Robert Andrew Waugh | Scholars@Duke

Robert Andrew Waugh
Associate Professor Emeritus of Medicine

My work is directed along three lines including the use of simulation and computers in medical student and graduate medical education, the use of noninvasive technologies in the evaluation of the patient with heart disease, and the role of stress and behavior modification in the care and evaluation of patients with known or suspected heart disease.

In collaboration with the Medical Training and Simulation Research Laboratory at the University of Miami School of Medicine, I am part of a multicenter consortium of educators and physicians to develop and evaluate multimedia teaching programs in a variety of disciplines but beginning with Cardiology. We are currently conducting a multicenter observational trial of the use of these programs at several levels in the medical school curriculum as well as developing and evaluating pre- and post-test instruments.

In collaboration with the Behavioral Medicine Laboratory of Dr. James Blumenthal, I collaborate in a variety of trials centering around a study of the relation between exercise, weight loss and blood pressure (including a specific trial focused on this question in African-Americans) as well as the role of mental stress and ischemia in the natural history of patients with known coronary artery disease.

Key Words: Medical education, behavior modification, noninvasive cardiology.

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Associate Professor Emeritus of Medicine, Medicine, Cardiology, Medicine 2015

Contact Information

8027 North Pavillion, 2400 Pratt Street, Durham, NC 27710
Duke Box 3032, Durham, NC 27710
waugh002@mc.duke.edu (919) 668-8611

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- M.D., University of Pennsylvania 1966
Duke Appointment History
- Associate Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Cardiology, Medicine 1983 - 2015
- Assistant Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Clinical Science Departments 1977 - 1983
Research
Selected Grants
- Behavioral Treatment of High Blood Pressure awarded by National Institutes of Health 2003 - 2010
- Age and Selective Attention in Visual Search awarded by National Institutes of Health 1980 - 2008
- Exercise Training And Depression In Older Adults awarded by National Institutes of Health 1998 - 2007
- Stress & Myocardial Ischemia: Mechanisms & Treatment awarded by National Institutes of Health 1998 - 2006
- Stress & Congestive Heart Failure:Prognosis & Mechanisms awarded by National Institutes of Health 1999 - 2005
- Age and Selective Attention in Visual Search awarded by National Institutes of Health 1998 - 2002
- Behavioral Treatment Of Hypertension awarded by National Institutes of Health 1993 - 2001
- Biobehavioral Mechanisms Of Blood Pressure Regulation awarded by National Institutes of Health 1993 - 1999
- Exercise Training And Depression awarded by National Institutes of Health 1994 - 1999
- Exercise Training And Depression In Older Adults awarded by National Institutes of Health 1994 - 1999
- Menopausal Effects In Cardiovascular Stress Responses awarded by National Institutes of Health 1994 - 1999
- Behavorial Treatment Of Hypertension awarded by National Institutes of Health 1993 - 1998
- Biobehvioral Mechanisms Of Blood Pressure Regulation awarded by National Institutes of Health 1993 - 1998
- Biobehavioral Mechanisms Of Blood Pressure Regulation awarded by National Institutes of Health 1992 - 1998
- Menopausal Effects On Cardiovascular Stress Responses awarded by National Institutes of Health 1994 - 1998
- Menopausal Effects On Cardiovascular Stress Responses awarded by National Institutes of Health 1994 - 1998
- Behavioral Treatment Of Fibromyalgia awarded by National Institutes of Health 1996 - 1997
- Coping With Osteoarthritic Knee Pain awarded by National Institutes of Health 1991 - 1997
- Exploratory Center For Research On Health Promotion awarded by National Institutes of Health 1993 - 1995
