more generally.

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Research Professor Emeritus of the Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, University Institutes and Centers 2021
Member of the Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences 2003

Contact Information

B241, LSRC Bldg., Research Drive, Durham, NC 27708
Box90999, Durham, NC 27708
purves@neuro.duke.edu (919) 684-6122

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- M.D., Harvard Medical School 1964
- A.B., Yale University 1960
- B.A., Yale University 1960
Previous Appointments & Affiliations
- Research Professor of Neurobiology, Neurobiology, Basic Science Departments 2015 - 2022
- Research Professor in the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Psychology & Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 2019 - 2022
- Research Professor in the Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, University Institutes and Centers 2014 - 2021
- Research Professor in the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Psychology & Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 2015 - 2018
- Professor of Neurobiology, Neurobiology, Basic Science Departments 1990 - 2013
- Director, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neurobiology, Basic Science Departments 2003 - 2009
- George Barth Geller Distinguished Professor for Research in Neurobiology, Neurobiology, Basic Science Departments 1990 - 2008
- Professor in Psychological and Brain Sciences, Psychology & Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 2002 - 2006
- Chair, Department of Neurobiology, Neurobiology, Basic Science Departments 1990 - 2002
- Professor of Psychology-Experimental, Psychology & Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 1994 - 1999
Recognition
In the News
- JUN 15, 2021
  
  10 Books About Music from Duke Authors
- DEC 30, 2014 Scientific American
  
  Dale Purves’ Coursera course on visual perception starts Jan. 7
Awards & Honors
Expertise
Global Scholarship
- Research
  - Singapore (Country)
- Teaching
  - Singapore (Country)
Research
Selected Grants
- Auditory Perception and Emotion Recognition in Young People at Risk for Psychosis awarded by National Institutes of Health 2016 - 2019
- Specific Auditory Perception Impairment and Emotion Recognition in Schizophrenia awarded by National Institutes of Health 2014 - 2017
- The Biological Basis of Musical Tonality awarded by National Science Foundation 2009 - 2013
- The Perception of Visual Space awarded by Air Force Office of Scientific Research 2004 - 2007
- A probabilistic concept of sensory cortical function awarded by National Institutes of Health 2003 - 2006
- Basic Postdoctoral Training in Neurobiology awarded by National Institutes of Health 1994 - 2005
- Construction of Brain Circuits awarded by National Institutes of Health 1998 - 2003
- Mechanisms of active zone action awarded by National Institutes of Health 2000 - 2002
- Basic Predoctoral Training in Neurobiology awarded by National Institutes of Health 1998 - 2002
- Basic Predoctoral Training In Neurobiology awarded by National Institutes of Health 1997 - 1999
- Construction Of Brain Circuitry In Mammals awarded by National Institutes of Health 1994 - 1997
- Construction Of Brain Circuitry awarded by National Institutes of Health 1991 - 1997
- Construction Of Brain Circuitry In Mouse, Monkey And Man awarded by National Institutes of Health 1991 - 1997
- 122doctoral Training In Neurobiology awarded by National Institutes of Health 1992 - 1997
- Long-Term Geometrical Changes In Living Neurons awarded by National Institutes of Health 1990
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Books
  - Purves, D. Why Brains Don't Compute, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71064-4.
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- Academic Articles
  - Purves, Dale. “Opinion: What does AI's success playing complex board games tell brain scientists?” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116, no. 30 (July 2019): 14785–87. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1909565116.
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  - Ng, Cherlyn J., and Dale Purves. “An Alternative Theory of Binocularity.” Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience 13 (January 2019): 71. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2019.00071.
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  - Bowling, Daniel L., Dale Purves, and Kamraan Z. Gill. “Reply to Goffinet: In consonance, old ideas die hard.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115, no. 22 (May 2018): E4958–59. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1805570115.
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  - Bowling, Daniel L., Dale Purves, and Kamraan Z. Gill. “Vocal similarity predicts the relative attraction of musical chords.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115, no. 1 (January 2018): 216–21. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713206115.
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  - Purves, Dale, and Chidambaram Yegappan. “The Demands of Geometry on Color Vision.” Vision (Basel, Switzerland) 1, no. 1 (January 2017): E9. https://doi.org/10.3390/vision1010009.
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  - Bowling, Daniel L., and Dale Purves. “A biological rationale for musical consonance.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112, no. 36 (September 2015): 11155–60. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1505768112.
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  - Purves, Dale, Yaniv Morgenstern, and William T. Wojtach. “Perception and Reality: Why a Wholly Empirical Paradigm is Needed to Understand Vision.” Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience 9 (January 2015): 156. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2015.00156.
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  - Purves, Dale, Yaniv Morgenstern, and William T. Wojtach. “Will understanding vision require a wholly empirical paradigm?” Frontiers in Psychology 6 (January 2015): 1072. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01072.
