Dale Purves

Book · May 7, 2021 This book examines what seems to be the basic challenge in neuroscience today: understanding how experience generated by the human brain is related to the physical world we live in. The 25 short chapters present the argument and evidence that brains addres ... Full text Cite

Opinion: What does AI's success playing complex board games tell brain scientists?

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · July 2019 Full text Cite

An Alternative Theory of Binocularity.

Journal Article Frontiers in computational neuroscience · January 2019 The fact that seeing with two eyes is universal among vertebrates raises a problem that has long challenged vision scientists: how do animals with overlapping visual fields combine non-identical right and left eye images to achieve fusion and the perceptio ... Full text Cite

Reply to Goffinet: In consonance, old ideas die hard.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · May 2018 Full text Cite

Vocal similarity predicts the relative attraction of musical chords.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · January 2018 Musical chords are combinations of two or more tones played together. While many different chords are used in music, some are heard as more attractive (consonant) than others. We have previously suggested that, for reasons of biological advantage, human to ... Full text Cite

The Demands of Geometry on Color Vision.

Journal Article Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · January 2017 While studies of human color vision have made enormous strides, an overarching rationale for the circular sense of color relationships generated by two classes of color opponent neurons and three cone types is still lacking. Here we suggest that color circ ... Full text Cite

A biological rationale for musical consonance.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · September 2015 The basis of musical consonance has been debated for centuries without resolution. Three interpretations have been considered: (i) that consonance derives from the mathematical simplicity of small integer ratios; (ii) that consonance derives from the physi ... Full text Cite

Will understanding vision require a wholly empirical paradigm?

Journal Article Frontiers in psychology · January 2015 Based on electrophysiological and anatomical studies, a prevalent conception is that the visual system recovers features of the world from retinal images to generate perceptions and guide behavior. This paradigm, however, is unable to explain why visual pe ... Full text Cite

Perception and Reality: Why a Wholly Empirical Paradigm is Needed to Understand Vision.

Journal Article Frontiers in systems neuroscience · January 2015 A central puzzle in vision science is how perceptions that are routinely at odds with physical measurements of real world properties can arise from neural responses that nonetheless lead to effective behaviors. Here we argue that the solution depends on: ( ... Full text Cite

Properties of artificial networks evolved to contend with natural spectra.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · July 2014 Understanding why spectra that are physically the same appear different in different contexts (color contrast), whereas spectra that are physically different appear similar (color constancy) presents a major challenge in vision research. Here, we show that ... Full text Cite

How biological vision succeeds in the physical world.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · April 2014 Biological visual systems cannot measure the properties that define the physical world. Nonetheless, visually guided behaviors of humans and other animals are routinely successful. The purpose of this article is to consider how this feat is accomplished. M ... Full text Cite

Properties of artificial neurons that report lightness based on accumulated experience with luminance.

Journal Article Frontiers in computational neuroscience · January 2014 The responses of visual neurons in experimental animals have been extensively characterized. To ask whether these responses are consistent with a wholly empirical concept of visual perception, we optimized simple neural networks that responded according to ... Full text Cite

Network connections that evolve to circumvent the inverse optics problem.

Journal Article PloS one · January 2013 A fundamental problem in vision science is how useful perceptions and behaviors arise in the absence of information about the physical sources of retinal stimuli (the inverse optics problem). Psychophysical studies show that human observers contend with th ... Full text Cite

Are auditory percepts determined by experience?

Journal Article PloS one · January 2013 Audition--what listeners hear--is generally studied in terms of the physical properties of sound stimuli and physiological properties of the auditory system. Based on recent work in vision, we here consider an alternative perspective that sensory percepts ... Full text Cite

A biological basis for musical tonality

Chapter · January 1, 2012 Like other sensory qualities, the human ability to perceive tonal sound stimuli has presumably evolved because of its utility. Although a variety of tonal sounds are present in the human auditory environment, the vocalizations of other humans are the most ... Full text Cite

Expression of emotion in Eastern and Western music mirrors vocalization.

Journal Article PloS one · January 2012 In Western music, the major mode is typically used to convey excited, happy, bright or martial emotions, whereas the minor mode typically conveys subdued, sad or dark emotions. Recent studies indicate that the differences between these modes parallel diffe ... Full text Cite

Understanding vision in wholly empirical terms.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · September 2011 This article considers visual perception, the nature of the information on which perceptions seem to be based, and the implications of a wholly empirical concept of perception and sensory processing for vision science. Evidence from studies of lightness, b ... Full text Cite

Seeing in colour

Journal Article Optics and Laser Technology · March 1, 2011 Understanding perception of colour is challenging because what we see is not always what is there, which is a phenomenon we call illusions. Here we review the nature of colour vision, and the problems facing most current models and explanations. Focusing o ... Full text Cite

Co-variation of tonality in the music and speech of different cultures.

Journal Article PloS one · January 2011 Whereas the use of discrete pitch intervals is characteristic of most musical traditions, the size of the intervals and the way in which they are used is culturally specific. Here we examine the hypothesis that these differences arise because of a link bet ... Full text Cite

Major and minor music compared to excited and subdued speech.

Journal Article The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · January 2010 The affective impact of music arises from a variety of factors, including intensity, tempo, rhythm, and tonal relationships. The emotional coloring evoked by intensity, tempo, and rhythm appears to arise from association with the characteristics of human b ... Full text Open Access Cite

A biological rationale for musical scales.

Journal Article PloS one · December 2009 Scales are collections of tones that divide octaves into specific intervals used to create music. Since humans can distinguish about 240 different pitches over an octave in the mid-range of hearing, in principle a very large number of tone combinations cou ... Full text Cite

An empirical explanation of the speed-distance effect.

Journal Article PloS one · August 2009 Understanding motion perception continues to be the subject of much debate, a central challenge being to account for why the speeds and directions seen accord with neither the physical movements of objects nor their projected movements on the retina. Here ... Full text Cite

An empirical explanation of aperture effects.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · January 2009 The perceived direction of a moving line changes, often markedly, when viewed through an aperture. Although several explanations of this remarkable effect have been proposed, these accounts typically focus on the percepts elicited by a particular type of a ... Full text Cite

A biological rationale for musical scales.