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Journal Articles
  - Douglas, PS, Waugh, RA, Bloomfield, G, Dunn, G, Davis, L, Hahn, RT, Pibarot, P, Stewart, WJ, Weissman, NJ, Hueter, I, Siegel, R, Lerakis, S, Miller, DC, Smith, CR, and Leon, MB. "Implementation of echocardiography core laboratory best practices: a case study of the PARTNER I trial." J Am Soc Echocardiogr 26, no. 4 (April 2013): 348-358.e3. Full Text Link to Item
  - Rosenberg, EL, Ekman, P, Jiang, W, Babyak, M, Coleman, RE, Hanson, M, O'Connor, C, Waugh, R, and Blumenthal, JA. "Linkages Between Facial Expressions of Anger and Transient Myocardial Ischemia in Men with Coronary Artery Disease." (March 22, 2012). (Chapter) Full Text
  - Babyak, MA, Blumenthal, JA, Hinderliter, A, Hoffman, B, Waugh, RA, Coleman, RE, and Sherwood, A. "Prognosis after change in left ventricular ejection fraction during mental stress testing in patients with stable coronary artery disease." Am J Cardiol 105, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 25-28. Full Text Link to Item
  - Blumenthal, JA, Babyak, MA, Hinderliter, A, Watkins, LL, Craighead, L, Lin, P-H, Caccia, C, Johnson, J, Waugh, R, and Sherwood, A. "Effects of the DASH diet alone and in combination with exercise and weight loss on blood pressure and cardiovascular biomarkers in men and women with high blood pressure: the ENCORE study." Archives of Internal Medicine 170, no. 2 (January 2010): 126-135. Full Text
  - Smith, PJ, Blumenthal, JA, Babyak, MA, Doraiswamy, PM, Hinderliter, A, Hoffman, BM, Waugh, R, and Sherwood, A. "Intima-media thickness and age of first depressive episode." Biol Psychol 80, no. 3 (March 2009): 361-364. Full Text Link to Item
  - Hinderliter, AL, Blumenthal, JA, O'Conner, C, Adams, KF, Dupree, CS, Waugh, RA, Bensimhon, D, Christenson, RH, and Sherwood, A. "Independent prognostic value of echocardiography and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with heart failure." Am Heart J 156, no. 6 (December 2008): 1191-1195. Full Text Link to Item
  - Blumenthal, JA, Babyak, MA, Doraiswamy, PM, Watkins, L, Hoffman, BM, Barbour, KA, Herman, S, Craighead, WE, Brosse, AL, Waugh, R, Hinderliter, A, and Sherwood, A. "Exercise and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder." Psychosomatic Medicine 69, no. 7 (September 10, 2007): 587-596. Full Text
  - Smith, PJ, Blumenthal, JA, Babyak, MA, Hoffman, BM, Doraiswamy, PM, Waugh, R, Hinderliter, A, and Sherwood, A. "Cerebrovascular risk factors, vascular disease, and neuropsychological outcomes in adults with major depression." Psychosomatic Medicine 69, no. 6 (July 18, 2007): 578-586. Full Text
  - Sherwood, A, Blumenthal, JA, Trivedi, R, Johnson, KS, O'Connor, CM, Adams, KF, Dupree, CS, Waugh, RA, Bensimhon, DR, Gaulden, L, Christenson, RH, Koch, GG, and Hinderliter, AL. "Relationship of depression to death or hospitalization in patients with heart failure." Arch Intern Med 167, no. 4 (February 26, 2007): 367-373. Full Text Link to Item
  - Blumenthal, JA, Sherwood, A, Rogers, SD, Babyak, MA, Doraiswamy, PM, Watkins, L, Hoffman, BM, O'Connell, C, Johnson, JJ, Patidar, SM, Waugh, R, and Hinderliter, A. "Understanding prognostic benefits of exercise and antidepressant therapy for persons with depression and heart disease: the UPBEAT study--rationale, design, and methodological issues." Clinical Trials (London, England) 4, no. 5 (January 2007): 548-559. Full Text
  - Bacon, SL, Sherwood, A, Hinderliter, AL, Coleman, RE, Waugh, R, and Blumenthal, JA. "Changes in plasma volume associated with mental stress ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease." International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology 61, no. 2 (August 2006): 143-148. Full Text
  - Sherwood, A, Hinderliter, AL, Watkins, LL, Waugh, RA, and Blumenthal, JA. "Impaired endothelial function in coronary heart disease patients with depressive symptomatology." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 46, no. 4 (August 2005): 656-659. Full Text