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  - Morgenstern, Yaniv, Mohammad Rostami, and Dale Purves. “Properties of artificial networks evolved to contend with natural spectra.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111 Suppl 3 (July 2014): 10868–72. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1402669111.
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  - Purves, Dale, Brian B. Monson, Janani Sundararajan, and William T. Wojtach. “How biological vision succeeds in the physical world.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, no. 13 (April 2014): 4750–55. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1311309111.
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  - Morgenstern, Yaniv, Dhara V. Rukmini, Brian B. Monson, and Dale Purves. “Properties of artificial neurons that report lightness based on accumulated experience with luminance.” Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience 8 (January 2014): 134. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2014.00134.
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  - Monson, Brian B., Shui’Er Han, and Dale Purves. “Are auditory percepts determined by experience?” Plos One 8, no. 5 (January 2013): e63728. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063728.
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  - Ng, Cherlyn, Janani Sundararajan, Michael Hogan, and Dale Purves. “Network connections that evolve to circumvent the inverse optics problem.” Plos One 8, no. 3 (January 2013): e60490. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060490.
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  - Bowling, Daniel Liu, Janani Sundararajan, Shui’er Han, and Dale Purves. “Expression of emotion in Eastern and Western music mirrors vocalization.” Plos One 7, no. 3 (January 2012): e31942. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031942.
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  - Purves, Dale, William T. Wojtach, and R Beau Lotto. “Understanding vision in wholly empirical terms.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108 Suppl 3 (September 2011): 15588–95. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1012178108.
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  - Lotto, R. B., R. Clarke, D. Corney, and D. Purves. “Seeing in colour.” Optics and Laser Technology 43, no. 2 (March 1, 2011): 261–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2010.02.006.
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  - Han, Shui’ er, Janani Sundararajan, Daniel Liu Bowling, Jessica Lake, and Dale Purves. “Co-variation of tonality in the music and speech of different cultures.” Plos One 6, no. 5 (January 2011): e20160. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020160.
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  - Bowling, Daniel L., Kamraan Gill, Jonathan D. Choi, Joseph Prinz, and Dale Purves. “Major and minor music compared to excited and subdued speech.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 127, no. 1 (January 2010): 491–503. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3268504.
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  - Gill, Kamraan Z., and Dale Purves. “A biological rationale for musical scales.” Plos One 4, no. 12 (December 2009): e8144. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008144.
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  - Wojtach, William T., Kyongje Sung, and Dale Purves. “An empirical explanation of the speed-distance effect.” Plos One 4, no. 8 (August 2009): e6771. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006771.
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  - Gill, K. Z., and D. Purves. “A biological rationale for musical scales.” Plos One 4, no. 12 (2009): e8144.
  - Purves, D. “Perception of Surfaces and Forms,” January 1, 2009, 513–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008045046-9.00229-1.
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  - Sung, Kyongje, William T. Wojtach, and Dale Purves. “An empirical explanation of aperture effects.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106, no. 1 (January 2009): 298–303. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0811702106.
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  - Wojtach, William T., Kyongje Sung, Sandra Truong, and Dale Purves. “An empirical explanation of the flash-lag effect.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105, no. 42 (October 2008): 16338–43. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0808916105.
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  - Ross, Deborah, Jonathan Choi, and Dale Purves. “Musical intervals in speech.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104, no. 23 (June 2007): 9852–57. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703140104.
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  - Boots, Byron, Surajit Nundy, and Dale Purves. “Evolution of visually guided behavior in artificial agents.” Network (Bristol, England) 18, no. 1 (March 2007): 11–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/09548980601113254.
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  - Howe, Catherine Q., R. Beau Lotto, and Dale Purves. “Comparison of Bayesian and empirical ranking approaches to visual perception.” Journal of Theoretical Biology 241, no. 4 (August 2006): 866–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.01.017.
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  - Long, Fuhui, Zhiyong Yang, and Dale Purves. “Spectral statistics in natural scenes predict hue, saturation, and brightness.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, no. 15 (April 2006): 6013–18. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0600890103.
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  - Holcombe, Alex O., Colin W. G. Clifford, David M. Eagleman, and Pooya Pakarian. “Illusory motion reversal in tune with motion detectors.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9, no. 12 (December 2005): 559–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.10.009.
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  - Andrews, Tim, and Dale Purves. “The wagon-wheel illusion in continuous light.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9, no. 6 (June 2005): 261–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.04.004.
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  - Howe, Catherine Q., Zhiyong Yang, and Dale Purves. “The Poggendorff illusion explained by natural scene geometry.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102, no. 21 (May 2005): 7707–12. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0502893102.
