Plastic Surgery of the Lower Eyelids
Neurotoxins to the lower eyelids
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Markatia, ZA; Stevens, SM; Dermarkarian, CR; Yoelin, S; Lee, WW
November 7, 2023
Repeated contraction of periorbital muscles over time can contribute to aging via the formation of hyperkinetic facial lines better known as wrinkles. Superficial injection of neurotoxin such as botulinum toxin A (BTX- A) into the lower eyelid transiently corrects these hyperkinetic facial lines or a mounded, redundant pretarsal orbicularis oculi muscle. Lower eyelid injections can also be used to widen the palpebral fissure. Caution must be taken with the administration techniques of these injections to prevent potential adverse complications from treatment. This chapter describes neurotoxin use in the lower eyelids.
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Markatia, Z. A., Stevens, S. M., Dermarkarian, C. R., Yoelin, S., & Lee, W. W. (2023). Neurotoxins to the lower eyelids. In Plastic Surgery of the Lower Eyelids (pp. 305–308). https://doi.org/10.1007/9783031361753_33
Markatia, Z. A., S. M. Stevens, C. R. Dermarkarian, S. Yoelin, and W. W. Lee. “Neurotoxins to the lower eyelids.” In Plastic Surgery of the Lower Eyelids, 305–8, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/9783031361753_33.
Markatia ZA, Stevens SM, Dermarkarian CR, Yoelin S, Lee WW. Neurotoxins to the lower eyelids. In: Plastic Surgery of the Lower Eyelids. 2023. p. 305–8.
Markatia, Z. A., et al. “Neurotoxins to the lower eyelids.” Plastic Surgery of the Lower Eyelids, 2023, pp. 305–08. Scopus, doi:10.1007/9783031361753_33.
Markatia ZA, Stevens SM, Dermarkarian CR, Yoelin S, Lee WW. Neurotoxins to the lower eyelids. Plastic Surgery of the Lower Eyelids. 2023. p. 305–308.