  - Blumenthal, JA, Sherwood, A, Babyak, MA, Watkins, LL, Waugh, R, Georgiades, A, Bacon, SL, Hayano, J, Coleman, RE, and Hinderliter, A. "Effects of exercise and stress management training on markers of cardiovascular risk in patients with ischemic heart disease: a randomized controlled trial." Jama 293, no. 13 (April 2005): 1626-1634. Full Text
  - Pierson, LM, Bacon, SL, Sherwood, A, Hinderliter, AL, Babyak, M, Gullette, ECD, Waugh, R, and Blumenthal, JA. "Association between exercise capacity and left ventricular geometry in overweight patients with mild systemic hypertension." Am J Cardiol 94, no. 10 (November 15, 2004): 1322-1325. Full Text Link to Item
  - Keefe, FJ, Blumenthal, J, Baucom, D, Affleck, G, Waugh, R, Caldwell, DS, Beaupre, P, Kashikar-Zuck, S, Wright, K, Egert, J, and Lefebvre, J. "Effects of spouse-assisted coping skills training and exercise training in patients with osteoarthritic knee pain: a randomized controlled study." Pain 110, no. 3 (August 2004): 539-549. Full Text
  - Bacon, SL, Watkins, LL, Babyak, M, Sherwood, A, Hayano, J, Hinderliter, AL, Waugh, R, and Blumenthal, JA. "Effects of daily stress on autonomic cardiac control in patients with coronary artery disease." Am J Cardiol 93, no. 10 (May 15, 2004): 1292-1294. Full Text Link to Item
  - Pierson, LM, Bacon, SL, Sherwood, A, Hinderliter, AL, Babyak, M, Gullette, ECD, Waugh, R, and Blumenthal, JA. "Relationship between exercise systolic blood pressure and left ventricular geometry in overweight, mildly hypertensive patients." J Hypertens 22, no. 2 (February 2004): 399-405. Link to Item
  - Hinderliter, AL, Blumenthal, JA, Waugh, R, Chilukuri, M, and Sherwood, A. "Ethnic differences in left ventricular structure: relations to hemodynamics and diurnal blood pressure variation." Am J Hypertens 17, no. 1 (January 2004): 43-49. Link to Item
  - Watkins, LL, Sherwood, A, Feinglos, M, Hinderliter, A, Babyak, M, Gullette, E, Waugh, R, and Blumenthal, JA. "Effects of exercise and weight loss on cardiac risk factors associated with syndrome X." Archives of Internal Medicine 163, no. 16 (September 2003): 1889-1895. Full Text
  - Jiang, W, Babyak, MA, Rozanski, A, Sherwood, A, O'Connor, CM, Waugh, RA, Coleman, RE, Hanson, MW, Morris, JJ, and Blumenthal, JA. "Depression and increased myocardial ischemic activity in patients with ischemic heart disease." American Heart Journal 146, no. 1 (July 2003): 55-61. Full Text
  - Hinderliter, A, Sherwood, A, Gullette, ECD, Babyak, M, Waugh, R, Georgiades, A, and Blumenthal, JA. "Reduction of left ventricular hypertrophy after exercise and weight loss in overweight patients with mild hypertension." Arch Intern Med 162, no. 12 (June 24, 2002): 1333-1339. Link to Item
  - Hinderliter, AL, Sherwood, A, Blumenthal, JA, Light, KC, Girdler, SS, McFetridge, J, Johnson, K, and Waugh, R. "Changes in hemodynamics and left ventricular structure after menopause." Am J Cardiol 89, no. 7 (April 1, 2002): 830-833. Link to Item
  - Sherwood, A, Gullette, ECD, Hinderliter, AL, Georgiades, A, Babyak, M, Waugh, RA, and Blumenthal, JA. "Relationship of clinic, ambulatory, and laboratory stress blood pressure to left ventricular mass in overweight men and women with high blood pressure." Psychosomatic Medicine 64, no. 2 (March 2002): 247-257. Full Text
  - Blumenthal, JA, Babyak, M, Wei, J, O'Connor, C, Waugh, R, Eisenstein, E, Mark, D, Sherwood, A, Woodley, PS, Irwin, RJ, and Reed, G. "Usefulness of psychosocial treatment of mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia in men." The American Journal of Cardiology 89, no. 2 (January 2002): 164-168. Full Text
  - Prattichizzo, FA, Galetta, F, Sherwood, A, Thurston, R, Steffen, P, Blumenthal, J, Waugh, R, and Hinderliter, A. "Blunted nighttime blood pressure dipping in postmenopausal women (multiple letters)." American Journal of Hypertension 15, no. 7 I (2002): 662--.