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  - Howe, C. Q., and D. Purves. “Perceiving geometry: Geometrical illusions explained by natural scene statistics.” Perceiving Geometry: Geometrical Illusions Explained by Natural Scene Statistics, January 1, 2005, 1–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/b135453.
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  - Howe, Catherine Q., and Dale Purves. “Natural-scene geometry predicts the perception of angles and line orientation.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102, no. 4 (January 2005): 1228–33. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0409311102.
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  - Howe, Catherine Q., and Dale Purves. “The Müller-Lyer illusion explained by the statistics of image-source relationships.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102, no. 4 (January 2005): 1234–39. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0409314102.
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  - Schwartz, David A., and Dale Purves. “Pitch is determined by naturally occurring periodic sounds.” Hearing Research 194, no. 1–2 (August 2004): 31–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2004.01.019.
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  - Yang, Zhiyong, and Dale Purves. “The statistical structure of natural light patterns determines perceived light intensity.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101, no. 23 (June 2004): 8745–50. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0402192101.
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  - Howe, Catherine Q., and Dale Purves. “Size contrast and assimilation explained by the statistics of natural scene geometry.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16, no. 1 (January 2004): 90–102. https://doi.org/10.1162/089892904322755584.
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  - Lotto, R. B., and D. Purves. “Perceiving colour.” Review of Progress in Coloration and Related Topics 34 (January 1, 2004): 12–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.2004.tb00149.x.
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  - Purves, Dale, S Mark Williams, Surajit Nundy, and R Beau Lotto. “Perceiving the intensity of light.” Psychological Review 111, no. 1 (January 2004): 142–58. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.111.1.142.
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  - Howe, C. Q., and D. Purves. “Size contrast explained by the statistics of scene geometry.” Journal of Vision 3, no. 9 (December 1, 2003). https://doi.org/10.1167/3.9.522.
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  - Long, F., and D. Purves. “Evidence that color contrast effects have a probabilistic foundation.” Journal of Vision 3, no. 9 (December 1, 2003). https://doi.org/10.1167/3.9.314.
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  - Long, Fuhui, and Dale Purves. “Natural scene statistics as the universal basis of color context effects.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100, no. 25 (December 2003): 15190–93. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2036361100.
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  - Purves, D., C. Q. Howe, and D. A. Schwartz. “Vision and the perception of music have a common denominator.” Journal of Vision 3, no. 9 (December 1, 2003). https://doi.org/10.1167/3.9.518.
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  - Yang, Z., and D. Purves. “Statistical concatenations of luminance can explain lightness/brightness percepts.” Journal of Vision 3, no. 9 (December 1, 2003). https://doi.org/10.1167/3.9.423.
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  - Schwartz, David A., Catherine Q. Howe, and Dale Purves. “The statistical structure of human speech sounds predicts musical universals.” The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 23, no. 18 (August 2003): 7160–68. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.23-18-07160.2003.
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  - Yang, Zhiyong, and Dale Purves. “Image/source statistics of surfaces in natural scenes.” Network (Bristol, England) 14, no. 3 (August 2003): 371–90. https://doi.org/10.1088/0954-898x_14_3_301.
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  - Yang, Zhiyong, and Dale Purves. “A statistical explanation of visual space.” Nature Neuroscience 6, no. 6 (June 2003): 632–40. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1059.
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  - Howe, C. Q., and D. Purves. “A probabilistic explanation of perceived line length and orientation.” Journal of Vision 2, no. 7 (December 1, 2002). https://doi.org/10.1167/2.7.706.
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  - Long, F., and D. Purves. “A probabilistic explanation of simultaneous brightness contrast.” Journal of Vision 2, no. 7 (December 1, 2002). https://doi.org/10.1167/2.7.366.
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  - Lotto, R Beau, and Dale Purves. “The empirical basis of color perception.” Consciousness and Cognition 11, no. 4 (December 2002): 609–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8100(02)00014-4.
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  - Purves, D., and Z. Yang. “The Poggendorff illusion explained by the statistics of natural scene geometry.” Journal of Vision 2, no. 7 (December 1, 2002). https://doi.org/10.1167/2.7.201.
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  - Yang, Z., and D. Purves. “The probabilistic foundation of visual space.” Journal of Vision 2, no. 7 (December 1, 2002). https://doi.org/10.1167/2.7.715.
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  - Howe, Catherine Q., and Dale Purves. “Range image statistics can explain the anomalous perception of length.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99, no. 20 (October 2002): 13184–88. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.162474299.
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  - Nundy, Surajit, and Dale Purves. “A probabilistic explanation of brightness scaling.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99, no. 22 (October 2002): 14482–87. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.172520399.
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  - Lotto, R Beau, and Dale Purves. “A rationale for the structure of color space.” Trends in Neurosciences 25, no. 2 (February 2002): 84–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-2236(02)02059-3.
