Shyni Varghese | Scholars@Duke

Shyni Varghese
Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery

Shyni Varghese has a triple appointment in the Duke departments of Biomedical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, and Orthopaedic Surgery. She is the first MEDx Investigator.

A leader in the field of biomaterials and stem cells, Varghese will develop her research at Duke in three major areas:

Musculoskeletal tissue repair
Disease biophysics, and
Organ-on-a-chip technology

A new initiative of the Pratt School of Engineering and Duke School of Medicine, Duke MEDx seeks to enhance and form new collaborations between doctors and engineers.

Current Research Interests

Musculoskeletal tissue repair, disease biophysics and organ-on-a-chip technology

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Surgery, Clinical Science Departments 2017
Professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2017
Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University 2017
Affiliate of the Duke Regeneration Center, Regeneration Next Initiative, Basic Science Departments 2021

Contact Information

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- Ph.D., National Chemical Laboratory (India) 2002
Recognition
In the News
- NOV 24, 2021 Duke Science & Technology
  
  Organ-on-a-chip: Better Health Care Through Superior Drug Testing
- MAR 25, 2021 Pratt School of Engineering
  
  Soft Robotic Dragonfly Signals Environmental Disruptions
- JAN 9, 2020
  
  A Crystal Ball for the Decade Ahead
- DEC 13, 2019 Pratt School of Engineering
  
  Engineering a Better Bandage to Promote Faster Healing
- NOV 1, 2019 Pratt School of Engineering
  
  Big Ideas on a Small Chip Surface
- AUG 22, 2019 Pratt School of Engineering
  
  Researchers ID Pharmaceutical Target That Reverses Osteoporosis in Mice
- NOV 18, 2016 Pratt School of Engineering
  