  - ENRICHD Investigators, . "Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease (ENRICHD) study intervention: rationale and design." Psychosomatic Medicine 63, no. 5 (September 2001): 747-755.
  - ENRICHD Investigators, . "Enhancing recovery in coronary heart disease (ENRICHD): baseline characteristics." The American Journal of Cardiology 88, no. 3 (August 2001): 316-322. Full Text
  - Rosenberg, EL, Ekman, P, Jiang, W, Babyak, M, Coleman, RE, Hanson, M, O'Connor, C, Waugh, R, and Blumenthal, JA. "Linkages between facial expressions of anger and transient myocardial ischemia in men with coronary artery disease." Emotion (Washington, D.C.) 1, no. 2 (June 2001): 107-115. Full Text
  - Khatri, P, Blumenthal, JA, Babyak, MA, Craighead, WE, Herman, S, Baldewicz, T, Madden, DJ, Doraiswamy, M, Waugh, R, and Krishnan, KR. "Effects of exercise training on cognitive functioning among depressed older men and women." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 9, no. 1 (2001): 43-57.
  - Sherwood, A, Thurston, R, Steffen, P, Blumenthal, JA, Waugh, RA, and Hinderliter, AL. "Blunted nighttime blood pressure dipping in postmenopausal women." American Journal of Hypertension 14, no. 8 I (2001): 749-754. Full Text
  - Georgiades, A, Sherwood, A, Gullette, EC, Babyak, MA, Hinderliter, A, Waugh, R, Tweedy, D, Craighead, L, Bloomer, R, and Blumenthal, JA. "Effects of exercise and weight loss on mental stress-induced cardiovascular responses in individuals with high blood pressure." Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 36, no. 2 (August 2000): 171-176. Full Text
  - Blumenthal, JA, Sherwood, A, Gullette, EC, Babyak, M, Waugh, R, Georgiades, A, Craighead, LW, Tweedy, D, Feinglos, M, Appelbaum, M, Hayano, J, and Hinderliter, A. "Exercise and weight loss reduce blood pressure in men and women with mild hypertension: effects on cardiovascular, metabolic, and hemodynamic functioning." Archives of Internal Medicine 160, no. 13 (July 2000): 1947-1958. Full Text
  - Blumenthal, JA, Babyak, MA, Moore, KA, Craighead, WE, Herman, S, Khatri, P, Waugh, R, Napolitano, MA, Forman, LM, Appelbaum, M, Doraiswamy, PM, and Krishnan, KR. "Effects of exercise training on older patients with major depression." Archives of Internal Medicine 159, no. 19 (October 1999): 2349-2356. Full Text
  - Issenberg, SB, McGaghie, WC, Hart, IR, Mayer, JW, Felner, JM, Petrusa, ER, Waugh, RA, Brown, DD, Safford, RR, Gessner, IH, Gordon, DL, and Ewy, GA. "Simulation technology for health care professional skills training and assessment." Jama 282, no. 9 (September 1999): 861-866. Full Text
  - Carels, RA, Sherwood, A, Babyak, M, Gullette, EC, Coleman, RE, Waugh, R, Jiang, W, and Blumenthal, JA. "Emotional responsivity and transient myocardial ischemia." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 67, no. 4 (August 1999): 605-610. Full Text
  - Blumenthal, JA, Sherwood, A, Babyak, M, Thurston, R, Tweedy, D, Georgiades, A, Gullette, EC, Khatri, P, Steffan, P, Waugh, R, Light, K, and Hinderliter, A. "Mental stress and coronary disease. The Smart-Heart Study." N C Med J 60, no. 2 (March 1999): 95-99. Link to Item