Journal Article PloS one · 2009 Scales are collections of tones that divide octaves into specific intervals used to create music. Since humans can distinguish about 240 different pitches over an octave in the mid-range of hearing, in principle a very large number of tone combinations cou ... Cite

Perception of Surfaces and Forms

Journal Article · January 1, 2009 The purpose of this article is to consider the strategy that vision uses to generate perceptions of surface qualities such as brightness and color, as well as perceptions of surface form. The basic challenge that vision must contend with in elaborating the ... Full text Cite

An empirical explanation of the flash-lag effect.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · October 2008 When a flash of light is presented in physical alignment with a moving object, the flash is perceived to lag behind the position of the object. This phenomenon, known as the flash-lag effect, has been of particular interest to vision scientists because of ... Full text Cite

Musical intervals in speech.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · June 2007 Throughout history and across cultures, humans have created music using pitch intervals that divide octaves into the 12 tones of the chromatic scale. Why these specific intervals in music are preferred, however, is not known. In the present study, we analy ... Full text Cite

Evolution of visually guided behavior in artificial agents.

Journal Article Network (Bristol, England) · March 2007 Recent work on brightness, color, and form has suggested that human visual percepts represent the probable sources of retinal images rather than stimulus features as such. Here we investigate the plausibility of this empirical concept of vision by allowing ... Full text Cite

Comparison of Bayesian and empirical ranking approaches to visual perception.

Journal Article Journal of theoretical biology · August 2006 Much current vision research is predicated on the idea--and a rapidly growing body of evidence--that visual percepts are generated according to the empirical significance of light stimuli rather than their physical characteristics. As a result, an increasi ... Full text Cite

Spectral statistics in natural scenes predict hue, saturation, and brightness.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · April 2006 The perceptual color qualities of hue, saturation, and brightness do not correspond in any simple way to the physical characteristics of retinal stimuli, a fact that poses a major obstacle for any explanation of color vision. Here we test the hypothesis th ... Full text Cite

Illusory motion reversal in tune with motion detectors.

Journal Article Trends in cognitive sciences · December 2005 Full text Cite

The wagon-wheel illusion in continuous light.

Journal Article Trends in cognitive sciences · June 2005 The fact that a perceptual experience akin to the familiar wagon-wheel illusion in movies and on TV can occur in the absence of stroboscopic presentation is intriguing because of its relevance to visuo-temporal parsing. The wagon-wheel effect in continuous ... Full text Cite

The Poggendorff illusion explained by natural scene geometry.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · May 2005 One of the most intriguing of the many discrepancies between perceived spatial relationships and the physical structure of visual stimuli is the Poggendorff illusion, when an obliquely oriented line that is interrupted no longer appears collinear. Although ... Full text Cite

Perceiving geometry: Geometrical illusions explained by natural scene statistics

Journal Article Perceiving Geometry: Geometrical Illusions Explained by Natural Scene Statistics · January 1, 2005 Understanding vision, whether from a neurobiological, psychological or philosophical perspective, represents a daunting challenge that has been pursued for millennia. During at least the last few centuries, natural philosophers, and more recently vision sc ... Full text Cite

Natural-scene geometry predicts the perception of angles and line orientation.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · January 2005 Visual stimuli that entail the intersection of two or more straight lines elicit a variety of well known perceptual anomalies. Preeminent among these anomalies are the systematic overestimation of acute angles, the underestimation of obtuse angles, and the ... Full text Cite

The Müller-Lyer illusion explained by the statistics of image-source relationships.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · January 2005 The Müller-Lyer effect, the apparent difference in the length of a line as the result of its adornment with arrowheads or arrow tails, is the best known and most controversial of the classical geometrical illusions. By sampling a range-image database of na ... Full text Cite

Pitch is determined by naturally occurring periodic sounds.

Journal Article Hearing research · August 2004 The phenomenology of pitch has been difficult to rationalize and remains the subject of much debate. Here we test the hypothesis that audition generates pitch percepts by relating inherently ambiguous sound stimuli to their probable sources in the human au ... Full text Cite

The statistical structure of natural light patterns determines perceived light intensity.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · June 2004 The same target luminance in different contexts can elicit markedly different perceptions of brightness, a fact that has long puzzled vision scientists. Here we test the proposal that the visual system encodes not luminance as such but rather the statistic ... Full text Cite

Perceiving colour

Journal Article Review of Progress in Coloration and Related Topics · January 1, 2004 Full text Cite

Size contrast and assimilation explained by the statistics of natural scene geometry.

Journal Article Journal of cognitive neuroscience · January 2004 The term "size contrast and assimilation" refers to a large class of geometrical illusions in which the apparent sizes of identical visual targets in various contexts are different. Here we have examined whether these intriguing discrepancies between physi ... Full text Cite

Perceiving the intensity of light.

Journal Article Psychological review · January 2004 The relationship between luminance (i.e., the photometric intensity of light) and its perception (i.e., sensations of lightness or brightness) has long been a puzzle. In addition to the mystery of why these perceptual qualities do not scale with luminance ... Full text Cite

Natural scene statistics as the universal basis of color context effects.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · December 2003 The color context effects referred to as color contrast, constancy, and assimilation underscore the fact that color percepts do not correspond to the spectral characteristics of the generative stimuli. Despite a variety of proposed theories, these phenomen ... Full text Cite

Statistical concatenations of luminance can explain lightness/brightness percepts

Journal Article Journal of Vision · December 1, 2003 A number of recent studies have indicated that perceptions of lightness/brightness are determined by the probabilistic relationship between the luminances in the retinal stimulus and the possible physical sources (reviewed in Purves and Lotto, "Why we see ... Full text Cite

Size contrast explained by the statistics of scene geometry

Journal Article Journal of Vision · December 1, 2003 Standard presentations of size contrast stimuli include the well-known Ebbinghaus circles and the Delboeuf figures. When presented with such stimuli, observers perceive a target form surrounded by larger but otherwise similar forms to be smaller than the s ... Full text Cite

Vision and the perception of music have a common denominator

Journal Article Journal of Vision · December 1, 2003 All human listeners perceive tones in the presence of regularly repeating patterns of sound pressure fluctuation over a wide range of frequencies. In music, the salient and widely-shared features of this aspect of auditory perception are: 1) an iterated pa ... Full text Cite

Evidence that color contrast effects have a probabilistic foundation

Journal Article Journal of Vision · December 1, 2003 Surfaces returning identical light spectra to the eye can elicit different color percepts when embedded in spectrally different surrounds. Although various theories have been put forward to rationalize these color contrast effects, there is no consensus ab ... Full text Cite

The statistical structure of human speech sounds predicts musical universals.