  Shyni Varghese: Making Miniature Models of Muscles, Bones and Tumors
Research
Selected Grants
- Microglia-Amyloid interactions in delirium superimposed on dementia awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2027
- Targeting the HIF-2 Signaling Pathway as a Radioprotective Strategy for Bone awarded by National Institutes of Health 2022 - 2027
- University Training Program in Biomolecular and Tissue Engineering awarded by National Institutes of Health 1994 - 2027
- Localization of adenosine to promote fracture healing awarded by National Institutes of Health 2022 - 2027
- Supramolecular biomaterials for tuning the inflammatory properties of the complement system awarded by National Institutes of Health 2022 - 2027
- Modulation of local adenosine signaling to attenuate fracture pain awarded by National Institutes of Health 2021 - 2026
- Targeting the metastasis initiating cell in undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma awarded by National Institutes of Health 2021 - 2026
- Duke Center for Advancement of Child Health (CAtCH). awarded by National Institutes of Health 2021 - 2026
- Understanding the role of senescence on post-operative neuroinflammation awarded by National Institutes of Health 2022 - 2025
- Acquisition of a VRS1250 Video-Rate Imaging Module for a Shared-Use Asylum-Cypher Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) awarded by North Carolina Biotechnology Center 2023 - 2024
- Nicotine Pouches: Chemical Composition, Toxicity and Behavioral Effects of a New Tobacco Product Category awarded by National Institutes of Health 2022 - 2023
- Duke KURe Program awarded by National Institutes of Health 2013 - 2023
- Acquisition of a Biacore T200 Surface Plasmon Resonance Instrument for Shared Use awarded by North Carolina Biotechnology Center 2022 - 2023
- Adenosine A2B Receptor in Bone Health and Osteoporosis awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2023
- Bioinspired Synthetic Grafts for Bone Regeneration awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2019
External Relationships
- Burroughs Wellcome Foundation
- Mehta Family Center for Engineering in medicine (MFCEM) at IIT Kanpur, India
- Mehta Family Foundation
- ONCO DiSCOVER
- Osteocure Cure Therapeutics
- Royal Society of Chemistry
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Books
  - Varghese, S., and J. H. Elisseeff. Hydrogels for musculoskeletal tissue engineering. Vol. 203, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1007/12_072.
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- Academic Articles
  - Rana, Isha, Sunny Kataria, Tuan Lin Tan, Edries Yousaf Hajam, Deepak Kumar Kashyap, Dyuti Saha, Johan Ajnabi, et al. “Mindin (SPON2) Is Essential for Cutaneous Fibrogenesis in a Mouse Model of Systemic Sclerosis.” J Invest Dermatol 143, no. 5 (May 2023): 699-710.e10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2022.10.011.
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  - Kumar, Vardhman, David Kingsley, Sajeeshkumar Madhurakkat Perikamana, Pankaj Mogha, C Rory Goodwin, and Shyni Varghese. “Self-assembled innervated vasculature-on-a-chip to study nociception.” Biofabrication 15, no. 3 (April 13, 2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/acc904.
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  - Newman, Hunter, and Shyni Varghese. “Extracellular adenosine signaling in bone health and disease.” Curr Opin Pharmacol 70 (April 10, 2023): 102378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2023.102378.
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  - Yang, Ting, Ravikanth Velagapudi, Cuicui Kong, Unghyeon Ko, Vardhman Kumar, Paris Brown, Nathan O. Franklin, et al. “Protective effects of omega-3 fatty acids in a blood-brain barrier-on-chip model and on postoperative delirium-like behaviour in mice.” Br J Anaesth 130, no. 2 (February 2023): e370–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2022.05.025.
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  - Aung, Aereas, Shruti K. Davey, Jomkuan Theprungsirikul, Vardhman Kumar, and Shyni Varghese. “Deciphering the Mechanics of Cancer Spheroid Growth in 3D Environments through Microfluidics Driven Mechanical Actuation.” Adv Healthc Mater, November 14, 2022, e2201842. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202201842.
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  - Hoque, Jiaul, Yuze Zeng, Hunter Newman, Gavin Gonzales, Cheryl Lee, and Shyni Varghese. “Microgel-Assisted Delivery of Adenosine to Accelerate Fracture Healing.” Acs Biomater Sci Eng 8, no. 11 (November 14, 2022): 4863–72. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00977.
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  - Chansoria, P., J. Blackwell, E. L. Etter, E. E. Bonacquisti, N. Jasiewicz, T. Neal, S. A. Kamal, et al. “Rationally Designed Anisotropic and Auxetic Hydrogel Patches for Adaptation to Dynamic Organs.” Advanced Functional Materials 32, no. 43 (October 1, 2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202207590.
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  - Newman, Hunter, Jiaul Hoque, Yu-Ru V. Shih, Gabrielle Marushack, Unghyeon Ko, Gavin Gonzales, and Shyni Varghese. “pH-Sensitive nanocarrier assisted delivery of adenosine to treat osteoporotic bone loss.” Biomater Sci 10, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 5340–55. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2bm00843b.
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  - Bartholf DeWitt, Suzanne, Sarah Hoskinson Plumlee, Hailey E. Brighton, Dharshan Sivaraj, E. J. Martz, Maryam Zand, Vardhman Kumar, et al. “Loss of ATRX promotes aggressive features of osteosarcoma with increased NF-κB signaling and integrin binding.” Jci Insight 7, no. 17 (September 8, 2022). https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.151583.
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  - Ko, Ung Hyun, Vardhman Kumar, Benjamin Rosen, and Shyni Varghese. “Characterization of bending balloon actuators.” Front Robot Ai 9 (2022): 991748. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2022.991748.
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  - Kumar, Vardhman, Sajeesh Kumar Madhurakkat Perikamana, Aleksandra Tata, Jiaul Hoque, Anna Gilpin, Purushothama Rao Tata, and Shyni Varghese. “An In Vitro Microfluidic Alveolus Model to Study Lung Biomechanics.” Front Bioeng Biotechnol 10 (2022): 848699. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.848699.