  - Dominick, KL, Gullette, EC, Babyak, MA, Mallow, KL, Sherwood, A, Waugh, R, Chilikuri, M, Keefe, FJ, and Blumenthal, JA. "Predicting peak oxygen uptake among older patients with chronic illness." J Cardiopulm Rehabil 19, no. 2 (March 1999): 81-89. Link to Item
  - Petrusa, ER, Issenberg, SB, Mayer, JW, Felner, JM, Brown, DD, Waugh, RA, Kondos, GT, Gessner, IH, and McGaghie, WC. "Implementation of a four-year multimedia computer curriculum in cardiology at six medical schools." Academic Medicine : Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges 74, no. 2 (February 1999): 123-129. Full Text
  - Issenberg, SB, McGaghie, WC, Waugh, RA, Holmboe, ES, and Hawkins, RE. "Computers and evaluation of clinical competence [10] (multiple letters)." Annals of Internal Medicine 130, no. 3 (1999): 244-245.
  - Issenberg, SB, Petrusa, ER, McGaghie, WC, Felner, JM, Waugh, RA, Nash, IS, and Hart, IR. "Effectiveness of a computer-based system to teach bedside cardiology." Academic Medicine 74, no. 10 SUPPL. (1999): S93-S95.
  - Blumenthal, JA, Jiang, W, Babyak, MA, Krantz, DS, Frid, DJ, Coleman, RE, Waugh, R, Hanson, M, Appelbaum, M, O'Connor, C, and Morris, JJ. "Stress management and exercise training in cardiac patients with myocardial ischemia. Effects on prognosis and evaluation of mechanisms." Archives of Internal Medicine 157, no. 19 (October 1997): 2213-2223. Full Text
  - Hayano, J, Jiang, W, Waugh, R, O'Connor, C, Frid, D, and Blumenthal, JA. "Stability over time of circadian rhythm of variability of heart rate in patients with stable coronary artery disease." Am Heart J 134, no. 3 (September 1997): 411-418. Link to Item
  - Shah, A, Wagner, GS, Green, CL, Crater, SW, Sawchak, ST, Wildermann, NM, Mark, DB, Waugh, RA, and Krucoff, MW. "Electrocardiographic differentiation of the ST-segment depression of acute myocardial injury due to the left circumflex artery occlusion from that of myocardial ischemia of nonocclusive etiologies." Am J Cardiol 80, no. 4 (August 15, 1997): 512-513. Link to Item
  - Gullette, EC, Blumenthal, JA, Babyak, M, Jiang, W, Waugh, RA, Frid, DJ, O'Connor, CM, Morris, JJ, and Krantz, DS. "Effects of mental stress on myocardial ischemia during daily life." Jama 277, no. 19 (May 1997): 1521-1526. Full Text
  - Jiang, W, Babyak, M, Krantz, DS, Waugh, RA, Coleman, RE, Hanson, MM, Frid, DJ, McNulty, S, Morris, JJ, O'Connor, CM, and Blumenthal, JA. "Mental stress--induced myocardial ischemia and cardiac events." Jama 275, no. 21 (June 1996): 1651-1656. Full Text
  - Jiang, W, Trauner, MA, Coleman, RE, Waugh, RA, Hanson, MW, Frid, DJ, Phillips, BG, Morris, JJ, O'Connor, C, and Blumenthal, JA. "Association of physical fitness and transient myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease." J Cardiopulm Rehabil 15, no. 6 (November 1995): 431-438. Link to Item
  - Waugh, RA, St Clair, EW, and Oddone, EZ. "Bedside science reduces laboratory art." Circulation 92, no. 9 (November 1, 1995): 2762-. (Letter) Link to Item
  - Blumenthal, JA, Jiang, W, Waugh, RA, Frid, DJ, Morris, JJ, Coleman, RE, Hanson, M, Babyak, M, Thyrum, ET, and Krantz, DS. "Mental stress-induced ischemia in the laboratory and ambulatory ischemia during daily life. Association and hemodynamic features." Circulation 92, no. 8 (October 1995): 2102-2108. Full Text