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  - Yang, Zhiyong, Amita Shimpi, and Dale Purves. “Perception of objects that are translating and rotating.” Perception 31, no. 8 (January 2002): 925–42. https://doi.org/10.1068/p3379.
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  - Lotto, R. B., and D. Purves. “An empirical explanation of the Chubb illusion.” Journal of Vision 1, no. 3 (December 1, 2001). https://doi.org/10.1167/1.3.48.
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  - Nundy, S., A. Shimpi, and D. Purves. “The relationship between luminance and brightness.” Journal of Vision 1, no. 3 (December 1, 2001). https://doi.org/10.1167/1.3.426.
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  - Purves, D., and B. Lotto. “Explanation of some major features of color perception.” Journal of Vision 1, no. 3 (December 1, 2001). https://doi.org/10.1167/1.3.60.
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  - Yang, Z., and D. Purves. “Perception of objects that are both rotating and translating.” Journal of Vision 1, no. 3 (December 1, 2001). https://doi.org/10.1167/1.3.325.
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  - Purves, D. “Viktor Hamburger 1900-2001.” Nature Neuroscience 4, no. 8 (August 2001): 777–78. https://doi.org/10.1038/90470.
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  - Lotto, R. B., and D. Purves. “An empirical explanation of the Chubb illusion.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13, no. 5 (July 2001): 547–55. https://doi.org/10.1162/089892901750363154.
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  - Yang, Z., A. Shimpi, and D. Purves. “A wholly empirical explanation of perceived motion.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98, no. 9 (April 2001): 5252–57. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.091095298.
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  - Purves, D., R. B. Lotto, S. M. Williams, S. Nundy, and Z. Yang. “Why we see things the way we do: evidence for a wholly empirical strategy of vision.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 356, no. 1407 (March 2001): 285–97. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0772.
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  - Lotto, R. B., and D. Purves. “An empirical explanation of color contrast.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97, no. 23 (November 2000): 12834–39. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.210369597.
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  - Nundy, S., B. Lotto, D. Coppola, A. Shimpi, and D. Purves. “Why are angles misperceived?” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97, no. 10 (May 2000): 5592–97. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.10.5592.
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  - Purves, D., B. Lotto, and T. Polger. “Color vision and the four-color-map problem.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12, no. 2 (March 2000): 233–37. https://doi.org/10.1162/089892900562011.
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  - Purves, D., S. M. Williams, and R. B. Lotto. “The relevance of visual perception to cortical evolution and development.” Novartis Foundation Symposium 228 (January 2000): 240–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470846631.ch16.
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  - Lotto, R. B., and D. Purves. “The effects of color on brightness.” Nature Neuroscience 2, no. 11 (November 1999): 1010–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/14808.
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  - Purves, D. “Perception as probability.” Brain Research Bulletin 50, no. 5–6 (November 1999): 321–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0361-9230(99)00152-5.
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  - Purves, D., A. Shimpi, and R. B. Lotto. “An empirical explanation of the cornsweet effect.” The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 19, no. 19 (October 1999): 8542–51. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.19-19-08542.1999.
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  - Halpern, S. D., T. J. Andrews, and D. Purves. “Interindividual variation in human visual performance.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 11, no. 5 (September 1999): 521–34. https://doi.org/10.1162/089892999563580.
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  - Lotto, R. B., S. M. Williams, and D. Purves. “Erratum: An empirical basis for Mach bands (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (April 27, 1999) 96:9 (5239-5244)).” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96, no. 13 (June 22, 1999): 7610. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.13.7610-b.
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  - Lotto, R. B., S. M. Williams, and D. Purves. “An empirical basis for Mach bands.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96, no. 9 (April 1999): 5239–44. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.9.5239.
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  - Lotto, R. B., S. M. Williams, and D. Purves. “Mach bands as empirically derived associations.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96, no. 9 (April 1999): 5245–50. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.9.5245.
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  - Williams, S. M., A. N. McCoy, and D. Purves. “An empirical explanation of brightness.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95, no. 22 (October 1998): 13301–6. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.22.13301.
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  - Williams, S. M., A. N. McCoy, and D. Purves. “The influence of depicted illumination on brightness.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95, no. 22 (October 1998): 13296–300. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.22.13296.
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  - Coppola, D. M., H. R. Purves, A. N. McCoy, and D. Purves. “The distribution of oriented contours in the real world.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95, no. 7 (March 31, 1998): 4002–6. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.7.4002.
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  - Coppola, D. M., L. E. White, D. Fitzpatrick, and D. Purves. “Unequal representation of cardinal and oblique contours in ferret visual cortex.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95, no. 5 (March 3, 1998): 2621–23. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.5.2621.
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  - Andrews, T. J., and D. Purves. “Similarities in normal and binocularly rivalrous viewing.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94, no. 18 (September 1997): 9905–8. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.18.9905.