Journal Article The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · August 2003 The similarity of musical scales and consonance judgments across human populations has no generally accepted explanation. Here we present evidence that these aspects of auditory perception arise from the statistical structure of naturally occurring periodi ... Full text Cite

Image/source statistics of surfaces in natural scenes.

Journal Article Network (Bristol, England) · August 2003 Perceiving surfaces in a manner that accords with their physical properties is essential for successful behaviour. Since, however, a given retinal image can have been generated by an infinite variety of natural surfaces with different geometrical and/or ph ... Full text Cite

A statistical explanation of visual space.

Journal Article Nature neuroscience · June 2003 Featured Publication The subjective visual space perceived by humans does not reflect a simple transformation of objective physical space; rather, perceived space has an idiosyncratic relationship with the real world. To date, there is no consensus about either the genesis of ... Full text Cite

The empirical basis of color perception.

Journal Article Consciousness and cognition · December 2002 Rationalizing the perceptual effects of spectral stimuli has been a major challenge in vision science for at least the last 200 years. Here we review evidence that this otherwise puzzling body of phenomenology is generated by an empirical strategy of perce ... Full text Cite

A probabilistic explanation of simultaneous brightness contrast

Journal Article Journal of Vision · December 1, 2002 A growing body of evidence suggests that visual perception is generated according to the probabilistic relationship between the components of retinal images and their possible physical sources. We have further explored this idea by asking whether simultane ... Full text Cite

The probabilistic foundation of visual space

Journal Article Journal of Vision · December 1, 2002 An assumption in many studies is that visual space (i.e., the space we perceive) is metrical. For example, perceived space has often been considered a Riemann space of constant curvature. In such cases, perceived spatial relationships should be independent ... Full text Cite

A probabilistic explanation of perceived line length and orientation

Journal Article Journal of Vision · December 1, 2002 Human perception of the length and the orientation of a straight line is systematically biased as a function of the 2D orientation of the line in the retinal image. Motivated by recent evidence that the relationship between the retinal image and perception ... Full text Cite

The Poggendorff illusion explained by the statistics of natural scene geometry

Journal Article Journal of Vision · December 1, 2002 One of the most intriguing discrepancies between the perception of a visual stimulus and its real-world source is the Poggendorff illusion. When an obliquely oriented line is occluded by a bar, the continuation of the line across the occluder appears to be ... Full text Cite

A probabilistic explanation of brightness scaling.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · October 2002 The perceptions of lightness or brightness elicited by a visual target are linked to its luminance by a nonlinear function that varies according to the physical characteristics of the target and the background on which it is presented. Although no generall ... Full text Cite

Range image statistics can explain the anomalous perception of length.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · October 2002 A long-standing puzzle in visual perception is that the apparent extent of a spatial interval (e.g., the distance between two points or the length of a line) does not simply accord with the length of the stimulus but varies as a function of orientation in ... Full text Cite

A rationale for the structure of color space.

Journal Article Trends in neurosciences · February 2002 The colors perceived by humans in response to light stimuli are generally described in terms of four color categories (reds, greens, blues and yellows), the members of which are systematically arrayed around gray. This broadly accepted description of color ... Full text Cite

Perception of objects that are translating and rotating.

Journal Article Perception · January 2002 The motion of objects that are both translating and rotating can be decomposed into an infinite number of translational and rotational combinations. How, then, do such stimuli routinely elicit specific percepts and behavioral responses that are usually app ... Full text Cite

The relationship between luminance and brightness

Journal Article Journal of Vision · December 1, 2001 How the luminance of a visual stimulus is translated into a perceptual value of brightness has been debated since the middle of the 19th C. Although it seems intuitively clear that the perception of brightness should scale directly with the intensity of th ... Full text Cite

Perception of objects that are both rotating and translating

Journal Article Journal of Vision · December 1, 2001 The velocity field generated by a rigid body can be decomposed into a translation and a rotation in an infinite number of ways. How, then, can the visual system generate a definite perception of such stimuli? The conceptual framework we used to examine thi ... Full text Cite

An empirical explanation of the Chubb illusion

Journal Article Journal of Vision · December 1, 2001 The brightness of any luminant stimulus varies, often quite markedly, as a function of the context in which it is presented. An especially intriguing example of this phenomenon is the illusion described by Chubb and colleagues (1989) in which the apparent ... Full text Cite

Explanation of some major features of color perception

Journal Article Journal of Vision · December 1, 2001 It has long been known that a particular red, green, blue and yellow is seen as being entirely free of any other color, and that the four color categories defined in this way are arranged in a circular manner. Most textbook accounts suppose that these feat ... Full text Cite

Viktor Hamburger 1900-2001.

Journal Article Nature neuroscience · August 2001 Full text Cite

An empirical explanation of the Chubb illusion.

Journal Article Journal of cognitive neuroscience · July 2001 The perceived difference in brightness between elements of a patterned target is diminished when the target is embedded in a similar surround of higher luminance contrast (the Chubb illusion). Here we show that this puzzling effect can be explained by the ... Full text Cite

A wholly empirical explanation of perceived motion.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · April 2001 Because the retinal activity generated by a moving object cannot specify which of an infinite number of possible physical displacements underlies the stimulus, its real-world cause is necessarily uncertain. How, then, do observers respond successfully to s ... Full text Cite

Why we see things the way we do: evidence for a wholly empirical strategy of vision.