  - Jiang, W, Blumenthal, JA, Hanson, MW, Coleman, RE, O'Connor, CM, Frid, D, Morris, JJ, and Waugh, RA. "Relative importance of electrode placement over number of channels in transient myocardial ischemia detection by Holter monitoring." The American Journal of Cardiology 76, no. 5 (August 1995): 350-354. Full Text
  - Westman, EC, Matchar, DB, Samsa, GP, Mulrow, CD, Waugh, RA, and Feussner, JR. "Accuracy and reliability of apical S3 gallop detection." J Gen Intern Med 10, no. 8 (August 1995): 455-457. Link to Item
  - Lieberman, EB, Heinle, SK, Wildermann, N, Waugh, RA, Kisslo, JA, and Bashore, TM. "Does hypotension during dobutamine stress echocardiography correlate with anatomic or functional cardiac impairment?." Am Heart J 129, no. 6 (June 1995): 1121-1126. Link to Item
  - Blumenthal, JA, Thyrum, ET, Gullette, ED, Sherwood, A, and Waugh, R. "Do exercise and weight loss reduce blood pressure in patients with mild hypertension?." N C Med J 56, no. 2 (February 1995): 92-95. (Review) Link to Item
  - Waugh, RA, Mayer, JW, Ewy, GA, Felner, JM, Issenberg, BS, Gessner, IH, Rich, S, Sajid, AW, and Safford, RE. "Multimedia computer-assisted instruction in cardiology." Archives of Internal Medicine 155, no. 2 (January 1995): 197-203. Full Text
  - Wofford, MM, Wofford, JL, Waugh, RA, Mayer, JW, Safford, RE, and Felner, JM. "The affordability and efficacy of MCAI [2]." Archives of Internal Medicine 155, no. 15 (1995): 1682+1684-.
  - Durack, DT, Lukes, AS, Bright, DK, and Duke Endocarditis Service, . "New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings." The American Journal of Medicine 96, no. 3 (March 1994): 200-209. Full Text
  - Heinle, S, Wilderman, N, Harrison, JK, Waugh, R, Bashore, T, Nicely, LM, Durack, D, Kisslo, J, and Service, TDE. "Value of transthoracic echocardiography in predicting embolic events in active infective endocarditis." The American Journal of Cardiology 74, no. 8 (1994): 799-801.
  - Heinle, SK, and Waugh, RA. "TEE for infective endocarditis." Choices in Cardiology 8, no. 3 (1994): 64-66.
  - Heinle, SK, Lieberman, EB, Ancukiewicz, M, Waugh, RA, Bashore, TM, and Kisslo, J. "Usefulness of dobutamine echocardiography for detecting restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty." Am J Cardiol 72, no. 17 (December 1, 1993): 1220-1225. Link to Item
  - Oddone, EZ, Waugh, RA, Samsa, G, Corey, R, and Feussner, JR. "Teaching cardiovascular examination skills: results from a randomized controlled trial." Am J Med 95, no. 4 (October 1993): 389-396. Link to Item
  - Jiang, W, Hayano, J, Coleman, ER, Hanson, MW, Frid, DJ, O'Connor, C, Thurber, D, Waugh, RA, and Blumenthal, JA. "Relation of cardiovascular responses to mental stress and cardiac vagal activity in coronary artery disease." The American Journal of Cardiology 72, no. 7 (September 1993): 551-554. Full Text
  - St Clair, EW, Oddone, EZ, Waugh, RA, Corey, GR, and Feussner, JR. "Assessing housestaff diagnostic skills using a cardiology patient simulator." Ann Intern Med 117, no. 9 (November 1, 1992): 751-756. Link to Item
  - Sommer, JR, Bossen, E, Dalen, H, Dolber, P, High, T, Jewett, P, Johnson, EA, Junker, J, Leonard, S, Nassar, R, and al, E. "To excite a heart: A bird's view." Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, Supplement 142, no. 599 (1991): 5-21.
