Biosynthesis of glucosaminyl phosphatidylglycerol in <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>.

Glucosaminyl phosphatidylglycerol (GlcN-PG) was first identified in bacteria in the 1960s and was recently reported in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Despite the important implications in altering membrane charge (by the modification of anionic phosphatidylglycerol [PG] with cationic glucosamine), the biosynthesis and functions of GlcN-PG have remained uncharacterized. Using bioinformatic and lipidomic analysis, we identified a 3-gene predicted operon, renamed as gpgSDF, that is responsible for the biosynthesis and potential transport of GlcN-PG in P. aeruginosa: gpgS encodes a novel glycotransferase that is responsible for the modification of PG with N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to produce GlcNAc-PG, and gpgD encodes a novel deacetylase that removes the acetyl group from GlcNAc-PG to produce GlcN-PG. The third gene, gpgF, is predicted to encode a flippase whose activity remains to be experimentally verified. A P. aeruginosa gpgD transposon mutant accumulates GlcNAc-PG and lacks GlcN-PG, and as expected, the complementation of gpgD restores the production of GlcN-PG. Moreover, the heterologous expression of gpgSDF in Escherichia coli resulted in the production of both GlcNAc-PG and GlcN-PG. The identification of the biosynthetic genes of GlcN-PG paves the way for the investigation of its biological and pathological functions, which has significant implications in our understanding of the unique membrane physiology, pathogenesis, and antimicrobial resistance of P. aeruginosa.The identification of the biosynthetic genes of glucosaminyl phosphatidylglycerol (GlcN-PG) paves the way for the investigation of its biological and pathological functions, which has significant implications in our understanding of the unique membrane physiology, pathogenesis, and antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Duke Scholars

Author Ziqiang Guan Biochemistry