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  - Sporns, O. “Variation and selection in neural function.” Trends Neurosci 20, no. 7 (July 1997): 291.
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  - Purves, D., and T. J. Andrews. “The perception of transparent three-dimensional objects.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94, no. 12 (June 1997): 6517–22. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.12.6517.
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  - Andrews, T. J., S. D. Halpern, and D. Purves. “Correlated size variations in human visual cortex, lateral geniculate nucleus, and optic tract.” The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 17, no. 8 (April 1997): 2859–68. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.17-08-02859.1997.
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  - White, L. E., T. J. Andrews, C. Hulette, A. Richards, M. Groelle, J. Paydarfar, and D. Purves. “Structure of the human sensorimotor system. I: Morphology and cytoarchitecture of the central sulcus.” Cereb Cortex 7, no. 1 (1997): 18–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/7.1.18.
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  - White, L. E., T. J. Andrews, C. Hulette, A. Richards, M. Groelle, J. Paydarfar, and D. Purves. “Structure of the human sensorimotor system. II: Lateral symmetry.” Cereb Cortex 7, no. 1 (1997): 31–47. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/7.1.31.
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  - Purves, D., L. E. White, and D. R. Riddle. “Is neural development Darwinian?” Trends Neurosci 19, no. 11 (November 1996): 460–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-2236(96)20038-4.
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  - Coppola, D., and D. Purves. “The extraordinarily rapid disappearance of entoptic images.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93, no. 15 (July 1996): 8001–4. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.15.8001.
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  - Andrews, T. J., L. E. White, D. Binder, and D. Purves. “Temporal events in cyclopean vision.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93, no. 8 (April 16, 1996): 3689–92. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.8.3689.
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  - Purves, D., J. A. Paydarfar, and T. J. Andrews. “The wagon wheel illusion in movies and reality.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93, no. 8 (April 1996): 3693–97. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.8.3693.
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  - Riddle, D. R., and D. Purves. “Individual variation and lateral asymmetry of the rat primary somatosensory cortex.” The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 15, no. 6 (June 1995): 4184–95. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.15-06-04184.1995.
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  - Zheng, D., and D. Purves. “Effects of increased neural activity on brain growth.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92, no. 6 (March 1995): 1802–6. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.6.1802.
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  - Purves, D. “Race plus IQ does not equal science.” Nature 374, no. 6517 (March 1995): 10. https://doi.org/10.1038/374010d0.
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  - Purves, D., and L. E. White. “Monocular preferences in binocular viewing.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91, no. 18 (August 30, 1994): 8339–42. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.18.8339.
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  - Purves, D., L. E. White, and T. J. Andrews. “Manual asymmetry and handedness.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91, no. 11 (May 24, 1994): 5030–32. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.11.5030.
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  - White, L. E., G. Lucas, A. Richards, and D. Purves. “Cerebral asymmetry and handedness.” Nature 368, no. 6468 (March 17, 1994): 197–98. https://doi.org/10.1038/368197a0.
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  - Purves, D., D. R. Riddle, L. E. White, and G. Gutierrez-Ospina. “Neural activity and the development of the somatic sensory system.” Curr Opin Neurobiol 4, no. 1 (February 1994): 120–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-4388(94)90041-8.
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  - Purves, D., D. R. Riddle, L. E. White, G. Gutierrez-Ospina, and A. S. LaMantia. “Categories of cortical structure.” Prog Brain Res 102 (1994): 343–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(08)60551-8.
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  - Riddle, D. R., G. Gutierrez, D. Zheng, L. E. White, A. Richards, and D. Purves. “Differential metabolic and electrical activity in the somatic sensory cortex of juvenile and adult rats.” J Neurosci 13, no. 10 (October 1993): 4193–4213. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-10-04193.1993.
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  - Purves, D., and A. LaMantia. “Development of blobs in the visual cortex of macaques.” The Journal of Comparative Neurology 334, no. 2 (August 1993): 169–75. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903340202.
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  - Hevner, R. F., R. B. Illing, D. Purves, D. Riddle, and A. LaMantia. “More modules [2].” Trends in Neurosciences 16, no. 5 (1993): 178–80.
  - Purves, D., D. Riddle, and A. LaMantia. “Reply.” Trends in Neurosciences 16, no. 5 (January 1, 1993): 180–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(93)90149-G.
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  - Purves, D., D. R. Riddle, and A. S. LaMantia. “Iterated patterns of brain circuitry (or how the cortex gets its spots).” Trends in Neurosciences 15, no. 10 (October 1992): 362–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(92)90180-g.
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  - Riddle, D., A. Richards, F. Zsuppan, and D. Purves. “Growth of the rat somatic sensory cortex and its constituent parts during postnatal development.” The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 12, no. 9 (September 1992): 3509–24. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.12-09-03509.1992.