  - Sugarman, J, Churchill, LR, Moore, JK, and Waugh, RA. "Medical, ethical and legal issues regarding thrombolytic therapy in the Jehovah's Witness." The American Journal of Cardiology 68, no. 15 (1991): 1525-1529. Full Text
  - Sajid, AW, Ewy, GA, Felner, JM, Gessner, I, Gordon, MS, Mayer, JW, Shub, C, and Waugh, RA. "Cardiology patient simulator and computer-assisted instruction technologies in bedside teaching." Medical Education 24, no. 6 (1990): 512-517.
  - Ewy, GA, Felner, JM, Juul, D, Mayer, JW, Sajid, AW, and Waugh, RA. "Test of a cardiology patient simulator with students in fourth-year electives." Journal of Medical Education 62, no. 9 (1987): 738-743.
  - Retchin, SM, Waugh, RA, and Fletcher, RH. "The impact of echocardiographic results on treatment decisions for patients suspected of mitral valve prolapse." Medical Care 25, no. 7 (1987): 652-657.
  - RETCHIN, SM, FLETCHER, RH, EARP, J, LAMSON, N, and WAUGH, RA. "MITRAL-VALVE PROLAPSE - DISEASE OR ILLNESS." ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 146, no. 6 (June 1986): 1081-1084. Full Text Link to Item
  - Lee, KL, Pryor, DB, Harrell, FE, Califf, RM, Behar, VS, Floyd, WL, Morris, JJ, Waugh, RA, Whalen, RE, and Rosati, RA. "Predicting outcome in coronary disease. Statistical models versus expert clinicians." The American Journal of Medicine 80, no. 4 (April 1986): 553-560. Full Text
  - Belkin, RN, Waugh, RA, and Kisslo, J. "Interatrial shunting in atrial septal aneurysm." The American Journal of Cardiology 57, no. 4 (February 1986): 310-312. Full Text
  - RETCHIN, SM, FLETCHER, RH, BUESCHER, PC, WAUGH, RA, and BATTAGLINI, SW. "THE APPLICATION OF OFFICIAL POLICY - PROPHYLAXIS RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PATIENTS WITH MITRAL-VALVE PROLAPSE." MEDICAL CARE 23, no. 10 (1985): 1156-1162. Full Text Link to Item
  - Retchin, SM, Fletcher, RH, and Waugh, RA. "Endocarditis and mitral valve prolapse: what is the "risk"?." International Journal of Cardiology 5, no. 5 (1984): 653-659.
  - Califf, RM, McKinnis, RA, McNeer, JF, Harrell, FE, Lee, KL, Pryor, DB, Waugh, RA, Harris, PJ, Rosati, RA, and Wagner, GS. "Prognostic value of ventricular arrhythmias associated with treadmill exercise testing in patients studied with cardiac catheterization for suspected ischemic heart disease." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2, no. 6 (December 1983): 1060-1067. Full Text
  - Pritchett, EL, Reiter, MJ, Hammill, SC, Stack, R, Waugh, RA, and Shand, DG. "Is it safe to use intravenous verapamil to treat a patient who is taking oral verapamil?." American Heart Journal 105, no. 2 (February 1983): 329-331. Full Text
  - Bossen, EH, Sommer, JR, and Waugh, RA. "Comparative stereology of mouse atria." Tissue Cell 13, no. 1 (1981): 71-77. Link to Item
  - Gordon, MS, Ewy, GA, Felner, JM, Forker, AD, Gessner, IH, Juul, D, Mayer, JW, Sajid, A, and Waugh, RA. "A cardiology patient simulator for continuing education of family physicians." Journal of Family Practice 13, no. 3 (1981): 353-356.