Journal Article Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · March 2001 Many otherwise puzzling aspects of the way we see brightness, colour, orientation and motion can be understood in wholly empirical terms. The evidence reviewed here leads to the conclusion that visual percepts are based on patterns of reflex neural activit ... Full text Cite

An empirical explanation of color contrast.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · November 2000 For reasons not well understood, the color of a surface can appear quite different when placed in different chromatic surrounds. Here we explore the possibility that these color contrast effects are generated according to what the same or similar stimuli h ... Full text Cite

Reply.

Other J Cogn Neurosci · September 2000 Full text Link to item Cite

Why are angles misperceived?

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · May 2000 Although it has long been apparent that observers tend to overestimate the magnitude of acute angles and underestimate obtuse ones, there is no consensus about why such distortions are seen. Geometrical modeling combined with psychophysical testing of huma ... Full text Cite

Color vision and the four-color-map problem.

Journal Article Journal of cognitive neuroscience · March 2000 Four different colors are needed to make maps that avoid adjacent countries of the same color. Because the retinal image is two dimensional, like a map, four dimensions of chromatic experience would also be needed to optimally distinguish regions returning ... Full text Cite

The relevance of visual perception to cortical evolution and development.

Journal Article Novartis Foundation symposium · January 2000 The quality of brightness--perhaps the simplest visual attribute we perceive--appears to be determined probabilistically. In this empirical conception of the perception of light, the stimulus-induced activity of visual cortical neurons does not encode the ... Full text Cite

The effects of color on brightness.

Journal Article Nature neuroscience · November 1999 Observation of human subjects shows that the spectral returns of equiluminant colored surrounds govern the apparent brightness of achromatic test targets. The influence of color on brightness provides further evidence that perceptions of luminance are gene ... Full text Cite

Perception as probability.

Journal Article Brain research bulletin · November 1999 Full text Cite

An empirical explanation of the cornsweet effect.

Journal Article The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · October 1999 A long-standing puzzle in vision is the assignment of illusory brightness values to visual territories based on the characteristics of their edges (the Craik-O'Brien-Cornsweet effect). Here we show that the perception of the equiluminant territories flanki ... Full text Cite

Interindividual variation in human visual performance.

Journal Article Journal of cognitive neuroscience · September 1999 The responses of 20 young adult emmetropes with normal color vision were measured on a battery of visual performance tasks. Using previously documented tests of known reliability, we evaluated orientation discrimination, contrast sensitivity, wavelength se ... Full text Cite

Erratum: An empirical basis for Mach bands (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (April 27, 1999) 96:9 (5239-5244))

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · June 22, 1999 Full text Cite

An empirical basis for Mach bands.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · April 1999 Mach bands, the illusory brightness maxima and minima perceived at the initiation and termination of luminance gradients, respectively, are generally considered a direct perceptual manifestation of lateral inhibitory interactions among retinal or other low ... Full text Cite

Mach bands as empirically derived associations.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · April 1999 If Mach bands arise as an empirical consequence of real-world luminance profiles, several predictions follow. First, the appearance of Mach bands should accord with the appearance of naturally occurring highlights and lowlights. Second, altering the slope ... Full text Cite

An empirical explanation of brightness.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · October 1998 In this second part of our study on the mechanism of perceived brightness, we explore the effects of manipulating three-dimensional geometry. The additional scenes portrayed here demonstrate that the same luminance profile can elicit different sensations o ... Full text Cite

The influence of depicted illumination on brightness.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · October 1998 The striking illusions produced by simultaneous brightness contrast generally are attributed to the center-surround receptive field organization of lower order neurons in the primary visual pathway. Here we show that the apparent brightness of test objects ... Full text Cite

The distribution of oriented contours in the real world.

Journal Article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · March 31, 1998 In both humans and experimental animals, the ability to perceive contours that are vertically or horizontally oriented is superior to the perception of oblique angles. There is, however, no consensus about the developmental origins or functional basis of t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Unequal representation of cardinal and oblique contours in ferret visual cortex.

Journal Article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · March 3, 1998 We have measured the amount of cortical space activated by differently oriented gratings in 25 adult ferrets by optical imaging of intrinsic signal. On average, 7% more area of the exposed visual cortex was preferentially activated by vertical and horizont ... Full text Link to item Cite

Similarities in normal and binocularly rivalrous viewing.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · September 1997 We report here a series of observations-most of which the reader can experience directly-showing that distinct components of patterned visual stimuli (orthogonal lines of a different hue) vary in perception as sets. Although less frequent and often less co ... Full text Cite

Variation and selection in neural function.

Journal Article Trends Neurosci · July 1997 Link to item Cite

The perception of transparent three-dimensional objects.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · June 1997 When the proximal and distal elements of wire-frame cubes are conflated, observers perceive illusory structures that no longer behave veridically. These phenomena suggest that what we normally see depends on visual associations generated by experience. The ... Full text Cite

Correlated size variations in human visual cortex, lateral geniculate nucleus, and optic tract.

Journal Article The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · April 1997 We have examined several components of the human visual system to determine how the dimensions of the optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), and primary visual cortex (V1) vary within the same brain. Measurements were made of the cross-sectional ar ... Full text Cite

Structure of the human sensorimotor system. I: Morphology and cytoarchitecture of the central sulcus.

Journal Article Cereb Cortex · 1997 We have studied the morphology of the central sulcus and the cytoarchitecture of the primary sensorimotor cortex in 20 human brains obtained at autopsy. Although the surface appearance of the central sulcus varies greatly from brain to brain (and between h ... Full text Link to item Cite

Structure of the human sensorimotor system. II: Lateral symmetry.

Journal Article Cereb Cortex · 1997 We have evaluated the lateral symmetry of the human central sulcus, brainstem and spinal cord using quantitative histological and imaging techniques in specimens from 67 autopsy cases. Our purpose was to determine whether the preferred use of the right han ... Full text Link to item Cite

Is neural development Darwinian?