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  - LaMantia, A. S., S. L. Pomeroy, and D. Purves. “Vital imaging of glomeruli in the mouse olfactory bulb.” The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 12, no. 3 (March 1992): 976–88. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.12-03-00976.1992.
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  - Zheng, D., A. S. LaMantia, and D. Purves. “Specialized vascularization of the primate visual cortex.” The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 11, no. 8 (August 1991): 2622–29. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.11-08-02622.1991.
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  - Purves, D., and A. S. LaMantia. “Numbers of "blobs" in the primary visual cortex of neonatal and adult monkeys.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 87, no. 15 (August 1990): 5764–67. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.15.5764.
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  - Pomeroy, S. L., A. S. LaMantia, and D. Purves. “Postnatal construction of neural circuitry in the mouse olfactory bulb.” The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 10, no. 6 (June 1990): 1952–66. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.10-06-01952.1990.
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  - Purves, D., and A. S. LaMantia. “Construction of modular circuits in the mammalian brain.” Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 55 (January 1990): 445–52. https://doi.org/10.1101/sqb.1990.055.01.044.
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  - Purves, D. “Assessing some dynamic properties of the living nervous system.” Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology (Cambridge, England) 74, no. 7 (December 1989): 1089–1105. https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.1989.sp003335.
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  - LaMantia, A. S., and D. Purves. “Development of glomerular pattern visualized in the olfactory bulbs of living mice.” Nature 341, no. 6243 (October 1989): 646–49. https://doi.org/10.1038/341646a0.
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  - Harris, L. W., and D. Purves. “Rapid remodeling of sensory endings in the corneas of living mice.” The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 9, no. 6 (June 1989): 2210–14. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.09-06-02210.1989.
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  - Ivanov, A., and D. Purves. “Ongoing electrical activity of superior cervical ganglion cells in mammals of different size.” The Journal of Comparative Neurology 284, no. 3 (June 1989): 398–404. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902840307.
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  - Purves, D. “Assessing some dynamic properties of the living nervous system.” Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology 74, no. 7 (1989): 1089–1105.
  - Purves, D., W. D. Snider, and J. T. Voyvodic. “Trophic regulation of nerve cell morphology and innervation in the autonomic nervous system.” Nature 336, no. 6195 (November 10, 1988): 123–28. https://doi.org/10.1038/336123a0.
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  - Pomeroy, S. L., and D. Purves. “Neuron/glia relationships observed over intervals of several months in living mice.” The Journal of Cell Biology 107, no. 3 (September 1988): 1167–75. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.107.3.1167.
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  - Purves, D., J. T. Voyvodic, L. Magrassi, and H. Yawo. “Nerve terminal remodeling visualized in living mice by repeated examination of the same neuron.” Science 238, no. 4830 (November 20, 1987): 1122–26. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3685967.
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  - Purves, D., and J. W. Lichtman. “Synaptic sites on reinnervated nerve cells visualized at two different times in living mice.” The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 7, no. 5 (May 1987): 1492–97. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.07-05-01492.1987.
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  - Lichtman, J. W., L. Magrassi, and D. Purves. “Visualization of neuromuscular junctions over periods of several months in living mice.” The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 7, no. 4 (April 1987): 1215–22. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.07-04-01215.1987.
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  - Magrassi, L., D. Purves, and J. W. Lichtman. “Fluorescent probes that stain living nerve terminals.” The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 7, no. 4 (April 1987): 1207–14. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.07-04-01207.1987.
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  - Purves, D., and J. R. Sanes. “The 1986 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine.” Trends in Neurosciences 10, no. 6 (January 1, 1987): 231–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(87)90163-9.
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  - Purves, D., and J. T. Voyvodic. “Imaging mammalian nerve cells and their connections over time in living animals.” Trends in Neurosciences 10, no. 10 (January 1, 1987): 398–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(87)90005-1.
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  - Purves, D., R. D. Hadley, and J. T. Voyvodic. “Dynamic changes in the dendritic geometry of individual neurons visualized over periods of up to three months in the superior cervical ganglion of living mice.” J Neurosci 6, no. 4 (April 1986): 1051–60. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.06-04-01051.1986.
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  - Purves, D. “The trophic theory of neural concentrations.” Trends in Neurosciences 9, no. C (January 1, 1986): 486–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(86)90155-4.
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  - Purves, D., E. Rubin, W. D. Snider, and J. Lichtman. “Relation of animal size to convergence, divergence, and neuronal number in peripheral sympathetic pathways.” The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 6, no. 1 (January 1986): 158–63. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.06-01-00158.1986.
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  - Easter, S. S., D. Purves, P. Rakic, and N. C. Spitzer. “The changing view of neural specificity.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 230, no. 4725 (November 1985): 507–11. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.4048944.