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  - Madhurakkat Perikamana, S. K., N. Seale, J. Hoque, J. H. Ryu, V. Kumar, Y. V. Shih, and S. Varghese. “Molecularly Tailored Interface for Long-Term Xenogeneic Cell Transplantation.” Advanced Functional Materials 32, no. 4 (January 1, 2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202108221.
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  - Gilpin, Anna, Yuze Zeng, Jiaul Hoque, Ji Hyun Ryu, Yong Yang, Stefan Zauscher, William Eward, and Shyni Varghese. “Self-Healing of Hyaluronic Acid to Improve In Vivo Retention and Function.” Adv Healthc Mater 10, no. 23 (December 2021): e2100777. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202100777.
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  - Andress, Benjamin, Jason H. Kim, Hattie C. Cutcliffe, Annunziato Amendola, Adam P. Goode, Shyni Varghese, Louis E. DeFrate, and Amy L. McNulty. “Meniscus cell regional phenotypes: Dedifferentiation and reversal by biomaterial embedding.” J Orthop Res 39, no. 10 (October 2021): 2177–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.24954.
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  - Newman, Hunter, Yuru Vernon Shih, and Shyni Varghese. “Resolution of inflammation in bone regeneration: From understandings to therapeutic applications.” Biomaterials 277 (October 2021): 121114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121114.
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  - Kumar, Vardhman, Ung Hyun Ko, Yilong Zhou, Jiaul Hoque, Gaurav Arya, and Shyni Varghese. “Microengineered Materials with Self‐Healing Features for Soft Robotics.” Advanced Intelligent Systems 3, no. 7 (July 2021): 2100005–2100005. https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202100005.
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  - Hoque, Jiaul, Yu-Ru V. Shih, Yuze Zeng, Hunter Newman, Nivedita Sangaj, Neha Arjunji, and Shyni Varghese. “Bone targeting nanocarrier-assisted delivery of adenosine to combat osteoporotic bone loss.” Biomaterials 273 (June 2021): 120819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120819.
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  - Nayak, P., A. Colas, M. Mercola, S. Varghese, and S. Subramaniam. “Temporal mechanisms of myogenic specification in human induced pluripotent stem cells.” Sci Adv 7, no. 12 (March 2021). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf7412.
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  - Moreno, Ana M., Xin Fu, Jie Zhu, Dhruva Katrekar, Yu-Ru V. Shih, John Marlett, Jessica Cabotaje, et al. “In Situ Gene Therapy via AAV-CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Targeted Gene Regulation.” Mol Ther 28, no. 8 (August 5, 2020): 1931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.06.027.
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  - Zeng, Yuze, Yu-Ru V. Shih, Gurpreet S. Baht, and Shyni Varghese. “In Vivo Sequestration of Innate Small Molecules to Promote Bone Healing.” Adv Mater 32, no. 8 (February 2020): e1906022. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201906022.
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  - Aung, Aereas, Vardhman Kumar, Jomkuan Theprungsirikul, Shruti K. Davey, and Shyni Varghese. “An Engineered Tumor-on-a-Chip Device with Breast Cancer-Immune Cell Interactions for Assessing T-cell Recruitment.” Cancer Res 80, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 263–75. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-19-0342.
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  - Shih, Yu-Ru V., Mengqian Liu, Seong Keun Kwon, Masayuki Iida, Ya Gong, Nivedita Sangaj, and Shyni Varghese. “Dysregulation of ectonucleotidase-mediated extracellular adenosine during postmenopausal bone loss.” Sci Adv 5, no. 8 (August 2019): eaax1387. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax1387.
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  - Zeng, Yuze, Jiaul Hoque, and Shyni Varghese. “Biomaterial-assisted local and systemic delivery of bioactive agents for bone repair.” Acta Biomater 93 (July 15, 2019): 152–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.060.
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  - Serrano, Ricardo, Aereas Aung, Yi-Ting Yeh, Shyni Varghese, Juan C. Lasheras, and Juan C. Del Álamo. “Three-Dimensional Monolayer Stress Microscopy.” Biophys J 117, no. 1 (July 9, 2019): 111–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2019.03.041.
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  - Shih, Yuru Vernon, and Shyni Varghese. “Tissue engineered bone mimetics to study bone disorders ex vivo: Role of bioinspired materials.” Biomaterials 198 (April 2019): 107–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.06.005.
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  - Katrekar, Dhruva, Genghao Chen, Dario Meluzzi, Ashwin Ganesh, Atharv Worlikar, Yu-Ru Shih, Shyni Varghese, and Prashant Mali. “In vivo RNA editing of point mutations via RNA-guided adenosine deaminases.” Nat Methods 16, no. 3 (March 2019): 239–42. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0323-0.
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  - Kumar, Vardhman, and Shyni Varghese. “Ex Vivo Tumor-on-a-Chip Platforms to Study Intercellular Interactions within the Tumor Microenvironment.” Adv Healthc Mater 8, no. 4 (February 2019): e1801198. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201801198.
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  - Hoque, Jiaul, Nivedita Sangaj, and Shyni Varghese. “Stimuli-Responsive Supramolecular Hydrogels and Their Applications in Regenerative Medicine.” Macromol Biosci 19, no. 1 (January 2019): e1800259. https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.201800259.
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  - Ryu, Ji Hyun, Gyeong Jin Lee, Yu-Ru V. Shih, Tae-Il Kim, and Shyni Varghese. “Phenylboronic Acid-polymers for Biomedical Applications.” Curr Med Chem 26, no. 37 (2019): 6797–6816. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666181008144436.
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  - Kang, Heemin, Yuze Zeng, and Shyni Varghese. “Functionally graded multilayer scaffolds for in vivo osteochondral tissue engineering.” Acta Biomater 78 (September 15, 2018): 365–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.07.039.