Journal Article Trends Neurosci · November 1996 Gradually, and without much debate, the idea that the developing nervous system is in some sense darwinian has become one of the canons of neurobiology. In fact, there is little evidence to support this idea. ... Full text Link to item Cite

The extraordinarily rapid disappearance of entoptic images.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · July 1996 It has been known for more than 40 years that images fade from perception when they are kept at the same position on the retina by abrogating eye movements. Although aspects of this phenomenon were described earlier, the use of close-fitting contact lenses ... Full text Cite

Temporal events in cyclopean vision.

Journal Article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · April 16, 1996 The majority of neurons in the primary visual cortex of primates can be activated by stimulation of either eye; moreover, the monocular receptive fields of such neurons are located in about the same region of visual space. These well-known facts imply that ... Full text Link to item Cite

The wagon wheel illusion in movies and reality.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · April 1996 Wheels turning in the movies or in other forms of stroboscopic presentation often appear to be rotating backward. Remarkably, a similar illusion is also seen in continuous light. The occurrence of this perception in the absence of intermittent illumination ... Full text Cite

Individual variation and lateral asymmetry of the rat primary somatosensory cortex.

Journal Article The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · June 1995 We have evaluated the interindividual variability and lateral symmetry of a major cortical area by comparing the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) of adult rats. Our choice of the rat was dictated by the accuracy with which one can measure S1 and its compo ... Full text Cite

Effects of increased neural activity on brain growth.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · March 1995 We have measured the effects of regionally increased metabolic activity--and by inference electrical activity--on cortical growth in the developing rat brain. Cortical growth is significantly and specifically greater in regions of chronically increased act ... Full text Cite

Race plus IQ does not equal science.

Journal Article Nature · March 1995 Full text Cite

Monocular preferences in binocular viewing.

Journal Article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · August 30, 1994 Faced with an unobstructed view, both foveas can be readily aligned with a distant visual target. The minor difference in the view of the two eyes (which arises from slightly different lines of sight) presents no special problem and is, indeed, the basis o ... Full text Link to item Cite

Manual asymmetry and handedness.

Journal Article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · May 24, 1994 Volumetric measurements show that right-handed individuals have larger right hands than left hands. In contrast, the hands of left-handers are much more nearly symmetrical. Based on what is known about trophic interactions between neurons and targets, thes ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cerebral asymmetry and handedness.

Journal Article Nature · March 17, 1994 Full text Link to item Cite

Neural activity and the development of the somatic sensory system.

Journal Article Curr Opin Neurobiol · February 1994 Present thinking about the role of neural activity in the developing brain is based largely upon observations in the visual system. Attempts to generalize these findings in the somatic sensory system, however, have yielded perplexing results. Unlike the vi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Categories of cortical structure.

Journal Article Prog Brain Res · 1994 Full text Link to item Cite

Differential metabolic and electrical activity in the somatic sensory cortex of juvenile and adult rats.

Journal Article J Neurosci · October 1993 We have examined relative levels of metabolic and electrical activity across layer IV in the primary somatic sensory cortex (S1) of the rat in relation to regions of differential postnatal cortical growth. Each of several indices used--mitochondrial enzyme ... Full text Link to item Cite

Development of blobs in the visual cortex of macaques.

Journal Article The Journal of comparative neurology · August 1993 We have examined the area of the primary visual cortex and the number and size of blobs within it in 10 neonatal and 11 adult rhesus monkeys. The average area of the primary visual cortex (V1) increases from 919 mm2 in newborns to 1,069 mm2 in adult animal ... Full text Cite

Reply

Journal Article Trends in Neurosciences · January 1, 1993 Full text Cite

More modules [2]

Journal Article Trends in Neurosciences · 1993 Cite

Iterated patterns of brain circuitry (or how the cortex gets its spots)

Journal Article Trends in neurosciences · October 1992 The prominence of repeating patterns of circuitry in the mammalian brain has led to the general view that iterated modular units reflect a fundamental principle of cortical function. Here we argue that these intriguing patterns arise not because the functi ... Full text Cite

Growth of the rat somatic sensory cortex and its constituent parts during postnatal development.

Journal Article The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · September 1992 We have compared the size and arrangement of the primary somatic sensory cortex (SI) and its constituent parts in juvenile (1 week old) and mature (10-12 weeks old) rats using succinic dehydrogenase histochemistry and digital image analysis. Our goal was t ... Full text Cite

Vital imaging of glomeruli in the mouse olfactory bulb.

Journal Article The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · March 1992 We have monitored the pattern of identified glomeruli in the olfactory bulbs of newborn, juvenile, and adult mice over intervals of several hours to several weeks. Our purpose was to assess the development and stability of these complex units in the mammal ... Full text Cite

Specialized vascularization of the primate visual cortex.

Journal Article The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · August 1991 We have analyzed blood vessel distribution in the primary and secondary visual cortices of the squirrel monkey in relation to cortical modules, laminae, and cytoarchitectonic areas. Measurements of microvessel length in tangential sections through the prim ... Full text Cite

Numbers of "blobs" in the primary visual cortex of neonatal and adult monkeys.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · August 1990 We have examined the number of "blobs" (cytochrome oxidase-positive cortical modules) in the primary visual cortex (area 17) of infant and adult rhesus monkeys. The density of these iterated circuits--about five per mm2--was not significantly different in ... Full text Cite

Postnatal construction of neural circuitry in the mouse olfactory bulb.

Journal Article The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · June 1990 We have undertaken a quantitative analysis of the mouse olfactory bulb to address several major questions concerning the development of neural circuitry in the postnatal mammalian brain. These are: (1) To what degree are new elements and circuits added dur ... Full text Cite

Construction of modular circuits in the mammalian brain.

Journal Article Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology · January 1990 Comparison of seemingly different modular units in the mammalian brain raises the possibility of a common mechanism for their formation: the growth of neuropil mediated by trophic interactions. The ongoing postnatal construction of modular circuits accordi ... Full text Cite

Assessing some dynamic properties of the living nervous system.

Journal Article Quarterly journal of experimental physiology (Cambridge, England) · December 1989 Full text Cite

Development of glomerular pattern visualized in the olfactory bulbs of living mice.