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  - Purves, D., and R. D. Hadley. “Changes in the dendritic branching of adult mammalian neurones revealed by repeated imaging in situ.” Nature 315, no. 6018 (May 1985): 404–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/315404a0.
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  - Purves, D., and J. W. Lichtman. “Geometrical differences among homologous neurons in mammals.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 228, no. 4697 (April 1985): 298–302. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3983631.
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  - Forehand, C. J., and D. Purves. “Regional innervation of rabbit ciliary ganglion cells by the terminals of preganglionic axons.” The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 4, no. 1 (January 1984): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.04-01-00001.1984.
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  - Johnson, D. A., and D. Purves. “Tonic and reflex synaptic activity recorded in ciliary ganglion cells of anaesthetized rabbits.” The Journal of Physiology 339 (June 1983): 599–613. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1983.sp014737.
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  - Hume, R. I., and D. Purves. “Apportionment of the terminals from single preganglionic axons to target neurones in the rabbit ciliary ganglion.” The Journal of Physiology 338 (May 1983): 259–75. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1983.sp014672.
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  - Lichtman, J. W., and D. Purves. “Activity-mediated neural change.” Nature 301, no. 5901 (February 1983): 563. https://doi.org/10.1038/301563a0.
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  - Purves, D. “Modulation of neuronal competition by postsynaptic geometry in autonomic ganglia.” Trends in Neurosciences 6, no. C (January 1, 1983): 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(83)90007-3.
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  - Purves, D., and D. J. Wigston. “Neural units in the superior cervical ganglion of the guinea-pig.” The Journal of Physiology 334 (January 1983): 169–78. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1983.sp014487.
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  - Purves, D., and J. W. Lichtman. “Specific connections between nerve cells.” Annual Review of Physiology 45 (January 1983): 553–65. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.45.030183.003005.
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  - Hume, R. I., and D. Purves. “Geometry of neonatal neurones and the regulation of synapse elimination.” Nature 293, no. 5832 (October 1981): 469–71. https://doi.org/10.1038/293469a0.
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  - Johnson, D. A., and D. Purves. “Post-natal reduction of neural unit size in the rabbit ciliary ganglion.” The Journal of Physiology 318 (September 1981): 143–59. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1981.sp013855.
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  - Purves, D., and R. I. Hume. “The relation of postsynaptic geometry to the number of presynaptic axons that innervate autonomic ganglion cells.” The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 1, no. 5 (May 1981): 441–52. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.01-05-00441.1981.
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  - Purves, D., W. Thompson, and J. W. Yip. “Re-innervation of ganglia transplanted to the neck from different levels of the guinea-pig sympathetic chain.” The Journal of Physiology 313 (January 1981): 49–63. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1981.sp013650.
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  - Purves, D., D. A. Johnson, and R. I. Hume. “Regulation of synaptic connections in the rabbit ciliary ganglion.” Ciba Foundation Symposium 83 (1981): 232–51.
  - Purves, D. “Neuronal competition.” Nature 287, no. 5783 (October 1980): 585–86. https://doi.org/10.1038/287585a0.
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  - Purves, D., and J. W. Lichtman. “Elimination of synapses in the developing nervous system.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 210, no. 4466 (October 1980): 153–57. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7414326.
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  - Rubin, E., and D. Purves. “Segmental organization of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the mammalian spinal cord.” The Journal of Comparative Neurology 192, no. 1 (July 1980): 163–74. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.901920111.
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  - Lichtman, J. W., and D. Purves. “The elimination of redundant preganglionic innervation to hamster sympathetic ganglion cells in early post-natal life.” The Journal of Physiology 301 (April 1980): 213–28. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013200.
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  - Lichtman, J. W., D. Purves, and J. W. Yip. “Innervation of sympathetic neurones in the guinea-pig thoracic chain.” The Journal of Physiology 298 (January 1980): 285–99. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013081.
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  - Purves, D., and W. Thompson. “The effects of post-ganglionic axotomy on selective synaptic connexions in the superior cervical ganglion of the guinea-pig.” The Journal of Physiology 297, no. 0 (December 1979): 95–110. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1979.sp013029.
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  - Lichtman, J. W., D. Purves, and J. W. Yip. “On the purpose of selective innervation of guinea-pig superior cervical ganglion cells.” The Journal of Physiology 292 (July 1979): 69–84. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1979.sp012839.
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  - Purves, D., and W. Thompson. “The effects of post-ganglionic axotomy on selective synaptic connexions in the superior cervical ganglion of the guinea-pig.” Journal of Physiology 297, no. 0 (1979): 95–110.