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  - Liu, Mengqian, Manando Nakasaki, Yu-Ru Vernon Shih, and Shyni Varghese. “Effect of age on biomaterial-mediated in situ bone tissue regeneration.” Acta Biomater 78 (September 15, 2018): 329–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.06.035.
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  - Seale, Nailah, Suvasini Ramaswamy, Yu-Ru Shih, Inder Verma, and Shyni Varghese. “Macroporous Dual-compartment Hydrogels for Minimally Invasive Transplantation of Primary Human Hepatocytes.” Transplantation 102, no. 9 (September 2018): e373–81. https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000002330.
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  - Moreno, Ana M., Xin Fu, Jie Zhu, Dhruva Katrekar, Yu-Ru V. Shih, John Marlett, Jessica Cabotaje, et al. “In Situ Gene Therapy via AAV-CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Targeted Gene Regulation.” Mol Ther 26, no. 7 (July 5, 2018): 1818–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.04.017.
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  - González Díaz, Eva C., Yu-Ru V. Shih, Manando Nakasaki, Mengqian Liu, and Shyni Varghese. “Mineralized Biomaterials Mediated Repair of Bone Defects Through Endogenous Cells.” Tissue Eng Part A 24, no. 13–14 (July 2018): 1148–56. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.TEA.2017.0297.
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  - Kang, Heemin, Yu-Ru V. Shih, and Shyni Varghese. “Direct Conversion of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Osteoblasts With a Small Molecule.” Curr Protoc Stem Cell Biol 44 (February 28, 2018): 1F.21.1-1F.21.6. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpsc.44.
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  - Hwang, Yongsung, Timothy Seo, Sara Hariri, Chulmin Choi, and Shyni Varghese. “Matrix Topographical Cue-Mediated Myogenic Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Derivatives.” Polymers (Basel) 9, no. 11 (November 5, 2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9110580.
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  - Agrawal, Gaurav, Aereas Aung, and Shyni Varghese. “Skeletal muscle-on-a-chip: an in vitro model to evaluate tissue formation and injury.” Lab Chip 17, no. 20 (October 11, 2017): 3447–61. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7lc00512a.
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  - Shih, Yu-Ru, Heemin Kang, Vikram Rao, Yu-Jui Chiu, Seong Keun Kwon, and Shyni Varghese. “In vivo engineering of bone tissues with hematopoietic functions and mixed chimerism.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114, no. 21 (May 23, 2017): 5419–24. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1702576114.
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  - González-Díaz, E. C., and S. Varghese. “Hydrogels as extracellular matrix analogs.” Gels 2, no. 3 (September 1, 2016). https://doi.org/10.3390/gels2030020.
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  - Kang, Heemin, Yu-Ru V. Shih, Manando Nakasaki, Harsha Kabra, and Shyni Varghese. “Small molecule-driven direct conversion of human pluripotent stem cells into functional osteoblasts.” Sci Adv 2, no. 8 (August 2016): e1600691. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600691.
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  - Mo, Alexander H., Preston B. Landon, Karla Santacruz Gomez, Heemin Kang, Joon Lee, Chen Zhang, Woraphong Janetanakit, et al. “Magnetically-responsive silica-gold nanobowls for targeted delivery and SERS-based sensing.” Nanoscale 8, no. 23 (June 9, 2016): 11840–50. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6nr02445a.
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  - Aung, Aereas, Jomkuan Theprungsirikul, Han Liang Lim, and Shyni Varghese. “Chemotaxis-driven assembly of endothelial barrier in a tumor-on-a-chip platform.” Lab Chip 16, no. 10 (May 21, 2016): 1886–98. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6lc00184j.
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  - Sharma, Blanka, and Shyni Varghese. “Progress in orthopedic biomaterials and drug delivery.” Drug Deliv Transl Res 6, no. 2 (April 2016): 75–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-016-0288-9.
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  - Wen, Cai, Heemin Kang, Yu-Ru V. Shih, YongSung Hwang, and Shyni Varghese. “In vivo comparison of biomineralized scaffold-directed osteogenic differentiation of human embryonic and mesenchymal stem cells.” Drug Deliv Transl Res 6, no. 2 (April 2016): 121–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-015-0242-2.
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  - Aung, Aereas, Ivneet Singh Bhullar, Jomkuan Theprungsirikul, Shruti Krishna Davey, Han Liang Lim, Yu-Jui Chiu, Xuanyi Ma, et al. “3D cardiac μtissues within a microfluidic device with real-time contractile stress readout.” Lab Chip 16, no. 1 (January 7, 2016): 153–62. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5lc00820d.
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  - Kar, Mrityunjoy, Yu-Ru Vernon Shih, Daniel Ortiz Velez, Pedro Cabrales, and Shyni Varghese. “Poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels with cell cleavable groups for autonomous cell delivery.” Biomaterials 77 (January 2016): 186–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.11.018.
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  - Seale, N. M., and S. Varghese. “Biomaterials for pluripotent stem cell engineering: From fate determination to vascularization.” Journal of Materials Chemistry B 4, no. 20 (January 1, 2016): 3454–63. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5tb02658j.
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  - Davey, Shruti Krishna, Aereas Aung, Gaurav Agrawal, Han Liang Lim, Mrityunjoy Kar, and Shyni Varghese. “Embedded 3D Photopatterning of Hydrogels with Diverse and Complex Architectures for Tissue Engineering and Disease Models.” Tissue Eng Part C Methods 21, no. 11 (November 2015): 1188–96. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.TEC.2015.0179.
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  - Nakasaki, Manando, Yongsung Hwang, Yun Xie, Sunny Kataria, Rupali Gund, Edries Y. Hajam, Rekha Samuel, et al. “The matrix protein Fibulin-5 is at the interface of tissue stiffness and inflammation in fibrosis.” Nat Commun 6 (October 15, 2015): 8574. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9574.