  - Waugh, RA. "The effect of coronary bypass surgery on survival." Proceedings, the annual meeting of the Medical Section of the American Council of Life Insurance (1981): 31-42.
  - Gordon, MS, Ewy, GA, DeLeon, AC, Waugh, RA, Felner, JM, Forker, AD, Gessner, IH, Mayer, JW, and Patterson, D. ""Harvey," the cardiology patient simulator: pilot studies on teaching effectiveness." The American Journal of Cardiology 45, no. 4 (April 1980): 791-796. Full Text
  - Blair, TP, Waugh, RA, Pollack, M, Ashworth, HE, Young, NA, Anderson, SE, and Bem, TP. "Histoplasma capsulatum endocarditis." American Heart Journal 99, no. 6 (1980): 783-788.
  - Gordon, MS, Ewy, GA, Felner, JM, Forker, AD, Gessner, I, McGuire, C, Mayer, JW, Patterson, D, Sajid, A, and Waugh, RA. "Teaching bedside cardiologic examination skills using 'Harvey', the cardiology patient simulator." Medical Clinics of North America 64, no. 2 (1980): 305-313.
  - Sajid, AW, Gordon, MS, Mayer, JW, Ewy, GA, Forker, AD, Felner, JM, Juul, D, Waugh, RA, Barrows, HS, and Elstein, AS. "Symposium: A multi-institutional research study on the use of simulation for teaching and evaluating patient examination skills." Annual Conference on Research in Medical Education. Conference on Research in Medical Education , no. 19 (1980): 349-358.
  - Bossen, EH, Sommer, JR, and Waugh, RA. "Comparative stereology of the mouse and finch left ventricle." Tissue Cell 10, no. 4 (1978): 773-784. Link to Item
  - Brenner, JI, and Waugh, RA. "Effect of phasic respiration on left ventricular dimension and performance in a normal population. An echocardiographic study." Circulation 57, no. 1 (1978): 122-127.
  - Sommer, JR, and Waugh, RA. "Ultrastructure of heart muscle." Environmental Health Perspectives 26 (1978): 159-167.
  - Sommer, JR, and Waugh, RA. "The ultrastructure of the mammalian cardiac muscle cell--with special emphasis on the tubular membrane systems. A review." American Journal of Pathology 82, no. 1 (1976): 192-232.
  - Johnson, ML, Warren, SG, Waugh, RA, Kisslo, JA, Sabiston, DC, and Lester, RG. "Echocardiography of the aortic valve in non-rheumatic left ventricular outflow tract lesions." Radiology 112, no. 3 (September 1974): 677-684. Full Text
  - Spray, TL, Waugh, RA, and Sommer, JR. "Peripheral couplings in adult vertebrate skeletal muscle. Anatomical observations and functional implications." Journal of Cell Biology 62, no. 1 (1974): 223-227.
  - Waugh, RA, and Sommer, JR. "Lamellar junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum. A specialization of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum." Journal of Cell Biology 63, no. 1 (1974): 337-343.
  - Rotman, M, Wagner, GS, and Waugh, RA. "Significance of high degree atrioventricular block in acute posterior myocardial infarction. The importance of clinical setting and mechanism of block." Circulation 47, no. 2 (1973): 257-262.
  - Waugh, RA, Spray, TL, and Sommer, JR. "Fenestrations of sarcoplasmic reticulum. Delineation by lanthanum acting as a fortuitous tracer and in situ negative stain." Journal of Cell Biology 59, no. 1 (1973): 254-260.
  - Waugh, RA, Wagner, GS, Haney, TL, Rosati, RA, and Jr, JJM. "Immediate and remote prognostic significance of fascicular block during acute myocardial infarction." Circulation 47, no. 4 (1973): 765-775.
  - Hull, FE, Waugh, RA, Malone, M, Albers-Schönberg, G, and Smith, J. "Synthesis of ordinary and β-hydroxy fatty acids by heart mitochondria." Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 149, no. 1 (1972): 69-90. Full Text

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