Journal Article Nature · October 1989 Many regions of the mammalian brain are characterized by iterated ensembles of nerve cells which can be distinguished anatomically and physiologically. A particularly striking example is the pattern of glomeruli in the olfactory bulbs; other instances are ... Full text Cite

Ongoing electrical activity of superior cervical ganglion cells in mammals of different size.

Journal Article The Journal of comparative neurology · June 1989 The ongoing synaptic activity of superior cervical ganglion cells in adult mammals was examined in situ by intracellular recording in anesthetized mice, hamsters, rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits. The proportion of neurons exhibiting subthreshold and suprath ... Full text Cite

Rapid remodeling of sensory endings in the corneas of living mice.

Journal Article The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · June 1989 The terminals of trigeminal neurons were followed over time in the corneas of living mice by repeated staining with a nontoxic fluorescent dye. The purpose of these observations was to evaluate remodeling of sensory nerve endings in an adult mammal. Video ... Full text Cite

Assessing some dynamic properties of the living nervous system

Journal Article Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology · 1989 Cite

Trophic regulation of nerve cell morphology and innervation in the autonomic nervous system.

Journal Article Nature · November 10, 1988 A remarkable feature of nerve cells is the complex and variable pattern of their axonal and dendritic branches. Quantitative studies of a simple part of the nervous system in mammals provide evidence that neuronal geometry and innervation are regulated by ... Full text Link to item Cite

Neuron/glia relationships observed over intervals of several months in living mice.

Journal Article The Journal of cell biology · September 1988 Identified neurons and glial cells in a parasympathetic ganglion were observed in situ with video-enhanced microscopy at intervals of up to 130 d in adult mice. Whereas the number and position of glial cells associated with particular neurons did not chang ... Full text Cite

A NEW THEORY OF BRAIN FUNCTION

Journal Article Quarterly Review of Biology · June 1, 1988 Full text Cite

Nerve terminal remodeling visualized in living mice by repeated examination of the same neuron.

Journal Article Science · November 20, 1987 The distribution of presynaptic endings on the surfaces of autonomic ganglion cells was mapped in living mice after intravenous administration of a styryl pyridinium dye. The staining and imaging techniques did not appear to damage the ganglion cells, or t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Synaptic sites on reinnervated nerve cells visualized at two different times in living mice.

Journal Article The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · May 1987 Synaptic boutons on the surface of identified autonomic ganglion cells were visualized by methylene blue staining at intervals of 1-2 months following denervation to assess whether regenerating axon terminals reoccupy original synaptic sites. The distribut ... Full text Cite

Fluorescent probes that stain living nerve terminals.

Journal Article The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · April 1987 We have evaluated the efficacy of 18 cationic mitochondrial dyes that, as a class, show some ability to stain living nerve terminals. Several of these agents provide excellent staining of neuromuscular junctions in a wide range of species. More detailed st ... Full text Cite

Visualization of neuromuscular junctions over periods of several months in living mice.

Journal Article The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · April 1987 Identified neuromuscular junctions were followed in the sternomastoid muscle of living mice for several months by repeated staining with the fluorescent dye 4-(4-diethylaminostyryl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide (4-Di-2-ASP; Magrassi et al., 1987). Overall ter ... Full text Cite

Imaging mammalian nerve cells and their connections over time in living animals

Journal Article Trends in Neurosciences · January 1, 1987 A variety of technical advances have provided a means of following individual nerve cells and their connections over intervals of weeks or months in living animals. Such observations allow an assessment of the stability of pre- and postsynaptic elements in ... Full text Cite

The 1986 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine

Journal Article Trends in Neurosciences · January 1, 1987 Full text Cite

Dynamic changes in the dendritic geometry of individual neurons visualized over periods of up to three months in the superior cervical ganglion of living mice.

Journal Article J Neurosci · April 1986 We describe a means of visualizing the same neuron in the superior cervical ganglion of young adult mice over intervals of up to 3 months. The dendrites of these neurons change during this interval; some branches retract, others elongate, and still others ... Full text Link to item Cite

The trophic theory of neural concentrations

Journal Article Trends in Neurosciences · January 1, 1986 Full text Cite

Relation of animal size to convergence, divergence, and neuronal number in peripheral sympathetic pathways.

Journal Article The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · January 1986 The enormous range of animal size raises a fundamental problem: How do larger animals maintain adequate control of peripheral structures that are many times more massive and extensive than the homologous structures in smaller animals? To explore this quest ... Full text Cite

The changing view of neural specificity.

Journal Article Science (New York, N.Y.) · November 1985 The generation of specific patterns of neuronal connections has usually been regarded as a central problem in neurobiology. The prevailing view for many years has been that these connections are established by complementary recognition molecules on the pre ... Full text Cite

Changes in the dendritic branching of adult mammalian neurones revealed by repeated imaging in situ.

Journal Article Nature · May 1985 A major obstacle to understanding the mechanism of long-term change in the vertebrate nervous system has been the inability to observe the same nerve cell at different times during the life of an animal. The possibility that changes in neural connectivity ... Full text Cite

Geometrical differences among homologous neurons in mammals.

Journal Article Science (New York, N.Y.) · April 1985 The dendritic arbors of sympathetic neurons in different species of mammals vary systematically: the superior cervical ganglion cells of smaller mammals have fewer and less extensive dendrites than the homologous neurons in larger animals. This difference ... Full text Cite

Regional innervation of rabbit ciliary ganglion cells by the terminals of preganglionic axons.

Journal Article The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · January 1984 In the rabbit, ciliary ganglion neurons with dendrites maintain inputs from several different axons during the period of synaptic rearrangement that occurs in early postnatal life. Neurons without dendrites, on the other hand, lose the majority of their in ... Full text Cite

Tonic and reflex synaptic activity recorded in ciliary ganglion cells of anaesthetized rabbits.