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  - Shih, Yu-Ru, Ameya Phadke, Tomonori Yamaguchi, Heemin Kang, Nozomu Inoue, Koichi Masuda, and Shyni Varghese. “Synthetic bone mimetic matrix-mediated in situ bone tissue formation through host cell recruitment.” Acta Biomater 19 (June 2015): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2015.03.017.
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  - Kang, Heemin, Yu-Ru V. Shih, and Shyni Varghese. “Biomineralized matrices dominate soluble cues to direct osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells through adenosine signaling.” Biomacromolecules 16, no. 3 (March 9, 2015): 1050–61. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00099.
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  - Kim, Hwan D., Jiseung Heo, Yongsung Hwang, Seon-Yeong Kwak, Ok Kyu Park, Hyunbum Kim, Shyni Varghese, and Nathaniel S. Hwang. “Extracellular-matrix-based and Arg-Gly-Asp-modified photopolymerizing hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering.” Tissue Eng Part A 21, no. 3–4 (February 2015): 757–66. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.TEA.2014.0233.
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  - Kabra, Harsha, Yongsung Hwang, Han Liang Lim, Mrityunjoy Kar, Gaurav Arya, and Shyni Varghese. “Biomimetic Material-Assisted Delivery of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Derivatives for Enhanced In Vivo Survival and Engraftment.” Acs Biomater Sci Eng 1, no. 1 (January 12, 2015): 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1021/ab500021a.
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  - Rao, V., Y. R. V. Shih, H. Kang, H. Kabra, and S. Varghese. “Adenosine signaling mediates osteogenic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells on mineralized matrices.” Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 3, no. NOV (January 1, 2015). https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2015.00185.
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  - Aung, Aereas, Young N. Seo, Shaoying Lu, Yingxiao Wang, Colin Jamora, Juan C. del Álamo, and Shyni Varghese. “3D traction stresses activate protease-dependent invasion of cancer cells.” Biophys J 107, no. 11 (December 2, 2014): 2528–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2014.07.078.
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  - Kang, Heemin, Yu-Ru V. Shih, Yongsung Hwang, Cai Wen, Vikram Rao, Timothy Seo, and Shyni Varghese. “Mineralized gelatin methacrylate-based matrices induce osteogenic differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells.” Acta Biomater 10, no. 12 (December 2014): 4961–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2014.08.010.
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  - Kang, J., H. M. Park, Y. W. Kim, Y. H. Kim, S. Varghese, H. K. Seok, Y. G. Kim, and S. H. Kim. “Control of mesenchymal stem cell phenotype and differentiation depending on cell adhesion mechanism.” Eur Cell Mater 28 (November 25, 2014): 387–403. https://doi.org/10.22203/ecm.v028a27.
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  - Kang, H., C. Wen, Y. Hwang, Y. R. V. Shih, M. Kar, S. W. Seo, and S. Varghese. “Biomineralized matrix-assisted osteogenic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells.” Journal of Materials Chemistry B 2, no. 34 (September 14, 2014): 5676–88. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4tb00714j.
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  - Hwang, Yongsung, Samuel Suk, Yu-Ru Vernon Shih, Timothy Seo, Bin Du, Yun Xie, Ziyang Li, and Shyni Varghese. “WNT3A promotes myogenesis of human embryonic stem cells and enhances in vivo engraftment.” Sci Rep 4 (August 1, 2014): 5916. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep05916.
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  - Caro-Diaz, E. J. E., A. Aung, J. Xu, S. Varghese, and E. A. Theodorakis. “Fusarisetins: structure-function studies on a novel class of cell migration inhibitors.” Organic Chemistry Frontiers 1, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 135–39. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3qo00067b.
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  - Shih, Yu-Ru V., YongSung Hwang, Ameya Phadke, Heemin Kang, Nathaniel S. Hwang, Eduardo J. Caro, Steven Nguyen, et al. “Calcium phosphate-bearing matrices induce osteogenic differentiation of stem cells through adenosine signaling.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111, no. 3 (January 21, 2014): 990–95. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1321717111.
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  - Lim, H. L., Y. Hwang, M. Kar, and S. Varghese. “Smart hydrogels as functional biomimetic systems.” Biomaterials Science 2, no. 5 (January 1, 2014): 603–18. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3bm60288e.
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  - Hwang, Nathaniel S., Shyni Varghese, H Janice Lee, Zijun Zhang, and Jennifer Elisseeff. “Biomaterials directed in vivo osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal cells derived from human embryonic stem cells.” Tissue Eng Part A 19, no. 15–16 (August 2013): 1723–32. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.TEA.2013.0064.
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  - Phadke, Ameya, YongSung Hwang, Su Hee Kim, Soo Hyun Kim, Tomonori Yamaguchi, Koichi Masuda, and Shyni Varghese. “Effect of scaffold microarchitecture on osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells.” Eur Cell Mater 25 (January 18, 2013): 114–29. https://doi.org/10.22203/ecm.v025a08.
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  - Chang, Chien-Wen, Yongsung Hwang, Dave Brafman, Thomas Hagan, Catherine Phung, and Shyni Varghese. “Engineering cell-material interfaces for long-term expansion of human pluripotent stem cells.” Biomaterials 34, no. 4 (January 2013): 912–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.10.020.
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  - Hwang, Yongsung, Samuel Suk, Susan Lin, Matthew Tierney, Bin Du, Timothy Seo, Aaron Mitchell, Alessandra Sacco, and Shyni Varghese. “Directed in vitro myogenesis of human embryonic stem cells and their in vivo engraftment.” Plos One 8, no. 8 (2013): e72023. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072023.
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  - Nguyen, Quynhhoa T., Yongsung Hwang, Albert C. Chen, Shyni Varghese, and Robert L. Sah. “Cartilage-like mechanical properties of poly (ethylene glycol)-diacrylate hydrogels.” Biomaterials 33, no. 28 (October 2012): 6682–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.005.