  - Purves, D., and J. W. Lichtman. “Formation and maintenance of synaptic connections in autonomic ganglia.” Physiological Reviews 58, no. 4 (October 1978): 821–62. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1978.58.4.821.
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  - Njå, A., and D. Purves. “Specificity of initial synaptic contacts made on guinea-pig superior cervical ganglion cells during regeneration of the cervical sympathetic trunk.” The Journal of Physiology 281 (August 1978): 45–62. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012408.
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  - Njå, A., and D. Purves. “The effects of nerve growth factor and its antiserum on synapses in the superior cervical ganglion of the guinea-pig.” The Journal of Physiology 277 (April 1978): 53–75.
  - “The effects of nerve growth factor and its antiserum on synapses in the superior cervical ganglion of the guinea-pig.” Journal of Physiology 277 (April 1, 1978): 55–75.
  - Nja, A., and D. Purves. “Re-innervation of guinea-pig superior cervical ganglion cells by preganglionic fibres arising from different levels of the spinal cord.” The Journal of Physiology 272, no. 3 (November 1977): 633–51. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1977.sp012064.
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  - Njå, A., and D. Purves. “Specific innervation of guinea-pig superior cervical ganglion cells by preganglionic fibres arising from different levels of the spinal cord.” The Journal of Physiology 264, no. 2 (January 1977): 565–83. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1977.sp011683.
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  - Purves, D. “Competitive and non-competitive re-innervation of mammalian sympathetic neurones by native and foreign fibres.” The Journal of Physiology 261, no. 2 (October 1976): 453–75. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011568.
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  - Purves, D. “Functional and structural changes in mammalian sympathetic neurones following colchicine application to post-ganglionic nerves.” The Journal of Physiology 259, no. 1 (July 1976): 159–75. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011459.
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  - Purves, D., and A. Njå. “Effect of nerve growth factor on synaptic depression after axotomy.” Nature 260, no. 5551 (April 1976): 535–36. https://doi.org/10.1038/260535a0.
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  - McMahan, U. J., and D. Purves. “Visual identification of two kinds of nerve cells and their synaptic contacts in a living autonomic ganglion of the mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus).” The Journal of Physiology 254, no. 2 (January 1976): 405–25. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011238.
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  - Roper, S., D. Purves, and U. J. McMahan. “Synaptic organization and acetylcholine sensitivity of multiply innervated autonomic ganglion cells.” Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 40 (January 1976): 283–95. https://doi.org/10.1101/sqb.1976.040.01.029.
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  - Purves, D. “Functional and structural changes in mammalian sympathetic neurones following interruption of their axons.” The Journal of Physiology 252, no. 2 (November 1975): 429–63. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1975.sp011151.
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  - Purves, D. “Persistent innervation of mammalian sympathetic neurones by native and foreign fibres.” Nature 256, no. 5518 (August 1975): 589–90. https://doi.org/10.1038/256589a0.
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  - Roper, S., D. Purves, and U. J. McMahan. “Synaptic organization and acetylcholine sensitivity of multiply innervated autonomic ganglion cells.” Symposia on Quantitative Biology Vol. 40 (January 1, 1975): 283–95.
  - Purves, D., and B. Sakmann. “Membrane properties underlying spontaneous activity of denervated muscle fibres.” The Journal of Physiology 239, no. 1 (May 1974): 125–53. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1974.sp010559.
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  - Purves, D., and B. Sakmann. “The effect of contractile activity on fibrillation and extrajunctional acetylcholine-sensitivity in rat muscle maintained in organ culture.” The Journal of Physiology 237, no. 1 (February 1974): 157–82. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1974.sp010475.
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  - Purves, D., and U. J. McMahan. “The distribution of synapses on a physiologically identified motor neuron in the central nervous system of the leech. An electron microscope study after the injection of the fluorescent dye procion yellow.” The Journal of Cell Biology 55, no. 1 (October 1972): 205–20. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.55.1.205.
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  - Nicholls, J. G., and D. Purves. “A comparison of chemical and electrical synaptic transmission between single sensory cells and a motoneurone in the central nervous system of the leech.” The Journal of Physiology 225, no. 3 (September 1972): 637–56. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1972.sp009961.
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  - McMahan, U. J., and D. Purves. “An electron-microscopic study of a physiologically identified motoneurone in the leech C.N.S. after injection of the fluorescent dye Procion yellow.” The Journal of Physiology 222, no. 1 (April 1972): 64P-66P.
  - Nicholls, J. G., and D. Purves. “Monosynaptic chemical and electrical connexions between sensory and motor cells in the central nervous system of the leech.” The Journal of Physiology 209, no. 3 (August 1970): 647–67. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1970.sp009184.
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- Book Sections
  - Bowling, D., and D. Purves. “A biological basis for musical tonality.” In Sensory Perception: Mind and Matter, 205–14, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-99751-2_12.
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