Journal Article The Journal of physiology · June 1983 We have studied patterns of synaptic activity in rabbit ciliary ganglion cells by intracellular recording in vivo, and have examined the morphology of functionally characterized neurones by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase. Nearly all of t ... Full text Cite

Apportionment of the terminals from single preganglionic axons to target neurones in the rabbit ciliary ganglion.

Journal Article The Journal of physiology · May 1983 We have studied the apportionment of terminals from single preganglionic axons to target neurones in the ciliary ganglion of adult rabbits. Both electrical recording and intra-axonal injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) showed that each preganglionic ... Full text Cite

Activity-mediated neural change.

Journal Article Nature · February 1983 Full text Cite

Specific connections between nerve cells.

Journal Article Annual review of physiology · January 1983 Full text Cite

Neural units in the superior cervical ganglion of the guinea-pig.

Journal Article The Journal of physiology · January 1983 The size and arrangement of the set of neurones innervated by individual preganglionic axons (the neural unit) has been investigated in the superior cervical ganglion of the guinea-pig. 1. Based on the ratio of preganglionic neurones to ganglion cells, and ... Full text Cite

Modulation of neuronal competition by postsynaptic geometry in autonomic ganglia

Journal Article Trends in Neurosciences · January 1, 1983 The number of axons that innervate autonomic ganglion cells is the result of competition in early life between terminals contacting the same target cell. In maturity, a correlation between the number of inputs a cell receives and dendritic complexity impli ... Full text Cite

Geometry of neonatal neurones and the regulation of synapse elimination.

Journal Article Nature · October 1981 Full text Cite

Post-natal reduction of neural unit size in the rabbit ciliary ganglion.

Journal Article The Journal of physiology · September 1981 We have studied the innervation of adult and neonatal ciliary ganglia in the rabbit to determine the average number of ganglion cells innervated by each preganglionic neurone at different stages of development. 1. The adult ciliary ganglion comprises about ... Full text Cite

The relation of postsynaptic geometry to the number of presynaptic axons that innervate autonomic ganglion cells.

Journal Article The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · May 1981 We have studied the shape of rabbit ciliary ganglion cells in relation to the number of axons that innervate each neuron. Adult ganglion cells receive synapses from one to seven different preganglionic axons. Some neurons lack dendrites altogether, whereas ... Full text Cite

Regulation of synaptic connections in the rabbit ciliary ganglion.

Journal Article Ciba Foundation symposium · 1981 One of the intriguing questions about the establishment of synaptic connections is how appropriate numbers of different axons come to innervate each target neuron. A reorganization of connections in early postnatal life appears to be an important aspect of ... Cite

Re-innervation of ganglia transplanted to the neck from different levels of the guinea-pig sympathetic chain.

Journal Article The Journal of physiology · January 1981 Thoracic and lumbar sympathetic ganglia from donor guinea-pigs were transplanted to the bed of an excised superior cervical ganglion in host animals. Homotopic transplants of superior cervical ganglia served as controls. In this way the same set of pregang ... Full text Cite

Neuronal competition.

Journal Article Nature · October 1980 Full text Cite

Elimination of synapses in the developing nervous system.

Journal Article Science (New York, N.Y.) · October 1980 Reduction of the number of axons that contact target cells may be a general feature of neural development. This process may underlie the progressively restricted malleability of the maturing nervous system. ... Full text Cite

Segmental organization of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the mammalian spinal cord.

Journal Article The Journal of comparative neurology · July 1980 We have used retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase to determine the distribution of the preganglionic cell bodies whose axons join particular rami of the thoracic spinal cord in a series of guinea pigs, and in a small number of hamsters and cats. ... Full text Cite

The elimination of redundant preganglionic innervation to hamster sympathetic ganglion cells in early post-natal life.

Journal Article The Journal of physiology · April 1980 The superior cervical ganglion of adult and neonated hamsters has been studied with intracellular recording. 1. Neurones in adult hamster ganglia are innervated by an average of 6-7 preganglionic axons. During the first week of post-natal life, however, th ... Full text Cite

Innervation of sympathetic neurones in the guinea-pig thoracic chain.

Journal Article The Journal of physiology · January 1980 We have investigated the organization of the guinea-pig thoracic chain by studying the innervation of the stellate and fifth thoracic sympathetic ganglia with intracellular recording. 1. These ganglia receive preganglionic innervation from different but ov ... Full text Cite

The effects of post-ganglionic axotomy on selective synaptic connexions in the superior cervical ganglion of the guinea-pig.

Journal Article The Journal of physiology · December 1979 Stimulation of preganglionic axons arising from different levels of the thoracic spinal cord causes different effects on end-organs supplied by the superior cervical ganglion (Langley, 1892; Nja & Purves, 1977a; Lichtman, Purves & Yip, 1979). For example, ... Full text Cite

On the purpose of selective innervation of guinea-pig superior cervical ganglion cells.

Journal Article The Journal of physiology · July 1979 Preganglionic axons arising from different levels of the mammalian spinal cord make preferential connexions with different classes of superior cervical ganglion cells (Langley, 1892, 1900; Njå & Purves, 1977a). For example, preganglionic axons from the fir ... Full text Cite

The effects of post-ganglionic axotomy on selective synaptic connexions in the superior cervical ganglion of the guinea-pig.

Journal Article Journal of Physiology · 1979 Stimulation of preganglionic axons arising from different levels of the thoracic spinal cord causes different effects on end-organs supplied by the superior cervical ganglion (Langley, 1892; Nja & Purves, 1977a; Lichtman, Purves & Yip, 1979). For e ... Cite

Formation and maintenance of synaptic connections in autonomic ganglia.

Journal Article Physiological reviews · October 1978 Full text Cite

Specificity of initial synaptic contacts made on guinea-pig superior cervical ganglion cells during regeneration of the cervical sympathetic trunk.

Journal Article The Journal of physiology · August 1978 1. Largely appropriate synaptic connexions are formed with neurones in the superior cervical ganglion at long intervals after interruption of the preganglionic nerve. In the present study we have assessed the accuracy of connexions during the early stages ... Full text Cite

The effects of nerve growth factor and its antiserum on synapses in the superior cervical ganglion of the guinea-pig.