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  - Varghese, S., and C. Jamora. “Hydrogels: A versatile tool with a myriad of biomedical and research applications for the skin.” Expert Review of Dermatology 7, no. 4 (August 1, 2012): 315–17. https://doi.org/10.1586/edm.12.28.
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  - Phadke, Ameya, Yu-Ru V. Shih, and Shyni Varghese. “Mineralized synthetic matrices as an instructive microenvironment for osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells.” Macromol Biosci 12, no. 8 (August 2012): 1022–32. https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.201100289.
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  - Soman, Pranav, Jin Woo Lee, Ameya Phadke, Shyni Varghese, and Shaochen Chen. “Spatial tuning of negative and positive Poisson's ratio in a multi-layer scaffold.” Acta Biomater 8, no. 7 (July 2012): 2587–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2012.03.035.
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  - Soman, P., D. Y. Fozdar, J. W. Lee, A. Phadke, S. Varghese, and S. Chen. “A three-dimensional polymer scaffolding material exhibiting a zero Poisson's ratio.” Soft Matter 8, no. 18 (May 14, 2012): 4946–51. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2sm07354d.
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  - Phadke, Ameya, Chao Zhang, Bedri Arman, Cheng-Chih Hsu, Raghunath A. Mashelkar, Ashish K. Lele, Michael J. Tauber, Gaurav Arya, and Shyni Varghese. “Rapid self-healing hydrogels.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109, no. 12 (March 20, 2012): 4383–88. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1201122109.
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  - Zhang, Chao, Nivedita Sangaj, Yongsung Hwang, Ameya Phadke, Chien-Wen Chang, and Shyni Varghese. “Oligo(trimethylene carbonate)-poly(ethylene glycol)-oligo(trimethylene carbonate) triblock-based hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering.” Acta Biomater 7, no. 9 (September 2011): 3362–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2011.05.024.
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  - Hwang, Yongsung, Ameya Phadke, and Shyni Varghese. “Engineered microenvironments for self-renewal and musculoskeletal differentiation of stem cells.” Regen Med 6, no. 4 (July 2011): 505–24. https://doi.org/10.2217/rme.11.38.
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  - Lin, Susan, Nivedita Sangaj, Tojo Razafiarison, Chao Zhang, and Shyni Varghese. “Influence of physical properties of biomaterials on cellular behavior.” Pharm Res 28, no. 6 (June 2011): 1422–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-011-0378-9.
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  - Ayala, Ramses, Chao Zhang, Darren Yang, Yongsung Hwang, Aereas Aung, Sumeet S. Shroff, Fernando T. Arce, Ratnesh Lal, Gaurav Arya, and Shyni Varghese. “Engineering the cell-material interface for controlling stem cell adhesion, migration, and differentiation.” Biomaterials 32, no. 15 (May 2011): 3700–3711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.02.004.
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  - Gillies, Allison R., Lucas R. Smith, Richard L. Lieber, and Shyni Varghese. “Method for decellularizing skeletal muscle without detergents or proteolytic enzymes.” Tissue Eng Part C Methods 17, no. 4 (April 2011): 383–89. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.TEC.2010.0438.
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  - Lim, Han L., Jessica C. Chuang, Tuan Tran, Aereas Aung, Gaurav Arya, and Shyni Varghese. “Dynamic Electromechanical Hydrogel Matrices for Stem Cell Culture.” Adv Funct Mater 21, no. 1 (January 7, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201001519.
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  - Aung, Aereas, Gunjan Gupta, Ghassemian Majid, and Shyni Varghese. “Osteoarthritic chondrocyte-secreted morphogens induce chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells.” Arthritis Rheum 63, no. 1 (January 2011): 148–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.30086.
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  - Hwang, N. S., S. Varghese, H. Li, and J. Elisseeff. “Regulation of osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in PEG-ECM hydrogels.” Cell and Tissue Research 344, no. 3 (January 1, 2011): 499–509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-011-1153-2.
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  - Neiman, V. J., and S. Varghese. “Synthetic bio-actuators and their applications in biomedicine.” Smart Structures and Systems 7, no. 3 (January 1, 2011): 185–98. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2011.7.3.185.
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  - Sangaj, Nivedita, Phillip Kyriakakis, Darren Yang, Chien-Wen Chang, Gaurav Arya, and Shyni Varghese. “Heparin mimicking polymer promotes myogenic differentiation of muscle progenitor cells.” Biomacromolecules 11, no. 12 (December 13, 2010): 3294–3300. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm101041f.
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  - Brafman, David A., Chien W. Chang, Antonio Fernandez, Karl Willert, Shyni Varghese, and Shu Chien. “Long-term human pluripotent stem cell self-renewal on synthetic polymer surfaces.” Biomaterials 31, no. 34 (December 2010): 9135–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.08.007.
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  - Chang, C. W., A. Van Spreeuwel, C. Zhang, and S. Varghese. “PEG/clay nanocomposite hydrogel: A mechanically robust tissue engineering scaffold.” Soft Matter 6, no. 20 (October 21, 2010): 5157–64. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0sm00067a.
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  - Hwang, Yongsung, Nivedita Sangaj, and Shyni Varghese. “Interconnected macroporous poly(ethylene glycol) cryogels as a cell scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering.” Tissue Eng Part A 16, no. 10 (October 2010): 3033–41. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.TEA.2010.0045.
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  - Phadke, Ameya, Chao Zhang, Yongsung Hwang, Kenneth Vecchio, and Shyni Varghese. “Templated mineralization of synthetic hydrogels for bone-like composite materials: role of matrix hydrophobicity.” Biomacromolecules 11, no. 8 (August 9, 2010): 2060–68. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm100425p.