Journal Article Journal of Physiology · April 1, 1978 1. The effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its antiserum on synapses in the superior cervical ganglion of the guinea-pig have been examined by intracellular recording and electron microscopy. 2. Exogenous NGF, supplied locally from a silicone rubber p ... Cite

The effects of nerve growth factor and its antiserum on synapses in the superior cervical ganglion of the guinea-pig.

Journal Article The Journal of physiology · April 1978 1. The effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its antiserum on synapses in the superior cervical ganglion of the guinea-pig have been examined by intracellular recording and electron microscopy. 2. Exogenous NGF, supplied locally from a silicone rubber p ... Cite

Re-innervation of guinea-pig superior cervical ganglion cells by preganglionic fibres arising from different levels of the spinal cord.

Journal Article The Journal of physiology · November 1977 1. The ability of preganglionic axons to re-establish their normal pattern of synaptic connexions with superior cervical ganglion cells has been studied after section of the cervical sympathetic trunk.2. In vivo stimulation of the last cervical (C8) and th ... Full text Cite

Specific innervation of guinea-pig superior cervical ganglion cells by preganglionic fibres arising from different levels of the spinal cord.

Journal Article The Journal of physiology · January 1977 1. The synaptic contribution of preganglionic nerve fibres arising from the last cervical (C8) and the first seven thoracic spinal cord segments (T1-T7) to neurones of the guinea-pig superior cervical ganglion has been studied by means of intracellular rec ... Full text Cite

Competitive and non-competitive re-innervation of mammalian sympathetic neurones by native and foreign fibres.

Journal Article The Journal of physiology · October 1976 The ability of native (sympathetic preganglionic) and foreign (vagal) nerve fibres to re-innervate neurones of the guinea-pig superior cervical ganglion, either alone or in competition with each other, has been studied by means of intracellular recording a ... Full text Cite

Functional and structural changes in mammalian sympathetic neurones following colchicine application to post-ganglionic nerves.

Journal Article The Journal of physiology · July 1976 1. The effects of post-ganglionic colchicine application on neurones of the guinea-pig superior cervical ganglion were studied with intracellular recording and electron microscopy. 2. Local colchicine application for 30 min to one of the major post-ganglio ... Full text Cite

Effect of nerve growth factor on synaptic depression after axotomy.

Journal Article Nature · April 1976 Full text Cite

Visual identification of two kinds of nerve cells and their synaptic contacts in a living autonomic ganglion of the mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus).

Journal Article The Journal of physiology · January 1976 1. Many of the nerve cells comprising the cardiac parasympathetic ganglion of the mudpuppy are spread out in a thin, transparent sheet of tissue, enabling one to see cellular details in living preparations with differential interference contrast optics. Th ... Full text Cite

Synaptic organization and acetylcholine sensitivity of multiply innervated autonomic ganglion cells.

Journal Article Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology · January 1976 The principal cells of the mudpuppy cardiac ganglion receive synapses from three sources: vagal axons, interneurons and axon collaterals from other principal cells. The simplicity of the structural organization and the visual clarity in the living preparat ... Full text Cite

Functional and structural changes in mammalian sympathetic neurones following interruption of their axons.

Journal Article The Journal of physiology · November 1975 The effects of interrupting the axons of principal neurones in the superior cervical ganglion of adult guinea-pigs were studied by means of intracellular recording, and light and electron microscopy. 1. Within 72 hr of axon interruption, the amplitude of e ... Full text Cite

Persistent innervation of mammalian sympathetic neurones by native and foreign fibres.

Journal Article Nature · August 1975 Full text Cite

Synaptic organization and acetylcholine sensitivity of multiply innervated autonomic ganglion cells

Journal Article Symposia on Quantitative Biology · January 1, 1975 The principal cells of the mudpuppy cardiac ganglion receive synapses from three sources: vagal axons, interneurons and axon collaterals from other principal cells. The simplicity of the structural organization and the visual clarity in the living preparat ... Cite

Membrane properties underlying spontaneous activity of denervated muscle fibres.

Journal Article The Journal of physiology · May 1974 We have examined the events underlying the initiation of spontaneous action potentials (fibrillation) in fibres of previously denervated rat diaphragm maintained in organ culture for up to 10 days.1. Based on discharge pattern, two classes of spontaneously ... Full text Cite

The effect of contractile activity on fibrillation and extrajunctional acetylcholine-sensitivity in rat muscle maintained in organ culture.

Journal Article The Journal of physiology · February 1974 1. The effect of contractile activity on the initiation of spontaneous action potentials (fibrillation) and on extrajunctional acetylcholine-sensitivity has been studied in single fibres in strips of previously denervated rat diaphragm maintained in organ ... Full text Cite

The distribution of synapses on a physiologically identified motor neuron in the central nervous system of the leech. An electron microscope study after the injection of the fluorescent dye procion yellow.

Journal Article The Journal of cell biology · October 1972 The fine structure of a physiologically identified motor neuron in the segmental ganglion of the leech central nervous system and the morphology of synapses on it were studied after injection of the fluorescent dye Procion yellow as a marker. The injected ... Full text Cite

A comparison of chemical and electrical synaptic transmission between single sensory cells and a motoneurone in the central nervous system of the leech.

Journal Article The Journal of physiology · September 1972 In leech ganglia, three sensory cells of different modality converge on a motoneurone, where they form chemical and electrical synapses. Each of these synapses behaves in a characteristic manner and the nature of the transmission mechanism has significant ... Full text Cite

An electron-microscopic study of a physiologically identified motoneurone in the leech C.N.S. after injection of the fluorescent dye Procion yellow.

Journal Article The Journal of physiology · April 1972 Cite

Monosynaptic chemical and electrical connexions between sensory and motor cells in the central nervous system of the leech.

Journal Article The Journal of physiology · August 1970 The synaptic connexions that underlie three different segmental shortening reflexes have been traced by recording intracellularly from individual sensory and motor nerve cells in the C.N.S. of the leech. The fourteen sensory cells involved in these reflexe ... Full text Cite