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  - Brammer, K. S., S. Oh, C. J. Frandsen, S. Varghese, and S. Jin. “Nanotube surface triggers increased chondrocyte extracellular matrix production.” Materials Science and Engineering C 30, no. 4 (May 10, 2010): 518–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2010.01.013.
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  - Varghese, Shyni, Nathaniel S. Hwang, Angela Ferran, Alexander Hillel, Parnduangjai Theprungsirikul, Adam C. Canver, Zijun Zhang, John Gearhart, and Jennifer Elisseeff. “Engineering musculoskeletal tissues with human embryonic germ cell derivatives.” Stem Cells 28, no. 4 (April 2010): 765–74. https://doi.org/10.1002/stem.325.
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  - Hwang, Y., C. Zhang, and S. Varghese. “Poly(ethylene glycol) cryogels as potential cell scaffolds: Effect of polymerization conditions on cryogel microstructure and properties.” Journal of Materials Chemistry 20, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 345–51. https://doi.org/10.1039/b917142h.
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  - Zhang, C., A. Aung, L. Liao, and S. Varghese. “A novel single precursor-based biodegradable hydrogel with enhanced mechanical properties.” Soft Matter 5, no. 20 (October 21, 2009): 3831–34. https://doi.org/10.1039/b912102a.
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  - Hillel, Alexander T., Shyni Varghese, Jennifer Petsche, Michael J. Shamblott, and Jennifer H. Elisseeff. “Embryonic germ cells are capable of adipogenic differentiation in vitro and in vivo.” Tissue Eng Part A 15, no. 3 (March 2009): 479–86. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0352.
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  - Hwang, Nathaniel S., Chao Zhang, Yong-Sung Hwang, and Shyni Varghese. “Mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and roles in regenerative medicine.” Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med 1, no. 1 (2009): 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1002/wsbm.26.
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  - Hwang, Nathaniel S., Shyni Varghese, H Janice Lee, Zijun Zhang, Zhaohui Ye, Jongwoo Bae, Linzhao Cheng, and Jennifer Elisseeff. “In vivo commitment and functional tissue regeneration using human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal cells.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105, no. 52 (December 30, 2008): 20641–46. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0809680106.
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  - Lee, H. J., C. Yu, T. Chansakul, N. S. Hwang, S. Varghese, S. M. Yu, and J. H. Elisseeff. “Enhanced chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells in collagen mimetic peptide-mediated microenvironment.” Tissue Engineering Part A. 14, no. 11 (November 1, 2008): 1843–51. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0204.
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  - Hwang, Nathaniel S., Shyni Varghese, and Jennifer Elisseeff. “Derivation of chondrogenically-committed cells from human embryonic cells for cartilage tissue regeneration.” Plos One 3, no. 6 (June 25, 2008): e2498. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002498.
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  - Lee, H Janice, Christopher Yu, Thanissara Chansakul, Shyni Varghese, Nathaniel S. Hwang, and Jennifer H. Elisseeff. “Enhanced chondrogenic differentiation of embryonic stem cells by coculture with hepatic cells.” Stem Cells Dev 17, no. 3 (June 2008): 555–63. https://doi.org/10.1089/scd.2007.0177.
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  - Hwang, Nathaniel S., Shyni Varghese, and Jennifer Elisseeff. “Controlled differentiation of stem cells.” Adv Drug Deliv Rev 60, no. 2 (January 14, 2008): 199–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2007.08.036.
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  - Varghese, Shyni, Nathaniel S. Hwang, Adam C. Canver, Parnduangji Theprungsirikul, Debora W. Lin, and Jennifer Elisseeff. “Chondroitin sulfate based niches for chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells.” Matrix Biol 27, no. 1 (January 2008): 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matbio.2007.07.002.
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  - Hwang, Nathaniel S., Shyni Varghese, H Janice Lee, Parnduangjai Theprungsirikul, Adam Canver, Blanka Sharma, and Jennifer Elisseeff. “Response of zonal chondrocytes to extracellular matrix-hydrogels.” Febs Lett 581, no. 22 (September 4, 2007): 4172–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2007.07.049.
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  - Hwang, Nathaniel S., Shyni Varghese, Christopher Puleo, Zijun Zhang, and Jennifer Elisseeff. “Morphogenetic signals from chondrocytes promote chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells.” J Cell Physiol 212, no. 2 (August 2007): 281–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.21052.
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  - Wang, Dong-An, Shyni Varghese, Blanka Sharma, Iossif Strehin, Sara Fermanian, Justin Gorham, D Howard Fairbrother, Brett Cascio, and Jennifer H. Elisseeff. “Multifunctional chondroitin sulphate for cartilage tissue-biomaterial integration.” Nat Mater 6, no. 5 (May 2007): 385–92. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1890.
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  - Varghese, S., P. Theprungsirikul, S. Sahani, N. Hwang, K. J. Yarema, and J. H. Elisseeff. “Glucosamine modulates chondrocyte proliferation, matrix synthesis, and gene expression.” Osteoarthritis Cartilage 15, no. 1 (January 2007): 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2006.06.008.
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  - Hwang, Nathaniel S., Shyni Varghese, and Jennifer Elisseeff. “Cartilage tissue engineering: Directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells in three-dimensional hydrogel culture.” Methods Mol Biol 407 (2007): 351–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-536-7_24.
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  - Hwang, Nathaniel S., Shyni Varghese, Parnduangjai Theprungsirikul, Adam Canver, and Jennifer Elisseeff. “Enhanced chondrogenic differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells in hydrogels with glucosamine.” Biomaterials 27, no. 36 (December 2006): 6015–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.06.033.
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  - Hwang, Nathaniel S., Shyni Varghese, Zijun Zhang, and Jennifer Elisseeff. “Chondrogenic differentiation of human embryonic stem cell-derived cells in arginine-glycine-aspartate-modified hydrogels.” Tissue Eng 12, no. 9 (September 2006): 2695–2706. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.2006.12.2695.
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  - Elisseeff, J., A. Ferran, S. Hwang, S. Varghese, and Z. Zhang. “The role of biomaterials in stem cell differentiation: applications in the musculoskeletal system.” Stem Cells Dev 15, no. 3 (June 2006): 295–303. https://doi.org/10.1089/scd.2006.15.295.
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  - Varghese, S., A. Lele, and R. Mashelkar. “Metal-ion-mediated healing of gels.” Journal of Polymer Science, Part A: Polymer Chemistry 44, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 666–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.21177.
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  - Varghese, Shyni, Paranduangji Theprungsirikul, Angela Ferran, Nathaniel Hwang, Adam Canver, and Jennifer Elisseeff. “Chondrogenic differentiation of human embryonic germ cell derived cells in hydrogels.” Conf Proc Ieee Eng Med Biol Soc 2006 (2006): 2643–46. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2006.259710.
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  - Varghese, S., A. K. Lele, D. Srinivas, M. Sastry, and R. A. Mashelkar. “Novel macroscopic self-organization in polymer gels.” Advanced Materials 13, no. 20 (October 16, 2001): 1544–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095(200110)13:20<1544::AID-ADMA1544>3.0.CO;2-F.
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  - Varghese, S., A. K. Lele, D. Srinivas, and R. A. Mashelkar. “Role of hydrophobicity on structure of polymer-metal complexes.” Journal of Physical Chemistry B 105, no. 23 (June 14, 2001): 5368–73. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp002310+.
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  - Varghese, S., A. K. Lele, and R. A. Mashelkar. “Designing new thermoreversible gels by molecular tailoring of hydrophilic-hydrophobic interactions.” Journal of Chemical Physics 112, no. 6 (February 8, 2000): 3063–70. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.480881.
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  - Varghese, S., A. K. Lele, D. Srinivas, and R. A. Mashelkar. “Effect of Polymer-Metal Complexation on the Phase Transition of Thermoreversible Copolymer Gels.” Journal of Physical Chemistry B 103, no. 44 (November 4, 1999): 9530–32. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp992510p.
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  - Badiger, M. V., A. K. Lele, V. S. Bhalerao, S. Varghese, and R. A. Mashelkar. “Molecular tailoring of thermoreversible copolymer gels: Some new mechanistic insights.” Journal of Chemical Physics 109, no. 3 (December 1, 1998): 1175–84. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.476663.
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  - Bhalerao, V. S., S. Varghese, A. K. Lele, and M. V. Badiger. “Thermoreversible hydrogel based on radiation induced copolymerisation of poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) and poly(ethylene oxide) †.” Polymer 39, no. 11 (January 1, 1998): 2255–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(97)00502-8.
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- Book Sections
  - Seale, Nailah, Yuze Zeng, and S. Varghese. “Biomimetic Tissue Engineering for Musculoskeletal Tissues.” edited by Martin Stoddart, April Craft, Girish Pattappa, and Oliver Gardner, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811467-4.00009-7.
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  - Phadke, A., and S. Varghese. “Synthetic Biomaterials and Stem Cells for Connective Tissue Engineering.” In Molecular, Cellular, and Tissue Engineering, 36-1-36–18, 2018.
  - Kang, H., Y. R. V. Shih, V. Rao, and S. Varghese. “Biomineralized matrices as intelligent scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration.” In Handbook of Intelligent Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 2nd Edition, 59–84, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315364698.
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  - Varghese, S., and A. J. Engler. “Musculoskeletal cell mechanics.” In Orthopaedic Biomechanics, 301–23, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1201/b13733.
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  - Sangaj, N., and S. Varghese. “Controlling stem cells with biomaterials.” In Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Applications: A Review of the Past and Future Trends, 511–38, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0385-2_18.
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  - Phadke, A., C. W. Chang, and S. Varghese. “Functional Biomaterials for Controlling Stem Cell Differentiation.” In Studies in Mechanobiology, Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, 2:19–44, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1007/8415_2010_2.
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- Conference Papers
  - Jabba, S. V., A. N. Diaz, A. I. Caceres, H. C. Erythropel, V. Kumar, S. Varghese, J. B. Zimmerman, and S. E. Jordt. “Cellular Respiratory Toxicity of Novel Flavor-Solvent Adducts in Electronic Cigarettes.” In American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 203, 2021.
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  - Varghese, Shyni. “Role of Matrix Proteins in Balancing Tissue Stiffness and Inflammation in Fibrosis.” In Biophysical Journal, 114:23A-23A. CELL PRESS, 2018.
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  - Aung, A., and S. Varghese. “Traction stress as a modulator for protease dependent invasion of cancer cells.” In Food, Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering Division 2013 Core Programming Area at the 2013 Aiche Annual Meeting: Global Challenges for Engineering a Sustainable Future, 847–48, 2013.
  - Castro-Ceseña, A. B., E. E. Novitskaya, A. Phadke, S. Varghese, and J. McKittrick. “Isolation of collagen from cortical bovine bone for preparation of porous collagen sponges.” In Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series, 5:73–78, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4427-5_11.
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